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Source: McCloskey, Michael, Caramazza, Alfonso and Green, Bert. (1980). Curvilinear
Motion in the Absence of External Forces: Naive Beliefs About the Motion of Objects,
Science, vol. 210(4465), 1139-1141.
Motion
1. The object would move forward in the direction of the carrier (forward-velocity
response)
2. The object would fall straight to the ground (zero-velocity response)
3. The object would move backward in the opposite direction of the carrier
(reverse-velocity response).
4. The lighter the object the slower it would fall and would be more easily it would
be blown by the wind.
5. An object passively released from a moving carrier would fall straight down,
zero-velocity theory
6. Factors that would effect the object include the speed of the carrier, the weight
of the object, whether or not the object fell quickly and the effect of the air on
the object.
7. The air movement created by a moving carrier dictates the motion of the object
8. A passively released object would move backwards and not forwards when
released.
Source: Millar, Robin and Kragh, Will. (1994). Alternative Frameworks or Context-
Specific Reasoning?, School Science Review, vol. 75(272), 27-34.
Motion
1. An eraser dropped by a man moving would fall straight down and take either a
forward or backward path.
2. It does not matter if the carrier is moving or not, the object would still fall
straight down.
3. Cargo dropped from a moving plan would move backwards.
Source: Hynd, Cynthia R., McWhorter, YeVette J., Phares, Virginia L. and Suttles, C.
William. (1994). TheRole of Instructional Variables in Conceptual Change in High
School Physics Topics, Journal Of Research In Science Teaching, vol. 31(9), 933-946.
Gravity
1. A ball being rotated in a circle at the end of a string will continue in a curved
path once the string is broken.
2. The force of a ball thrown into the air is always in the direction of the motion
3. The total force was always in the opposite direction of the motion
4. The force on the ball is slowly overcome by gravity which was the dominant
force when the ball was the top of its path, and then the ball would star on its
downward path.
5. The ball comes to a complete stop for a finite length of time during which no
force was thought to act on the ball.
6. The ball came to an instantaneous stop at the top where no force acted on the
ball.
7. The object did not stop but simply changed directions.
8. There is no gravity in space
9. A force is required to keep a satellite, etc. moving in an orbit around the earth.
Source: Berg, Terrance and Brouwer, Wytze. (1991). Teacher Awareness Of Student
Alternate Conceptions About Rotational Motion And Gravity, Journal Of Research In
Science Teaching, vol. 28(1), 3-18.
Motion
1. Function of the Object: focuses on the object responsible for the event.
A. Function of a circle: Students in this category simply stated that the gears
would go around because they formed a circle or because they were made to
go that way.
B. Function of the knob: The students stated that turning the knob caused the
gears to move.
3. Mechanistic Explanations
A. Action of the knob-gear on the other gears: the children identified a single gear,
namely the one with the knob, as the agent. The gears were thought to turn
because the gear with the knob made the rest of the gears turn.
B. Pathways of transmission of movement: Children did not consider the
possibility that one gear could be acted upon by two different gears or that two
gears could interact.
C. Gear interaction: Children realized that a gear could act upon or be acted upon
by multiple gears.