MODULE2

Ai
rPol
lut
ion:Pr
ima
rya
nds
econda
ryt
ype
sofpol
lut
ant
s,s
ulphurdi
oxi
de,
ni
tr
oge
ndi
oxi
de,c
arbonmonoxi
de.Wa
terPol
lut
ion:Poi
nta
ndnon-
poi
nt
s
our
cesofpol
lut
ion,Ma
jorpol
lut
ant
sofwa
ter
.Impa
ctofpol
lut
ant
s

2.
1Ai
rPol
lut
ion

Ai
rPol
lut
ionma
ybede
fin
eda
sanya
tmos
phe
ricc
ondi
ti
oni
nwhi
chc
ert
ai
nsubs
tanc
esa
re
pr
ese
nti
nsuc
hconc
ent
rat
ionst
hatt
heyc
anpr
oduc
eunde
sir
abl
eef
fec
tsonma
nandhi
s
e
nvi
ronme
nt.

Ai
rPol
lut
anti
sanys
oli
d,l
iqui
dorga
seouss
ubs
tanc
epr
ese
nti
nthea
tmos
phe
rei
nsuc
h
c
onc
ent
rat
ion,a
sma
ybeort
endt
obei
njur
ioust
ohuma
nbe
ingsorot
herl
ivi
ngc
rea
tur
esor
pl
ant
sorpr
ope
rtyore
nvi
ronme
nt.The
ses
ubs
tanc
esi
ncl
udega
ses(
sul
phuroxi
des
,ni
tr
oge
n
oxi
des
,ca
rbonmonoxi
de,hydr
oca
rbonse
tc.
),pa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er(
smoke
,dus
t,f
ume
s,a
nd
a
eros
ols
),r
adi
oac
ti
vema
ter
ial
sandma
nyot
her
s.Mos
toft
hes
esubs
tanc
esa
rena
tur
all
y
pr
ese
nti
nthea
tmos
phe
rei
nlow(
bac
kgr
ound)c
onc
ent
rat
ionsa
nda
reus
ual
lyc
ons
ide
redt
o
beh
arml
ess
.Thus
,apa
rti
cul
ars
ubs
tanc
eca
nbec
ons
ide
reda
nai
rpol
lut
antonl
ywhe
nit
s
c
onc
ent
rat
ioni
sre
lat
ive
lyhi
ghc
ompa
redwi
tht
heba
ckgr
oundva
luea
ndc
aus
esa
dve
rse
e
ffe
cts
.

2.
2Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionofAi
rPol
lut
ant
s

Ac
cor
dingt
oOr
igi
n:

1)Pr
ima
ryPol
lut
ant
s:Emi
tt
eddi
rec
tl
yint
othea
tmos
phe
rea
nda
ref
oundi
nfor
min
whi
cht
heywe
ree
mit
te
d,e
.g.
Sox,NOx,HC

2) Se
con
dar
yPol
lut
ant
s:De
rive
dfr
omt
hepr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
sbyc
hemi
calorphot
o-
c
hemi
calr
eac
ti
onsi
nthea
tmos
phe
re,e
.g.oz
one
,pe
roxya
cet
ylni
tr
ate

Ac
cor
dingt
oChe
mic
alCompos
it
ion:

1
.Or
gani
c:e
.g.Hy
droc
arbons(
HC)
,Al
dehyde
sandke
tone
s(HCO)
,VOCs
,PCBs
,
PAHs

2
.Inor
gani
c:NOx,SOx,CO,HCl
,H2SO4,H2S,NH3

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
Ac
cor
dingt
oSt
ateofMa
tte
r

1
.Ga
seous
:CO,NOx,Sox(
Inor
gani
c),Be
nze
ne,Me
tha
ne(
Orga
nic
)

2
. Pa
rti
cul
at
es/
Aer
osol
s:Dus
t,s
moke
,fume
,fl
yas
h(s
oli
d),mi
st
,spr
ay(
li
qui
d),
pol
le
n,ba
cte
ria
,vi
rus(
nat
ura
l)

Ac
cor
dingt
othes
pac
esc
ale
soft
hei
ref
fec
ts:

1.Loc
al(
ori
ndoor
).

2. Re
giona
l.

3. Gl
oba
l.

Theva
rie
tyofma
tt
ere
mit
te
dtot
hea
tmos
phe
rebyna
tur
ala
nda
nthr
opoge
nics
our
cesi
sso
di
ver
set
hati
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoc
las
sif
yai
rpol
lut
ant
s.Us
ual
ly,t
heya
rec
las
sif
ieda
sei
the
r
pr
ima
ryors
econda
ry.

2.
2.1Pr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
sar
esubs
tanc
esdi
rec
tl
ypr
oduc
eda
nde
mit
te
dbyapr
oce
ss(
fr
om
s
our
ce)
,suc
hasa
shf
rom avol
cani
cer
upt
ionort
hec
arbonmonoxi
dega
sfr
om amot
or
ve
hic
lee
xha
ust
.Ma
jorpr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
sinc
lude
:

 Sus
pende
dPa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er(
SPM)
,suc
hass
moke
,dus
t,f
ume
s,mi
sta
nds
pra
y,
Tr
ace
sofMe
tal
s,l
ikel
ead,c
admi
um,c
oppe
r,ni
cke
l,me
rcur
yandi
ron.

 Sul
furoxi
des(
SOx)[
SO2,SO3]

 Ni
tr
oge
noxi
des(
NOx)[
NO,NO2,N2O]

 Ca
rbo
nmonoxi
de(
CO)

 Ca
rbo
ndi
oxi
de(
CO2)
,agr
een
hous
ega
s

 Vol
at
il
eor
gani
ccompounds(
VOC)
,suc
hasCFC

2.
2.2Se
conda
rypol
lut
ant
sar
enote
mit
te
d.Ra
the
r,t
heyf
ormi
nthea
tmos
phe
rebyc
hemi
cal
i
nte
rac
ti
onsa
mongpr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
sandnor
mala
tmos
phe
ricc
ons
ti
tue
nts
.Ani
mpor
tant
e
xampl
eofas
econda
rypol
lut
anti
sgr
oundl
eve
loz
one-oneoft
hema
nys
econda
ry
pol
lut
ant
stha
tma
keupphot
oche
mic
als
mog.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
Ma
jorSe
conda
rypol
lut
ant
sinc
lude
:

 Pa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
erf
orme
dfr
omga
seouspr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
s

 c
ompoundsi
nphot
oche
mic
als
mog,s
ucha
sni
tr
oge
ndi
oxi
de

 Gr
oundl
eve
loz
one(
O3)

 Pe
roxya
cet
ylni
tr
ate(
PAN)

Not
eth
ats
omepol
lut
ant
sma
ybebot
hpr
ima
rya
nds
econda
ry:t
hati
s,t
heya
rebot
hemi
tt
ed
di
rec
tl
yan
dfor
medf
romot
herpr
ima
rypol
lut
ant
s.

2.
3Cr
it
eri
aAi
rPol
lut
ant
s

Ai
rpol
lut
ionc
ont
ri
but
est
oawi
deva
rie
tyofa
dve
rsehe
alt
hef
fec
ts.Cr
it
eri
aai
rcont
ami
nant
s,
orc
rit
eri
apol
lut
ant
s,a
reas
etofa
irpol
lut
ant
stha
tca
uses
mog,a
cidr
ain,a
ndot
herhe
alt
h
ha
zar
ds.Cr
it
eri
apol
lut
ant
sar
etypi
cal
lye
mit
te
dfr
om ma
nys
our
cesi
nindus
try,mi
ning,
t
rans
por
tat
ion,e
lec
tri
ci
tyge
ner
ati
ona
nda
gri
cul
tur
e.I
nmos
tca
sest
heya
ret
hepr
oduc
tsof
t
hec
ombus
ti
onoff
oss
ilf
uel
sori
ndus
tri
alpr
oce
sse
s.

Thes
ixc
rit
eri
aai
rcont
ami
nant
swe
ret
hef
ir
sts
etofpol
lut
ant
sre
cogni
zedbyt
heUni
te
d
St
at
esEnvi
ronme
nta
lPr
ote
cti
onAge
ncya
sne
edi
ngs
tanda
rdsonana
ti
ona
lle
vel
.TheCl
ean
Ai
rAc
tde
signe
dtoc
ont
rola
irpol
lut
ionr
equi
resEnvi
ronme
nta
lPr
ote
cti
onAge
ncy(
EPA)t
o
s
etUSNa
ti
ona
lAmbi
entAi
rQua
li
tySt
anda
rds(
NAAQS)f
ort
hes
ixpol
lut
ant
scons
ide
red
ha
rmf
ult
opubl
iche
alt
handt
hee
nvi
ronme
nt.TheNAAQSa
rehe
alt
hba
seda
ndt
heEPAs
ets
t
wot
ype
sofs
tanda
rds
:pr
ima
rya
nds
econda
ry.Thep
rima
rys
tanda
rdsa
rede
signe
dtopr
ote
ct
t
hehe
alt
hof'
sens
it
ive
'popul
at
ionss
ucha
sas
thma
ti
cs,c
hil
dre
n,a
ndt
hee
lde
rly.Si
nceEPA
us
eshe
alt
h-ba
sedc
rit
eri
atos
etpr
ima
ryna
ti
ona
lambi
enta
irqua
li
tys
tanda
rds(
NAAQS)f
or
s
ix oft
hemos
tcommon a
irpol
lut
ant
s—c
arbon monoxi
de,l
ead,gr
ound-
leve
loz
one
,
pa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er,ni
tr
oge
ndi
oxi
de,a
nds
ulf
urdi
oxi
de—l
eadi
ngt
hes
esi
xpol
lut
ant
sto
be
comeknowna
s―c
rit
eri
a”a
irpol
lut
ant
s(ors
impl
y“c
rit
eri
apol
lut
ant
s).

Cr
it
eri
aai
rpol
lut
ant
sar
esi
xma
jorpo
llut
ant
sde
fine
dbyEPA(
Envi
ronme
nta
lPr
ote
cti
on
Age
ncy)f
orwhi
cha
mbi
enta
irs
tanda
rdsha
vebe
ens
ett
opr
ote
cthuma
nhe
alt
handwe
lfa
re.

 Oz
one
,O3.

 Ca
rbo
nmonoxi
de,CO.

 Sul
furdi
oxi
de,SO2.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
  Ni
tr
oge
noxi
des
,NOx.

 Le
ad,Pb.

• Pa
rti
cul
at
es,PM10

1.Ca
rbonMonoxi
de(
CO)

Ca
rbonmonoxi
de(
CO)i
sac
olor
les
sandodor
les
sga
stha
tisf
orme
ddur
ingi
ncompl
et
e
a
nd/
ori
nef
fi
ci
entc
ombus
ti
onoff
oss
ilf
uel
ssuc
hasga
sol
ine
,na
tur
alga
s,a
ndc
oal
.

Sour
cesofCa
rbonMonoxi
deCOi
sac
ompone
ntofmot
orve
hic
lee
xha
ust
,whi
cht
heU.
S.
EPAe
sti
mat
est
obet
hebi
gge
sts
our
ceofCOe
mis
sionsi
nthea
mbi
enta
ir.Ot
hers
our
cesof
CO e
mis
sions i
ncl
ude i
ndus
tri
alpr
oce
sse
s(s
ucha
s me
talpr
oce
ssi
ng a
nd c
hemi
cal
ma
nuf
act
uri
ng)
,fue
lcombus
ti
oni
nboi
le
rsa
ndi
nci
ner
ator
s,nonr
oadve
hic
les
,wi
ldf
ir
es,ope
n
bur
ning,a
ndbur
ningi
nfi
repl
ace
sandwoods
tove
s.Ambi
entl
eve
lsofCOha
vege
ner
all
y
de
cli
neds
inc
ethemi
d-1980’
s,pr
ima
ril
yduet
ost
ri
ct
ere
mis
sions
tanda
rdsf
orne
wve
hic
les
,
i
mpr
ove
dcombus
ti
ont
echn
ique
s,a
nde
mis
sionc
ont
rol
s.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofCa
rbonMonoxi
deCOe
nte
rst
hebl
oods
tre
amt
hrought
hel
ungsa
ndr
educ
es
oxyge
nde
li
ver
ytot
hebody’
sor
gansa
ndt
is
sue
s. Thos
etha
tsuf
ferf
rom c
ardi
ova
scul
ar
di
sea
sema
yexpe
rie
ncehe
alt
hef
fec
tsa
tlowe
rconc
ent
rat
ionsofCO e
xpos
uret
hant
hos
e
wi
thout
.Atmuc
hhi
ghe
rle
vel
sofe
xpos
ure(
i.
e.o
ver10t
ime
sthes
tanda
rd)
,CO c
anbe
poi
sonous
,eve
n de
adl
y. Vi
sua
limpa
irme
nt,r
educ
ed wor
kca
pac
it
y,r
educ
ed ma
nua
l
de
xte
rit
y,poorl
ear
ninga
bil
it
y,a
nddi
ff
icul
tyi
npe
rfor
mingc
ompl
ext
asksa
rea
lla
ssoc
iat
ed
wi
the
xpos
uret
ohi
ghl
eve
lsofCO,e
veni
nhe
alt
hype
opl
e.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofCa
rbonMonoxi
deI
nthee
nvi
ronme
nt,CO c
ont
ri
but
est
othe
f
orma
ti
onofgr
oundl
eve
loz
one
.

2.Fi
nePa
rti
cle
s(PM2.
5)a
ndPa
rti
cul
ateMa
tte
r(PM10)

Pa
rti
cul
atema
tte
rist
hege
ner
alt
erm us
edf
ors
mal
lpi
ece
sofa
eros
olmi
st
s,dus
t,di
rt
,and
s
ootf
oundi
nthea
ir.Somepa
rti
cl
esa
rel
argeorda
rke
nought
obes
eena
ssootors
moke
.
Ot
her
sar
esos
mal
lthe
yca
nbede
tec
tedonl
ywi
tha
nel
ect
ronmi
cros
cope
.Tot
als
uspe
nde
d
pa
rti
cl
es(
TSP)i
ncl
udepa
rti
cl
esupt
oaboutonehundr
edmi
crome
ter
sindi
ame
ter
.Fi
ne
pa
rti
cl
es(
PM2.
5)a
rel
esst
hant
woa
ndaha
lfmi
crome
ter
sindi
ame
tera
ndl
arge
rpa
rti
cul
at
e

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 4
ma
tt
erupt
ote
nmi
crome
ter
sar
ere
fer
redt
oaspa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er(
PM10)
.Fi
gur
e3c
ompa
res
ahuma
nha
ir,
whi
chi
sappr
oxi
mat
el
yse
vent
ymi
crome
ter
swi
de,t
oPM2.
5andPM10.

Sour
cesofFi
nePa
rti
cle
sandPa
rti
cul
ateMa
tte
rPM2.
5andPM10a
ree
mit
te
ddi
rec
tl
yint
o
t
hea
irf
rom c
ombus
ti
ons
our
cess
ucha
scoa
l-f
ir
edpowe
rpl
ant
s,mot
orve
hic
les
,andope
n
bur
ning.PM2.
5isa
lsof
orme
dint
hea
irvi
ache
mic
alr
eac
ti
ons
.Ga
spol
lut
ant
s,s
ucha
s
a
mmoni
a,SO2,a
ndNOx,c
hangec
hemi
cal
lyi
nthea
irt
obe
comee
it
herl
iqui
dors
oli
dfi
ne
pa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er.PM10c
ome
sfr
omma
nydi
ff
ere
nts
tat
iona
rya
ndmobi
les
our
ces
,aswe
ll
a
sunpa
vedr
oads
,ma
ter
ial
sha
ndl
ing
,andwi
ndbl
owndus
t.SomePM10i
semi
tt
eddi
rec
tl
y
f
roms
our
ces
,suc
hass
mok
est
acksa
ndmot
orve
hic
les
.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofFi
nePa
rti
cle
sandPa
rti
cul
ateMa
tte
rRe
cents
tudi
esi
ndi
cat
etha
tthe
s
mal
le
stpa
rti
cl
espos
ethemos
tse
rioushe
alt
hthr
eatbe
caus
ethe
yca
nbei
nha
ledmor
ede
epl
y
i
ntot
hel
ungsa
nda
remor
edi
ff
icul
ttoe
xha
le.Bot
hfi
nea
ndl
arge
rcoa
rsepa
rti
cl
esa
res
mal
l
e
nought
obei
nha
ledi
ntot
hel
ungs
.The
sepa
rti
cl
esc
ana
ccumul
at
eint
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em
a
nda
rea
ssoc
iat
edwi
thnume
roushe
alt
hef
fec
ts.El
eva
tedl
eve
lsofPM2.
5ar
eas
soc
iat
ed
wi
thi
ncr
eas
edhos
pit
ala
dmi
ssi
onsa
nde
mer
genc
yroom vi
si
tsf
orhe
arta
ndl
ungdi
sea
se,
i
ncr
eas
edr
espi
rat
orydi
st
res
ssympt
omsa
nddi
sea
se,de
cre
ase
dlungf
unc
ti
on,a
ndpr
ema
tur
e
de
ath.Se
nsi
ti
vegr
oupst
hata
ppe
art
obea
tthegr
eat
estr
iski
ncl
udet
hee
lde
rly,i
ndi
vidua
ls
wi
thc
ardi
opul
mona
rydi
sea
ses
ucha
sas
thma
,andc
hil
dre
n.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofFi
nePa
rti
cle
sandPa
rti
cul
ateMa
tte
rIna
ddi
ti
ont
otr
igge
ringhe
alt
h
pr
obl
ems
,PM2.
5ist
hema
jorc
aus
eofr
educ
edvi
si
bil
it
yinma
nypa
rtsoft
heUni
te
dSt
at
es.
I
mpa
ire
dvi
si
bil
it
yina
lldi
rec
ti
onso
veral
argea
reai
sre
fer
redt
oasr
egi
ona
lha
ze.PM2.
5
c
aus
esha
ze,be
caus
ethedus
tands
ootpa
rti
cl
ess
cat
tera
nda
bsor
bli
ghte
ffe
cti
vel
y,whi
ch
pr
oduc
est
heha
zya
ppe
ara
nceoft
hes
ky. Ha
zea
ffe
ctst
hequa
li
tyofl
if
ebyi
mpa
iri
ng
vi
si
bil
it
yinma
nys
ceni
cove
rlooks
,na
ti
ona
lpa
rks
,ande
venf
rom t
al
lbui
ldi
ngsi
nur
ban
a
rea
s.Ma
nyt
ype
sofPM2.
5cont
ri
but
etoha
ze,i
ncl
udi
ng:e
leme
nta
lca
rbon(
soot
),c
rus
tal
ma
ter
ial(
dus
t),ni
tr
ate
s,or
gani
cca
rbon(
gas
eoush
ydr
oca
rbons
),a
nds
ulf
ate
s. Ai
rbor
ne
pa
rti
cl
esc
ana
lsoda
magep
aint
sandb
uil
dingma
ter
ial
s.

a
)Dus
t:Dus
tisac
ommonl
yus
edt
erma
ppl
ie
dtos
oli
dpa
rti
cl
esl
arge
rtha
ncol
loi
dal
pa
rti
cl
esa
ndc
apa
bleoft
empor
arys
uspe
nsi
oni
nai
rorot
herga
ses
.Itc
ont
ai
nss
oli
dpa
rti
cl
es
r
angi
ngf
rom1t
o200μm.The
sea
ref
orme
dbyt
hena
tur
aldi
si
nte
gra
ti
onofr
ock&s
oilorby
me
cha
nic
alpr
oce
ssofgr
indi
nga
nds
pra
ying.The
yha
vel
arges
ett
li
ngve
loc
it
yanda
re
r
emove
dfr
oma
irbygr
avi
ty.I
tca
nac
tasc
ata
lyt
icc
ent
ersf
orc
hemi
calr
eac
ti
onst
aki
ngpl
ace

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 5
i
nthea
tmos
phe
re.

b)Smoke
:Smokec
ons
ist
soff
ine
lydi
vide
dpa
rti
cl
esr
esul
ti
ngf
rom i
ncompl
et
ecombus
ti
on
orot
herc
hemi
calpr
oce
sse
s.The
ycons
istpr
edomi
nant
lyofc
arbonpa
rti
cl
esa
ndot
her
c
ombus
ti
blema
ter
ial
s,wi
tht
hei
rsi
zel
esst
han1μ.Smokec
anha
vedi
ff
ere
ntc
ool
ers
de
pendi
ngonna
tur
eofma
ter
ialbur
nt.

c
)Fume
s:The
rea
res
oli
dpa
rti
cl
esge
ner
ate
dbyc
onde
nsa
ti
onf
rom t
hega
seouss
tat
eand
pa
rti
cl
eofs
izer
ange
sfr
om 0.
1to1μm.The
yar
ere
lea
sedf
rom c
hemi
calorme
tal
lur
gic
al
pr
oce
sse
s.

d)Mi
st
:Iti
sma
deupofl
iqui
ddr
opl
et
swhi
cha
ref
orme
dbyc
onde
nsa
ti
oni
nthea
tmos
phe
re
ora
rer
ele
ase
dfr
omi
ndus
tr
ialope
rat
ions
.Na
tur
almi
stpa
rti
cl
esf
orme
dfr
omwa
terva
pouri
n
a
tmos
phe
rea
rer
athe
rla
rge
,ra
ngi
ngf
rom40-500μi
nsi
ze.

e
)Fog:Fogi
sloos
ete
rma
ppl
ie
dtol
iqui
ddi
spe
rse
dae
ros
olsi
nai
rbyc
onde
nsa
ti
on.Fog
r
efe
rst
ovi
si
blea
eros
olsi
nwhi
chdi
spe
rse
dpha
ses
izeofpa
rti
cl
esr
ange
sfr
om1t
o40μ

f
)Tr
aceEl
eme
nts
:Ofdi
ff
ere
ntt
ype
sofPM pr
ese
nti
nat
mos
phe
re,t
hepr
ese
nceofTr
ace
El
eme
ntss
ucha
sle
ad,c
admi
um,ni
cke
l,me
rcur
yet
c.c
ont
ri
but
ethegr
eat
esthe
alt
hha
zar
d.
Mos
toft
hee
leme
ntsa
ret
oxi
can
dthe
yca
nfor
mtoxi
ccompoundsbyr
eac
ti
onwi
th
a
tmos
phe
rica
gent
s.

3.Le
ad

Le
adi
sana
tur
all
yoc
cur
ri
ngt
oxi
cme
talt
hati
sfoundi
nthea
iri
nthef
ormofs
mal
lpa
rti
cl
es.
I
nthepa
st,mot
orve
hic
leswe
ret
hema
jorc
ont
ri
but
orofl
eade
mis
sionst
othea
tmos
phe
re.
Be
twe
en1975a
nd1986,t
heU.
S.EPAi
mpl
eme
nte
drul
eswhi
chr
esul
te
dinpha
singl
eadout
ofga
sol
ine
.Si
ncet
hen,t
hea
mountofl
eadr
ele
ase
dtot
hea
irbyt
het
rans
por
tat
ions
ect
orha
s
de
cli
neddr
ama
ti
cal
ly.

Sour
cesofLe
adToda
y,me
talpr
oce
ssi
ng,whi
chus
esl
eadt
oma
nuf
act
uref
ini
she
dpr
oduc
ts,
i
soneoft
hema
jors
our
cesofl
eade
mis
sionsi
nIndi
ana
.Avi
at
ionf
ueli
sal
soas
our
ceofl
ead
e
mis
sions
.Thehi
ghe
stc
onc
ent
rat
ionsofl
eadmoni
tor
edi
nthea
mbi
enta
ira
ref
ounda
round
l
eads
mel
te
rs.I
nIndi
ana
,le
ads
mel
te
rsr
ecyc
lema
ter
ialt
hatc
ont
ai
nsl
eada
ndot
her
s
ubs
tanc
es,s
ucha
sba
tt
eri
es,a
ndpr
oce
sse
sther
awma
ter
ial
sint
ous
abl
epr
oduc
ts.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofLe
adExc
ess
ivee
xpos
uret
ole
adc
anr
esul
tinl
eadpoi
soni
nga
nde
leva
ted

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 6
bl
ood-
lea
dle
vel
s,whi
chma
yca
useme
nta
landph
ysi
calda
mage
,es
pec
ial
lyt
ochi
ldr
en.
Expos
ureoc
cur
sma
inl
ythr
oughi
nge
sti
ngl
eadi
npa
intc
hipsa
nds
oil
,inha
li
nghi
gh
c
onc
ent
rat
ionsofl
eadi
nthea
ira
ndmor
era
rel
ythr
oughc
ont
ami
nat
edf
ooda
ndwa
ter
.Le
ad
a
ccumul
at
esi
nthebl
ood,b
one
s,a
nds
oftt
is
sue
s.Le
adc
ana
dve
rse
lya
ffe
ctt
heki
dne
ys,l
ive
r,
ne
rvouss
yst
em,a
ndot
heror
gans
.Exc
ess
ivee
xpos
uret
ole
adma
yca
usene
rvouss
yst
ema
nd
br
aini
mpa
irme
ntss
ucha
sbe
havi
ora
ldi
sor
der
s,l
ear
ningpr
obl
ems
,ands
eiz
ure
s.Eve
nat
dos
espr
evi
ous
lyc
ons
ide
reda
cce
pta
ble
,le
ade
xpos
urei
sas
soc
iat
edwi
thda
maget
othe
ne
rvouss
yst
emsoff
etus
esa
ndyoungc
hil
dre
n,r
esul
ti
ngi
nle
arni
ngde
fic
ienc
iesa
ndl
owe
red
i
nte
ll
ige
ncequot
ie
nts
.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofLe
adLe
adi
sane
leme
ntoft
heEa
rthwhi
chc
annotbec
rea
tedor
de
str
oye
dandt
husi
spe
rsi
st
enti
nthee
nvi
ronme
nta
nda
ccumul
at
esi
nsoi
lsa
nds
edi
ment
s
t
hroughde
pos
it
ionf
rom a
irs
our
ces
,di
rec
tdi
scha
rgeofwa
stes
tre
amst
owa
terbodi
es,
mi
ning,a
nde
ros
ion.Ec
osys
temsne
arpoi
nts
our
cesofl
eadde
mons
tra
teawi
der
angeof
a
dve
rsee
ffe
ctsi
ncl
udi
ng l
oss
esi
n bi
odi
ver
sit
y,c
hange
sinc
ommuni
tyc
ompos
it
ion,
de
cre
ase
dgr
owt
handr
epr
oduc
ti
ver
ate
sinpl
ant
sanda
nima
ls,a
ndne
urol
ogi
cale
ffe
ctsi
n
ve
rte
bra
tes
.

4.Ni
tr
oge
nDi
oxi
de(
NO2)

Ni
tr
oge
ndi
oxi
de(
NO2)i
sonec
hemi
cali
nac
las
sofs
eve
nhi
ghl
yre
act
ivega
sesc
all
ed
ni
tr
oge
noxi
des(
NOx)
.Thec
las
sesofNOxc
omei
nma
nyf
ormsofni
tr
oge
nmol
ecul
esa
nd
oxyge
nmo
lec
ule
sbonde
dtoge
the
r.NO2ha
stwooxyge
nmol
ecul
esa
tt
ache
dtooneni
tr
oge
n
mol
ecul
e.NO2wa
schos
ena
sther
egul
at
edc
rit
eri
apol
lut
antbe
caus
eiti
sthemos
tcommon
f
ormi
nthea
irt
hati
sge
ner
ate
dbyhuma
nac
ti
vit
ie
s.I
tal
sopl
aysama
jorr
olei
nthe
f
orma
ti
onofoz
one
.

Sour
cesofNi
tr
oge
nDi
oxi
deNO2ga
sesf
orm whe
nfue
lisbur
neda
thi
ght
empe
rat
ure
s,
pr
inc
ipa
ll
yfr
om mot
orv
ehi
cl
eexha
usta
nds
tat
iona
ryf
uelc
ombus
ti
on,s
ucha
sel
ect
ri
c
ut
il
it
ie
sandi
ndus
tri
alboi
le
rs.TheU.
S.EPAe
xpe
ctsNO2c
onc
ent
rat
ionswi
llc
ont
inuet
o
de
cre
asei
nthef
utur
easar
esul
tofanumbe
rofmobi
les
our
cer
egul
at
ionst
hata
ret
aki
ng
e
ffe
ct.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofNi
tr
oge
nDi
oxi
deExpos
uret
ohi
ghl
eve
lsofNO2c
ani
rr
it
atet
hel
ungsa
nd
l
owe
rre
sis
tanc
etor
espi
rat
oryi
nfe
cti
ons
,suc
hasi
nfl
uenz
a. Thee
ffe
ctsofs
hor
t-
ter
m

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 7
e
xpos
urema
yle
adt
ocha
nge
sina
irwa
yre
spons
ive
nes
sandl
ungf
unc
ti
oni
nadul
ts
.Fr
eque
nt
e
xpos
uret
oconc
ent
rat
ionst
hata
ret
ypi
cal
lymuc
hhi
ghe
rtha
nnor
mal
lyf
oundi
nthea
mbi
ent
a
irma
yca
usei
ncr
eas
edi
nci
denc
esofa
cut
ere
spi
rat
oryi
ll
nes
sinc
hil
dre
n.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofNi
tr
oge
nDi
oxi
deNO2c
anc
ont
ri
but
etoa
cidr
ain,r
egi
ona
lha
ze,
a
ndwa
terqua
li
typr
obl
ems
.Oneoft
hema
inc
ompone
ntsi
nthef
orma
ti
onofoz
one
,NO2,
c
ont
ri
but
est
ofi
shki
ll
sanda
lga
ebl
oomsi
nwa
ter
ways
,es
pec
ial
lyi
nla
kesa
ndr
ese
rvoi
rs.

5.Oz
one

Oz
onei
saga
stha
tfor
msi
nthea
tmos
phe
rewhe
nthr
eea
tomsofoxyge
nar
ecombi
ned.
Oz
onei
snote
mit
te
ddi
rec
tlyi
ntot
hea
ir,buti
scr
eat
edi
nthel
owe
rat
mos
phe
re.NOxa
nd
VOCc
hemi
cal
lyr
eac
tindi
vidua
ll
yorc
oll
ect
ive
lyi
nthepr
ese
nceofs
unl
ightt
ofor
mgr
ound-
l
eve
loz
one
.Oz
oneha
sthes
amec
hemi
cals
truc
tur
ewhe
the
ritoc
cur
shi
gha
bovet
hee
art
hor
a
tgr
oundl
eve
landc
anbegoodorba
dde
pendi
ngoni
tsl
oca
ti
oni
nthea
tmos
phe
re.Oz
one
i
ntheuppe
rat
mos
phe
repr
ovi
despr
ote
cti
onf
romt
hes
un’
sra
dia
ti
on.Oz
onea
tgr
ound-
leve
l
c
ant
ri
gge
rava
rie
tyofhe
alt
hpr
obl
ems
.Gr
ound-
leve
loz
onei
sana
irqua
li
typr
obl
emi
nthe
s
umme
rmont
hswhe
nte
mpe
rat
ure
sar
ehi
gh,da
yli
ghthour
sar
elong,a
ndt
her
eisl
it
tl
etono
wi
nd.

Sour
cesofOz
oneMot
orve
hic
les
,ma
nuf
act
uri
ng,a
nde
ver
yda
yac
ti
vit
ie
semi
tNOxa
nd
VOCt
hatc
hemi
cal
lyr
eac
tindi
vidua
ll
yorc
oll
ect
ive
lyi
nthepr
ese
nceofs
unl
ightt
ofor
m
gr
ound-
leve
loz
one
.NOxe
mis
sionsa
repr
oduc
edp
rima
ril
ywhe
nfos
silf
uel
sar
ebur
nedi
n
mot
orve
hic
les
,powe
rpl
ant
s,a
ndi
ndus
tri
alboi
le
rs.Emi
ssi
onsofNOxf
rom t
al
lsour
ces
,
s
ucha
ssmoke
sta
cks
,ar
emor
eli
kel
ytha
nemi
ssi
onsne
art
hegr
ound(
e.g.mot
orve
hic
les
)to
t
rave
ldownwi
nda
ndi
ncr
eas
eoz
onel
eve
lsi
nsur
roun
dinga
rea
sande
venot
hers
tat
es.VOC
e
mis
sionsa
repr
oduc
edf
rom nume
rouss
our
cess
ucha
smot
orve
hic
les
,ga
sol
ine
,some
s
olve
ntsa
ndc
lea
ner
s,pa
int
s,a
ndbur
ningoi
l,c
oal
,orwood.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofOz
oneAc
cor
dingt
otheU.
S.EPA,s
eve
ralgr
oupsofpe
opl
ear
epa
rti
cul
arl
y
s
ens
it
ivet
oel
eva
tedoz
onec
onc
ent
rat
ions
,es
pec
ial
lywhe
nthe
yar
eac
ti
veout
door
s.Thi
sis
be
caus
eoz
onel
eve
lsa
rehi
ghe
rout
door
s,a
ndphys
ica
lac
ti
vit
yca
use
sfa
ste
randde
epe
r
br
eat
hing,dr
awi
ngmor
eoz
onei
ntot
hebody.I
nge
ner
al,a
sconc
ent
rat
ionsofgr
ound-
leve
l
oz
onei
ncr
eas
e,bot
hthenumbe
rofpe
opl
eaf
fec
teda
ndt
hes
eri
ous
nes
soft
hehe
alt
hef
fec
ts
i
ncr
eas
e.Pe
opl
ewhoma
ybepa
rti
cul
arl
yse
nsi
ti
vet
ooz
onei
ncl
ude
: Pe
opl
ewi
thl
ung

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 8
di
sea
se,s
ucha
sas
thma
,chr
oni
cbr
onc
hit
is
,ande
mphys
emawi
llge
ner
all
yexpe
rie
ncemor
e
s
eri
oushe
alt
hef
fec
tsa
tlowe
roz
onel
eve
ls.Chi
ldr
ena
rea
thi
ghe
rri
skf
romoz
onee
xpos
ure
be
caus
e: The
yof
tenpl
ayout
door
sint
hes
umme
rwhe
noz
onel
eve
lsa
rehi
ghe
r. The
y
a
remor
eli
kel
ytoha
vea
sthma
,whi
chma
ybea
ggr
ava
tedbyoz
onee
xpos
ure
. The
irl
ungs
a
res
ti
llde
vel
opi
ng.Ol
dera
dul
tsma
ybemor
eaf
fec
tedbyoz
onee
xpos
ure
,pos
sibl
ybe
caus
e
t
heya
remor
eli
kel
ytoha
vepr
e-e
xis
ti
ngl
ungdi
sea
se.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofOz
oneAc
cor
dingt
otheU.
S.EPA,gr
oundl
eve
loz
onec
anha
ve
ha
rmf
ul e
ffe
cts on s
ens
it
ive ve
get
at
ion a
nd e
cos
yst
ems
. Whe
nsuf
fi
ci
ent oz
one
c
onc
ent
rat
ionse
nte
rthel
eave
sofapl
ant
,itc
an:•I
nte
rfe
rewi
tht
hea
bil
it
yofs
ens
it
ivepl
ant
s
t
opr
oduc
eands
tor
efood.•Vi
si
blyda
maget
hel
eav
esoft
ree
sandot
herpl
ant
s,ha
rmi
ngt
he
a
ppe
ara
nceofve
get
at
ioni
nur
bana
rea
s,na
ti
ona
lpa
rks
,andr
ecr
eat
iona
rea
s.

6.Sul
furDi
oxi
de(
SO2)

SO2be
longst
othef
ami
lyofga
sesc
all
eds
ulf
uroxi
desa
ndi
sfor
medwhe
nfue
ltha
t
c
ont
ai
nss
ulf
ur(
mai
nlyc
oala
ndoi
l)i
sbur
ned. SO2ma
yal
sobef
orme
ddur
ingme
tal
s
mel
ti
ng,oi
lre
fini
ng,a
ndot
heri
ndus
tri
alpr
oce
sse
s.

Sour
cesofSul
furDi
oxi
deSO2i
nthea
mbi
enta
irmos
tl
ycome
sfr
oms
tat
iona
rys
our
ces
,and
t
hehi
ghe
stmoni
tor
edc
onc
ent
rat
ionsofSO2a
rer
ecor
dedi
nthevi
ci
nit
ycoa
l-f
ir
edEGUs
.
Ma
nyI
ndi
anaEGUsha
vegr
eat
lyr
educ
ede
mis
sionsbyus
ingc
oalwi
thl
owe
rsul
furc
ont
ent
,
i
ncr
eas
ingt
heus
eofl
owe
rpol
lut
ingboi
le
rs,a
ndi
nve
sti
ngi
nai
rpol
lut
ionc
ont
role
qui
pme
nt,
s
ucha
ssc
rubbe
rs.I
nIndi
ana
,la
rgee
mit
te
rsa
rer
equi
redbyas
tat
erul
etomoni
torf
orSO2.

He
alt
hEf
fec
tsofSul
furDi
oxi
deThema
jorhe
alt
hco
nce
rnsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
the
xpos
uret
ohi
gh
c
onc
ent
rat
ionsofSO2i
ncl
udea
dve
rsee
ffe
ctsonbr
eat
hing,r
espi
rat
oryi
ll
nes
s,a
lt
era
ti
onsi
n
pul
mona
ryde
fens
es,a
nda
ggr
ava
ti
onofe
xis
ti
ngc
ardi
ova
scul
ardi
sea
ses
. Chi
ldr
en,t
he
e
lde
rly
,andpe
opl
ewi
tha
sthma
,ca
rdi
ova
scul
ardi
sea
se,orc
hroni
clungdi
sea
se(
suc
has
br
onc
hit
isore
mphys
ema
)ar
emos
tsus
cept
ibl
etoa
dve
rsehe
alt
hef
fec
tsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
th
e
xpos
uret
oSO2.

Envi
ronme
nta
lEf
fec
tsofSul
furDi
oxi
deSO2i
sapr
ima
ryc
ont
ri
but
ort
oac
idr
ain,whi
ch
c
aus
esa
cidi
fi
cat
ionofs
oil
s,l
ake
s,a
nds
tre
amsa
ndc
ana
cce
ler
ateda
maget
obui
ldi
ngs
,cr
ops
,
monume
nts
,andt
ree
s,a
swe
lla
sake
ycont
ri
but
ort
ore
giona
lha
ze.I
naddi
ti
on,s
ulf
ur
c
ompoundsi
nthea
ira
repr
ecur
sor
stoPM2.
5.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 9
2.
4Sour
cesofa
irpol
lut
ion

Thema
ins
our
cesofa
irpol
lut
ionc
anbegr
oupe
dint
hef
oll
owi
ngc
ate
gor
ies
:

2.
4.1Na
tur
als
our
cesa
ndAnt
hropoge
nics
our
ces

Na
tur
als
our
ces

 Pol
le
ngr
ainsf
romf
lowe
rs
 Dus
tfr
omna
tur
als
our
ces
,us
ual
lyl
argea
rea
sofl
andwi
thl
it
tl
eornove
get
at
ion.
 Me
tha
nea
ndHydr
oge
nsul
phi
def
oma
nae
robi
cdi
ges
ti
onofor
gani
cMa
tt
er.
 Ra
donga
sfr
omr
adi
oac
ti
vede
caywi
thi
ntheEa
rth'
scr
ust
.
 Sa
lts
pra
yfr
oms
ea
 Ba
cte
riaa
ndf
unga
lspor
es
 Smokea
ndc
arbonmonoxi
def
romwi
ldf
ir
es.
 Vol
cani
cac
ti
vit
y,whi
chpr
oduc
esul
fur
,chl
ori
ne,a
nda
shpa
rti
cul
at
es.

Ma
n-ma
des
our
ces(
Ant
hropoge
nics
our
ces
)

Thes
our
cesoft
hes
epol
lut
ant
sar
enume
rousa
nda
rec
las
sif
ieda
sfol
lows
:
2.
4.2.Mobi
les
our
ces&St
ati
ona
rys
our
ces
Mobi
les
our
ce:Amobi
les
our
ceofa
irpol
lut
ionr
efe
rst
oas
our
cet
hati
sca
pabl
eof

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
0
movi
ngunde
rit
sownpowe
r.Thea
utomobi
le
smovi
ngonr
oadsf
ormt
hemobi
les
our
cesof
e
mis
sionofunde
sir
abl
ega
sesa
ndpa
rti
cul
at
esi
ntot
hea
tmos
phe
re.I
tisf
oundt
hatt
woa
nd
t
hre
ewhe
ele
rse
mitt
hehi
ghl
ytoxi
cga
ses(
suc
hasCO)i
nqua
nti
ti
est
hata
rea
boutt
wic
ethe
a
mounte
mit
te
dbyot
herve
hic
les
.Ina
ddi
ti
on,t
her
eisa
lsoanon-
roa
dorof
f-
roa
dca
tegor
y
t
hati
ncl
ude
sga
s-powe
redl
awn t
ool
sand mowe
rs,f
arma
nd c
ons
truc
ti
on e
qui
pme
nt,
r
ecr
eat
iona
lve
hic
les
,boa
ts,pl
ane
s,a
ndt
rai
ns.
St
ati
ona
rys
our
ces
:As
tat
iona
rys
our
ceofa
irpol
lut
ionr
efe
rst
oane
mis
sions
our
ce
t
hatdoe
snotmove
.Of
tens
tat
iona
rys
our
cesa
rede
fine
dasl
argee
mit
te
rswhor
ele
ase
r
ela
ti
vel
ycons
ist
entqua
li
ti
esa
ndqua
nti
ti
esofpol
lut
ant
s.Thei
ndus
tri
ali
nst
al
la
ti
onsf
ormt
he
s
tat
iona
rys
our
cesofa
irpol
lut
ion.Exa
mpl
esa
re:
1)a
spha
lt
icpl
ant
s
2)boi
le
rsa
ndhe
ati
ngi
nst
al
la
ti
ons
3)c
eme
ntma
nuf
act
uri
nguni
ts
4)s
tee
lpl
ant
s
5)f
ert
il
iz
erma
nuf
act
uri
ngpl
ant
s
6)mi
ner
ala
cidma
nuf
act
uri
nguni
ts
7)pa
pera
ndpul
ppl
ant
s
8)powe
rpl
ant
s
9)muni
ci
pali
nci
ner
ator
s
10)s
ewa
get
rea
tme
ntpl
ant
s.

Al
te
rna
ti
vel
y,e
mit
ti
ngs
our
cesc
anbec
las
sif
ieda
s:
2.
4.3Poi
nts
our
ces
,Ar
eas
our
cesa
ndLi
nes
our
ces
Poi
nts
our
ces
:Poi
nts
our
cesa
rel
arges
tat
iona
rys
our
cesme
nti
one
dabove
(
indus
tri
ali
nst
al
la
ti
ons
).
Ar
eas
our
ces
:Thet
erma
reas
our
cei
sus
edt
ode
scr
ibet
hema
nys
mal
le
rst
at
iona
ry
s
our
cesl
oca
tedt
oge
the
rwhos
eindi
vidua
lemi
ssi
onsma
ybel
ow butwhos
ecol
le
cti
ve
e
mis
sionsc
anbes
igni
fi
cant
.Typi
cal
ly,a
reas
our
cesa
ret
hos
etha
temi
tle
sst
han25t
onspe
r
ye
arofa
nyc
ombi
nat
ionofha
zar
dousa
irpol
lut
ant
s,orl
esst
han10t
onspe
rye
arofa
ny
s
ingl
eha
zar
dousa
irpol
lut
ant
.
1.Re
side
nti
alhe
ati
ng
2.I
nst
it
uti
ona
l&c
omme
rci
alhe
ati
ng
3.Ons
it
einc
ine
rat
ors4
.Ope
nbur
nings
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
1
Mobi
les
our
ceswi
thi
nde
fini
ter
out
es(
suc
hasa
irc
raf
ts,por
tve
sse
ls,mot
orve
hic
les
,ra
ilya
rd
l
ocomot
ive
s)a
rea
lsot
erme
dasa
reas
our
ce.
Li
neSour
ce:Li
nes
our
cesa
ret
hemobi
les
our
ceswi
tde
fini
ter
out
esa
ndt
hes
e
i
ncl
udehi
ghwa
yve
hic
les
,ra
il
roa
dloc
omot
ive
sandc
hanne
lve
sse
ls.

Sl
.No. Sour
ces Typeofpol
lut
ant
s
1. I
ndus
rtr
ialc
ombus
ti
on Smoke
,fl
yas
h,SOx,NOx,CO
Che
mic
alpr
oce
ssi
npa
permi
ll
s,
2. SOx,NOx,CO,NH3,Or
gani
cva
pour
s
c
eme
nt,f
ert
il
iz
erpl
ant
set
c.
SO2,H2S,NH3,CO,hydr
oca
rbonsa
nd
3. Pe
trol
eumr
efi
ner
ies
me
rca
pta
ns
Me
tt
al
lur
gic
alPr
oce
ssAl
,St
eel Dus
t,SO2,CO,
fl
uor
ide
s,f
ume
sand
4.
Pl
ant
s or
gani
cva
pour
Dus
t,f
ume
s,SO2,CO,f
luor
ide
sand
5. Mi
ner
alPr
oce
ssi
ng
or
gani
cva
pour

3.Agr
icul
tur
alSour
ces
:Agr
icul
tur
alope
rat
ions
,thos
etha
tra
isea
nima
lsa
ndgr
owc
rops
,ca
n
ge
ner
atee
mis
sionsofga
ses
,pa
rti
cul
at
ema
tt
er,a
ndc
hemi
calc
ompounds
.Fore
xampl
e,
a
nima
lsc
onf
ine
dtoaba
rnora
rea(
rat
hert
hanf
iel
dgr
azi
ng)
,pr
oduc
ela
rgea
mount
sof
ma
nur
e.Ma
nur
eemi
tsva
riousga
ses
,pa
rti
cul
arl
yammoni
aint
othea
ir.Thi
sammoni
aca
nbe
e
mit
te
dfr
om t
hea
nima
lhous
es,ma
nur
est
ora
gea
rea
s,orf
rom t
hel
anda
fte
rthema
nur
eis
a
ppl
ie
d.I
ncr
oppr
oduc
ti
on,t
hemi
sappl
ic
ati
onoff
ert
il
iz
ers
,he
rbi
ci
des
,andpe
sti
ci
desc
an
pot
ent
ia
ll
yre
sul
tina
eri
aldr
if
toft
hes
ema
ter
ial
s.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
2
2.
5Ef
fec
tsofAi
rPol
lut
iononHuma
nHe
alt
h

Adve
rsee
ffe
ctsofa
irpol
lut
ionma
ybedi
vide
dint
otwoc
las
ses–Ac
utea
ndChr
oni
cef
fec
ts.

Ac
utee
ffe
ctsma
nif
estt
hems
elve
simme
dia
tel
yupons
hor
tte
rme
xpos
uret
oai
rpol
lut
ant
sat
hi
ghc
onc
ent
rat
ions
.Chr
oni
cEf
fec
tsa
ree
vide
ntonl
yaf
terc
ont
inuouse
xpos
uret
olowl
eve
ls
ofa
irpol
lut
ion.Thec
hroni
cef
fec
tsa
reve
rydi
ff
icul
ttode
mons
tra
te.Thema
jore
ffe
ctsof
a
irpol
lut
iona
revomi
ti
ng,vi
ole
ntc
oughi
ng,s
uff
oca
ti
on,c
ardi
acf
ail
urea
nde
ye& s
kin
i
rr
it
at
ions
.

Pa
rti
cul
ateMa
tte
r:

The
irt
oxi
cef
fec
tsa
regr
oupe
dint
o3c
ate
gor
ies
.

1.I
nte
rfe
renc
eofi
ner
tpa
rti
cl
eswi
tht
hec
lea
ningme
cha
nis
msoft
her
espi
rat
orys
yst
em.
2.Pa
rti
cl
eac
tasc
arr
ier
sofa
dsor
bedt
oxi
cga
sess
ucha
sSO2a
ndpr
oduc
esyne
rgi
st
ice
ffe
cts
.
3.Pa
rti
cl
ema
ybei
ntr
ins
ica
ll
ytoxi
cbe
caus
eoft
hei
rphys
ica
lorc
hemi
calc
har
act
eri
st
ic
s.

Pa
rti
cul
ate
s&SO2l
eve
l–a
ndHe
alt
hef
fec
ts

Condi
ti
on Ef
fec
ts

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
3
 Pa
rti
cul
at
ele
ve m3wi
lof750g/ th I
ncr
eas
edda
il
yde
athr
ate
,subs
tanc
iali
ncr
eas
ein
1
SO2a m3,bot
t715g/ h24-
hrme
an i
ll
nes
sofpe
rsonwi
thbr
onc
hit
is

LowPa
rti
cul
at
ele
velwi
thSO2a
t300 I
ncr
eas
edhos
pit
ala
dmi
ssi
onsofe
lde
rlype
opl
e
2 t m3,bot
o500g/ h24-
hrme
an r
espi
rat
orydi
sea
sesc
ase
s;i
ncr
eas
eda
bse
nte
eis
m
a
mongol
derwor
ker
s

Pa
rti
cul
at
ele
ve m3wi
lof300g/ th Wor
seni
ngofs
ympt
omsi
npe
rsonss
uff
eri
ngf
rom
3
SO2a m3,bot
t600g/ h24-
hrme
an c
hroni
cbr
onc
hit
is

Pa
rti
cul
at
ele
ve m3wi
lof185g/ th I
ncr
eas
edf
reque
ncyofr
espi
rat
orys
ympt
omsa
nd
4 SO2a
t105t m3,bot
o265g/ hannua
l l
ungdi
sea
ses
me
an

Pa
rti
cul
at
ele
ve m3wi
lof100g/ th I
ncr
eas
edi
nci
denc
eofr
espi
rat
orydi
sea
sesa
mong
5
SO2a m3,bot
t120g/ hannua
lme
an s
choolc
hil
dre
n

Ma
jort
oxi
cme
tal
sandt
hei
rEf
fec
ts

El
eme
nt Sour
ces He
alt
hEf
fec
ts

Le
ad Aut
oexha
ust(
gas
oli
ne)
, pa
int
s,s
tor
age Ne
urot
oxi
n,a
ffe
cts bl
ood s
yst
em,
ba
tt
eri
es,pi
pes be
havi
our
aldi
sor
der
s,de
ath

Ca
dmi
um Coa
l,Zi
ncmi
ning,bur
ningpl
ast
icc
ont
ai
ner
s Ca
rdi
ova
scul
ardi
sea
se,hy
per
tens
ion,
r
efi
ningofme
tal
s,t
oba
ccos
moke Ki
dne
yda
mage

Ni
cke
l Combu
sti
onofc
oal
,di
ese
landr
esi
dua
loi
ls
,re
spi
rat
orys
ympt
oms
,lungc
anc
er
t
oba
ccos
moke
,st
eel& non-
fer
rousa
ll
oy
ma
nuf
act
ure

Me
rcur
y Combu
sti
on off
oss
ilf
uel
s,e
xha
ustf
rom Ne
rve a
nd br
ain da
mag
e,Ki
dne
y
me
tals
mel
te
rs,pa
int
s,pha
rma
ceut
ic
als da
mage

Be
ryl
li
um c
oal Combus
ti
on,e
xha
ustf
rom c
era
mic Be
ryl
li
osi
s-s
hor
tne
ssbr
eat
h,we
ight
i
ndus
try,r
ocke
tte
sts
,nuc
lea
rpowe
rpl
ant
s l
oss
,he
artpr
obl
ems
,lungc
anc
er

As
bes
tos As
bes
tosi
ndus
tri
es As
bes
tos
is,l
ungc
anc
er

Ef
fec
tsofCa
rboxyhe
mogl
obi
n(COHb)
leve
lonHe
alt
h

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
4
 %COHbi
nbl
ood=0.
16(
ppmCOpr
ese
nti
nat
mos
phe
re)+0.
5

%COHbi
n Ef
fec
tsonhe
alt
hyi
ndi
vidua
ls Ef
fec
tsonHe
artpa
tie
nts
bl
ood

<9 Thr
eshol
d I
nduc
eche
stpa
in

16-
20 La
bor
edr
espi
rat
ion,Vi
sua
l Ma
ybel
et
half
orpa
ti
ent
swi
th
a
bnor
mal
it
ie
s Se
ver
eca
rdi
ova
scul
ardi
sea
ses

20-
30 He
ada
che
,na
use
a

30-
40 Se
ver
eHe
ada
che
,na
use
aandvomi
ti
ng,
di
zzi
nes
s

40-
50 Sl
urr
ingt
ospe
ech:t
ende
ncyt
ocol
la
pse

50-
60&a
bove Fa
talc
omai
fnott
rea
ted

Ef
fec
tsofSO2l
eve
lonHe
alt
h

Conc
ent
rat
ion He
alt
hEf
fec
ts

0.
3ppm Thr
eshol
dfort
ast
e

0.
5ppm Thr
eshol
dfort
ast
e

1.
6ppm Thr
eshol
dfort
ast
eforhe
alt
hyi
ndi
vidua
lsonl
y

8-
12ppm I
mme
dia
tet
hroa
tir
ri
ta
ti
on

10ppm Eyei
rr
it
at
ion

20ppm I
mme
dia
tec
oughi
ng

Ef
fec
tsofNO2l
eve
lonHe
alt
h

Conc
ent
rat
ion(
ppm) Expos
ure He
alt
hEf
fec
ts

0.
06-
0.1 2-
3ye
ars I
ncr
eas
eda
cut
ere
spi
rat
orydi
sea
ses

Upt
o0.
1 6mont
hs I
ncr
eas
eda
cut
ebr
onc
hit
isa
mongs
choolc
hil
dre
n

0.
12 <24hr
s Huma
nthr
eshol
d

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
5
 5 10mi
n I
ncr
eas
eina
irwa
yre
sis
tanc
e

90 30mi
n Pul
mona
rye
dema

Ef
fec
tsofOz
onea
ndt
ota
lPhot
oche
mic
alOxi
dant
sle
velonHe
alt
h

Conc
ent
rat
ion(
ppm) Expos
ure He
alt
hEf
fec
ts

OZONE

0.
1-1.
0 1hour I
ncr
eas
eina
irwa
yre
sis
tanc
e

1.
0-3.
0 2hour Ext
remef
ati
gue
,La
ckofc
oor
dina
ti
on

2.
0 2hour Se
ver
ecough

9.
0 Unkown Pul
mona
rye
dema

Tot
alPhot
oche
mic
alOxi
dant
s

0.
1 I
nst
ant
ane
ous Eyei
rr
it
at
ion

0.
05-
0.06 1hour Aggr
ava
ti
onofa
sthma

0.
06-
0.3 1hour I
mpa
ire
dpe
rfor
manc
eofAt
hle
tes

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
6
2.
6As
umma
ryofAi
rPol
lut
ione
ffe
cts

Poll
uta Ae
sthe
ti
cs/
Ma
jors
our
ces Huma
nHe
alt
h Ve
get
at
ion Ma
ter
ial
s
nt
s Nui
sanc
es

Re
act
swi
thhe
mogl
obi
n
,reduci
ngme ntal
Tr
ans por
tat
ion,
att
enti
veness
,physica
l none
CO Indust
ri
al
exert
ionandexa c
erba
ting
proces
ses
car
diovasculardis
eas
e
s
ympt
oms

t
rans
por
tat
ion r
educ
egr
owt
h
I
nte
rfe
rewi
thr
espi
rat
ory a
cceler
ate
d c re
ati
onofa
s
pac
e ofbroadlea
ves
f
unct
ionproduci
nglong dete
rior
ati
on brownis
h
NOxhe
ati
ng/
cool
ing, plant
sli
ke
t
erm(chr
onic)di
sea
s e sofdye s col
ouri
nginurba
n
power tomatoes
,
s
ymptoms andpaint
s ai
r
ge
ner
ati
on beans

Tr
ans
por
tat
ion,i
nte
rfe
rewi
thr
espi
rat
ory
HC I
ndus
tri
al f
unc
ti
onsa
ndc
aus
eeye None
pr
oce
sse
s i
rr
it
at
ion

s
eve
rede
ath
Oz
onec
aus
est
he
ofl
eaf
y
t
rans
por
tat
ion c
rac
kingof Oz
oneha
sa
s
nt

ve
get
abl
es,
s
pac
e r
ubbe
randt
he di
st
inc
t
da
oOxi

f
iel
dand
he
ati
ng/
cool
ing,Sa
mea
sHC a
cce
ler
ate
d a
lt
houghnot
f
ora
gec
rops
,
Phot

powe
r de
ter
ior
ati
onof t
err
ibl
y
s
hrubs
,fr
uit
g
ene
rat
ion nyl
on,r
ayon, of
fens
iveodour
.
a
ndf
ore
st
dye
sandpa
int
s.
t
ree
s

s
pac
e Cor
ros
ionof s
cat
te
ringof
he
ating/
coolng,Li
i t
tl
eef
fec
tonpur
egas reduct
ionof i r
on,me t
al, s
unl i
ghtto
power for
m;si
mila
ref
fec
tsas growthof accel
erat
ed pr
oduc ehaze
SOx
gener
aton, pa
i r
ti
cul
at
eswhencombi
ned broadlea
ves det
eri
ora
tonof pr
i od uct
ionof
Indust
ril wi
a t
hthe
m pl
ants bui
ldi
ngstone, un pleasa
nt
pr
oce
sse
s c
ott
on,pa
per o
dour
s

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
7
 ,
le
athe
r,pa
int
s
e
tc.

s
pac
e
r
educ
ti
onofSoi
li
ngoff
abr
ics Cr
eat
ionof
he
ati
ng/
cool
ing,
pl
antgr
owt
handbui
ldi
nga
nd s
mogpl
ume
s,
powe
r I
nte
rfe
rewi
thr
espi
rat
ory
Pa
rti
cu byphys
ica
l c
orr
osi
onof s
cat
te
ringof
g
ene
rat
ion, f
unc
ti
on,pos
sibl
e
l
at
es bl
ocka
geof me
tal
swhe
n s
unl
ightt
o
I
ndus
tri
al c
ont
ri
but
ionofl
ungc
anc
er
l
ightont
he c
ombi
nedwi
th pr
oduc
efog&
pr
oce
sse
s,oi
l
l
eafs
urf
ace SO2 c
olor
fuls
uns
ets
e
ros
ion

2.
7Pr
edi
cti
ona
nda
sse
ssme
ntofi
mpa
ctsont
hea
ire
nvi
ronme
nt
Theba
sics
tepsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thpr
edi
ct
ionofc
hange
sina
irqua
li
tya
sse
ssme
ntoft
hei
mpa
ct
oft
hec
hange
sar
easf
oll
ows
:
 I
dent
if
ythe a
ir pol
lut
ant
semi
tt
edf
rom a
llt
he di
ff
ere
nta
lt
erna
ti
ves unde
r
c
ons
ide
rat
ion.
o Fr
ome
mis
sionf
act
orsofva
riousa
cti
vit
ie
s
o Re
vie
wot
herEI
Sofs
imi
la
rpr
oje
cts
o Sur
veys
 De
scr
ibet
hee
xis
ti
nga
irqua
li
tyl
eve
lsi
nthea
reai
ncl
udi
nghi
st
ori
calt
rendsi
nai
r
qua
li
ty.
o Fr
omna
ti
ona
lorCPCBda
tas
ets
o Moni
tor
ing
o Gr
aphi
calr
epr
ese
nta
ti
onofda
tai
sal
sodone
 De
ter
minet
hea
irpol
lut
iondi
spe
rsi
onpot
ent
ia
loft
hea
reai
ncl
udi
ngme
anmi
xing
de
pth,i
nve
rsi
onhe
ight
s,wi
nds
pee
d,hi
gha
irpol
lut
ionpot
ent
ia
lande
pis
odeda
ys.
o Mi
xinghe
ight
o I
nve
rsi
onhe
ight
o Annua
lwi
nds
pee
d
o Ai
rpol
lut
ionpot
ent
ia
ladvi
sor
ies
o Epi
sodeda
ys
 Col
le
ctme
teor
olog
ica
lda
taf
ort
hea
reai
ncl
udi
ngmont
hlyda
taonpr
eci
pit
at
ion,

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
8
 t
empe
rat
urewi
nds
pee
dandd
ire
cti
ona
nds
ola
rra
dia
ti
on.
 Pr
ocur
eambi
enta
irqua
li
tys
tanda
rdsa
nde
mis
sions
tanda
rds
.
o NAAQSf
orc
rit
eri
apol
lut
ant
s
 Ma
kea
nemi
ssi
oni
nve
ntor
yfort
hegi
vena
rea
.Ane
mis
sioni
nve
ntor
yist
he
c
ompi
la
ti
onoft
hequa
nti
ti
esofa
irpol
lut
ant
sfr
om a
llt
hes
our
cesi
nade
fine
dar
ea
e
nte
ringt
hea
iri
nagi
vent
imepe
riod,whi
chi
stypi
cal
ly1ye
ar.I
dent
if
ythema
jor
poi
nts
our
cesofpo
llut
ioni
nthea
reaa
ndi
ndi
cat
equa
nti
ti
esofpol
lut
ant
semi
tt
edf
or
a
llt
hea
lt
erna
ti
ves
.
 De
ter
mineme
sos
cal
eimpa
ctduet
ocons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
ionofe
acha
lt
erna
ti
ve.
Thi
sca
nbedoneb
yca
lcul
at
ingt
hee
sti
mat
eda
nnua
lqua
nti
ti
esofa
irpol
lut
ant
sfr
om
e
acha
lt
erna
ti
vea
ndde
ter
mini
ngt
hepe
rce
nta
gei
ncr
eas
eint
her
egi
ona
landl
oca
l
e
mis
sioni
nve
ntor
yfore
achpol
lut
ante
mit
te
d.
o Ai
rqua
li
tyI
nde
x-i
ncl
ude
sPM10,PM2.5,NO2,SO2,CO,O3,
NH3,
Pb
 Ca
lcul
at
ethegr
oundl
eve
lconc
ent
rat
ionsofa
irpol
lut
ant
sfr
omt
hea
lt
erna
ti
vesunde
r
va
rie
dme
teor
ologi
calc
ondi
ti
ons
.Tode
ter
minemi
cros
cal
eimpa
ct,c
alc
ula
tet
he
c
alc
ula
teda
irqua
li
tyl
eve
lswi
tht
hea
ppl
ic
abl
eambi
enta
irqua
li
tys
tanda
rds
.If
e
mis
sions
tanda
rdsa
rea
ppl
ic
abl
etot
hea
lt
erna
ti
ves
,the
nthee
mis
sions
tanda
rdsf
or
t
hea
cti
ons
houl
dbec
ons
ide
redi
nre
lat
ions
hipt
othea
nti
ci
pat
ede
mis
sionl
eve
ls.
o Pol
lut
antc
onc
ent
rat
iona
tanydi
st
anc
edowns
tre
amt
othepoi
ntofdi
scha
rgei
s
us
ual
lyde
ter
mine
dbyus
ingt
heGa
uss
ianpl
umemode
lwhi
chi
sgi
venbyt
he
f
oll
owi
nge
qua
ti
on

ci
sac
onc
ent
rat
iona
tagi
venpos
it
ion,Qi
sthes
our
cee
mis
sionr
at,xi
e sthe
nd,yi
downwi sthec
ros
swi ndzi
nda stheve
rti
caldi
rec
ti ndui
ona sthewi
nd
s
pee
da heh he
tt ightoft
her
ele
as.Theσy,σz de
e via
ti
onsde
scr
ibet
he
c
ros
swi
nda
ndve
rti
calmi
xingoft
hepol
lut
ant
 I
fthea
mbi
enta
irs
tanda
rdsa
ree
xce
ede
dbyt
hepr
opos
eda
cti
on,c
ons
ide
rmi
ti
gat
ion
orc
ont
rolme
asur
esi
nor
dert
omi
nimi
zet
hea
irqua
li
tyi
mpa
ct.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 1
9
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
0
2.
8METEOROLOGI
CALASPECTSOFAI
RPOLLUTI
ONDI
SPERSI
ON
Ana
irpa
rce
lfol
lowss
eve
raldi
ff
ere
ntpa
thswhe
nitmove
sfr
omonepoi
ntt
oanot
her
poi
nti
nthea
tmos
phe
re.The
sea
re:
I
soba
ricc
hange –c
ons
tantpr
ess
ure
I
sos
ter
icc
hange –c
ons
tantvol
ume
I
sot
her
malc
hange –c
ons
tantt
empe
rat
ure
I
sent
ropi
ccha
nge –c
ons
tante
ntr
opy(
E)
Adi
aba
ti
cPr
oce
ss –δ
Q=0(
noh
eati
sadde
dorr
emove
d)

La
pseRa
te:
La
pser
atei
sther
ateo
fcha
ngeoft
empe
rat
urewi
thhe
ight

dT
La
pser
atei
sde
fine
das Γ=-
dz
Va
lueof
 Γva
rie
sthr
oughoutt
hea
tmo
sphe
re

 Asapa
rce
lofa
iri
nthee
art
h'
sat
mos
phe
rer
ise
sthr
ough t
hea
tmos
phe
re,i
t
e
xpe
rie
nce
sde
cre
asi
ngpr
ess
urea
ndt
huse
xpa
nds
. Thi
sexpa
nsi
onl
owe
rst
he
t
empe
rat
ureoft
hea
irpa
rce
l,a
ndt
her
efor
ethea
irc
ool
sasi
tri
ses
.
 Ther
atea
twhi
chdr
yai
rcool
sasi
tri
sesi
sca
ll
edt
hedr
yadi
aba
ticl
aps
era
tea
ndi
s
i
nde
pende
ntoft
hea
mbi
enta
irt
empe
rat
ure
.
 Thet
erm"
adi
aba
tic
"me
anst
hatt
her
eisnohe
ate
xcha
ngebe
twe
ent
her
isi
ngpa
rce
lof
a
irunde
rcons
ide
rat
iona
ndt
hes
urr
oundi
nga
ir
 Thea
ctua
lme
asur
edr
atea
twhi
cha
irc
ool
sasi
tri
sesi
sca
ll
edt
hea
mbi
entor
pr
eva
ili
ngl
aps
era
te.
 Wh
ent
hea
mbi
entl
aps
era
tei
sexa
ctl
ythes
amea
sthedr
yadi
aba
ti
cla
pser
ate
,the
a
tmos
phe
reha
sne
utr
als
tabi
li
ty.
Envi
ronme
nta
lLa
pseRa
te
 Ther
atea
twhi
cha
irt
empe
rat
urede
cre
ase
swi
the
leva
ti
on
 Thi
sre
fer
stot
her
ateoft
empe
rat
ure
sde
cre
asi
ngwhe
niti
snotbe
inga
ffe
cte
dbyt
he
s
atur
ati
onofwa
terva
pouri
nthea
tmos
phe
re
 Howe
ver
,itc
anbea
ffe
cte
dbyt
hes
tabi
li
tyoft
hea
ir
 I
fther
isi
nga
irpa
rce
lisc
olde
rtha
nenvi
ronme
ntt
hani
tshe
avi
era
nddoe
sn’
tri
se.
The
ref
ore
,iti
sst
abl
e

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
1
  Ai
risuns
tabl
ewhe
nthea
irpa
rce
liswa
rme
randr
ise
sbe
caus
eit
’sl
ight
ert
hani
ts
e
nvi
ronme
nt
Adi
aba
ticl
aps
eRa
tei
sther
atea
twhi
cht
empe
rat
ure
sde
cre
ase
swi
tha
lt
it
udewhe
nthea
iri
s
e
it
hermoi
storc
old
Supe
r-a
dia
bat
icc
ondi
ti
onspr
eva
ilwhe
nthea
irt
emp
era
tur
edr
opsmor
etha 8oC/
n9. loC
km(
/
100m)
.Thi
soc
cur
swhe
nthee
nvi
ronme
nta
lla
pser
atei
sgr
eat
ert
hant
hedr
yadi
aba
ti
cla
pse
r
ate
.He
ret
her
isi
nga
irma
sswi
llbewa
rme
randl
essde
nset
hans
urr
oundi
nge
nvi
ronme
nt.
Suc
hat
mos
phe
rei
sca
ll
eduns
tabl
eat
mos
phe
re.
Sub-
adi
aba
ticc
ondi
ti
onsp
reva
ilwhe
nthea
irt
empe
rat
uredr
opsa
tar
atel
esst
ha 8oC/
n9. km.
t
hisoc
cur
swhe
nthee
nvi
ronme
nta
lla
pser
atei
sle
sst
hant
hedr
yadi
aba
ti
cla
pser
ate
,the
r
isi
ngpa
rce
lofa
irwi
llbec
ool
era
ndde
nse
rtha
nthes
urr
oundi
ngsa
ndt
endst
ofa
llba
ckt
oit
s
or
igi
nalpos
it
ion.Suc
hat
mos
phe
rei
sca
ll
eds
tabl
e.
I
nve
rsi
on(
nega
tivel
aps
era
te)
 whe
nthea
irt
empe
rat
urea
ctua
ll
yinc
rea
seswi
tha
lt
it
udea
nd
al
aye
rofwa
rma
ire
xis
tso
veral
aye
rofc
olda
ir.

2.
9Pl
umebe
havi
our
Type
sofpl
ume

2.
9.1Loopi
ngPl
ume

 Hi
ghde
gre
eofc
onve
cti
vet
urbul
enc
e

 Supe
radi
aba
ti
cla
pser
ate-
-st
rongi
nst
abi
li
ti
es

 As
soc
iat
edwi
thc
lea
rda
yti
mec
ondi
ti
onsa
cco
mpa
nie
dbys
trong
s
ola
rhe
ati
ng&l
ightwi
nds

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
2
  Hi
ghpr
oba
bil
it
yofhi
ghc
onc
ent
rat
ionss
por
adi
cal
lya
tgr
ound
l
eve
lcl
oset
ost
ack.

 Oc
cur
sinuns
tabl
eat
mos
phe
ricc
ondi
ti
ons
.

2.
9.2Coni
ngPl
ume

 St
abl
ewi
ths
mal
l-
sca
let
urbul
enc
e

 As
soc
iat
edwi
thove
rca
stmode
rat
etos
trongwi
nds

 Roughl
y10°c
one

 Pol
lut
ant
str
ave
lfa
irl
ylongdi
st
anc
esbe
for
ere
achi
nggr
oundl
eve
l
i
nsi
gni
fi
canta
mount
s

 Oc
cur
sinne
utr
ala
tmos
phe
ricc
ondi
ti
ons

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
3
2.
9.3Fa
nni
ngPl
ume

 Oc
cur
sunde
rla
rgene
gat
ivel
aps
era
te

 St
rongi
nve
rsi
ona
tac
ons
ide
rabl
edi
st
anc
eabo
vet
hes
tac
k

 Ext
reme
lys
tabl
eat
mos
phe
re

 Li
tt
let
urbul
enc
e

 I
fpl
umede
nsi
tyi
ssi
mil
art
oai
r,t
rave
lsdownwi
nda
t
a
ppr
oxi
mat
el
ysa
mee
leva
ti
on

2.
9.4Lof
ti
ngPl
ume

 Fa
vor
abl
eint
hes
ens
etha
tfe
weri
mpa
ctsa
tgr
oundl
eve
l.

 Pol
lut
ant
sgoupi
ntoe
nvi
ronme
nt.

 The
yar
ecr
eat
edwhe
nat
mos
phe
ricc
ondi
ti
onsa
reuns
tabl
eabove
t
hepl
umea
nds
tabl
ebe
low.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
4
2.
9.5Fumi
gat
ion

 Mo
std
ange
rouspl
ume
:cont
ami
nant
sar
eal
lcomi
ngdownt
o
gr
oundl
eve
l.

 The
yar
ecr
eat
edwhe
nat
mos
phe
ricc
ondi
ti
onsa
res
tabl
eabovet
he
pl
umea
nduns
tabl
ebe
low.

 Thi
sha
ppe
nsmos
tof
tena
fte
rtheda
yli
ghts
unha
swa
rme
dthe
a
tmos
phe
re,whi
cht
urnsani
ghtt
imef
anni
ngpl
umei
ntof
umi
gat
ion
f
ora
boutaha
lfa
nhour
.

2.
9.6Tr
appi
ng
 Oc
cur
swhe
nthepl
umei
sca
ughtbe
twe
ent
woi
nve
rsi
onl
aye
rs.
 Thedi
spe
rsi
oni
sre
str
ict
edt
otheuns
tabl
ela
yerbe
twe
en2s
tabl
ere
gions
.
 Thi
scondi
ti
one
xis
tfors
eve
ralda
ysa
ndt
hisc
rea
teswor
stpol
lut
ions
it
uat
ion.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
5
2.
10WATERPOLLUTI
ON
Wa
ter
:
 71%f
rome
art
hsur
fac
e.
o 97%s
altwa
ter(
sea
)
o 3%f
res
hwa
ter
 87%i
cea
ndgl
aci
ers
,unde
rgr
ound,a
ir.
 13%s
urf
acewa
ter(
0.4%t
ota
lwa
ter
).
Func
ti
on
o Dome
sti
c.
o I
ndus
try.
o Agr
icul
tur
e.
o Re
cre
ati
on.
o Sa
fet
yands
ecur
it
y.

Wa
terpol
lut
ioni
sthec
ont
ami
nat
ionofwa
terbodi
es(
e.g.l
ake
s,r
ive
rs,oc
eans
,
a
qui
fer
sandgr
oundwa
ter
),ve
ryo
fte
nbyhuma
nac
ti
vit
ie
s.I
toc
cur
swhe
npol
lut
ant
s
(
par
ti
cl
es,c
hemi
cal
sors
ubs
tanc
est
hatma
kewa
terc
ont
ami
nat
ed)a
redi
scha
rge
ddi
rec
tl
yor
i
ndi
rec
tl
yint
owa
terbodi
eswi
thoute
nought
rea
tme
ntt
oge
tri
dofha
rmf
ulc
ompounds
.
Pol
lut
ant
sge
tint
owa
terma
inl
ybyhuma
nca
use
sorf
act
ors
.Wa
terpol
lut
ioni
sthe
s
econdmos
timpe
rat
ivee
nvi
ronme
nta
lconc
erna
longwi
tha
irpol
lut
ion.Anyc
hangeor
modi
fi
cat
ioni
nthephys
ica
l,c
hemi
cala
ndbi
ologi
calpr
ope
rti
esofwa
tert
hatwi
llha
vea
de
tri
ment
alc
ons
eque
nceonl
ivi
ngt
hingsi
swa
terpol
lut
ion.

2.
11SOURCESOFWATERPOLLUTI
ON
The
rea
reva
riousc
las
sif
ica
ti
onsofwa
terpol
lut
ion.Thet
woc
hie
fsour
cesofwa
terpol
lut
ion
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
6
c
anbes
eena
sPoi
nta
ndNon-
Poi
nt.

1.POI
NTSOURCES

Poi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ant
sins
urf
acewa
tera
ndgr
oundwa
tera
reus
ual
lyf
oundi
napl
ume
t
hatha
sthehi
ghe
stc
onc
ent
rat
ion
soft
hepol
lut
antne
are
stt
hes
our
ce(
suc
hast
hee
ndofa
pi
peora
nunde
rgr
oundi
nje
cti
ons
yst
em)a
nddi
mini
shi
ngc
onc
ent
rat
ionsf
art
hera
way
f
rom t
hes
our
ce.Theva
rioust
ype
sofpoi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ant
sfoundi
nwa
ter
sar
eas
va
rie
dast
het
ype
sofbus
ine
ss,i
ndus
try,a
gri
cul
tur
al,a
ndur
bans
our
cest
hatpr
oduc
e
t
hem.

 Comme
rci
ala
ndi
ndus
tri
albus
ine
sse
sus
eha
zar
dousma
ter
ial
sinma
nuf
act
uri
ngor
ma
int
ena
nce
,andt
hendi
sch
argeva
riouswa
ste
sfr
om t
hei
rope
rat
ions
.Ther
aw
ma
ter
ial
sandwa
ste
sma
yinc
ludepol
lut
ant
ssuc
hass
olve
nts
,pe
trol
eum pr
oduc
ts
(
suc
hasoi
landga
sol
ine
),orhe
avyme
tal
s.
 
 Poi
nts
our
cesofpo
llut
ionf
rom a
gri
cul
tur
ema
yinc
ludea
nima
lfe
edi
ngope
rat
ions
,
a
nima
lwa
stet
rea
tme
ntl
agoons
,ors
tor
age
,ha
ndl
ing,mi
xing,a
ndc
lea
ninga
rea
sfor
pe
sti
ci
des
,fe
rti
li
zer
s,a
ndpe
trol
eum.
 
 Mu
nic
ipa
lpoi
nts
our
cesmi
ghti
ncl
udewa
ste
wat
ert
rea
tme
ntpl
ant
s,l
andf
il
ls
,ut
il
it
y
s
tat
ions
,mot
orpool
s,a
ndf
lee
tma
int
ena
ncef
aci
li
ti
es.

Fora
lloft
hes
eac
ti
vit
ie
s,ha
zar
dousma
ter
ial
sma
ybei
ncl
ude
dint
her
awma
ter
ial
sus
edi
n
t
hepr
oce
ssa
swe
lla
sint
hewa
stes
tre
amf
ort
hef
aci
li
ty.I
fthef
aci
li
tyorope
rat
ordoe
snot
ha
ndl
e,s
tor
e,a
nddi
spos
eoft
her
awma
ter
ial
sandwa
ste
spr
ope
rly,t
hes
epol
lut
ant
scoul
d
e
ndupi
nthewa
ters
uppl
y.Thi
sma
yoc
curt
hroughd
isc
har
gesa
tthee
ndofapi
pet
osur
fac
e
wa
ter
,di
scha
rge
sont
hegr
oundt
hatmovet
hrought
hegr
oundwi
thi
nfi
lt
rat
ingr
ainwa
ter
,or
di
rec
tdi
scha
rge
sbe
nea
tht
hegr
ounds
urf
ace
.

2.NONPOI
NTSOURCES:

Nonpoi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ionoc
cur
saswa
termove
sac
ros
sthel
andort
hrought
he
gr
ounda
ndpi
cksupna
tur
ala
ndhuma
n-ma
depol
lut
ant
s,whi
chc
ant
henbede
pos
it
edi
n
l
ake
s,r
ive
rs,we
tl
ands
,coa
sta
lwa
ter
s,a
nde
vengr
oundwa
ter
.Thewa
tert
hatc
arr
iesnonpoi
nt
-
sour
cepol
lut
ionma
yor
igi
nat
efr
omna
tur
alpr
oce
sse
ssuc
hasr
ainf
allors
nowme
lt
,orf
rom
huma
nac
ti
vit
ie
ssuc
hasc
ropi
rr
iga
ti
onorl
awnma
int
ena
nce
.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
7
 Nonpoi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ioni
sus
ual
lyf
ounds
pre
adoutt
hroughoutal
argea
rea
.Iti
s
di
ff
icul
ttot
rac
ethee
xac
tor
igi
noft
hes
epol
lut
ant
sbe
caus
ethe
yre
sul
tfr
omawi
deva
rie
tyof
huma
nac
ti
vit
ie
sont
hel
anda
swe
lla
sna
tur
alc
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hes
oil
,cl
ima
te,a
nd
t
opogr
aphy.

Themos
tcommonnonpoi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ant
sar
e:

 Se
dime
nt,nut
ri
ent
s,mi
croor
gani
smsa
ndt
oxi
cs.Se
dime
ntc
ande
gra
dewa
terqua
li
ty
byc
ont
ami
nat
ingdr
inki
ngwa
ters
uppl
ie
sors
il
ti
ngi
nspa
wni
nggr
oundsf
orf
ish 
 Nonpoi
nts
our
ceso
fpol
lut
ioni
nur
bana
rea
sma
yinc
ludepa
rki
ngl
ots
,st
ree
ts,a
nd
r
oadswhe
res
tor
m wa
terpi
cksupoi
ls
,gr
eas
e,me
tal
s,di
rt
,sa
lt
s,a
ndot
hert
oxi
c
ma
ter
ial
s.
 I
nar
easwhe
rec
rop
sar
egr
ownori
nar
easwi
thl
ands
capi
ng(
inc
ludi
nggr
ass
yar
easof
r
esi
dent
ia
lla
wnsa
ndc
it
ypa
rks
),i
rr
iga
ti
on,a
ndr
ainf
allc
anc
arr
ysoi
l,pe
sti
ci
des
,
f
ert
il
iz
ers
,he
rbi
ci
des
,andi
nse
cti
ci
dest
osur
fac
ewa
tera
ndgr
oundwa
ter
.
 Ba
cte
ria
,mi
croor
gani
sms
,andnut
ri
ent
s(ni
tr
oge
nandphos
phor
us)a
rec
ommon
nonpoi
nt-
sour
cepol
lut
ant
sfr
oma
gri
cul
tur
all
ive
stoc
kar
easa
ndr
esi
dent
ia
lpe
twa
ste
s.
The
sepol
lut
ant
sar
eal
sof
oundi
nar
easwhe
ret
her
eisahi
ghde
nsi
tyofs
ept
ic
s
yst
emsorwhe
ret
hes
ept
ics
yst
emsa
ref
aul
tyornotma
int
ai
nedpr
ope
rly.
 
 Ot
herpol
lut
ant
sfr
om nonpoi
nts
our
cesi
ncl
udes
altf
rom i
rr
iga
ti
onpr
act
ic
esorr
oad
de
-ic
ing,a
nda
cidd
rai
nagef
roma
bandone
dmi
nes
.

2.
12 WATERPOLLUTANTS:
Theva
rioust
ype
sofwa
terpol
lut
ant
sca
nbec
las
sif
iedi
ntof
oll
owi
ngma
jorc
ate
gor
ies
:(1)
Or
gani
cpol
lut
ant
s,(
2)Pa
thoge
ns,(
3)Nut
ri
ent
sanda
gri
cul
tur
erunof
f,(
4)Sus
pende
dsol
ids
a
nds
edi
ment
s(or
gani
candi
nor
gani
c),(
5)I
nor
gani
cpol
lut
ant
s(s
alt
sandme
tal
s),(
6)
The
rma
lPol
lut
ion,a
nd(
7)Ra
dioa
cti
vepol
lut
ant
s.
1.ORGANI
CPOLLUTANTS
Or
gani
cpol
lut
ant
sca
nbef
urt
herdi
vide
dint
ofol
lowi
ngc
ate
gor
ies
:
a
)Oxyge
nDe
mandi
ngwa
ste
s:
Sour
ces
:Thewa
ste
wat
erss
ucha
s,dome
sti
candmuni
ci
pals
ewa
ge,wa
ste
wat
er
f
rom f
oodpr
oce
ssi
ngi
ndus
tri
es,c
anni
ngi
ndus
tri
es,s
laught
erhous
es,pa
pera
nd
pul
pmi
ll
s,t
anne
rie
s,br
ewe
rie
s,di
st
il
le
rie
s,e
tc.ha
vec
ons
ide
rabl
econc
ent
rat
ionof

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
8
 bi
ode
gra
dabl
eor
gani
ccompoundse
it
heri
nsus
pende
d,c
oll
oida
lordi
ssol
vedf
orm.
The
sewa
ste
sund
ergode
gra
dat
iona
ndde
compos
it
ionbyba
cte
ria
lac
ti
vit
y.
I
mpa
cts
:Thedi
ssol
vedoxyge
nava
il
abl
eint
hewa
terbodywi
llbec
ons
ume
dfor
a
erobi
coxi
dat
ionofor
gani
cma
tt
erpr
ese
nti
nthewa
ste
wat
er.He
nce
,de
ple
ti
onof
t
heDOwi
llbeas
eri
ouspr
obl
ema
dve
rse
lya
ffe
cti
nga
qua
ti
cli
fe,i
ftheDOf
all
s
be
low4.
0mg/
L.Thi
sde
cre
aseofDOi
sani
nde
xofpol
lut
ion

b)Synt
het
icOr
gani
cCompounds
:
Sour
ces
:Synt
het
icor
gani
ccompoundsa
rea
lsol
ike
lyt
oent
ert
hee
cos
yst
em
t
hrough va
riousma
nma
dea
cti
vit
ie
ssuc
haspr
oduc
ti
on oft
hes
ecompounds
,
s
pil
la
gedur
ingt
rans
por
tat
ion,a
ndt
hei
rus
esi
ndi
ff
ere
nta
ppl
ic
ati
ons
.The
sei
ncl
ude
s
ynt
het
ic pe
sti
ci
des
,synt
het
ic de
ter
gen
ts,f
ood a
ddi
ti
ves
, pha
rma
ceut
ic
als
,
i
nse
cti
ci
des
,pa
int
s,s
ynt
het
icf
ibe
rs,pl
ast
ic
s,s
olve
ntsa
nd vol
at
il
e or
gani
c
c
ompounds(
VOCs
).Mos
toft
hes
ecompou
ndsa
ret
oxi
candbi
ore
fra
ctor
yor
gani
cs
i
.e
.,t
heya
rer
esi
st
antt
omi
crobi
alde
gra
dat
ion.

I
mpa
cts
:Eve
nconc
ent
rat
ionofs
omeoft
hes
eint
rac
esma
yma
kewa
terunf
itf
or
di
ff
ere
ntus
es.Thede
ter
gent
sca
nfor
mfoa
msa
ndvol
at
il
esubs
tanc
esma
yca
use
e
xpl
osi
oni
nse
wer
s.Pol
ychl
ori
nat
edbi
phe
nyl
s(PCBs
)ar
eus
edi
nthei
ndus
tri
es
s
inc
e1930swhi
cha
rec
ompl
exmi
xtur
esofc
hlor
obi
phe
nyl
s.Be
ingaf
ats
olubl
e
t
heymover
eadi
lyt
hrought
hee
nvi
ronme
nta
ndwi
thi
nthet
is
sue
sorc
ell
s.Onc
e
i
ntr
oduc
edi
ntoe
nvi
ronme
nt,t
hes
ecompou
ndsa
ree
xce
edi
ngl
ype
rsi
st
enta
ndt
hei
r
s
tabi
li
tyt
oche
mic
alr
eage
ntsi
sal
sohi
gh.

c
)Oi
l
Oi
lisana
tur
alpr
oduc
twhi
chr
esul
tsf
romt
hepl
antr
ema
insf
oss
il
iz
edove
rmi
ll
ions
ofye
ars
,unde
rma
rinec
ondi
ti
ons
.Iti
sac
ompl
exmi
xtur
eofhydr
oca
rbonsa
nd
de
gra
dabl
eunde
rba
cte
ria
lac
ti
on,t
hebi
ode
gra
dat
ionr
atei
sdi
ff
ere
ntf
ordi
ff
ere
nt
oi
ls
,ta
rsbe
ingoneoft
hes
lowe
st.
Sour
ces:Oi
lent
ersi
ntowa
tert
hroughoi
lspi
ll
s,l
eakf
romoi
lpi
pes
,andwa
ste
wat
er
f
rompr
oduc
ti
ona
ndr
efi
ner
ies
.
I
mpa
cts
:Be
ingl
ight
ert
hanwa
teri
tspr
eadsove
rthes
urf
aceofwa
ter
,se
par
ati
ngt
he
c
ont
actofwa
terwi
tha
ir,he
ncer
esul
ti
ngi
nre
duc
ti
onofDO.Thi
spol
lut
anti
sal
so
r
espons
ibl
efore
nda
nge
ringwa
terbi
rdsa
ndc
oas
talpl
ant
sduet
ocoa
ti
ngofoi
lsa
nd
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 2
9
 a
dve
rse
lya
ffe
cti
ng t
henor
mala
cti
vit
ie
s.I
tal
sor
esul
tsi
nre
duc
ti
on ofl
ight
t
rans
mis
siont
hrou
ghs
urf
acewa
ter
s,t
her
ebyr
educ
ingt
hephot
osynt
het
ica
cti
vit
yof
t
hea
qua
ti
cpl
ant
s.Oi
linc
lude
spol
ycyc
li
car
oma
ti
chydr
oca
rbons(
PAH)
,someof
whi
cha
reknownt
obec
arc
inoge
nic
.

2.PATHOGENS
Sour
ces
:Thepa
thoge
nicmi
croor
gani
smse
nte
rint
owa
terbodyt
hroughs
ewa
ge
di
scha
rgea
sama
jors
our
ceort
hrought
hewa
ste
wat
erf
romi
ndus
tri
esl
ike
s
laught
erhous
es.

I
mpa
cts
:Vi
rus
esa
ndba
cte
riac
anc
aus
ewa
terbor
nedi
sea
ses
,suc
hasc
hol
era
,
t
yphoi
d,dys
ent
ery,pol
ioa
ndi
nfe
cti
oushe
pat
it
isi
nhuma
n.
3.NUTRI
ENTS

Sour
ces
:Thea
gri
cul
tur
erun-
off
,wa
ste
wat
erf
rom f
ert
il
iz
eri
ndus
trya
nds
ewa
ge
c
ont
ai
nss
ubs
tant
ia
lconc
ent
rat
ionofnut
ri
ent
sli
keni
tr
oge
nandphos
phor
ous
.Two
ma
jornut
ri
ent
s,ni
tr
oge
n(N)a
ndphos
phor
us(
P),oc
curi
nst
rea
msi
nva
riousf
ormsa
s
i
onsordi
ssol
vedi
nsol
uti
on.Aqua
ti
cpl
ant
sconve
rtdi
ssol
vedi
nor
gani
cfor
msof
ni
tr
oge
n(ni
tr
ate
,ni
tr
it
e,a
nda
mmoni
um)a
ndphos
phor
us(
ort
hophos
pha
te)i
nto
or
gani
corpa
rti
cul
at
efor
ms.
I
mpa
cts
:
a
)Eut
rophi
cat
ion:Nut
ri
entr
ichwa
ter
ssuppl
ynut
ri
ent
stot
hepl
ant
sandma
y
s
ti
mul
at
ethegr
owt
hofa
lga
eandot
hera
qua
ti
cwe
edsi
nre
cei
vingwa
ter
s.Thus
,
t
heva
lueoft
hewa
terbo
dyi
sde
gra
ded.I
nlongr
un,wa
terbodyr
educ
esDO,
l
eadst
oeut
rophi
cat
iona
nde
ndsupa
sad
eadpoolofwa
ter
.Pe
opl
eswi
mmi
ngi
n
e
utr
ophi
cwa
ter
scont
ai
ningbl
ue-
gre
ena
lga
eca
nha
ves
kina
nde
yei
rr
it
at
ion,
ga
str
oent
eri
ti
sandvomi
ti
ng.I
nfr
eshwa
ters
yst
ems
,eut
rophi
cat
ioni
sapr
oce
ss
whe
rebywa
terbodi
esr
ece
ivee
xce
ssi
nor
gani
cnut
ri
ent
s,e
spe
cia
ll
yN a
ndP,
whi
chs
ti
mul
at
eexc
ess
ivegr
owt
hofpl
ant
sanda
lga
e.
Eut
rophi
cat
ionc
anha
ppe
nna
tur
all
yint
henor
mals
ucc
ess
ionofs
omef
res
hwa
ter
e
cos
yst
ems
.Howe
ver
,whe
nthenut
ri
ente
nri
chme
nti
sduet
othea
cti
vit
ie
sof
huma
ns,s
ome
ti
mesr
efe
rre
dtoa
s“c
ult
ura
leut
rophi
cat
ion”
,ther
ateoft
hisna
tur
al
pr
oce
ssi
sgr
eat
lyi
nte
nsi
fi
ed.
Thema
ine
ffe
ctsc
aus
edbye
utr
ophi
cat
ionc
anbes
umma
riz
eda
sfol
lows
:
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
0
 1.Spe
cie
sdi
ver
si
tyde
cre
ase
sandt
hedomi
nantbi
otac
hange
s
2.Pl
anta
nda
nima
lbi
oma
ssi
ncr
eas
e
3.Tur
bidi
tyi
ncr
eas
es
4.Ra
teofs
edi
ment
at
ioni
ncr
eas
es,s
hor
teni
ngt
hel
if
espa
noft
hel
ake
,and
5.Anoxi
ccondi
ti
onsma
yde
vel
op.

b)Hi
ghni
tr
oge
nle
vel
sint
hewa
ters
uppl
y,c
aus
esapot
ent
ia
lri
sk,e
spe
cia
ll
yto
i
nfa
ntsunde
rsi
xmont
hs.Thi
siswhe
ntheme
the
mogl
obi
nre
sul
tsi
nade
cre
asei
n
t
heoxyge
nca
rryi
ngc
apa
cit
yoft
hebl
ood(
blueba
bydi
sea
se)a
sni
tr
atei
onsi
nthe
bl
oodr
eadi
lyoxi
diz
efe
rrousi
onsi
nthehe
mogl
obi
n.
4.SUSPENDEDSOLI
DSANDSEDI
MENTS
The
sec
ompr
iseofs
il
t,s
anda
ndmi
ner
alse
rode
dfr
oml
and.
Sour
ces
:The
sea
ppe
ari
nthewa
tert
hrought
hes
urf
acer
unof
fdur
ingr
ainys
eas
ona
nd
t
hrough muni
ci
pals
ewe
rs.
I
mpa
cts
: Thi
sca
nle
adt
othes
il
ta
ti
on,r
educ
ess
tor
agec
apa
cit
ie
sofr
ese
rvoi
rs.
Pr
ese
nceofs
uspe
nde
dsol
idsc
anbl
ockt
hes
unl
ightpe
net
rat
ioni
nthewa
ter
,whi
chi
s
r
equi
redf
ort
hephot
osynt
hes
isbybot
tom ve
get
at
ion.De
pos
it
ionoft
hes
oli
dsi
nthe
qui
esc
ents
tre
tche
soft
hes
tre
am oroc
eanbo
ttom c
ani
mpa
irt
henor
mala
qua
ti
cli
fe
a
nda
ffe
ctt
hedi
ver
sit
yoft
hea
qua
ti
cec
osys
tem.I
fthede
pos
it
eds
oli
dsa
reor
gani
cin
na
tur
e,t
hey wi
llunde
rgo de
compos
it
ion l
eadi
ng t
o de
vel
opme
ntofa
nae
robi
c
c
ondi
ti
ons
.Fi
ners
uspe
nde
dsol
idss
ucha
ssi
lta
ndc
oaldus
tma
yinj
uret
hegi
ll
sof
f
ishe
sandc
aus
eas
phyxi
at
ion.
5.I
NORGANI
CPOLLUTANTS
Sour
ces
:Apa
rtf
romt
heor
gani
cma
tt
erdi
scha
rge
dint
hewa
terbodyt
hroughs
ewa
ge
a
nd i
ndus
tri
alwa
ste
s,hi
gh c
onc
ent
rat
ion ofhe
avy me
tal
sand ot
heri
nor
gani
c
pol
lut
ant
scont
ami
nat
ethewa
ter
.The
sec
ompoundsa
renon-
biode
gra
dabl
eandpe
rsi
st
i
nthee
nvi
ronme
nt.The
sepol
lut
ant
sinc
ludemi
ner
ala
cids
,inor
gani
csa
lt
s,t
rac
e
e
leme
nts
,me
tal
s,me
tal
scompounds
,compl
exe
sofme
tal
swi
thor
gani
ccompounds
,
c
yani
des
,sul
pha
tes
,et
c.
I
mpa
cts
:Thea
ccumul
at
ionofhe
avyme
tal
sma
yha
vea
dve
rsee
ffe
ctona
qua
ti
cfl
ora
a
ndf
aunaa
ndma
ycons
ti
tut
eapubl
iche
alt
hpr
obl
emwhe
rec
ont
ami
nat
edor
gani
sms
a
reus
edf
orf
ood.Al
galgr
owt
hduet
oni
tr
oge
nandphos
phor
ousc
ompoundsc
anbe
obs
erve
d.
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
1
 Me
tal
sinhi
ghc
onc
ent
rat
ionc
anbet
oxi
ctobi
otae
.g.Hg,Cu,Cd,Pb,As
,andSe
.
Coppe
rgr
eat
ert
han0.
1mg/
List
oxi
ctomi
crobe
s.

6.THERMALPOLLUTI
ON
Cons
ide
rabl
ethe
rma
lpol
lut
ionr
esul
tsduet
odi
scha
rgeofhotwa
terf
rom t
her
mal
powe
rpl
ant
s,nuc
lea
rpowe
rpl
ant
s,a
ndi
ndus
tri
eswhe
rewa
teri
sus
eda
scool
ant
.As
ar
esu
ltofhotwa
terdi
scha
rge
,thet
empe
rat
ureofwa
terbodyi
ncr
eas
es.Ri
sei
n
t
empe
rat
urer
educ
est
heDOc
ont
entoft
hewa
ter
,af
fec
ti
nga
dve
rse
lyt
hea
qua
ti
cli
fe.
Thi
sal
te
rst
hes
pec
trumofor
gani
sms
,whi
chc
ana
doptt
oli
vea
ttha
tte
mpe
rat
urea
nd
DOl
eve
l.Whe
nor
gani
cma
tt
eri
sal
sopr
ese
nt,t
heba
cte
ria
lac
ti
oni
ncr
eas
esduet
o
r
isei
nte
mpe
rat
ure
;he
nce
,re
sul
ti
ngi
nra
pidde
cre
aseofDO.Thedi
scha
rgeofhot
wa
terl
eadst
othet
her
mals
tra
ti
fi
cat
ioni
nthewa
terbody,whe
rehotwa
terwi
ll
r
ema
inont
het
op.
8.RADI
OACTI
VEPOLLUTANTS
Ra
dioa
cti
vema
ter
ial
sor
igi
nat
efr
omt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
o Mi
ninga
ndpr
oce
ssi
ngofor
es,
o Us
einr
ese
arc
h,a
gri
cul
tur
e,me
dic
ala
ndi
ndus
tri
ala
cti
vit
ie
s,s
ucha
sI131,
P32,Co60,Ca
45,S35
,C14,e
tc.
o Ra
dioa
cti
vedi
scha
rgef
romnuc
lea
rpowe
rpl
ant
sandnuc
lea
rre
act
ors
,e.
g.,
Sr
90,Ce
siumCs
137,Pl
utoni
umPu248
,Ur
ani
um-
238,Ur
ani
um-
235,
o Us
esa
ndt
est
ingofnuc
lea
rwe
apons
.
The
sei
sot
ope
sar
etoxi
ctot
hel
if
efor
ms;t
heya
ccumul
at
eint
hebone
s,t
eet
handc
an
c
aus
ese
riousdi
sor
der
s.Thes
afec
onc
ent
rat
ionf
orl
if
eti
mec
ons
umpt
i s1x10-7
oni
mi
croc
uri
espe
rml
.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
2
2.
13Pr
edi
cti
ona
nda
sse
ssme
ntofi
mpa
ctsont
hewa
tere
nvi
ronme
nt
Ba
sics
tepsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thpr
edi
ct
iona
nda
sse
ssme
ntofc
hange
sint
hewa
tere
nvi
ronme
nt
a
rea
sfol
lows
:
1.De
ter
minet
ype
sandqua
nti
ti
esofwa
terpol
lut
ant
semi
tt
edf
roma
lla
lt
erna
ti
vesdur
ing
bot
hcons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
iona
lpha
ses
.
Re
vie
wpr
evi
ousEI
Sfors
imi
la
rpr
oje
cts
.

Us
ewa
stege
ner
ati
onf
act
or(
rat
eatwhi
cht
hepol
lut
anti
sre
lea
sedi
ntot
hea
rea
orwa
ter
bod
y)

Er
osi
onr
ate
s

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
3
 Poi
nt&Nonpoi
nts
our
ces

Li
sta
llr
ele
vantPhys
ica
l,c
hemi
cal&bi
ologi
calpa
rame
ter
s

2.De
ter
minet
hee
xis
ti
ngwa
terqua
li
tya
ndqua
nti
tyl
eve
lsf
ors
urf
acea
ndgr
oundwa
ter
bodi
esi
nthea
rea
.
 Foc
usonwa
terqua
li
typa
rame
ter
sre
lat
edt
oant
ic
ipa
tedpol
lut
ant
s

 Dur
ingbot
hcons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
iona
lpha
se

 I
nfor
mat
ionc
anbec
oll
ect
edf
rom da
taa
genc
iesl
ikepol
lut
ionc
ont
rolboa
rd,
St
at
eandl
oca
ladmi
nis
tra
ti
ona
genc
ies

 Fi
ndpa
rame
ter
swhi
cha
renotc
ompl
yingwi
ths
tanda
rds

 As
signwe
ight
aget
opa
rame
ter
s(e
gba
cte
riol
ogi
cals
tdsha
smor
ewe
ight
agei
n
c
ompa
ris
ont
ophys
ica
lst
anda
rds
)

 Fl
owi
nfor
mat
ioni
fre
leva
nt

3.Doc
ume
ntuni
quepol
lut
ionp
robl
emst
hatha
veoc
cur
redi
nthewa
terbodi
esi
nthe
a
rea
.
o Uni
quepol
lut
ionpr
obl
ems

 Fi
shki
ll
s

 Al
galgr
owt
h

 The
rma
ldi
scha
rge
s

o Fr
oml
oca
lands
tat
eage
nci
es

o Fr
omne
ws

4.I
fre
leva
ntde
scr
ibegr
oundwa
terqua
li
tya
ndqua
nti
tyi
nthea
reanot
ingt
hede
pthof
gr
oundwa
tert
abl
eand di
rec
ti
on ofgr
oundwa
terf
low.I
dent
if
y ma
jorus
esof
gr
oundwa
tera
ndde
li
nea
tet
hegr
oundwa
terde
ple
ti
ona
ndpol
lut
ion.
 Thede
pthofgr
oundwa
tert
abl
e

 Di
rec
ti
onofgr
oundwa
terf
low

 Ma
jorus
esofgr
oundwa
ter
SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
4
  Gr
oundwa
terde
ple
ti
ona
ndpol
lut
ion.
5.As
sembl
e me
teor
ologi
calp
ara
met
ersf
ort
he a
reai
ncl
udi
ng mont
hlya
ver
age
pr
eci
pit
at
ion,e
vapor
ati
ona
ndwa
tert
empe
rat
ure
.
 Mont
hlya
ver
agepr
eci
pit
at
ion

 Eva
por
ati
on

 Wa
tert
empe
rat
ure

 Ai
rte
mpe
rat
ure

 Fr
oml
oca
l&s
tat
ewa
terr
esour
cesa
genc
ies

 Me
teor
ologi
calde
par
tme
nt

6.Pr
ocur
eava
il
abl
e wa
terqu
ali
tys
tanda
rdsf
orl
oca
lsur
fac
e wa
terbodi
esa
nd
gr
oundwa
terbodi
esi
fappl
ic
abl
e.I
fdi
scha
rges
tanda
rdsa
rea
ppl
ic
abl
eche
cki
fthe
r
ece
ivi
ngwa
terbodyi
swa
terqua
li
tyl
imi
te
dore
ffl
uentl
imi
te
d.
 Ef
fl
uents
tanda
rds

 Wa
terqua
li
tyoft
hewa
terbody

 Ef
fl
uentl
imi
te
d-wi
llme
ets
tdsi
fal
ldi
scha
rge
sme
ets
econda
ryt
rea
tme
nta
nd
BAT(
Bes
tAva
il
abl
eTe
chnol
ogy)s
tds

 Wa
terqua
li
tyl
imi
te
d-wi
llnotme
ets
tdswi
thBATs
tds
-st
ri
nge
ntme
asur
es
r
equi
red

 Be
nef
ici
alus
esofwa
terdowns
tre
amt
obec
ons
ide
red

7.Col
le
ctor
gani
cwa
stel
oada
ll
oca
ti
on,i
nor
gani
c,t
her
mal
,se
dime
nta
ndba
cte
ria
l
wa
stel
oads
.Ide
nti
fypoi
nts
our
cesofpol
lut
ioni
nthea
rea
.Enume
rat
etype
sofwa
ter
us
esa
ndqua
nti
ti
esofwa
teri
nvol
ved.
 I
dent
if
ypoi
nts
our
cesa
nduni
quedi
scha
rge
sint
othea
reaa
ndqua
nti
fyt
hem.

 Noofwa
terus
ersdowns
tre
am

 Wa
terc
ons
umpt
iondo
wns
tre
am

 Or
gani
cloa
ding,a
ndb
act
eri
all
oadofc
onc
erna
longwi
thnut
ri
ent
s

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
5
 8.De
ter
mineme
sos
cal
eimpa
ctsbyc
alc
ula
ti
nge
sti
mat
edda
il
yqua
nti
ti
esofwa
ter
pol
lut
ant
sfr
om t
hea
lt
erna
ti
vesdur
ingc
ons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
iona
lpha
sesa
nd
c
ompa
ret
hist
othee
xis
ti
ngwa
stel
oads
.Ca
lcul
at
ethepe
rce
nta
gei
ncr
eas
esi
nwa
ste
l
oads
.
 Es
ti
mat
edda
il
yqua
nti
ti
esofwa
terpol
lut
ant
s

 Fr
oma
llt
hea
lt
erna
ti
vesdur
ingc
ons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
iona
lpha
se

 Wa
stel
oadst
obec
ons
ide
red

o Or
gani
c(nonc
ons
erva
ti
ve)

o I
nor
gani
cs(
cons
erva
ti
ve)

o Sol
ids

o Nut
ri
ent
s

o Ba
cte
ria
l

o The
rma
l

9.Cons
truc
ti
onpha
sei
mpa
ctsa
rec
ons
ide
redi
nte
rmsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors
.
1.Ti
mepe
riodofc
ons
truc
ti
ona
ndr
esul
ta
ntt
imepe
riodofde
cre
ase
dwa
ter
qua
li
ty.
2.Ant
ic
ipa
teddi
st
anc
edowns
tre
amofde
cre
ase
dwa
terqua
li
ty.
3.Spe
cif
ic c
ons
tru
cti
on s
pec
ifi
cat
ions di
rec
ted t
owa
rd pol
lut
ion
mi
nimi
zat
ion.
4.Se
dime
nte
rode
d

5.Pr
edi
ct
iveme
thodsa
rea
vai
la
blef
ore
ros
ion,t
rans
por
tandde
pos
it
ion

10.De
ter
minet
hemi
cros
cal
eimpa
ctsbyc
alc
ula
ti
ngdowns
tre
amc
onc
ent
rat
ionsf
rom
c
ons
erva
ti
ve pol
lut
ant
s,di
ssol
ved oxyge
nconc
ent
rat
ions r
esul
ti
ng f
rom non-
c
ons
erva
ti
vepol
lut
ant
s,t
empe
rat
ure
sre
sul
ti
ng f
rom t
her
malpol
lut
ion.Cons
ide
r
mi
cros
cal
eimpa
ctsf
orbot
hcons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
ionpha
se.
 Dur
ingc
ons
truc
ti
ona
ndope
rat
ionpha
se

CQ +CQ
 Cons
erva
ti
vepol
lut
ant
sC= w w r r
Qw+Qr

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
6
  Nonc
ons
erva
ti
vepol
lut
ant

o St
ree
terPhe
lpsEqn

 Ba
cte
ria
lpol
lut
ant

11.Compa
ret
hec
alc
ula
tedc
onc
ent
rat
ionswi
th wa
terqua
li
tys
tanda
rds
.Che
cki
f
a
ppl
ic
abl
eef
fl
uents
tanda
rdsa
reme
tbyt
hee
xis
ti
ngf
aci
li
ti
es.
12.I
dent
if
yne
ces
sar
yte
chnol
ogyf
ormi
ti
gat
ingorr
educ
ingt
hel
oadsi
nca
set
he
s
tanda
rdsa
ree
xce
ede
d.

SCMSSc
hoo
lofEngi
nee
ring&Te
chno
logy 3
7