Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS
ALIMENTOS
PUNO – Perú
2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL
ALTIPLANO
CURSO :
DOCENTE :
ALUMNA (O) :
---------------------------------
Puno – Perú
2021
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
PRODUCTOS LÁCTEOS
1. La leche
1.1.1 Agua
1.1.2 Proteínas
1.1.3 Grasas
1.1.4 Carbohidratos
La leche cuenta con casi la totalidad de las vitaminas; sin embargo debido a los
fuertes tratamientos térmicos a los que es sometida en busca de prolongar su
vida útil, se ocasiona la pérdida de la gran mayoría de las vitaminas
hidrosolubles, aportándole al ser humano vitaminas liposolubles como la A, D,
K y algunas del complejo B; en cuanto a los minerales, la leche es la principal
fuente de calcio y en menor cantidad de fósforo. (1)
Determinación de la densidad
Determinación de la acidez
Ebullición
2. Cultivos lácticos
PRÁCTICA Nº2
ELABORACIÓN DE YOGURT
1. Yogurt
El yogur, también conocido como leche ácida, es un producto lácteo
coagulado, obtenido a través de fermentación láctica (fermentación de la
lactosa) durante algunas horas a una temperatura de 45 ºC en promedio, por la
acción de las bacterias Lactobacillus bulgaricus, actualmente conocida como
Lactobacillus delbrueckiii y Streptococcus thermophillus sobre la leche. (1)
– Aporta proteínas de buena calidad que se digieren mejor que las proteínas
de la leche.
– yogur aflanado.
– yogur batido.
– yogur bebible.
1.2. CMC
2. Materiales e Insumos
- Leche entera
- CMC
- Azúcar blanca
- Cultivo madre
- Saborizante
- Colorante
- envases plásticos con tapa.
- 1 olla de acero inoxidable de 6 litros (o mayor capacidad).
- 1 termómetro digital con un rango de 0-100°c.
- 1 cuchara y 1 cucharita de acero inoxidable.
- 1 recipiente plástico con tapa de 1 litro de capacidad.
- coladores
- toallas de papel descartables.
3. Procedimiento
Recepción
Filtrado
Utilizar una gasa para filtrar y así eliminar pajas, pelos y piedrecillas y otros.
Estandarización
Pasteurización
Enfriamiento
Incubado
Enfriamiento
Acabado
Envasado
Leche
YOGUR BATIDO
Observaciones:
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Leche
YOGUR AFLANADO
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Leche
YOGUR BEBIBLE
Observaciones:
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4. Cuestionario
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PRÁCTICA Nº3
ELABORACIÓN DE QUESO
1. Queso
Madurados: son los que pasan por la fermentación láctica, más otras
transformaciones, a fin de conseguir un mayor afinado. Los que se someten a las
condiciones adecuadas de maduración para que desarrollen características
propias.
1.2. Suero de la leche
A partir de 10 litros de leche se produce de 1 a 2 kg de queso y de 8 a 9 kg de
suero de leche, del cual existen dos tipos que se diferencian por su forma de
obtención: a) el llamado suero dulce, proveniente de los quesos fabricados con
renina, y b) el suero ácido que utiliza ácido acético para la precipitación; éste es un
subproducto de los quesos blanco y cottage y, debido a su pH, es muy corrosivo
para los metales (cuadro 12.9). Los lactatos y los fosfatos que contiene actúan
como amortiguador de pH y el equilibrio ácido-base influye en muchas de sus
propiedades, en la estabilidad y en la precipitación térmica.
El suero tiene una proporción baja de proteínas, pero éstas poseen una calidad
nutritiva superior a la de las caseínas que conforman el queso. Se han
desarrollado muchas técnicas encaminadas a su aprovechamiento, y una de las
más sencillas de tipo casero, es calentarlo para precipitar las proteínas y después
eliminar el agua por prensado; en muchas poblaciones de México se consume
directamente después de salarlo, y se conoce como requesón. A un nivel
industrial, el suero se usa en forma deshidratada (una vez que se le elimina el
agua mediante evaporación y se seca por aspersión), aun cuando el producto
resultante se daña térmicamente y es poco soluble. Sus propiedades funcionales y
usos en la alimentación humana dependen de los daños que pueda recibir durante
1.3. El cuajo
Cuajo natural: Es el que se extrae del estómago del ternero, cordero, cabritos,
etc. Cuando estas crías sólo se alimentan con leche, esa parte del sistema
digestivo se llama cuajar porque produce una sustancia llamada chimosina que
coagula la leche.
2. Materiales e Insumos
Insumos
- Leche fresca
- Sal Yodada
- Cuajo en polvo
Materiales
Equipos
Recepción de la leche
Estandarización de la leche
Maduración de la leche
Cuando la leche es muy fresca, con 16 – 17ºDornic de acidez será necesario dejar
madurar la leche por lo menos por una hora antes de cuajar, de modo que la
acidez llegue a 18º o 19º Dornic.
Calentamiento de la leche
Los límites normales de calentamiento para la amyor parte de los quesos son de
28 a 35ºC. Normalmente los quesos blandos requieren una temperatura de
coagulación baja, mientras qué los quesos duros necesitan temperatura más
elevadas. El calentamiento debe ser uniforme, es decir que la leche se debe agitar
continuamente, para evitar que la leche se queme en la superficie de la paila.
Coagulación de la leche
Término de la Coagulación
Corte de la Cuajada
Es la división del coagulo de caseína, por medio de la lira, el corte tienje por objeto
transformar la masa de la cuajada en granos de un tamaño determinado para
dejar escapar el suero. El tamaño de los granos de cuajada depende del contenido
de agua que se desee en el queso. Para elaborar quesos con alta contenido de
humedad, es necesario cortar el bloque de cuajada en granos grandes, al
contrario en la elaboración de quesos duros (con bajo contenido de humedad) los
granos deben ser más pequeños.
Batido de la Cuajada
Es la agitación de los granos de cuajada dentro del suero caliente, para que salga
el suero que poseen en el interior. Conforme avanza el batido el grano disminuye
de volumen y aumenta su densidad, por la pérdida paulatina de suero, por esta
razón es necesario batir el grano cada vez con más frecuencia.
Moldeado y prensado
Consiste en colocar los granos de cuajada dentro de un molde para dar la forma
del queso, los moldes pueden ser de madera, plástico, paja, acero inoxidable. El
tamaño y la forma será de acuerdo al tipo de queso que se desee elaborar. El
prensado debe ser muy suave al principio y después puede aumentarse la presión
paulatinamente.
Salazón
Leche
Enfriar Inmediato hasta 37°C, adición de 2.5 g de cloruro de calcio por 10 litros de leche.
Madurar Adición de 70 ml de fermento láctico por 10m litros de leche, reposo 5 min.
Batir 15 min, para que los granos suelten suero. Reposar por 5 min.
Moldear y prensar Moldear adecuadamente en tela quesera y prensar con un peso de 4 Kg.
Queso Andino
Observaciones:
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5. Cuestionario
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PRÁCTICA Nº4
ELABORACIÓN DE HELADO
1. Helado
La estructura del helado se vuelve muy compleja con la presencia del gas; es una
espuma sólida de células de aire cubiertas por la grasa emulsificada junto con una
red de microcristales de hielo que a su vez están rodeados de un líquido acuoso
en forma de sol. La textura depende de muchos factores: contenidos de grasa y de
derivados lácteos, aditivos añadidos, tratamientos térmicos, homogeneización,
velocidad de congelación, cantidad de aire añadida, etcétera.
Helados de Crema
Helados de Leche
Sherbets o Sorbetes
Helados de Fruta
Fracción de fruta del 20%. Hay cuatro tipos de helados de fruta: con componentes
lácteos y con aire batido, con pocos componentes lácteos y con aire batido, sin
componentes lácteos y con aire batido y sin componentes lácteos y sin aire batido.
Helados de Yogur
Helados Dietéticos
Tienen bajo contenido calórico. Contiene 14.4% de azúcar, 9.6% de jarabe o miel,
73% de agua y 3% de base fructosa. Pueden contener pulpa de fruta en diversos
grados.
1.2. Ingredientes
Leche en polvo
En la industria heladera se prefiere trabajar con leche en polvo pues de este modo
se puede regular fácilmente la concentración de sólidos deseada, sin embargo se
puede utilizar cualquier tipo de leche: leche evaporada, leche fresca etc.
Grasa
Es un elemento muy importante debido a que la calidad del helado esta en razón
directa a la calidad de grasas que contenga. Un helado con 18% de grasa es más
suave y menos frío que un helado cuyo contenido de grasa es solo del 10%.
Las fuentes de grasa de las que se puede disponer son las siguientes: crema de
leche, la que le de un sabor agradable y fue muy utilizada antiguamente en la
elaboración de los helados, la desventaja es que es un elemento bastante caro
comparada con las otras grasas como por ejemplo la manteca vegetal y la
manteca de origen animal.
Estabilizantes
Edulcorantes
Saborizantes
Emulsionantes
Su función es unir la grasa de los líquidos, cuando se utiliza manteca, además los
emulsionantes consiguen un aumento en los niveles de aireación alcanzados
durante el batido. Un emulsionante natural es la lecitina de la yema de huevo.
Frutas
Colorantes
Helado Crema
1.3. Procedimiento
2. Materiales e Insumos
Insumos
- Leche fresca
Materiales
Equipos
Leche
HELADO DE CREMA
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Almacenar
CHUPETES DE CREMA
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PRÁCTICA Nº5
1. Introducción
1. Materiales e Insumos
Insumos
- leche entera
- azúcar
- maicena
- pectina
- bicarbonato de sodio
Materiales
3. Procedimiento
Leche
Adicionar Insumos Añadir todos los insumos, 1/2 azùcar, maicena diluida con agua, azúcar quemada
bicarbonato de sodio, 1/2 azùcar + goma arabiga o pectina.
Enfriar
MANJAR BLANCO
Observaciones:
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PRÁCTICA Nº6
Maduración
Se logra una recuperación parcial de las características de textura iniciales, bajo
unas condiciones de refrigeración o estimulación eléctrica en las dos etapas
anteriores, esto permite un músculo blando y jugoso, al cual se le denomina
CARNE que se obtiene al alcanzar un pH aproximado de 6.4, posterior a las 72
horas. Unas inadecuadas prácticas antemorten y en el sacrificio, pueden producir
dos defectos en la carne conocidos como carne PSE y DFD por sus siglas en
inglés. La carne PSE se caracteriza por ser blanda, suave y exudativa y es
generada por un descenso rápido en el pH. La carne DFD se caracteriza por ser
oscura, firme y seca y está relacionada con la insuficiente disminución del pH,
evitando la desnaturalización de las proteínas y generando una retención de agua
en el músculo.
Procesamiento de la carne
Aditivos
Ascorbatos y eritorbatos
Especias
Glutamato monosódico
Potenciador de sabor.
Polifosfatos o fosfatos
Proteínas no cárnicas
Sal
Sales nitratadas
Fundas naturales:
Fundas de celulosa:
Fundas de fibrosas
Son fundas con una base de papel y reforzadas con fibras de celulosa. Poseen
alta permeabilidad al vapor de agua y el humo. Son empleadas en productos
cárnicos de mediano y largo calibre.
Se obtienen a partir del colágeno obtenido de la piel del ganado vacuno, llamado
corium . Son más homogéneas que las fundas naturales.
Fundas de poliamida
2. Tripas
2.1. Clasificación
Naturales
Proceden del tracto digestivo de animales (res, porcino y ovino), son económicas,
producen una unión intima entre las proteínas de la envoltura y la masa embutida,
dándole aspecto artesanal
Sintéticas
3. Materiales e Insumos
Insumos
Materiales
3. Procedimiento
- Voltear la tripa.
Cuestionario
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PRÁCTICA Nº7
1. Formulación de chorizo
2. Formulación de morcilla
Procedimiento
1. Hacer cocer el hígado hasta que no salga sangre.
2. Moler la grasa con el hígado cocido y añadir los condimentos, posteriormente
pasar esta mezcla por la moledora con un poco de caldo.
3. Una vez que se haya mezclado todo la pasta y este homogénea sin grumos
pasteurizar por 5 min y posteriormente envasar.
Recepción
CHORIZOS
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 68
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
PRÁCTICA Nº8
1.2.2 Aditivos
Agentes endulzantes
Ácidos orgánicos
Brindan sabor ácido, ayudan a aumentar la vida útil a través de la disminución del
pH, impidiendo el desarrollo de algunos microorganismos.
Agentes gelificantes
Sal
Colorantes y saborizantes
Son empleados para realzar el color, sabor, aroma y olor de las frutas y hortalizas
procesadas cuando éstos son afectados por el calentamiento.
Conservantes
Selección de frutas
u hortalizas
Limpieza y desinfección
Pelado
Reducción de tamaño
Empaque
Refrigeración
Observaciones:
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PULPA DE FRUTAS
1. Introducción
1.1. Procedimiento
1. Selección
2. Lavado
Las frutas se lavan con abundante agua, utilizando una escobilla de plástico.
Sumergir las frutas en agua clorada por 3 minutos.
3. Escaldado
Las frutas como manzanas, plátanos que tienden a sufrir pardeamiento enzimático
deben escaldarse en agua hirviente por 5 a 15 min. Dependiendo de la fruta y el
estado de madurez.
4. Obtención de la pulpa
5. Estandarización
6. Pasteurizado
7. Envasado
8. Congelado
Fruta
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 74
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
Cuestionario
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 79
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
ELABORACIÓN DE MERMELADAS
1. Introducción
Fruta
Quinua
Mermelada de quinua
con naranja
Observaciones:
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 87
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
ELABORACIÓN DE NÉCTAR
I. Introducción
Grados Brix
(ºBrix)
Debe estar entre 12 a 16
ºBrix, dependiendo del
mercado al que se destine.
pH
Debe estar entre 3,6 a 4,0.
El valor más apropiado es 3,8.
Conservador
Como máximo puede contener
0,05% de conservador.
Fruta
Recepción
Lavado Lavar con abundante agua y sumergir en agua clorada por 5 min.
Néctar de un fruto
Jugoso
Observaciones:
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Estado de madurez
Contenido de Pectina
Las frutas que tienen un significativo porcentaje de pectina, reducen los costos de
procesamiento ya que requieren menos cantidad de espesante en la formulación,
sin embargo, este componente no es un requerimiento indispensable para que la
fruta pueda ser destinada al procesamiento de fruta en almíbar.
Textura
1.1. Insumos
Azúcar
Ácido cítrico
Estabilizador
Hidróxido de sodio
1.2. Materiales
- Balanza
- Mesas de trabajo.
- Termómetros.
- refractómetro.
- Cocina.
- Cuchillos.
- paletas
- tablas de picar
- Coladores.
- Cucharas medidoras.
- Entre otros.
a) Recepción
b) Pesado
El peso de la materia prima, se considera para llevar acabo los balances de masa
y controlar rendimientos.
c) Selección-clasificación
La selección se realizará para eliminar toda fruta que presente signos de deterioro,
las picadas, enmohecidas, putrefactas, etc. La clasificación se hace para agrupar
la fruta por: estado de madurez, forma, tamaño, color, etc., de este modo darle
tratamiento adecuado o separarlas de acuerdo al proceso tecnológico a destinar.
d) Lavado - Desinfectado
Con el lavado se elimina cualquier partícula extraña que pueda estar adherida a la
fruta, se utiliza agua potable. Se puede realizar por inmersión, aspersión o
agitación. Una vez lavada la fruta se recomienda un desinfectado, para lo cual se
sumerge la fruta en una solución desinfectante por un tiempo entre 5 y 15 minutos
dependiendo del desinfectante a utilizar. Generalmente se utiliza el hipoclorito de
sodio a 100 PPM de CLR.
e) Pelado
f) Lavado
f) Neutralizado
Consiste en sumergir la fruta lavada en una solución acidificada con ácido cítrico a
pH 3.5 con el objeto de neutralizar los posibles remanentes de soda que puedan
quedar por efecto del pelado químico.
g) Trozado
h) Blanqueado
De ser necesario puede realizarse con agua caliente, con vapor o por inmersión
de la fruta en soluciones antioxidantes (ácido ascórbico, eritorbato de sodio,
mezcla de ácido ascórbico con ácido cítrico, etc). La finalidad de esta operación
es:
Es importante hacer énfasis en que después del blanqueado el flujo para elaborar
fruta en almíbar a nivel industrial difiere del flujo para elaborar fruta en almíbar a
nivel artesanal.
Fruta
Recepción
Lavado Lavar con abundante agua y sumergir en agua clorada por 5 min.
Pelado pelado químico: solución de soda caústica al 6% a 75ºC y enjuagar con sol. De ácido cítrico al 1%.
pelado manual.
Acondicionar Trocear en cubos, cortar en rodajas, en mitades, depende del tipo de fruto que se procesa.
Mantener en solución de manipuleo (5g. De ácido cítrico por litro de agua).
Escaldado manzanas, peras, mango: 2-5 min., piñas: 7-9 min, durazno: 7 min, papaya no se escalda.
Temperatura 85ºC
Adición del almíbar Agregar almíbar a 70ºC, Relación pulpa almíbar = 70:30
Pasteurizar Envases de 250 ml : 25min, Envases de 500 ml : 40min,Envases de 1000 ml : 60min, Temperatura =85ºC
Fruta en
almíbar
Observaciones:
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ELABORACIÓN DE ENCURTIDOS
1. Introducción
Recepción
Lavado Lavar con abundante agua y sumergir en agua clorada por 5 min.
Acondicionar Trocear en cubos, cortar en rodajas, en mitades, depende del tipo de hortaliza que se procesa.
Escaldado vainitas: 7-9 min, arvejas: 8-10 min, zanahorias: 10 - 12 min, cebollas, ajìes, rocoto: 1 min
Temperatura: 85ºC .
Macerado Acomodar las hortalizas en capas, agregar una salmuera al 10% y dejar reposar por 24 horas.
Pasteurizar Envases de 250 ml : 30 min, Envases de 500 ml : 50 min,Envases de 1000 ml : 80 min, Temperatura =85ºC
Encurtidos de
Hortalizas
Observaciones:
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 106
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
Cuestionario
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PRÁCTICA Nº9
PROCESAMIENTO DE CEREALES
1. Introducción
ELABORACIÓN DE GRANOLA
1. Ingredientes
- 2 1/2 tazas de avena en hojuelas (integral)
- 1 taza de nueces
- 1/2 taza de semillas de girasol
- 1/4 taza de semillas de ajonjolí
- 1/4 taza de azúcar morena
- 1 cucharadita de canela molida
- 1/2 cucharadita de sal
- 1 Taza de coco rallado
- ¼ de taza de agua
- 1 cucharada de miel
- 1 cucharada de aceite vegetal
- 1/2 taza de pasas
2. Equipos y Utensilios
- Horno, ollas, fuentes, cucharas de madera.
3. Proceso de elaboración
- Precalienta el horno a 150ºC.
- Tostar las semillas de girasol y nueces previamente picadas.
- Combinar: en una cacerola grande se combina la avena con el coco rallado,
poco a poco se le agregan los demás ingredientes.
- Mezclar: el azúcar, el agua y aceite, se pone a hervir revolviendo hasta que se
disuelva el azúcar.
- La mezcla preparada incorporarla en los demás ingredientes hasta que este
bien integrada.
- Verter y esparcir en un molde toda la mezcla para hornear.
- Hornear durante 45 a 50 minutos, revolviendo cada 10 minutos hasta que la
granola este dorada.
- Retirar del horno y agregar las pasas de uva.
Cuestionario
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1. Introducción
Los cereales pre cocidos diseñados para ser consumidos en el desayuno son
considerados como alimentos funcionales. De este tipo de alimentos se
encuentran en el mercado un sin número de variedades, desde su forma natural
hasta enriquecidos y fortificados. Como alternativa de consumo de cereales “listos
para comer” nacen las barras. Este tipo de cereales saludables entraron a los
mercados apoyados a las tendencias y hábitos de consumo de productos más
sanos y más nutritivos. Para incentivar el consumo de esta variedad de cereales
pre cocidos, surgen en 1999 las barras diseñadas para niños incorporándolas en
la dieta; especialmente a las meriendas escolares. Durante el periodo del 2003-
2004 el incremento en ventas de barras nutricionales fue de 14%. Una barra de
cereales está compuesta típicamente de avena, trigo entero o combinaciones de
varios cereales, miel, aceite (maíz, soya o palma), suero deslactosado y
saborizantes. También se usan cereales expandidos con masas azucaradas que
favorecen al ligamento de las partículas. En general las barras de cereales
proporcionan entre 110 y 154 kilocalorías (25-30 g). Las barras nutricionales
contribuyen a optimizar el rendimiento por su composición nutritiva, son muy
prácticas, pesan poco, caben en cualquier bolsillo, son resistentes a altas
temperaturas y al frío sin necesidad de un aislante térmico, se deshacen en la
boca casi sin esfuerzo y se digieren fácilmente. Los hidratos de carbono, en forma
de glucosa y fructosa, son el ingrediente principal de estos productos permitiendo
recargar rápidamente los depósitos de glucógeno, además contienen minerales y
vitaminas esenciales para el organismo. Las vitaminas B1, B2 y B6, favorecen la
asimilación de los hidratos de carbono para liberar energía; la vitamina C, además
de su efecto antioxidante (evita la oxidación de los radicales libres), mejora la
recuperación y la absorción de hierro (mineral indispensable para el transporte de
oxígeno, desde los pulmones a todos los tejidos). Se considera que la tercera
parte de nutrientes recomendados por día deben ser consumidos en el desayuno.
En general, las barras de cereales contribuyen de 20 a 33% del consumo de
proteínas que se recomienda para la primera comida. Niños de 4 a 10 años
necesitan nutrientes en razón energía/proteína de entre 70 a 75 kilocalorías por
gramo de proteína. Los cereales en barra presentan una actividad de agua de 0.4
a 0.8 (21°C), y niveles de humedad de 5 a 13%. El porcentaje de proteínas en las
barras comúnmente varía entre 3 - 6%.
1.1 Ingredientes
- Quinua expandida 200 g
- Leche 200 ml
- Azúcar 200 g
- Bicarbonato de sodio 1 g.
Cuestionario
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PRÁCTICA Nº9
2. Objetivo
Formular y elaborar un alimento con características funcionales.
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M.Sc. Lic. Adelaida Giovanna Viza Salas Página 128
Guía de Prácticas de Tecnología de los alimentos
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