DE INGENIERIA a Universidad do Buenos Ares FACULTAD g WS8s = CK Kr 'O}WC\»~ 78.01 / IDIOMA INGLES © GUIA DE TRABAJO SSSA WW78.01 Idioma Inglés SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Mirror, mirror Telescopes with mirrors made from rapidly spinning liquide cosld redefine the csonomlce of astronomy ite fice oi eepe wi tt arts we ocd tapet ‘The coma ed avy thr carat and foes state ge ‘loeper wig eve oa le ay ers af puntliag efoe wat pad sat Doisha poo tt sks Ber Hes Sis fv bllonteof¢ mere a ow ald Tod og mreuy oh ae ot The ‘aire epg, Por wy ee ¢ Sin cise eS caine ot 4 Sante nd be rice eg wih Sete eb we at apse Be Se patie fer eects aa "deat pw. ey ok frm ite Newoa. te veer tte ‘eg lace But stn lege, AMS) we, for eg tie ser mk Searels othe pt Sead, lowes, te idss hs eked esr) Eszave ‘ee bot siomme aed toned deoom'A fv ENTS re consed ag Ee 16H8 sad he ge jel en ok ler bac ssonl sn cpa Envlgh inne fratencet vce, (ois Advoetn f LATS {et eile bs ow cone efgeend in eo rn Sheba sometond isco Cousng aster Campa wilt makng «i sce, sang «gid se po Th as ngeden es sna ane ot ionpontat seat adds ey ight oer made fs coped Seicval sch at Kev, Th cane ie pea b issue es ct teadin be mde ar cers arid ‘inuOne theca igs Se came pest (3pely tw roles per mai Ge acay ‘is of fom tly lan han 2 ime canine a Yintow is Be Gidaer af Oe enay. te compen fr ie ‘pera sige of Se omnia, Th Baliatqed arora nce ‘tly hand a conrenton rigid nett shear afte eat ‘That et a lcope ts ime of couse. But woes toe er compen aad bowing we then ia acoasy at LMT cil comes in at woud S% of Te cont of & aomgualecomvetondtdope, Toe Lege Zenith tlesionense the iemere LMT ta It bang conse by Pal Hitson adi eam tthe Unversiy of Brith Cohmbia in Vascowe, if Hawes beng bulk on sosig a #egeted coe Ie than ST nillon [&eomparson be snsracon eat or fhe two eght-nee Genin tleopet in Hawai i $184ry God Ibe 42 mene Soubern Ascononicl Rech iescope beg ball fs ‘Beal ville Sta. "The ail te cust lng econ fr 4 tacton of te aga com sould eeu ‘suonony. Ht sould mean th india ‘eseach groups cul ae tek om escape. fnsead of Raving to beak ine. on ered fnstumens mow in vance they do cow, Having cle we of & edie iescape woud make new fads of reach paste to. Ate tomet east ‘eagle deinue al the obaervng tine 00 Se euiimeye iclacope wo seach for {pls Hare known a serra fa eber fz Tis spy ncaa an eal rd, SBch searches ‘would iavove repewed ‘enatns of te sane gales every few fy Bur wish en EAT, wig larg esc fer sch spedniced reseuchwosld teeome pose ‘Tes, bower a each: EMTs ca ely pat sniie apaads Thing to sinning ‘nae cats the minor to Toe is spe, ise possible pein an EMT an pred spot in the sky-and eves when ae objet of Es bec ontbeat ts ct posible to ‘ski by mowing fe telseape fo coment fertherenson ofthe sth ‘Tle reerctiog i tet ob ining es it sous, aug a lst for ees kad of asconony. Carnologsts iversing the Seu of the univene ono really ind ‘wich reion the lope i poting, since the univese is itopie and homogenous i ‘Wika zeroing expe: uve the casxe fa yu, he Wesape can acre an cle thst afte iy ‘Aratberdeasback of LMTs has bea sclved by ‘teadhentof ait sesto, Us phage i fo ecard an image ra a eh poi {reso andy wilendup wih asteaty nage areal ofthe eas oaticn. Ue gal sensor, however, wits pose a ‘Tithe age aos the sensrin sh ‘uy thats eas ney ih he ate (ue of ts lading groponens of the Iigaidemararapreath i Eran Bara, = plist at Laval Univesity in Quekee It ‘ve Dr Bocas ean tht worked ow bom ts x mecary it uml le tthe nlnete tick (Namal, suc telos Gautes he meal to fore uch tiske, ke) De Bom hk eared au sere of ley experinatsiethe 1880s fo show tha IMTS woald sally work. Hie rach mpd seuss a Arron pce gees, NASA, ulé yoo EMT. ‘Thiik now Be IMblrgest tery nthe word aed 1 wed Yo ace space dbs ‘reer aploaien wha the idiey fo he elesspe ds pt rely78.01 Idioma Inglés strata sot bey does at ret ky an 0 wo 1: Bora cage w punt on dat be Sava ms mir These stg it ange Zen Tecan ind popes ‘zs gd hat nan bth vous ol phy {Bei icecpe el Inoue LMT. ese, ‘Se eng ba ocala rar As ack wood bee i, De Bor cane ‘eel ove the ropes IM sco ale case of rele Tey ae Fes yrclaly exe by he pape af Sed metl gle Sine. Ty pre of ‘eng ile o dete alg iste he Shere couse nih orgs oc that ext for openovs. ot te we ed ss thy nd ethnic The Heads yruca by ucotoncn. The rls ater line at ons ene posgfindag in 1999 dae uavenes afer oft ok ‘Somsion eeon abe wsersng war urd "Sof, De Bora ts ache reestiy ‘robasrstons sf fow Snes rapivse An of 3 (at ef ean iteapto te ic Sova cmd rei at be went be smpernae over he coe of ye, endl be wl 19 egal BO" redecty af foufew or dspovedisrsulbeyed cht tury At Bi pt wl be feb fo As well sadn the word ou he faa ng DAT And echons te advange of LT Dr ais dg bate ble «ani yer MT as te overcome Ahi uty tpn A iu St by st ea 3 will th eno de mirar fas ote eiey. for seods, 50 cla sscope provi tel allay acs “hiss a bol chim But supose it wee fay puforhlfereoizion when emizers peu bold a tctcge Ea cll Sed wil oct le tape, De Bor Cetin coven escape can 6 orl ou jst fw wcce te igid would {Suan of eps -eund net Dr eto be en ford uf he te de Bam's ese The input of hit cage consicy of tisk hng. The poben eat foun ning mir he exon of ‘mea oar Ws seus ha hs, ssroomy ould be aoting les thar, vel, revolt, Science and Technology PRE-READING Read the title, subtitles and lines under the subtitles. Look at the picture. Paraphrase “rapidly spinning liquids”. What kind of telescope isthe article going to describe? Imagine advantages and disadvantages. Make a list with your partner. Read the first line of each paragraph. Identify paragraphs that describe advantages and paragraphs that describe disadvantages: Identify words introducing them, for example: “restrictions” in paragraph 7* introduces disadvantages. Find similar words for advantages and disadvantages. 7, Now read the text in detail, ‘READING TASKS aya 1. Fill in the text comparing and contrasting the two kinds of telescopes described. Remember when you transfer information to a chart you should avoid using sentences. Use short phrases mostly, in Spanish. Pagina 378.01 Idioma Inglés IMT Conventional telescopes ‘The process of making the telescopes Tis general features ‘What limitation hasn't been solved yet? Go beck to thelist of advantages and disadvantages you predicted above. Can you add anything to it? Cross out anyone? 4, Find an example of a definition in the text. 6. Can you find instances of the following in this text? Refer to the paragraph: Description Comparison Argumentation Narration Advertising THINKING ABOUT LANGUAGE Cohesive devices. Reference and pronouns A. Look at the highlighted pronouns in the text. What are they referring to? Is there any difference between the use of the pronoun It inthe second paragraph, in paragraph 9 and 12? 'B, Phrases can also work as reference. What do the phrases underlined refer to? Connectors A. Explain the function of the following connectors underlined in the text: However - Rather than PRACTICE 1. Choose the five most important paragraphs in this article. Be ready to justify your choices. Write subtitles for cach of them. 2. Choose one of these paragraphs and paraphrase it. You may use the dictionary, ~ Paginas78.01 Idioma Inglés FOUR CAREER RUNGS TO THE TOP Mase 16,1997 CHEN BOOKS’ Reviewed by James D.Burke 2. "Thae et nif pai eerie ame, hone wo male tng gos se ‘So wo ing: appa nd tos eo wae ‘ithippaed™ [Fe te fw sh Be do iniaty ‘ed cnn, St ting me fs 8 vee ti Sane pale we mle So Same Sigen fr eangle Sl ontario Teatee pease oer phen who meey ‘Som woul love bbe ied mae ng Teer tte ad ean onde lat apne Se da deat (ein pty whic eyes ‘Technical —_competenge,,.. and productivity alone won't Advance professionals through the four _ stages of career development Svatapas for Cato H.Thompo, Seat, Foreman“ Co Gene 1996, 280 page 1898 omer D. Burk, © rnin menber of te Soponsie ping dgpormnt at Row Tita eperives profenal rng end ‘aecdnlopin! program. he gen Sera! comps sem deding nh etal reel ond on pia Sr Pefesionsontoymer! eace gly, wi employes, hey ct Ip DaSaIAY contued an, dceuerd Tiny wou abo: Seog Salk They oes tiny prev Demcer te dlgecee Watt vein Ste EC, steal excelaee i ear Nevdeley itt iusto ame Olt ates regia Sine ate. [Sen te abo. oF Shotmsone, Gene. Bala and Paul Tiecpson, en st Harve ties sl ssi tow taking tbe heal of fenegemee ot Bighen Youg Cavers, Regence w deaiy deat wedty emges fp cian J perirmace, To josie, bey see "Whee Singer {Boe pot! enpoyecr who comin > be iy rae nfs Some wh we Sa Tighe ones of tse, ‘egseenweobaen ad ‘eat acl who wer diate by Sep orpsiatonr as Nghe or wre pero The tc expe, Dalen end Tospon eerined peptone ‘Sciening inated pop ad 3 te he potrmnc ang of Cd Ge auure wd compiy of te jo exes ie ld be employs te ne ipa jh. cumpleaty” toame at fat nigh. Poe mts deewe ich peores mye Gor aan vee pe Gees Ancor oa tore of hak Ferhat mice AN bso ht Eanes i on Spt SEYEIES Evectcaion ed te eho to ‘Sache a he eer of poo can brepessthcush fou iin saa. Those Sipe te deena oy a amines sel w have ep nce ited ot ‘Secwey wre asa, Ea cage Senet i tem of te ie te Ferma fe penal rlaction et cvisls “mum eb and the assy bunts cect Gee aesne Hetedrecr 0's “Newt” Dulun and Tionpon ciety of ch cr gr ed ‘te tation requted fr avanooest Be est ape, They te way at hese ‘iat fat 0m xpelaorl oe ad 02 te tints ta expitioce yale iy it tas prs preci, terme lot diatgpeunt mut ake pce td Seno he seine Inenna be pare at ‘yureine sell eee. Tie To ieyes a acomtans, the word ovon mas “he scene of 2c ‘nipston o comune for leone bye ‘nual cose of alpen ane” Ie Gir word = aout it 8 ecg onlogous sense. Te wove efeively Sow ue carer mage foe uo, eyes sat ‘Sfesance” ew wo obligato tad Paginas expectations with ts sgn hen. Ene i Ear epee cre fe ten te eployrs mus undead TE bas dango, at alin we item, a SS cguin s comedS Siow. [Bee ur ete ao fed (Spay Oe etre cs we Seer Setar Magen, el oe ed ideale pope age eee 1 The anenice wage mt Bene Set em det Bi tw mo epi Bren Tbr amc cope tee pie fronhing route sa igh espns = ey coe a mee ‘httconc Oat as Bed wiley a Se ‘Seeman tht thew copay wl Seoe valuta “comic New ‘Soy eh Sa be pp Sains we ca seein asin, Eagle wbo Si (eee colddetce wit « ar vo we The nt obs RE Sogn Oe 2 peiennls cote Ger Hage eld fe sveed to prote bh ates and ‘he tr of ele end epio.Thijo bald ‘atic te capuibngg ph domine e fol sity to She dled wok a wit ‘at ‘Bitte, 1 abow atic toe fepaitn’s ea to comin he ‘Rewpoin ofethers and commen we. ‘je is rar emer. Wi bosch st fale, ves yonag piste! « boing {es jobie dea ‘New enloyecs mut ape eight atiade {espe am They mash use ws ‘Se eynum: Tay tat tga he ssl and is esc o ama, if ‘ter kang ot ral rece es “ap tine. Now engin ia seed ad x mater titi omsoce oho ‘il ide them fad show the at woke ‘mente ib one's iuediste supervisor Bit not U7 The id age uy ie vide ear besten, epee dein are ‘meget asbestos The78.01 Idioma Inglés ‘suger should help ew employe toe ‘Ge ropes” end flr So eqpornes f Bow panel Teen © feopiie ae deemed comptes is ine aban net ‘ge hat of dependent connor Ths ‘Mat people cry ik af hen shy ‘ete (someone a # “oes nde, ‘ey lalla a profeseal aplyen ass find in is Gegoy, und ey are ‘adipenable en ocarzaas wl ting. Rowen ey hve SEE ate ‘Sushi han oft ae ‘Ege ley cu icine acl 1b indent com a ee Sing be cial opel tio at vinelandii espe Soe ih pet samng, cada oped ‘Seger ta sha cae afte ‘trian at etal Se acer Segreieoe Fy a a ihe wt viewed Seema anette ‘at ootded Tay soe anita ¢ ct Saineaip wih onmprone telat ‘Sed it Ty ace chorepcstly Semng toy pean To ce te sepa ic ig NDieigeaier sor caer ee oon spl tof tc Pn tees Sondoabe sony py et Setter hen ay Aft dice St pe Spt cme Soy Wied spt eee nr wig Siete Oa ae petrante ang? Sheds gy wots Ipecaes © pee pee Se Ds wen w nme? Gel ty ene Soe SEP a ge ey profi tare om wl be pene wg ead ecto toga ese Oo Be er Sage ndocing te sage tr, ‘iat Spe eae Thy ans mela EN” tedvomae ot ae Sraiaion nei peMtihe ta Sea eat a oe Stan Ere neces Suge eto Gime tee ao ee Scshuvey teeta vou tal oe weld ‘She ov ve pid chaste bag ‘ere Nair ponte ne me og Sige rage ci oe 2 Thaw in sage te — Ge assger ‘mens andthe en led or nee those cee etl, robe dat che ‘mage nr my ec. ae fen vey bu people Somme hey fe Suen by te mands of hore above et stbdow hex 25- Unfrsely, Dalos etd Thampesn o ‘ot sept om eves ect 1999 ed have Sed fo mip 4 moe caren eke a smanagenart Specialy Sear of ec ‘eve nagement ae blag ct realy ‘he ures ewok atta ee eseve tb joe Thy ey oe ere (2 Uss, bie) ore mich enc l goo youre employes in the ning = 2 The esting proces emlar Srpainsoce pees yoens enlayes fo replae arc manugenent erect vee, Ioeuorg as ‘been retpaoed ao ‘alsble at sone ersnantoae eally Stee mens fo sev eeplyeee Th + SRAgIMED append The reasoshps ae fakes aad more posicive far tbe cxpsiaton when ls praes etoooat {Thar i an eve mos sid to the rset ‘hs. Besa of erp reaming ma Smut, fr laderhp possons na ca ‘te ned. Unike ie beaton 25 yt Sa, the val maj of yong poten 20 joing major compan ca aver pect to tnd 2 mddomanagsoen jon (rgenitioas wil Me culonged mehy fo nd aerate sees wl keep edt ‘ung. ambien aokeere erent Be Because ceca competence i 0h ‘2 m aniaton's Wel beng 8 eucrioson tthe arte tape dommes Newson, ‘rm bury nencns, pup Saco td sng) of often! emer ar ‘setae deropnent Dao td Tp {a tow eloly naked teva pata ‘Ae chee pope ear tage 8 sreng dive lo rode resin, txt owes le prec ibe organo ply San eee 13: The aerate of ie mds pome ‘Suping eguie dic it std up Sage oar ‘pe od to calsbet aoe ers, ‘Seer tag aon at indidulias Thet able aod priate ee te gee Dopy {ed able, Albugh tey trol ofen to Sst lege acon, essa ely ‘ls some diet npn) repose, ‘hich they hroghy eco. Mon ped et arse in only one of span, and Gee few ee epee sl lage ‘ba, mamapee piodaninte, bo some ae rote demiar’ or “pois champion Dies, Sometinee slered to at ik lanai are fcr mar oe i tae, Mebiecsstey fr ws Hoa ad luge especie 30 Proving deco bg ts ceive, ‘ate vctmof wa! aeons new Elsie mimger stew te SSapuiiveesvceamatt snd thar beginaene puter exp, iy ‘ound nag aad penny thy ad SSteranaes to ence measly far ‘leviogs pee ort van Sie Tower ie egeced aspect of Iningeoer, petege Demet ao ‘uly atv peel nde. The ont ootoly eng apes of the novedan Sage fur ie ening how wo esos pore, Tocsjoy ea an rtd io nde ask Aaoascte at thy cn ne power wily a respons er thar epeciaen, wile Uhing be evioyen” ice avec, Dale end Thien gy ew exeraee ower ap sad tuts and i eho Bb Ee Pagina 6 32. When ctcaies emblch ffctve ‘elonsope Sot ids and ouside Ber Sepelaieay they sen pun cone io Saewisesncbubie rmaie and SSrpat so doD however, they cst spores to eect md te socal ‘onile. They to mae Sacesand he Vaneeregroa, 53."Te sanerg of gull employes fr sccm 19 ate tesonsle pons ‘Sables dacs tens beergacenon's fare: Pope ening tnd pred jen ‘eued Sonetines tough dene ue ‘Rade, and marae ae be cede con Srtsg uereopind St nd oo hereto ccc advansenest 22d esta i gpd in ts bok wh (Si od snihe. Tar vate i 20 ely frig toe eter bad Kit oo ‘Moule ie “nysenaut doy. Alege ‘pasa, Dita and Than propor at ‘Row web io move up shuld endy wat ‘be omnon fete ee mage of et ser ‘bende and then at scoring By te ‘chlevenas snd nye te anton sas Jind hee manages tloe tat aaning ‘Gems esa aad se 35: The srs dep antalya 2 ocolnly ceive salen: Incag canes nd Shame teste tye carver! comproonve aad cet Tops eno ther eatin78.01 Idioma Inglés ACTIVITIES: Burke, J “Four Career Rungs to the Top” Cé&En March 1996 pp28-30 El presente texto seri abordado en base a las estrategias cognitivas necesarias para su comprensién. Asi dividimos las actividades en tres etapas, a saber: anticipacidn, verificacion y reformulacién 0 tnternalizactén TICIPATE, 1, Read the bibliographical data, 2, Which are the proper names mentioned? What / who are they? How are they related? i. What information about the auhor ofthe article can you find? 3. Read the title end the subtitle. What word inthe subtitle is “rungs” related to? i What is “Four Career Rungs to the Top" the title of? 4, ‘Notice thatthe word “eareer” i related to “productivity” and “professionals”? Is it then a cognate? 5, Read the lst line of paragraphs 2, 3,4 and all paragraph 5 and decide which of them is essential end which can be skipped? 6. What isthe writer's purpose? Remember the words “rungs”, “stages” and read paragraph 5 again, Advance a general reading hypothesis. 7. Which word or pases help you detect the beginning of the body ofthe article and the conchision? Which sections contain the most central information? Why? 8. Read the fist line of paragraphs 14-17. Which word or phrases signal that these paragraphs ‘belong tothe same section? Ider for paragraphs 18-22 9. What isthe organization ofthe text? 10, Scan paragraphs 14-33 for cognate words or phrases. Choose 25 of them. List chem and group them into the four stages mentioned ‘YERIEY La etapa de !a verificacién permite la reconstrucctén 0 rechazo de las hipétesis elaboradas en [a anticipacién. 1. Read paragraphs 13 to 32. Underline the main sentence in each paragraph. Is t possible to skip any paragraphs? Make a list ofthe main concepts outlined in paragraphs 13 t0 32. 3. What is the purpose ofthe questions in paragraph 217 What do they signal? How are they related to your hypothesis? 4. Read paragraphs 5 and 25 only. Why has the author of the article used the words “Clearly” and “Unfortmately"? How do these paragraphs differ fom the rest 7What is the writer's purpose? PAGINA >78.01 Idioma Inglés ‘5. Explain the meaning of the following connectors and the ideas or concepts that they connect. ‘a, Nevertheless (paragr 5) Hence (paragr 3 and 16) b. However (paragr 15) However (paragr 18) ¢. Although (paragr 29) Unlike (paragr 27) 6. Read paragraph 20 and try to account for the use of the modal verb MUST in all the sentences. 7. Read paragraph 21 and account for the use of modal verb SHOULD in the questions. 8. Complete the following chart. Indicate the five most important paragraphs. Write the main ‘concept of cach and indicate the function of the paragraph in the text structure. PARAGRAPH CONCEPT FUNCTION ERNALIZE, La tercera etapa permite elaborar una reformulacién de lo leido a partir del texto y de los Propios esquemas y conocimientos previos. La elaboracién de wn esquema ayuda a wa raconstruccién del texto, una comprensién més profinda y una organizacién del recuerdo en elfururo. 1. Make an outline of the article. Hierarchize and connect the concepts. Inchide details, (Cluster the details that belong to the same concept. Try to express concepts in noun phrases. Indicate closure. Use either Li or La 2. Write the main idea of the article in one or two well-written sentences in Spanish. Pagina 8Lessons learned from tsunami damage in Sri Lanka wigaugerreeers |. *vound 3000000 people were klled by the tsunami that Memwetriesyesiina followed the SumatraAndaman earthquake on Boxing Day : 2004, making it one of the worst disasters in modem history, Up to 40 000 cied in Sri Lanka alone, where around 80 000 houses were also destroyed when waves up to 15 m high swept ashore. This paper reports on how coastal buildings and infrastructure in Sri Lanka behaved under various tsunami wave heights and the rnany lessons learned for reducing vulnerability to future events In particular newly published national guidelines for reconstruction emphasise the importance of ‘ping down structures against upward and lateral loads as ‘well as the need to anticipate and reduce soil scour around ‘foundations, especialy of backfilled earth. | TheSumatrs-Andomun cartnquace in factors shat make structures ore resist the indian Ocean ofthe Sumatran coust snl aginst nam atack: Depending | on Boxing Day (26 December 2004 on the wave height, varous ype of ‘measored arourd 9S en the Richer _suctues were allced. In genera, both scale and generated a tsunami thet af sarc end dmamie load ae dependent | feeted many countess around the Indian on wave height, ince wave veloiy ix | Qeean including Sei Lanka (Fg. ). also elated to beight! Hereaticr i his ©) Thecntre coastline was effected by 2 pape the wave eighs refered ta are sombination of die, iracted and fom she structure foundation level sd | rellectd waves Figs 2and 5). Wave not mean salve | hlghts re erticated to have reached up "At elatively Low wave eights of up 015 ca ftom mean seslevel in Ampara toaround 2, itwos manly 1-2m on the east coast. However pel weve high boundary walle that soscunbed, heights were lower than dis and As wove heights increase, single-storey maximum height of water experienced masonry sructires wee siguifcanty | by srctures Tower sil. The structural damaged and were complealyewept damage described here was caused by off thelr foundations at wave heights of ‘wave heights of 2-Sm from swetiral arcund 4m. Where even higher enersy foundation lee! ‘waves of 3-3 m height wer asompe- ‘This paper deserites how a view of nled by egulcan securing two storey coastal actors in Se Lanka baved rusted through underlning under ‘sunam loading. The objectives of foundations. It shew be noted that ‘oiendy from such peformance the the main trea fom a tei wave on Pagina 4peer re ae overturning, siding and Scouring * Debris pect i als com een although not focused on here. The and Sutilly ene ie cureney ander may A preliminary paper compares tae snd dynamic tut loading with eres nae aguinet siding end overturn The qualitative treatment in thie idecifying eructaral performed ether pcely or sel, and suggesting guidlines for robust constrution, The emphases the 5 oppated to strength fo resi foet. The proposed structural forms can subsequenty be designed fo the ap propite forces! Meaawlil, inerea ‘arctural robtmes wil alvaye reduce structural fllure under extreme thus save ves, ee erry | i ; e i | few ee ie Ss t eae ne a Pereira) Perret ernest (ears Samara) Seed eee eyBoundary walls Bourn uals nS Lanse often not deine! and/or vy part eonstc snc hey experines ge later loads nly inbagu In some cases, wali of ‘upto 2minbeght had been constructed {2 100 mm 8k masonry wi hardly ay ‘vera or trl racing, Moat of tne walls lapsed by overrsing during the isu P,4 howeve ge an campo of ga fe 2m bigh wall thar sulfered ‘only cal damage becuse it had been sta ino sags, with the Sat ‘Soge coping eam serving a intermedi ‘2 bosntl bracing forthe overall wall "Toa wal © Yracad verily ot aru $n The vera canlevers were strong nigh ori he lateral ead unl {ela of the lower panel ck pac, ster whith the lateral lead was reduce complete overturning flare was thus dad. This uggets hat boreal and ‘ert racing desi fr boundary walls of spent height. The columne hou be of enforced eonerete (es op- posed to masonry) so that anchorage fo foundations ie posible, Water tanks Many detached single storey houses sn Sui Lana hao a water ink 0-2) located above a chimney In many eats, Stas observed tal ‘ea the wate tk was na, hie enous had cllpsed under save igs of tpialy 4-5 m Fi. 5 “This probly Bocas bo the weigh ofthe wer tank en the box ype pen fom of the epporing chimney art cto stabil, On the ther band, whore wer tanks swe independenty supported by four ‘cums, masonry column were foun to perform very poorly The ene tower Jd ells adds water tank had been ‘frown fora considerable dstance. Even wher en termed smasery clus al dhe infor er brcng brows weigh mprovee stably ‘ut if overuming occur, the hesty waternk en become a thal miele, Hence if ely masonry i fordable for suppor: ing smal domestic miter tani, oye towers shouldbe used, Ideally braced som i calins should be wed end (wo! met es oad ce. Single-scorey structures Mos: gioscrysractures ar con sued in mas uring either coment Sand hollow Bock or bakwark generally cxsrandom rubbe masonry fodatons. Line cre renforced cone umd, which means herein ing down of thestct ining mode at wave eights of eround 44m, eopecaly where walls ware cal 10 sum thick Fe.) The resiance aginst siding i fered by the bond berween the wall aes and foundations, which often weak bec aleyerof a i uted a the dap proof ane by Hctnalreiance, wich treble to generat the icsonal eitance is lowered a aes of ubruergence thet anal redstance sequal te efficient of fiion mali by te simerged weight, which sth gaily Toad reduce by uotirst in water The perfomance of such tires cam be improved ty proving reisfocced com crete columns fare on pa footings leas tthe four eomaers, and continuous rete beam tr and Plich levels, 2 tet ome fame action Sd hing down i itrodace nf 8 Twp uty me svcral omag. ie pereereeees sch rying down of elerents from raf to foundatin is essential for resisting high ‘sind spends end eles to, ‘These of 200 mm tick mascary seat frexeral walle wl alse help by fcreasing the weight available for roblaing sting resistance suc tk nesses wl ab be required for adoquate mitre penetration etn an he ‘ual insulton These lesen hasbeen Incorporated in recent published et of guelins for balng tik fe natural asters“ The cox of compost ing sich roburiese-imgrovng fetes probably nt more than 10-15% ofthe Srigal cost, Danses Wace ee eet ee ere) Singlesorey cructaee wit ros walle ‘bracing the sot laine wl performed Dene than hase without sch wale pecally where wave eights were not high aough‘o cause complete ing fare Forexample, ae: bos that had eros vals at lsd epucing performed very ‘well even at wave heights of around 4m (Fig 7) On the othor han, very robust ‘elt bloke matleredonetiring fare without mach disintegration a wate beighis only 2m (i. 8) thelr foe, dations were foo thao. ‘Wales ere also robust suuctres due to thei exeular plan form. Tis ame form makes them hydeeulially efSclen, real 7"ing ine lower horizontal wove ond, As such, virtually all wells were left szad- ing, even hoogh ajacen houses weze destzoye. Tere was bosom: evidence that bung with comers facing the ‘weve direc (as opposed io beng ‘quae to the oat) performed Heer nce agai both structural an hydric factore woud contribute oth Most lions bling were azo not probaly du ob sign and contructon, compared to Somes suet, fa some eats, ale ‘ere sround 380 a one ndobale bricks the, corgpered othe bs Walls of normal hots, The rounds Shape and smootbened snares of st tures suchas ststue would ale Bae red the drag forces on tem. The igh ‘al-welght of thee etucure would have ees eer ee Deer Pee eae ete Coie eee eee ee eee reched sing fll too would ‘oweverhave eacerbtedstemen: dae to esurng (ee Fig. 3, where the wave eight was 35 ‘Shing cf houses by those else 19 fered by toss, espeataly by mangroves, snd by sand danes. Te cretion of bull 2one with appropriate vegetation i land-use planing ere for refocing {saan damage? This strategy i being explore in SH Lana oo Muls-storey structures Maltisorey structures pestered such ater tan gle ones “Thies becas of the gestae weight that resist ovesturing and sing fae ‘uthemnore, a arge par of thet weight (expecially ine trocture was over wo stereys high) was not serge end hence made grate contbsson to stay agunet iter ead. At many Tecate sch sechoels and tourist ‘hiss the cores botwuen singe storey and two serey scans was sack, with ‘nor ofthe former ving ben sept fy while the ater remned inact (se Fig. 0, where se wave height wns 4) The other reason forthe srl of mh istry sacs feta they ane conc Frame sractins Inmost sch Eling, ‘nil bck wall perpadlcla to the ‘acing wave ction had been punched ep they were of 100 mmm thilasss, Howere il wal parallel to the advancing weve ection remained r= tact wth vel no cracking bracing he aman apa he kon ave loading eee eerie al pater ear Eien‘ot building wthlond-earing carers had been undermined Fg. 14 only by two end coma; hence there is wall as opposed to cone faze) seo shows a gehool building extensely no redundency inthis ection, perfrmed well atthe sume wave helght damaged bya wave height of nly 3 ‘nother, the presence of iil walle 9f5Sm,espedally becante he load-bear-Furtermore, in school buldings con. adjacent othe corner colirans would ing malls were oriented once aguinin the sioxedtoa'ype pln the main baras have culrbuted to siflening the un

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