Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
On
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
V.GANESH
07R11A0254
2011
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Transmission System
Conclusion
References
Abstract
power line through the high voltage coupling A century has passed since
capacitors of the CVT. Relays are installed at the application of the first electro
chemical over current relays in power
each bus bar in a transmission network. These
system protection. The majority of
detect the fault generated high frequency protection principles where developed
voltage transient signals and record the time with in the first three decades of
century .a rough guide to there
instant corresponding to when the initial
development is shown in fig1
traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at
local information to and from the associated Distance protection has played an
relays in the system. At each substation , the important role in power line protection
since it was first introduced in the early
relay determine the location of the fault by
part of the century. it has many advantages
comparing the GPS time stay measured locally over the power line protection techniques
with those received from the adjacent and can be adopted for fault location and
back up protection. however , like other
substations, extensive simulation studies
power frequency based protection
presented here demonstrate feasibility of the techniques it suffers from limitation due to
scheme power system frequency wave form , fault
path resistance , line loading and source
parameter variations. In particular , the
response speed of the relay cannot meet the increase the speed of relay response .in
reqirements when very high speed fault the late 70’s this led to the
clearance is required . development of “ultra high speed
protection “ based on the use of
With the continuous development of
traveling waves and super imposed
modern technology, protection relays have
components these relays offered the
advanced with the development of
advantage of fast response ,
electromechanical, semiconductor,
directionality , and where not affected
integrated circuits and microprocessor
by power swing and CT saturation.
technologies. Al tough decades of research
However many distinct advantages of
have been put in to the continued
the conventional protection techniques
development and perfection of the relay
where not retained for eg. Inherent
technology , many of the basic relaying
back up protection.
principles of protection have not been
changed and are still playing a dominant In recent years, there is a
role today. the introduction of computer growing interest in the use of fault
technology have been an important generated transients for protection
milestone in the history of power system purposes and extensive research work
protection .since the concept was first has been conducted to develop new
raised in the late 60’s relay technology has relaying principles and techniques
gone through rapid development. digital based on there detection.. this led to
techniques for transmission line protection the new concept of “transient based
have been quickly developed and have protection “(TBP). Among these the
included various digital and numeric “positional protection” offers
impedance algorithm for distance attractive solutions for power line
protection. protection.
In conventional protection
where each relay associates with one scheme , the high frequency signals
circuit breaker on that line section, the are considered to be noise and filtered
proposed relaying scheme will be out and as a result, considerable
responsible for protection of several research has been spent on the
lines connected to the bus bar where it designing of the filters , protection
is installed. For eg as shown in fig the schemes based on detection of fault
relay at bus bar “R” responsible for generated transient, such as the “ ultra
the protection of both line section , high speed protection ” schemes are
connected to the busbar, by controlling generally limited by the band width of
both circuit breakers CB-RP and CB- transducers used.
RQ. Therefore the technique offers a
network protection scheme rather than
devices and their associated
algorithms. The high frequency
current signal are directly extracted
from the CT out puts . although
conventional iron cored CT’s
alternate the high frequency signals,
their characteristics are such that
sufficient signals can be detected for
relaying measurement and several
researches are studying there use for
high frequency relaying. Following
initial analogue filtering, fast signal
processing algorithms are then applied
to the measured signals for fault
It is accepted however that
identification.
the fault generated high frequency
transient components contain a wealth
of information about the fault type, 6. CHARECTERSTICS OF HIGH
location , its directions and duration . FREQUENCY CURRENT SIGNALS.
the use of these high frequency
The theoretical aspects of the
transient signals enables the realization
characteristics of the propagation of high
of new protection principles that could
frequency signals on transmission lines
not be implemented using only power
have been well documented.
frequency signals . this has led to the
development of the “transient based 6.1 Detection of fault position and
protection “ and the “ transient fault generated current transients
identification” shown in fig 2. When a fault occurs on a
transmission line , wide band voltages
The transient based protection and current signals propagate away
technique operate by extracting the from the fault point along the power
fault generated high frequency signals conductors. In time, these signals
through specially designed detection reach discontinuities on the
transmission line and some of the
signals is reflected back towards the signals associated with the fault
fault point. The characteristics of generated current transients. A
these waves are dependent on several simplified block diagram of the
factors including , the fault position detector arrangement is shown in the
on the line , fault path resistance and figure . the circuit comprises of an
the characteristics impedance of the analogue input circuit for signal
power conductors .this propagation conditioning and a digital circuit for
can be shown graphically. determining the transients. Particular
emphasis has been placed on the
Here relays are located at all
development of digital circuit.
of the substations in the power system
and independently monitor the power The detector is designed to
system. The frequency range of interrogate signals in the range of
interest for monitoring these fault frequencies from 40-80KHz. analog
generated high frequency signals is circuit acts as a band pass filter which
between 40-80 KHz and the signal extracts the band of fault generated
processing is designed as to determine transient current signal from the line.
the arrival of high frequency transient as a result , the response of the scheme
characteristics of those generated by a is not affected by the power frequency
fault. at these frequencies , bus bars short circuit band at the busbar or the
are dominated by their capacitive presise configration of the source side
elements , and as a result, the networks.
incoming high frequency current 6.3 Signal Processing Unit
signal is both inverted and reflected . a
Model transformation is
resistive fault in their frequency range
employed to decouple the signal in to
will also reflect a current wave of the
their respective aerial modes. The
opposite polarity.
signal mixing circuit receive the
6.2 Fault current transient detector signal from the 3 phase CTs and
The proposed scheme uses a continue these to form mode2 and
specially designed transient current mode3 signals. There are filters to
detector fed from the primary CTs . remove any spurious noise. The
This extracts are high frequency
outputs of the analog circuit are then
passed to the digital circuit.
7. REFERENCES