Q1. Elucidate the functions of statistics.

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1. Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of

nature.

2. Statistical helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.

3. Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data.

4. Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form
for an easy and clear comprehension of the data.

5. Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of a phenomenon through
quantitative obersevations.

6. Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the
population parameters from the sample data.

Q2. What are the methods of statistical survey? Explain briefly.

Statistical surveys are categorized into two stages – planning and execution. The below figure will shows
the two broad stages of Statistical survey.

Planning a Statistical Survey

The relevance and accuracy of data obtained in a survey depends upon the care exercised in planning. A
properly planned investigation can lead to best results with least cost and time. The below figure gives
the explanation of steps involved in the planning stage.
Execution of Statistical survey

Control methods should be adopted at every stage of carrying out the investigation to check the
accuracy, coverage, methods of measurements, analysis and interpretation.

The collected data should be edited, classified, tabulated and presented in diagrams and graphs. The
data should be carefully and systematically analyzed and interpreted.

Q3. Tabulate the following data:

Age: 20-40; 40-60; 60-above
Departments: English, Hindi, Political science, History, sociology
Degree level: Graduates, Post graduates; PhD,
Total students in age group and in degree level.

Sol.

Total Students in age group and in degree level

Age
Depart 20-40 40-60 60-above
ments Post Post Post
Graduate graduate Ph Graduate graduate Ph Graduate graduate Ph
s s D s s D s s D
English
Hindi
Political
science
History
Sociolog
y
Total

Q4. The data given below is the distribution of employees of a business according to their
efficiency. Find the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation from Mean and Median:
Efficiency Index 22-26 26-30 30-34 34-38 38-42
Emloyees 25 35 15 5 2

Efficiency Employees x fx x− x f x− x ( x − median) F(x-

Index F median)
22-26 25 24 600 -4.29 107.25 8 200
26-30 35 28 980 -.29 10.15 4 140
30-34 15 32 480 3.71 55.65 0 0
34-38 5 36 180 7.71 38.55 4 20
38-42 2 40 80 11.71 23.42 8 16
82 2320 235.02 24 376

∑ fx 2320
mean = x = = = 28.29
∑f 82

∑ x−x 2.87
md from Mean = = = 0.1014 = 0.10
n 28.29
∑( x − median) 376
md from median = [ ]= =11.75
median 32
md from median 11.75
coff of md (median) = = = 0.367
median 32

Q5. What is conditional probability? Explain with an example.

Sometimes we wish to know the probability that the price of a particular petroleum product will rise, given
that the finance minister has increased the petrol price. Such probabilities are known as conditional
probabilities.
Thus the conditional probability of occurrence of an event ‘A’ given that the event ‘B’ has already
occurred is denoted by P (A / B). Here, ‘A’ and ‘B’ are dependent events. Therefore, we have the
following rules.

If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are dependent events, then the probability of occurrence of ‘A and B’ is given by:

It follows that :

and

For any bivariate distribution, there exists two marginal distributions and ‘m + n’ conditional distributions,
where ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the number of classifications/characteristics studied on two variables.
Q6. The probability that a football player will play Eden garden is 0.6 and on Ambedkar Stadium is
0.4. The probability that he will get knee injury when playing in Eden is 0.07 and that in Ambedkar
stadium is 0.04.What is the probability that he would get a knee injury if he played in Eden.

Sol :

Let ‘A 1’ be the event that a football player will play in Eden garden.
Let ‘A 2’ be the event that a football player will play in Ambedkar Stadium.
Let ‘B’ be the event of getting knew injury while playing.

We are given that : –

P(A 1) = 0.6 and P(A 2) = 0.4

P(B/A 1) = 0.07 and P(B/A 2) = 0.04

The given information ban be put in the following form. We note that,

P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B/A)

and P(B) = ∑ P(A i ∩ B).

= ∑ P(A i) . P(B/A)

The required probabilities are calculated and represented in the below table :

Event Prior Probability Conditional Probability Joint Probability Posterior Probability

Ai P(A i) P(B/A i) P(A i ∩ B)
A1 0.6 0.07 0.042 0.042/0.058 = 21/29
A2 0.4 0.04 0.016 0.016/0.058 = 8/21
Total 0.058

So, the required probability is 21/29