Introduction to the

Integrated Model of
Personality

Premises of KYKO integrated model of

Personality

Behavior is motivated by the inner states such

as desires, needs, wants and motives.

Human behavior becomes observable when

the inner states are energized. When we are
hungry we look for food. When we are thirsty
we look for water. When we want to be safe,
we lock our gates and house, follow rules and
regulations, buy insurance and save monies for
the rainy day. When we are lonely we look for
our friends, attend parties and join some clubs
to share hobbies and our interests. When we
want to project our image, we share our
success stories, use a big car, live in a
bungalow and buy branded stuff.
(Psychodynamic and Evolutionary Theories)

Behavior is a function of our genes

Humans vary in the expression of certain

behaviors because of variations in their genes.
We are stubborn because we have inherited the
stubborn gene from one of our ancestor. Thus
the old adage that leaders are born is partial
truth. (Genetic Theory)

Behavior is a function of our environment

Our environment in a significant way shapes

our behavior. In a favorable environment, we
experience pleasures and develop our positive
traits. A person must experience love in order
for one to give love. In an unfavorable
environment, we experience pains and develop
our negative traits. When we are bullied we
tend to be rebellious. When our family
members are sacrificed in a war, we tend to
seek revenge on our enemies. When we use
our intellect both pleasures and pains manifest
positive and negative traits. We may develop
adaptive behavior and choose a response in
our favor.(Behaviorist, Cognitive and
Humanistic Theories)

Behavior is a function of cognition

Our behavior is a product of our interaction

with the environment. We learn through our
social interactions, books, documents,
observation, remodeling and from a significant
other. Thus the old adage that leadership can
be trained is partial truth (Social Cognitive
Learning Theory)

Human beings lie in the continuum of

relatively healthy and unhealthy in their
mental and psychological disposition.
(Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory)

Sigmund Freud posits that our psychological

health is a function of the environment. A
favorable and conducive environment helps us
to self-actualize and enhance our
psychological health. On the contrary, an
unhealthy or toxic environment de- actualizes
causing us to deteriorate in our mental
disposition in line with the postulation of
Sigmund Freud that human being lies in the
continuum of normal and abnormal. Clearly,
human personality is not static; it is dynamic
and is constantly changing for better or worse
with new experiences.

Human personality lies in the continuum of

dynamic and static (Evolutionary and
Cognitive Theory)
Static personality has a recognizable pattern of
behavior found in simple humans that is
persistent and consistent across situations and
over time. On the contrary, dynamic
personality patterns of behavior are found in
complex humans where the patterns of
behavior vary with the situations and across
time.
A dynamic personality may inherit some
adaptive genes from the family line of their
ancestors. Deprivation of dominant desires and
basic needs could also further develop the
dynamic aspects of our personality for our
survival and growth.

No two human beings are alike even if they

are identical twins growing up in the same
environment due to genetic difference.
(Evolutionary and Genetic Theory)

No two persons are the same. Each person has

a unique pattern of behavior. Every human
being is unique like our thumb print. Putting a
number on the typology of personality is too
simplistic as the number of personality is
infinite.

Based on the above premises, a five

dimensional model of personality was
established.

KYKO Five Dimensional Model of

Personality

KYKO five dimensional personality model is

established base on multiple theoretical
constructs from the six schools of personality
theories.

The five dimensional of personality profile are

as follows: -
1. Self-Actualizing Dimension

Self-actualization is a term that has been used

in various psychology theories, often in
slightly different ways (e.g., Goldstein,
Maslow, Alderfer, Mc Celland and Carl
Rogers).

The term was originally introduced by the

organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the
motive to realize all of one's potentialities. He
defines self-actualization as "the tendency to
actualize, as much as possible, [the
organism's] individual capacities" the tendency
to self-actualization is "the only drive by
which the life of an organism is determined."
Goldstein defined self-actualization as a
driving life force that will ultimately lead to
maximizing one's abilities and determine the
path of one's life. (Evolutionary Theories)

Self-actualization is later used by Maslow as a

highest level in his five hierarchies of needs.
Maslow explicitly defines self-actualization to
be "the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the
tendency for him [the individual] to become
actualized in what he is potentially.
This tendency might be phrased as the desire
to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of
becoming." Maslow used the term self-
actualization to describe a desire, not a driving
force that could lead to realizing one's
capabilities. Maslow did not feel that self-
actualization determined one's life; rather, he
felt that it gave the individual a desire, or
motivation to achieve budding ambitions.

The ERG theory of Clayton P. Alderfer in his

reaction to Maslow Five hierarchy interprets
self-actualization as the growth needs – the
desire to be creative, productive and to
complete meaningful tasks. That desire
motivates one to take initiatives to seek
knowledge, skills and competencies and see
learning as a life long process.

Bernard develops a five dimensional model of

personality from multiple theoretical
constructs. The first dimension is the self-
actualizing dimension developed from the
theoretical construct of

Goldstein – the desire to realize one’s

potentials
Abraham Maslow – the desire for fulfillment
Alderfer – the desire for growth to be creative,
productive and to complete meaningful task

Bernard incorporates David Mc Celland need

for achievement as part of self-actualization –
a prerequisite to grow one’s potentials to
achieve one’s life goals.

He incorporates Carl Roger who defines self-

actualization as the peak of human
development into his model. Bernard
conceives that one has to seek meanings in life
to reach the peak of human development.
Bernard theorizes that a fully self-actualized
individual is divine and therefore, a perfect
being.
Bernard postulates that one has to see learning,
growing, becoming and being divine as a life
long process. Bernard defines self-
actualization as the desire for achievement,
growth, and fulfillment and to find meaning in
life.

2. Egocentric Dimension

Egocentric is defined as a desire or need for

self-importance, pride, respect, recognition,
and to control the environment – the part of a
person’s self that is distinct and focus on self-
image.
Personality psychologists often deliberate in
the interpretation of egocentric needs.
Abraham Maslow in his fourth hierarchy of
needs posits egocentric needs as the desire for
self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of
esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one.
The lower one is the need for the respect of
others, the need for status, fame, glory,
recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation,
dignity, even dominance. The higher form
involves the need for self-respect, including
such feelings as confidence, competence,
achievement, mastery, independence, and
freedom. Mc Celland in his 3-factor theory
conceives egocentric needs as the desire for
power. He classifies power into personal
power and institutional power. Murray
interprets egocentric needs as the desire for
dominance and recognition.
Bernard integrates the concepts of Maslow,
Mc Celland and Murray to develop the second
dimension of KYKO model. He defines the
egocentric needs as a desire for power, status,
fame, style, image, recognition, respect,
dominance and to control the environment.

Sociocentric Dimension

Socio-centric is defined as oriented toward or

focused on social relationship. Maslow posits
sociocentric needs as the desire for love and
belongingness. Murray conceives sociocentric
needs as the desire for intimacy, to experience
warmth, close, communicative exchanges and
to spend time with other people. Mc Celland
views sociocentric needs as the desire for
affiliation, friendship, interaction and to be
liked. Alderfer conceives sociocentric in his
Relatedness needs as a desire for social
involvement with family, friends, co-workers
and employers.

Bernard incorporates the concepts of Maslow,

Mc Celland and Murray and Alderfer to
develop the third dimension of KYKO model.
He defines sociocentric needs as a desire or
need for love, care, belongingness, affiliation,
social interaction and acceptance.

4. Security Dimension

The term security connotes the meaning of

safety, protection, well-being and out of
danger. Maslow in his second hierarchy of
needs interprets security needs as a desire for
personal security from crime, financial
security, health and well-being, and a safety
net against accidents/illness and the adverse
impacts.
These needs have to do with people's yearning
for a predictable, orderly world in which
injustice and inconsistency are under control,
the familiar frequent and the unfamiliar rare.
In the world of work, these safety needs
manifest themselves in such things as a
preference for job security, grievance
procedures for protecting the individual from
unilateral authority, savings accounts,
insurance policies, and the like. Murray
interprets security as materialistic needs – a
desire for obtaining and keeping things and
making things neat and organized. Alderfer
notion of security is manifested in his
existence needs, the first two levels of Maslow
– physiological and safety needs such as
hunger, thirst and shelter.
Bernard incorporates the concepts of Maslow,
Murray and Alderfer to develop the fourth
dimension of KYKO model. He defines
security needs as a desire for safety, order,
structure, system and protection.

5. Manipulative Dimension

The fifth dimension of KYKO model is the

manipulative dimension developed base on the
premise that human personality lies in the
continuum of dynamic and static.
Dynamic personality portrays a pattern of
behavior that varies across situation and over
time. Static personality portrays a pattern of
behavior that is persistent and consistent
across situation and over time. The former
pattern of behavior is complex, quite
unpredictable and unrecognizable while the
latter is simple, predictable and recognizable.

KYKO Ten Personality Types

Each dimension lies in the continuum of high

at one end and low on the other end. From the
high and low end of the continuum we can
identify two distinct personality types.

1. High Self Actualizing - Normal Personality

Type: – A high desire, need, want or drive for
achievement, growth, and fulfillment and to
find meaning in life.
2. Low Self-Actualizing - Neurotic Personality
Type: – A low desire, need, want or drive for
achievement, growth, and fulfillment and to
find meaning in life.

3. High Egocentric Dimension – Aggressive

Personality Type – A high desire, need, want
or drive for power, status, fame, style, image,
recognition, respect, dominance and to control
the environment.
4. Low Egocentric Dimension – Submissive
Personality Type – A low desire, need, want or
drive for power, status, fame, style, image,
recognition, respect, dominance and to control
the environment.

5. High Sociocentric Dimension – Sociable

Personality Type – A high desire, need, want
or drive for love, care, belongingness,
affiliation, social interaction an acceptance.
6. Low Sociocentric Dimension – Asocial
Personality Type – A low desire, need, want or
drive for love, care, belongingness, affiliation,
social interaction an acceptance.

7. High Security dimension – Pragmatic

personality type – a high desire, need, want or
drive for safety, order, structure, system and
protection.

8. Low Security dimension – Adventurous

personality type – a low desire, need, want or
drive for safety, order, structure, system and
protection.

9. High Manipulative Dimension – Dynamic

Personality Type – A high desire, need, want
or drive for information, influence, adapt,
change and utilize others for survival and to
satisfy dominant needs.
10. Low Manipulative Dimension – Static
Personality Type – A low desire, need, want or
drive for information, influence, adapt, change
and utilize others for survival and to satisfy
dominant needs.