TMY]CPL@NY

<. Cl ch
chtm
tmrl
rltu
turl
rl sm
smül
ülcl
cl qu
qumm cl lutn
lutnms
msth
thkl
kl sm ings
ingstr
truy
uymm l pl
plrt
rthr
hr `m cns
cns inkm
inkmgt
gtlr
lrhn
hnss
prnvmghmgtms `m pmrsngls shoghehilthvls, pnr mjmkpcn, cl elkhchl (Dmromr y Cuiaklg,
<825). L plrthr `m mstl prmkhsl, ug orupn `m trldljl`nrms snihlcms pclgtml qum mc ghvmc
`m lu
lutntnms
msth
thkl
kl ms `hem
`hemrm
rmgt
gtmm mgtr
mgtrmm l`
l`nc
ncms
msim
imgt
gtms
ms `m elkh
elkhch
chls
ls knkngn
gnpl
plrm
rmgt
gtlc
lcms
ms y
dhplrmgtlcms, pnr cn qum sm mvlcuù l ug orupn `m mstu`hlgtms qum vhvmg ing ugn (g ; 9<)
n lkdns pl`rms (g ; 48). L plrthr `m cns shouhmgtms `ltns, hg`hqum iuìc ms cl `mihshùg
sndrm cl bhpùtmshs lctmrglthvl, ingsh`mrm ug ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl `m .6=.

Vìohgl
<
 

Pldcl <: Ghvmc `m lutnmsthkl mgtrm l`ncmsimgtms `m elkhchls kngnplrmgtlcms y dhplrmgtlcms.

Phpn `m elkhchl
g
Kngn
Kngnpl
plrm
rmgt
gtlc
lc Dhpl
Dhplrmrmgt
gtlc
lc
< 99 4=
4 49 9<

9 96 45
0 9? 09
= 42 99
5 <5 9?
? 95 9?
2 44 96
8 99 48
<6 45 96
<< 98 49
<4 4= 9?
<9 90 90
<0 48 0<
<= <? 42
<5 92 95
<? 99 92
<2 99 48
<8 99 48
46 9< 96
4< <2 9?
44 48 90
49 99 96
40 9< 49
4= 94 96
45 <2 49
4? 48 9?

42 9< 90
48 94 94
96 <2  
9< 48  
 x
° 42.8694 9<.89<6
Y 5.0<64 =.48<6
ω4 0<.6869 4?.88=<

YNC]IHÙG

Vìohgl
4
 

 VT]MDL @M BNKNOMGMH@L@
BNKNOMGMH@L@ @M CLY
CLY VNDCLIHNGMY 
VNDCLIHNGMY 

Vlsn <: Vclgtmlkhmgtn `m bhpùtmshs

B6: ω4L ; ω4D

(Cls vlrhlgzls sng bnknoègmls)

B<: ω4L ≦ ω4D

(Cls vlrhlgzls sng bmtmrnoègmls)

Vlsn 4: Mc ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl ingsh`mrl`n mg mc mgugihl`n ms  ; 6,6=.

Vlsn 9: Ym h`mgthehil mc mstl`ësthin `m prumdl:

 E  Ulrhlgzl klynr 0<.68

 p; ¾ ; ; <.05?2 ¾
Ulrhlgzl kmgnr 4<.88

Vìohgl
9
 

Vlsn =: Cmiturl `mc p-vlcnr 

 Vv ; 6.<==4

 Vv ≠ μ ( B < sm limptl

limptl)

 Vv 7 μ ( B n sm limp

limptl
tl)
7
6.<==4 6.6=

Vlsn =: Pnkl `m `mihshngms

YM LIMVPL CL BHVÙPMYHY G]CL

Vlsn 5: Hgtmrprmtlihùg

Inkn cl E `m prumdl ilm mg cl zngl `m limptlihùg, sm pum`m lehrklr ing ugl

ingehlgzl `mc 8=% qum cls kumstrls prnvhmgmg `m pndclihngms bnknoègmls.

UMTHEHILKNY MC MYPL@ËYPHIN @M VT]MDL

Vlsn <: Vclgtmlkhmgtn `m bhpùtmshs

B6: ½< ; ½4 

 Gn bly `hemrmgihls mg cls km`hls `m cns ghvmcms `m lutnmsthkl `m cns 4 thpns `m
elkhchl

B<: ½< ≦ ½4
Yh bly `hemrmgihls mg cls km`hls `m cns ghvmcms `m lutnmsthkl `m cns 4 thpns `m elkhchl

Vlsn 4: Mc ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl ingsh`mrl`n mg mc mgugihl`n ms  ; 6,6=.

Vìohgl
0
 

Vlsn 9: Ym h`mgthehil mc mstl`ësthin `m prumdl:

4( g ∔< ) Y + ( g ∔< ) Y ( 9<∔< ) (5.0<64 ) + ( 48 ∔< ) (=.48<6 )

<
4
< 4
4
4
4 4

Y p;   ;   ;90.?52=
( g ∔< ) + ( g ∔< )
<
( 96 ∔< )+ ( 48∔< )
4

t     x° ∔ x°
< 4   42.8694∔ 9<.89<6
 p; ¾ ; ;∔<.82?5 ¾

√ √
4 4
Y p  Y p 90.?52= 90.?52=
+   +
g< g4 9< 48

Ymoúg cl tldcl `m vlcnrms irëthins t (tmghmg`n mg iumgtl qum: OC ; =2 y μ ; 6.6=)

t i ;4.66<?

Vlsn 0: Cmiturl `mc p-vlcnr 

 Vv ; 6.6=<5

 Vv ≠ μ ( B < sm limptl

limptl)
 Vv 7 μ ( B n sm limptl
limptl)

6.6=<5 7 6.6=

Vlsn =: Pnkl `m `mihshngms

YM LIMVPL CL BHVÙPMYHY G]CL

Vlsn 5: Hgtmrprmtlihùg

Ym pum`m lehrklr qum gn bly `hemrmgihls mg cls km`hls `m cns ghvmcms `m lutnmsthkl
`m cns l`ncmsimgtms `m elkhchl kngnplrmgtlc y cl km`hl `m cns l`ncmsimgtms `m
elkhchl dhplrmgtlc ing 8=% `m ingehlgzl.

Vìohgl
=
 

4. Mc `hrmitnr `m u
ug
g bnsphtlc pclg
pclgtml
tml qum, sh cls mg
mgemrkmrls
emrkmrls plrthihplg mg ug prnorlk
prnorlkll `m
ing`uitls `m lutniuh`l`n, hgirmkmgtlrìg su dhmgmstlr mknihnglc. Vlrl prndlr `hibl
bhpùtmshs, sm mvlcuù l 96 mgemrkmrls lgtms y `mspuès `m su plrthihplihùg mg ugl
hgtmrvmgihùg. L plrthr `m cls pugtulihngms ndtmgh`ls, hg`hqum iuìc ms cl `mihshùg sndrm
cl Bhpùtmshs gucl, ingsh`mrm ug ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl `m 6.6<.

Pldcl 4:  Dhmgmstlr mknihnglc `m mgemrkmrls lgtms y `mspuès `m su plrthihplihùg mg ugl

hgtmrvmgihùg.

Dhmgmstlr mknihnglc
Vr
Vrmp
mpru
rumd
mdll Vn
Vnsp
spru
rumd
mdll @hemr
hemrmg
mgih
ihll
2< 2= -0
?8 29 -0
24 2= -9
29 25 -9
26 2= -=
2< 2= -0
2< 29 -4
24 2= -9
20 22 -0
2= 2? -4
29 2= -4
26 20 -0
24 29 -<
26 29 -9
26 29 -9
26 25 -5
?8 29 -0
?8 29 -0

29 25 -9
29 2? -0
?2 29 -=
?? 29 -5
24 22 -5
2< 2= -0
26 2= -=
29 2= -4
24 20 -4
2< 20 -9
29 2? -0
?2 20 -5
  `̍ -9.?
Y <.9048
YNC]IHÙG:

Vìohgl
5
 

 
Vlsn <: Vclgtmlkhmgtn `m bhpùtmshs

B6: ½<  ; ½4 

Mc pr
prnkm
nkm`hn
`hn `m cls pugtul
pugtulihn
ihngms
gms lgtms
lgtms y `mspu
`mspuès
ès `mc prnorlkl
prnorlkl `m ing`ui
ing`uitls
tls `m
lutniuh`l`n ms mc khskn, pnr cn qum gn sm hgirmkmgtù su dhmgmstlr snihlc.

B<: ½<  3 ½4
Mc prnkm`hn `m cls pugtulihngms `mspuès `mc prnorlkl `m ing`uitls `m lutniuh`l`n ms
klynr lc prnkm`hn `m cls pugtulihngms lgtms `mc prnorlkl, pnr cn qum sh sm hgirmkmgtù
su dhmgmstlr snihlc.

Vlsn 4: Mc ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl ingsh`mrl`n mg mc mgugihl`n ms  ; 6,6<.

Vlsn 9: Ym h`mgthehil mc mstl`ësthin `m prumdl:

t    `°°̀   ∔9.?
 p; ¾ ; ;∔<=.68 ¾
Y <.9048
√ g √ 96

Vìohgl
?
 

Vlsn 0: Cmiturl `mc p-vlcnr 

∔ <=
 Vv ;<.09?0 ß <6

 Vv ≠ μ ( B < sm li
limptl)
mptl
 Vv 7 μ ( B n sm limptl
limptl)

∔ <=
<.09?0 ß <6 ≠ 6.6<

Vlsn =: Pnkl `m `mihshngms

YM TMIBLZL CL BHVÙPMYHY G]CL

Vlsn 5: Hgtmrprmtlihùg

Mxhstm suehihmgtm mvh`mgihl mstl`ësthil plrl lehrklr ing ug ghvmc `m ingehlgzl `mc
88% qum, mc prnkm`hn `m cls pugtulihngms `mspuès `mc prnorlkl `m ing`uitls `m
lutniuh`l`n, ms klynr lc prnkm`hn `m cls pugtulihngms lgtms `mc prnorlkl, pnr cn
qum sh sm hgirmkmgtù su dhmgmstlr snihlc.

Vìohgl
2
 

9. Lc houlc qu
qumm Outb y inincs.
cs. (<88=), p
prmtmg`mkns
rmtmg`mkns lgllglchzlr
chzlr sh cls h`mls rmchohnsls hgecuymg mg
cns pugtns `m vhstl `m ugl pmrsngl mg rmclihùg ing mc lkdhmgtm. Inkplrlkns icèrhons
`m trms `mgnkhglihngms ’mvlgoèchin, prntmstlgtm y iltùchin- ing cl supnshihùg `m qum cns
cë`
cë`mrm
mrmss rmc
rmchoh
hohnsn
nsnss `m ugl `mg `mgnk
nkhgl
hglihù
ihùgg mg plrplrthi
thiucl
uclrr thmgmg
thmgmg irmmgi
irmmgihls
hls rmc
rmchoh
hohnsl
nslss
shk
hkhc
hclr
lrms
ms.. Gu
Gums
mstr
trll vl
vlrh
rhld
ldcm
cm `mpm
`mpmg`
g`hm
hmgt
gtmm ings
ingsththtu
tuym
ym ugugll ms
msil
ilcl
cl `m gh ghvm
vmcc `m
hgtmrvlcn/rlzùg, cl iulc kh`m cls lithtu`ms pnshthvls ing rmspmitn lc lkdhmgtlchskn ’ 
lp
lpnyn
nyn l cns mse mseumr
umrzns
zns oud
oudmrg
mrglkm
lkmgtl
gtlcms
cms plr
plrll ing
ingtrn
trnclr
clr cl ing
ingtlk
tlkhgl
hglihù
ihùg-.
g-. (]gl
(]gl
pugtulihùg lctl hg`hil kuibn lpnyn.) ¾Mxhstm lcougl rmclihùg mgtrm cls irmmgihls
rmchohnsls y mc lkdhmgtlchskn> Lsukm cl houlc`l` `m cls vlrhlgzls pndclihnglcms.

Pldcl 9: Tmclihùg mgtrm cls irmmgihls rmchohnsls `m cns Icèrhons y mc lkdhmgtlchskn

Vugtulihùg mg cl msilcl
Icèrhon
lkdhmgtlchstl
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 45
Ylimr`ntm iltùchin 96
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 40
 Khghstrn mvlgoèchin <0

Ylimr`ntmmvlgoèchin
iltùchin 4=
 Khghstrn <4
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 9<
Ylimr`ntm iltùchin 90
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 44
 Khghstrn mvlgoèchin 49
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 42
Ylimr`ntm iltùchin 42
Ylimr`ntm iltùchin 40
 Khghstrn mvlgoèchin <?
 Khghstrn prntmstlgtm 94
Ylimr`ntm iltùchin 4=
 Khghstrn mvlgoèchin 44
 Khghstrn mvlgoèchin <8

KHGHYPTN YLIMT@NPM KHGHYPTN

g
VTNPMYPLGPM ILPÙCHIN MULGOÈCHIN
< 45 96 <0
4 40 4= <4
9 9< 90 49
0 44 42 <?
= 42 40 44
5 94 4= <8
½`mgtrn i/orupn 4?.<55? 4?.555? <?.2999
½mgtrm orupns 40.4444
YNC]IHÙG:

Vìohgl
8
 

Vlsn <: Vclgtmlkhmgtn `m bhpùtmshs

B6: ½< ; ½4 ; ½9

Cls irmmgihls rmchohnsls gn lemitlg mc ghvmc `m lkdhmgtlchskn `m cns icèrhons

B<: Lc kmgns ugl `m cls km`hls ms `hemrmgtm l cls `mkìs

Cls irmmgihls rmchohnsls sh lemitlg mc ghvmc `m lkdhmgtlchskn mg cns icèrhons

Vlsn 4: Mc ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl ingsh`mrl`n mg mc mgugihl`n ms  ; 6,6=.

Vlsn 9: Ym h`mgthehil mc mstl`ësthin `m prumdl:

LGNUL

Nrhomg `m cls Yukl `m Orl`ns `m Vrnkm`hn `m cns

E
vlrhlihngms iul`rl`ns chdmrtl` iul`rl`ns
Mgtrm orupns YIM a-< IKM ; YIM/(a-<) IKM/IK@
@mgtrn `m cns orupns YI@ g-a IK@ ; YI@/(g-a)
Pntlc YIP g-<

a ; gúkmrn `m orupns
g ; gúkmrn `m orupns

∜ ( km`
YIM ; km`hl
hl `mgtr
`mgtrn
n `m il`l orupn∔km`h
il`l orupn km`hl
l mgtrm orupns ) ß kumstrl
mgtrm orupns kumstrl
4

YI@;∜ ¾ ¾

LGNUL

Nrhomg `m cls Yukl `m Orl`ns `m Vrnkm`hn `m cns

E
vlrhlihngms iul`rl`ns chdmrtl` iul`rl`ns
Mgtrm orupns 952.<<<< 4 <20.6==5 <<.452?
@mgtrn `m cns orupns 40= <= <5.9999
Pntlc 5<9.<<<< <?

Vìohgl
<6
 

Vlsn 0: Cmiturl `mc p-vlcnr 

 Vv ; 6.66<6

 Vv ≠ μ ( B < sm limptl

limptl)
 Vv 7 μ ( B n sm limptl)
limptl

6.66<6 ≠ 6.6=

Vlsn =: Pnkl `m `mihshngms

YM TMIBLZL CL BHVÙPMYHY G]CL

Vlsn 5: Hgtmrprmtlihùg

Ing ug ghvmc `m ingehlgzl `mc 8=%, sm pum`m lehrklr qum cls irmmgihls rmchohnsls sh
lemitlg mc ghvmc `m lkdhmgtlchskn `m cns icèrhons.

Vìohgl
<<
 

0. Vl
Vlrl
rl vmrh
vmrheh
ehil
ilrr sh cl km
kmkn
knrh
rhll il
ilkd
kdhl
hl in
ing
g cl m`m`l`
l`,, ug hghgvm
vmst
stho
hol`
l`nr
nr rm
rmlc
lchz
hzll ug
mxpmrhkmgtn mg mc iulc plrthihplg iultrn orupns `m smhs sujmtns il`l ugn. Cns orupns
`hehmrmg mg iulgtn l cl m`l` `m cns sujmtns. Mg mc orupn <, cns sujmtns thmgmg 96 lüns1 mg
mc orupn 4 thmgmg 06 lüns1 mg mc orupn 9 thmgmg =6 lüns1 y mg mc orupn 0 thmgmg 56 lüns.
Yupngol qum tn`ns cns sujmtns onzlg `m dumgl slcu` y qum cns orupns ingiumr`lg mg
ntrls vlrhldcms hkpnrtlgtms, tlcms inkn cl msinclrh`l`, mc IH, mc oègmrn, cl knthvlihùg, y
lsë suimshvlkmgtm. Ym kumstrl l il`l sujmtn ugl smrhm `m sëcldls shg smgth`n (ugl
inkdhglihùg `m trms cmtrls shg shoghehil`n, inkn @LE n E]K) l rlzùg `m ugl sëcldl
il`l 0 smoug`ns. Cl smrhm sm kumstrl `ns vmims, `mspuès `m cn iulc sm ph`m l cns sujmtns
qum msirhdlg
msirhdlg mc klynr gúkm
gúkmrnrn pnshdcm `m sëcldls qum smlg ilpli
ilplims
ms `m rminr`
rminr`lr.
lr. Mc
gúkmrn `m sëcldls qum cnorù rminr`lr il`l sujmtn sm prmsmgtl mg cl shouhmgtm tldcl:
Pldcl 0: g¶ `m shcldls rminr`l`ls smoúg cl m`l` `m cns sujmtns plrthihplgtms

96 lüns `m 06 lüns `m =6 lüns `m 56 lüns `m

g
m`l` m`l` m`l` m`l`
< <0 <4 <? <9
4 <9 <= <0 <6
9 <= <5 <0 ?

0 <? << 8 2
= <4 <4 <9 5
5 <6 <2 <= 8
½`mgtrn i/orupn <9.=6 <0.66 <9.5? 2.29
½mgtrm orupns <4.=6

]thchim mc lgìchshs `m vlrhlgzl ing μ ; 6.6= plrl `mtmrkhglr sh cl m`l` thmgm lcoúg memitn sndrm
cl kmknrhl.

YNC]IHÙG:

Vlsn <: Vclgtmlkhmgtn `m bhpùtmshs

B6: ½< ; ½4 ; ½9
Cl m`l` gn thmgm memitn sndrm cl kmknrhl

B<: Lc kmgns ugl `m cls km`hls ms `hemrmgtm l cls `mkìs

Cl m`l` sh thmgm memitn sndrm cl kmknrhl

Vlsn 4: Mc ghvmc `m shoghehilgihl ingsh`mrl`n mg mc mgugihl`n ms  ; 6,6=.

Vlsn 9: Ym h`mgthehil mc mstl`ësthin `m prumdl:

Vìohgl
<4
 

LGNUL

Nrhomg `m cls Yukl `m Orl`ns `m Vrnkm`hn `m cns

E
vlrhlihngms iul`rl`ns chdmrtl` iul`rl`ns
Mgtrm orupns YIM a-< IKM ; YIM/(a-<) IKM/IK@
@mgtrn `m cns orupns YI@ g-a IK@ ; YI@/(g-a)
Pntlc YIP g-<
a ; gúkmrn `m orupns
g ; gúkmrn `m orupns

∜ ( km`
YIM ; km`hl
hl `mgtr
`mgtrn
n `m il`l orupn∔km`h
il`l orupn km`hl
l mgtrm
mgtrm orupns
4
orupns ) ß kumstrl
kumstrl

YI@;∜ ¾ ¾

LGNUL

Nrhomg `m cls Yukl `m Orl`ns `m Vrnkm`hn `m cns

E
vlrhlihngms iul`rl`ns chdmrtl` iul`rl`ns
Mgtrm orupns <62.9999 9 95.<<<< =.069<
@mgtrn `m cns orupns <99.555? 46 5.5299
Pntlc 404 49

Vìohgl
<9
 

Vlsn 0: Cmiturl `mc p-vlcnr 

 Vv ; 6.6
6.66
6 58

 Vv ≠ μ ( B < sm li
limptl)
mptl

 Vv 7 μ ( B n sm limptl

limptl)
6 58 ≠ 6.6=
6.66
6.6

Vlsn =: Pnkl `m `mihshngms

YM TMIBLZL CL BHVÙPMYHY G]CL

Vlsn 5: Hgtmrprmtlihùg

Ing ug ghvmc `m ingehlgzl `mc 8=%, sm pum`m lehrklr qum cl m`l` sh thmgm memitn
sndrm cl kmknrhl.

Vìohgl
<0