Chapter 10. Matrices Formulae An m xn matrix usually written as au 1 row ae|2 2"4 row ai Ont i mth row L 4 ot yst ond nth column column column Generally the matrix is represented by A=lajlnxn or A= [aj]. The numbers ay1,412-....1 mn are called the elements of matrix A. Order of Matrix = Numbers of Row x Numbers of Column" Equality of matrices. Two matrices A =[ajlpxq B= [bjlrxs are equal ie, A =B if and only if (i) Aand Bareinsameorder ie, p=randq=s (ii) Eachelement of A is equal to corresponding element of the other i,, ai; = by. Addition of Matrices: Let A and B be two matrices each of order m x n. Then their sum A + B is a matrix of order m x n and is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and 8. Example: Let er + 05 1 [23] n° 14+02+5]_[17 el [eel : Properties of Matrix Addition: 1. Matrix addition is commutative ,A+B=B+A 2. Matrix addition is associative for any three matrices A, B and C. A+(B+C) = (A+B) +C. 3. Existence of identity. A null matrix is identity element for addition. Le, At+O=A=04A,4. Cancelation laws hold good in case of matrices. A+B=A+C3B=C Subtraction of Matrices: For two matrices A and B of the same order, we define A-B=A+(-B). Example : If A = [: 3] and B= R I Properties of Matrices Multiplication 1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general for any two matrices AB + BA. 2. Matrix multiplication is associative , (AB) C = A (BC) when both sides are defined. 3, Matrix multiplication is distributed over matrix addition Le., A(B + C) = AB + AC (A+B) C=AC+BC. 4, If Ais ann x n matrix then IA = A= Aly 5. The product of two matrices can be the null matrix while neither of them is the null matrix. Determine the Following : 21 [7] Question 1. Given] 5 |X| 6 |+ Write: (i) the order of the matrix X. (ii) the matrix X. 21 7 egy ‘The order of matrix X =2x1 a (ii) Let x -| 4 [30 9-(4 s° 3 4jL bl“ L 6, 24d [ d] 3a+4b} “| 6, => dat+b=7 -3a+4b = 6 From(1)and(2)@ = > x -f35 2 oc Question. 1fA=| , and Be| |-is product AB possible ? Give a reason. If yes, find cn? 5} mse-[] soliton: =| 3 3), ana Adana the product AB is possible as the number of columns in A are equal to the number of rows in B. 3 52 4--2)L4 3x2+5x4 4x24 (-2)x4 Now AB = “paste p+3 3q jon 3. Fina as eae = p+3; 2p-p = 3-1 pa2 caf) @-2 = 3q-4 @-3q +2=0 P-y-qr2=0 9(q-2)-(q-2) = 0 G-2G-1) = 0 v2) 3q-P = 6 @-5q+6 = 0 @-3)q-2) = 0 + @) By equation (2) and (3) - g=2 = p= 2%qn2_ Ans.pol [o-q Question 4. Given A = |, B=| 0 1 2-2 C= jand BA = C2, Find the values of p and q. - it ‘ o-LLt- td BA=@ 3 -&y=-8q=4 p=8=pa8 Ans. ETH EEL 7 2+0] [-6| find : (i) AB, (ii) BA.Solution : (i) AB = alsa 1+4.¢2) 23445 13 2) 334 -[: a [3 " 13 i) wa =[_ 2:5 aL 12+ a 22453 -24+52. 1 10 pa =[2 8] ans Question 7, Find x and y, if Ieee | o-sJL2SL y. [ | [ J Solution :| By -10. y. -3x+4=-5; y=-10 x=3, y=-10 Question 8. Given that A= [ J andB [3 4] and that AB = A + B, find the values of a, band c. Solution : AB= A+B (oelst]-[eel-[34] [ee le b o4el” Lo +e 3a= 340 =b d= 3 2=0 3 dem 4+ 3c= 4 os e=3-FAL sowson: [FS ]EL[] erage [SEs]: 9y= 9y=1) sin30° —) cot 45° sin 90° : [ tan 45° cued cosec 30° cos 0° Question 10. [ a sia { ee | abon=| cot 45* sin 90° a | tan 45° =o cosec 30° cos 0° {rai | 22 {Seth = Question 11. Find the value of x given that Ag=B 212 4x A= = : [ 0 ihe [ 0 4 212 Solution: As ] ee tee i ee o ilo. : ‘*) 01 AZ = B (given)Question 12. Find x and y if PE) — [It = = x= and oy = 2 = yor Question 13. Find x and y, if x 3x (2 5 ay ir (22 } Solution : On multiplying LHS, matrices, we get = , which is equal to RHLS., matrix, evaluate their corresponding elements to get the values of x and y. Hence, x =1,y=2. Ans. “ey () sain: (3-3)6)- a gguuguQuestion 15. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix whose elements ay are given by ey=2i-j iy SBE. Solution (i) We have ay = 2i—j Now ay = 2x1-141 a2 = 2x1-2=0 @y = 2x2-1=3 @y = 2x2-2=2 So the required matrix an a-( 2] 10 elle) | ~ (i) Wehave a, = 2 (1+2x1P 9 oleae (1+2x2P 25 Sea 2 con arent a) (2+2x1P 16 = @+2x2F an = 18. 2 The required matri A=-|% «| an 4, 9/2 25/2 eas Question 16. Given tel] Find the matrix X such that A +2X = 2B +C. 2-6 -32 Solution. A ,B=|° |, 20 4 40 ce 02 A+2X = 2B+C 2-6 -3 2] [40 +2X = 2| be 2 0. 40] lo2 ~6 4] [40] [2 - X= +] |- sol Lo al Lo. -6+4-24+0+6] [-4 10 X= =| 8+0-20+2-a L 6-2 -25) [-25 XK =2 X= Ans. 31. 31‘Question 17. Find matrices X and Y, if 3 6 5 2 | \d X-Y=| ae [ 2 an Solution : We have boos 11-0-¥04| 5 2,[-2 4 09 0 1. 2-4 = wy =[2 | 1)2 -4]_|1 -2 veil | [: ‘] 44 1-2 : [2 [:'| tion 18, If A = and I= — 12 01 find A?-5A +71. Solution : A= ACA -[2iag “| 4 aL =A2-5A+71 we ho Ne + x 4 1 oor 4 — on OG Ba + ‘ so = I so cook he hea eu eo91 15 cneion st? ‘} s-[} 3] find matrix C such that 5A + 5B + 2C is a null matrix. Solution: Let = E ‘| ed 91 15 Wehave A = [2 + ana E 4 Now 5A +3B+2C=0, m5[32} sf! 8 ]e2[t4] -[06] 4% 5], sul,[ 22 oo] *1 35 40]* | 21 36)” | 2c 24)” | 00, 454+3+22 5+15+25| [00 = 35+21+2c40+36+24) ~ | 0 0. [eae] [ee ae 56 +2 76+24)~ | 00 = 84+2 = 0d 20+2b = 0=92b=-20=9b=-10 56+2c = O=92c=-56=9¢=-28 76+2d = 0=>2d=-76=d=-38 24-10) oak Ans. 48 a=~24 (.:3)G")-2€¢) -46) souion(8,2)()+2(3 )-«(5) Cee) (#23:4)-(5) Now 6x-10 = 8 18 6x = 18 x= G=3 and e+ ld = fy 23414 = Ay or dy = 14-6=8 8 yr ae 3,y=2. Ans,10). 410 Question 21. rel Janie |. a -1 7. o1 then find k so that A? = 8A + KI. ‘Soution : We have aa[ to] weane[t ol tg] (i, vot ancate oft shel?) “Ls ches] -[" ° | -8 56+k. Thus - A? = BA+H 4 e| 1 0). [et 0 ] -8 49, 8 564k. => 1 = 8+k =» k=-7 Also 56+k = 49 = =-7. 31 Question2.A=| |, show that AP-5A+71 =0. Solution : We have mh -1 S ils w-[3 ‘3 ‘] les 342 “Li3-2 -144 ie “Les 3. (-53 C51 com [ee (sy [-# -5 “Ls =10. m3 °F [3 °]So A?-5A +71, 8 5} [-= =} ie 3. Mi 5 -10. Head 8-15+7 5-540 -5+5+0 3-10+ | So A?-5A+71,=0. Hence prot Question 23. If A = find matrix C if AC = B. 31 -1 aa+b [?] 2 -a+2b] ~ Lo. = Bat = 7 -a+b=-0 From equation (1), 6a+2b = 14 From (3)— (2) given. Ja= 14 => a=2 Put a= 2in (1), we get 64+b =7 b= 7-6=1 2 c=[i} old ol) w(2) +8)Question 24. If X | - 4 show that 6X -X? = 91, where I is unit matrix. Solution : Here XP = XX Ls =1 2h-L-1 [i wall 15 4 “L-4-2 -144S°L-6 3. LHS. = 6X-x aa] as | * ae ‘} i 3. [™ lf 15 4 -6 2) L-6 3, Jes 6:5] “L-6+6 1243, ele °] - 00.9 10 ~[} 4 = 91=RHS. Hence proved. Question 25. Evaluate x, y if (3 alz}[}L3] Solution : [3 ale}-4]-[s ]-[:] [sarc ]-[3] “ahG)-(] ele [s2)-[s]6x-10 = 8 = 6x = 18, x=3 -2x+14 = -2x3414 y Question 26. Given A=|§_ 3 evaluate A244, 11 Solution: A=|5 3 vaiffi4 2 ae [; i Hl 148 143] | 9 8+24 84+9)=|32 ” aa} HE lé A 94 v-4A = [2 ul. [.s 32 7 9- 414- ‘] = [32-32 17-12, 510 ea [3] ie 2 o-2' else f] fie iy --| 2» F| = 15 -100+2415 4-841 -233 17 6. 7 Question 28, Find the 2 x 2 matrix X which mecesned 37 -5 Solution: | > 4 bea 5 0+356421 = [o+204+12]+2% = 35 27 20 16 J*2X = x = x = xSoution: Let X = Wehave A = 3A = Now 3A+5B-2X= als 15 9. 35 =! [‘3] ° | Question 30. Let A =| es B= a 23 wac-[? i: . Find A?- A + BC 42 02 Solution: A= LBe| 6-3 a1 23 and s i 1-4 4-2] [42 2 Abe 6-3}|6-3. 16-12 -8+6 24-18 -12+9 42 1 Abe BC (eee)Now A2-A+BC 4 aj ( 3] 22 : - + 6-3} 6 3]"|-3 4 oo0| [2-2] [22 “lool*Ls as" Ls 4 2 Questions. Let A=[) $}B=[_7 Find A? + AB +B. Solution : 2 1s ie wo anal HEY - x1+0x2 1x0+0x1} = |ax1+1x2 2x0+1x]| fi 0} “4 4 fi 0} 23 ao = axo-ft Jel? ft x2+0x-1 1x3+0x0 = 2x24+1k-1 2x34+1x0 2 3] “kB 6 23] 7 2 3] w= axB-[? gx[7 J 2x243x-1 2x3+3x0) -1x2+0x=1-=1x3+0x0, 1 6 0 2A2+ AB YB? = (SHE deL3 - -b3 Prove the Following ab 10 Question LFA] | | [and = show € o1 that A? - (a + d) A = (be-ad) I. Solution : Here A?-(a +d) A ab|[ab ab -[: al: i}« vol! il Be oe [ere a “Lactde cb+d J Lac+de ad +d ee al = (bead) 1. nice F. 12 21 Question 2. If a[t a], B= [? ] 31 3 auce| : “eat ta (i) (AB)C = A(BC), (ii) A(® + C)= AB + AC. Solution : (i) as [23] [23] ae el [<7 3] “f “et sah [+3] [:: -[: (ABYC = Now, BC = 6+2 4) [-4 3] 6+6 2+0. 0 2 1 2|/-4 2 ner «[_ 2 ‘- 0 ‘] ae real [os ‘| 8+0 -4+6. 82. Hence, (ABYC = A(BC). 7 24 -31 _ s+c-[? ‘JL 2 ‘] [23 1] |-: | 2+2 3+0. 4 34-1+ 8 2+6] [ 7 ‘| 2412 -4+91 Lid 5. 1 2 ~344 sso) 1 1] 6+6 ~24+0) Liz -2 [e273] 2+12 7-2 78 ABT AC “LZ | Hence A(B+C) = AB+AC.e lag _}1 -2 auesion. t4-[ 2 *Jowo-[? ‘| then show that (A - BP # A?—2AB + B*. Solution. A-B =| 21}? = 2itls 3. 3-1 142|_] 23 2-5 1-3) 132 (A-BY = (A-B)(A-B) = ame[ 2 sf? 3] ef) [5 3] wo [2 t]3] eae e-[P2ia] -[E 1-10 -2- | S415 -10+9 a as -[3 112-3] eal -[2 bs 2h2 3) -[n Hs He 2] -[naeg ees] [o ‘| 14 4. Hence, from above calculations, we get (A-B) # A?-2AB+BR,