PHYSICS LAB MANAUL

FOR

PHY122-PHYSICS LAB-II
SR.
DESCRIPTION
NO.

1 An introduction to units, errors ,different types of graphs and measurement of

length, mass and time

To study the variation of magnetic field with the distance along the axis of
2 circular coil carrying current by plotting a graph.

To compare the frequency of oscillation produced by the two audio oscillator

3
using Lissajous figures.

To plot a graph between current and frequency in LCR series and parallel
4 circuit and find resonant frequency, quality factor and band width.

To study the voltage regulation and ripple factor of (a) Half Wave Rectifier
(b) Full Wave Rectifier (c) Bridge rectifier and trace it input and output by
5 using CRO.Also study the L-type and π-type filter circuit.

MTE

6 To study the induced emf as the function of velocity of the magnet.

To find the coefficient of self inductance of a coil by Anderson’s method

7 using a head phone.

To determine Hall Voltage and Hall Coefficient using Hall Effect.

8

To study the characteristics of PNP and NPN transistor(CE and CB).

9

To determine the frequency of an electrically maintained tuning fork using

10 CRO.
Experiment No. 2: To study the variation of magnetic field with the distance along the axis of circular
coil carrying current by plotting a graph.

Equipment Required: Stewart and Gee’s apparatus with Tangents galvanometer, a battery, a rheostat,
an ammeter, a one way key, reversing key etc.

Learning Objectives:

1.To familiarize the students with variation of magnetic field with the distance along axis of circular
coil carrying current and will be able to plot graph between magnetic field and distance along coil.

2. we can also find the radius of circular coil using this method.

Circuit Diagram:
K1,K2 are the keys

Procedure:

 Place the magnetometer compass box on the sliding bench. Set the coil in magnetic meridian
by rotating the whole apparatus., rotate the compass box so that pointer ends reads as 0 – 0 on
the circular scale.
 Make the connection as shown in the figure. Allow the current in one direction with the help
of commutator and note the deflection of the needle. And also note the deflection by reversing
the current. If the direction is equal then the coil lies in the magnetic meridian.
 Adjust the current with the help of rheostat or resistance box so that the deflection in the
needle is about 60 to 70 degree. When the compass is placed at the centre of the coil, reverse
the current and again note the deflection. Read both the ends of the pointer. Take the mean of
the four reading.This is the deflection at X = 0.
 Now displace the compass needle through two centimeter each time along the axis of the coil
and note the deflection each time.
 Repeat the process till you get the at least ten observation on the east arm and on the west arm
of the apparatus.
 Plot the graph between the x and deflection. .
 Mark the point of inflection on the curve the distance between the two points is equal to the
radius of the coil.

Scope of the results expected:

The variation of magnetic field around the circular current carrying coil is Gaussian and is able to
determine the radius of the coil. It will justify the Biot-Savart’s law and will help to make better use
the magnetic effect of current in day to day life.

Parameters and Plots:

 Magnetic field with the variation of distance

 Plot between distance and tanθ

Cautions:-

 There should be no magnetic substances and current carrying conductor near the apparatus.
 The plane of the coil should be in the magnetic merdian.
 The deflection produced should in order of 60 to 70 degree.
 Both the ends of the pointer should be read at each time.
 The current should remain constant and should be reversed for each observation.
Experiment no 3
To compare the frequency of oscillation produced by the two audio oscillator using Lissajous figures.

Equipment Required: A standard 1000 Hz audio-oscillator, a variable frequency audio oscillator and
cathode ray oscilloscope.

Material Required: NA
Learning Objectives:

 To draw the lissajous figure.

 From the lissajous figure the Phase difference can be calculated.
 Compare the frequencies of two audio oscillators.

Outline of the Procedure:

1. Connect the standard frequency [1000 Hz] oscillator to the vertical input terminal of the
oscilloscope. Connect the audio oscillator whose frequencies are to be compared with the standard
oscillator to the horizontal frequency input terminal .Connect together the ground terminals of both the
oscillators.
2. Set the CRO so that the sharp, bright spot is obtained at the centre of the screen. Set the audio
oscillator frequency to the marked value of 1000Hz.
3. Switch on both the oscillators and adjust the gain control of the oscillators as well as the horizontal
and vertical gains of the oscilloscope so that a good size ellipse appears on the screen. The actual
frequency oscillator frequency is now 1000Hz.Record the dial reading.
4. Set the oscillator frequency to the marked value of 500 and adjust slowly so that a 1:2 Lissajous
figure is obtained. Record the dial reading.
5. Similarly obtain (1:3,3:1), (2:3,3:2) Lissajous figure and so on up to (1:5,5:1).

Observations:
Vertical input standard frequency = 1000Hz

Hor. Input Shape of fig No. of tangency points Vertical Freq. Actual Hor.
Freq.
On X-axis On Y-
Marked dial axis Horizontal
Freq.

Scope of the results expected: Actual Horizontal frequency

Parameters and Plots: NA

Cautions:
 The vertical and horizontal gain controls of the oscilloscope should be adjusted to obtain a
proper size of Lissajous Figure.
 The sensitivity depends upon the amplifier gain. The gain control knob should not be disturbed
during the experiment.
 The frequency of the audio-oscillator should be slowly adjusted so as to lock the pattern.
Experiment No. 4- To plot a graph between current and frequency in LCR series and
parallel circuit and find resonant frequency, quality factor and band width.

Equipment Required- An audio-frequency oscillator (range 10 Hz to 10 kHz), an

inductance coil, variable capacitors, variable resistors, a non-inductive resistance box, ac
millimeter, ac voltmeter, connecting wires etc.

Material Required: NA

Learning Objective - To experimentally study LCR series and parallel circuit.

2. To find the quality factor and resonant frequency.

3. Also calculate bandwidth from the graph.

4. Be able to explain why LCR series circuit is called acceptor and LCR parallel circuit
is called rejector circuit.

Fig: Series LCR Circuit Fig: Parallel LCR Circuit

Procedure: 1. Connect the LCR (series/parallel) circuit.

2. With output voltage of the oscillator kept constant throughout the experiment vary the
value of A.F. and measure the corresponding value of current in millammeter for each
observation.

3. Repeat the experiment for two more different values of R.

4. Plot a graph between current (y axis) and frequency (x axis).

 Observations:
Resistance R =
Capacitance C =
Inductance L =
Output voltage of audio oscillator = Input voltage for LCR Circuit , E v =
S. No Frequency (in ) Current in the circuit (in mA) for
R1 R2 R3

Current at resonance from the graph for

(i) R1 =
(ii) R2 =
(iii) R3 =
Calculated value of current at resonance for
(i) R1 = Ev /R1
(ii) R2 = Ev /R2
(iii) R3 = EV /R3
Resonant frequency, νr = 1/(2π LC )
Resonant frequency, νr (graphically) =

Quality Factor
Maximum value of current at resonance Ir =
Corresponding Frequency νr =
0.707 Ir =
Corresponding value of frequency
below νr , ν1 =
above νr, ν2 =
Band Width = ν 2 - ν1 =
  r 
Quality Factor, Q = 2π  
 2  1 

2  r L
Calculated value of Q from inductance L = (ωrL)/R =
R

(1/ C r ) 1
Calculated value of Q from capacitance C = =
R 2CR r
Parallel Circuit

S. No Frequency (in ) Current in the circuit (in mA) for

R1 R2 R3

Current at (anti) resonance from the graph for

Impedance at resonance Z =

Plots and parameters:

Current vs. frequency

Scope of the Result-

Graph between current and frequency will be Gaussian.
Resonant frequency, quality factor and band width can be calculated from the graph.
Cautions-
 If the amplitude of the output voltage of the oscillator changes with frequency, it must be adjusted.
 The values of inductance and capacitance are so selected that the natural frequency of the circuit
lies almost in the middle of the available frequency range.
Experiment No. 6: To Study the induced e.m.f. as function velocity of the magnet.
Equipment Required: Apparatus for the study of electromagnetic induction, circuit
arrangement for measuring the peak value of induced e.m.f.
Material Required: A small strong permanent magnet, a stopwatch, semicircular arc shaped
stand with adjustable weights on two sides, a coil.
Learning Objectives:
 Electromagnetic induction
 Induced e.m.f
 Dependence of the magnitude of induced e.m.f on the velocity of the magnet.
Outline of the Procedure:
 Mount the magnet at the middle point of the semi-circular arc and suspend the
rigid aluminium frame from its centre so that whole frame can oscillate freely
through the coil.
 Adjust the position of two weights to have minimum time period.
 Connect the terminals of the coil to circuit arrangement for measuring the peak
value of induced e.m.f.
 Note time for about 20 oscillations with an amplitude of about say 20cm and
respective peak voltage.
 Repeat thrice keeping the amplitude same and find the time period.
 Repeat the experiment after changing the amplitude and take 8-10 readings.
 Now change the time period by adjusting the position of the weights on the
diameter arm. Take about three readings at this position.

Scope of the results expected: This experiment will help in understanding the nature and
polarity of induced e.m.f. One can apply the acquired knowledge to see the dependence of
induced e.m.f. on velocity of magnet w.r.t. the pickup coil.

Parameters and Plots:

(A) Time period constant, amplitude variable:
Mean position of the centre of the magnet= cm.
Radius of the semi-circular arc R 0= cm.

Sr.No. Amplitude Time for 20 Mean time eo eo/a= eo/ Linear velocity
a = R 0Ɵ0 Oscillations period(T) R0Ɵ0 v = (2Π/T) R0Ɵ0
1 (i)
2 (ii)
. (iii)
.
. Mean
8
(B) Amplitude constant, time period variable:
Sr.No. Amplitude Time for 20 Mean time eo eoT Linear velocity
a = R 0Ɵ0 Oscillations period(T) v = (2Π/T) R0Ɵ0
1 (i)
2 (ii)
. (iii)
.
. Mean
8
Model Plot:

Cautions:

 The semi circular frame should oscillate freely as a whole on the knife edge.
 The magnet should pass freely through the coils.
 The e.m.f. developed in the coil should be measured with help of an electronic
circuit.
 The magnet should be small and should be mounted at the middle of the semi
circular arc.
Experiment No. 7 : To find the coefficient of self induction of a coil
by Andersons method using head phone.

Equipment Required: Inductance coil, Capacitor, Two variable resistances,

Galvanometer, headphone, audio oscillator.

Formula Used: Inductance- L= CR (P+2r)

Circuit Diagram:

Learning Objectives:
(a).Balancing point of the Wheatstone bridge.
(b).Self-inductance of the unknown coil
(c).Unknown capacity of capacitor can be determined.

Procedure:
  According to circuit diagram using a battery in place of A.C. Source and
galvanometer in place of headphone make the connections.
 Make Resistance P = Q
 Taking a suitable value of R adjust the value of S so as to get a null point.
Note the values of resistances P and R.
 Now replace the galvanometer by a headphone and battery by A.C.
source you will hear a sound in headphone.
 Reduce the sound to minimum or zero value by varying the variable
resistance r by keeping all other resistances constant out of which three
are already constant. This is the balance point for alternating current.
Note the value of r for which sound in minimum or zero.
 Note the value of capacitance marked on it. Repeat it three times by
changing the value of capacitance.

Scope of the results expected:

The self inductance of unknown coil is ------- L. This experiment can be used to
calculate the unknown capacity of capacitor.

Parameters and Plots:

Capacitance C =
Resistance P = Q = Ω
Resistance R = Ω
Resistance r = (i) Ω (ii) Ω (iii) Ω
Mean r = Ω

Inductance L= CR (P+2r)

Cautions:
 Use non-inductive resistance.
 Capacitor used in the experiment must be standard one otherwise,it may
introduce error in the result.
 Sound should be reduced to minimum value or zero before noting
balancing point.
 Balancing point should be clearly noted.
Experiment no 8
Experiment No. 9: To study the characteristics of pnp and npn transistor (CE and CB).

Equipments Required: A pnp and npn transistor, Two voltmeters, Two milliammeters,
a potentiometer of total resistance of the order of one mega ohm, Batteries, connecting
wires.
Material Required: NA

Learning Objective
Set the transistor circuit to study its input/output characteristics with proper biasing.

Study the active, cut-off and saturation region.

Comparison of CB

and CE

Circuit diagram:

Outline of Procedure:

Common base characteristics of the PNP transistor: Base is common to input and
output circuit. To draw the input characteristics, adjust the values of VCB (fix at one
point) and increase the VEB from zero onwards note IE.

To draw the output characteristics, adjust the values of IE at some fixed value and increase
the value of VCB from zero onwards and note IC.

Common emitter characteristics of the PNP transistor: Emitter is common to input

and output circuit. To draw the input characteristics, adjust the value of VCE (fix at one
point) and increase the value of VEB from zero onwards and note the value of IB.

To draw the output characteristics, adjust the values of IB at some fixed value and increase
the value of VCE from zero onwards and note IC.

Parameters and plots

IE=Emitter current, IB=Base current, IC=Collector current, VEB=Emitter to base voltage,

VCB=collector to base voltage, VCE = Collector to emitter voltage.

Characteristics of Transistor:

(A) Input:

For Common Base: Between IE and VEB at constant values of the collector voltages.

For Common Emitter: Between IB and VBE at constant values of the collector voltages.

(b) Output:

For Common Base: Between IC and VCB at constant value of emitter current.

For Common Emitter: Between IC and VCE at constant values of the collector voltages.
Plots of data:

Common Base configuration:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS OUTPUT

CHARACTERISTICS
COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS OUTPUT

CHARACTERISTICS

Cautions:
1. If the collector voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage for the junction the result may
vary.
2. If in a PNP transistor the emitter is not given the positive potential with respect to the
base and collector a negative voltage with respect to the base then the result may vary.

3. The leads of the transistor should be connected in the right way, the collector and the
emitter junctions should not be interchanged.