[@GYKT]GHFH ML@XG@K@XFC

FÖL HK CF [@GYKT]FCGZFMGÝ@ HK CF ]FC[H

KRFAK@ IG@FC

M[T]L: CFDLTFXLTGL FYF@ZFHL HK G@@LYFMGÝ@

G@@LYFMGÝ@ 

HLMK@XK: Ao. AFTOFTGXF KCC[Z MFCCK FTF@MGDGF

@TM :662;?

G@XKOTF@XK]:

- HKCOFHL @LDCKMGCCF MGFTF

- K]MFCF@XK ML@HLTG ^FLCF

4>4>

^TGAKTF ^FTXK: @KMK]GHFHK] B[AF@F]
Mgfrf @ldckmgccf Hkcofhl
K`ilmf`hl ags `kmksghfhks skoú` cf jkrfrquáf hk cfs
`kmksghfhks hk Afsclw.  Afsclw:
   @kmksghfhks Dæsgmfs y Igsglcýogmfs
Cf `kmksghfh aæs gaplrtf`tk yf quk, mudrk `ukstrfs
`kmksghfhks dæsgmfs hk supkrvgvk`mgf k`trk kccfs
sgk`hl iu`hfak`tfc cf sfcuh, fcgak`tfmgý`, hksmf`sl,
prltkmmgý` y rkprlhummgý`.
Ml`sghkrl quk orfmgfs f Hgls pukhl mudrgr kstf
`kmksghfh k` su tltfcghfh yf quk olzl hk duk`f sfcuh,
vgvl k` u` blofr k` kc quk ak sgk`tl skourf y prltkoghf,
ak fcgak`tl hgfrgfak`tk y ag ksplsl y yl bkals
ilrafhl u`f ifagcgf ml` u`f bgjf quk fafals
prliu`hfak`tk.
  @kmksghfh hk ]kourghfh
Cf `kmksghfh hk skourghfh ks fqukccf quk kstæ
rkcfmgl`fhf ml` cf skourghfh iásgmf y sfcuhfdck, hk
kapckl, hk g`orksls, hk rkmursls, hk skourghfh alrfc y
ifagcgfr, y hk prlpgkhfh prgvfhf.
Ml`sghkrl quk pukhl mudrgr orf` pfrtk hk kstf
`kmksghfh yf quk, ag ksplsl, ag bgjf y yl tk`kals u`f
mfsf prlpgf k` u` cuofr skourl.
Xk`ol u` `kolmgl quk sk bf vgstl fikmtfhl plr kc
Mlvgh67 cls g`orksls `l sgkaprk sl` skourls vfráf`
hkpk`hgk`hl hk cfs vk`tfs. [`f kstrftkogf
ks trftkogf quk kstfals
utgcgzf`hl pfrf vk`tfs ml`stf`tks k g`orksls hgfrgls ks
kc afrektg`o k` rkhks slmgfcks, pudcgmghfh k` G`stforfa
y Ifmkdlle hk duk`f mfcghfh. Fmtufcak`tk sgol
akjlrf`hl y trftf`hl hk af`tk`krak fmtufcgzfhf f
trfvçs hk mursls y mbfrcfs sldrk vk`tfs l`cg`k.
  @kmksghfhks ]lmgfcks
^flcf Ksmfcf`tk Ml`hlrg
Xk`gk`hl k` muk`tf cfs `kmksghfhks dæsgmfs skoú`
 Vuç `kmksghfhks tk`ol mudgkrtf:
Cfs `kmksghfhks dæsgmfs aæs gaplrtf`tks quk tk`ol ks kc
olmk hk cf duk`f sfcuh, pfrf plhkr sldrkcckvfr ag háf f
háf, cf rkspgrfmgý` mlal skr buaf`l `kmksgtfals rkspgrfr
kc lxáok`l, cukol ks cf fcgak`tfmgý` quk `kmksgtfals pfrf
sldrkvgvgr, cukol `kmksgtfals hlragr, u` skr buaf`l hkdk
hk hksmf`sfr 9-2 blrfs pfrf quk kc mukrpl hksmf`sk. sk
rkcfjk, pukhf rkplsfr, y fsá plhkr rk`hgr k` ag trfdfjl f
hgfrgl. W mlal úctgaf `kmksghfh ks kcgag`fr cls hkskmbls
lroæ`gmls quk g`ogkrl.
 @kmksghfh skourghfh: Kstæ  rkcfmgl`fhf f cfs
`kmksghfhks dæsgmfs quk dusmf u` skr buaf`l l quk sk
prklmupf f iuturl k` su juvk`tuh, fhuctkz, y cf vghf
ifagcgfr, sk prklmupf k` su kapckl, tk`kr u`f prlpgkhfh
prgvfhf. W u`f hk cfs `kmksghfhks quk tk`ol ks: Muk`tl
ml` u` trfdfjl afsl ak`ls kstfdck quk ak ok`krf u`
g`orksl ak`sufc pfrf plhkr slcvk`tfr ags ofstls. W
skougr ml` ag mfrrkrf prliksgl`fc quk kstly kstuhgf`hl,
orfmgfs f Hgls hurf`tk cf tkaplrfhf hk cf pf`hkagf hkc
Mlvgh-67 `l ak fikmtý. Cukol hk tkragtkrag`fr
`fr ag mfrrkrf
prliksgl`fc hkskl fskourfr k` ag vghf ifagcgfr y ag
fhuctkz, f iuturl qugkrl tk`kr ag prlpgkhfh prgvfhf y
ltrfs `kmksghfhks.
 Figcgfmgý` fikmtf:

Mlal skrks buaf`ls `kmksgtfals mlau`gmfr`ls,
fslmgfr`ls, pfrtgmgpfr tk`kr u`f rkcfmgý` slmgfc ml` cls
hkaæs.

Cfs `kmksghfhks slmgfcks sl` cfs hk figcgfmgý` y fikmtl
k` cf quk plhkals k`ml`trfr kc hksfrrlccl fikmtgvl, cf
fslmgfmgý`, cf fmkptfmgý`, kc fikmtl l cf g`tgaghfh skxufc.
Ak ml`sghkrl filrtu`fhf y forfhkmghf ml` Hgls plr
dk`hkmgrak ml` kc falr y kc fplyl hk ag ksplsl y ag
bgjf, sl` u`f orf` dk`hgmgý`.
Wl vgvl k` Kstfhls [`ghls y cf vghf fmæ ks u` plml
fpfrtfhf hk fagstfhks cl quk ak fikmtý k` u` prg`mgpgl
hk mgkrtf ilraf, k` cls quk mfsg 9 föls ftræs `l plhráf
ml`sghkrfr quk tk`áf u` orupl hk fagols, slcl
mlapfökrls. Xfc vkz `u`mf hg cf lplrtu`ghfh plr ag
tgaghkz y plml tgkapl yf quk, fmf tlhl sk tgk`k quk
bfmkr plr u`l agsal. K` ^krú tk`áf ag `f`f y cf skölrf
quk `ls fplyfdf k` cf mlmg`f.
Bfmk 9 aksks quk ak auhç f Xfapf, ml`lmá aumbf
ok`tk k g`mcusl ag ksplsl, bgjf y yl bkals bkmbl u`
g`mrkádck orupl hk fagols, quk tfadgç` sl` pfhrks y
duk`l sus bgjls vf` fc agsal mlckogl quk ag bgjf y sl`
hk khfhks sgagcfrks.
Wf `l sly táaghf pfrf g`tkrfmtufr ml` cls hkaæs y fblrf
quç ak pl`ol f pk`sfr kc agkhl hk slctfrak bfdcf`hl
kc g`ocks ak mlbgdáf. Vugzæs krf cf ifctf hk skourghfh,
fmtufcak`tk ksl bf mfadgfhl aumbl ak hksk`vukcvl
y bfdcl ml` aumbf ok`tk f ag fcrkhkhlr. Ml`iál k` ags
bfdgcghfhks hk bfdcfr kc ghglaf y icuyl ml` kccl. ]gkaprk
bk ml`sghkrfhl quk sly u`f pkrsl`f quk pukhk clorfr
tlhl cl quk sk prlpl`of, mrkl quk
qu k mfhf u`l hk `lsltrls
tk`kals bfdgcghfhks kspkmgfcks quk `ls bfmk` ú`gmls.
Ks gaplrtf`tk mrkkr k` `lsltrls agsals y `u`mf
rk`hgrsk fc ig`fc cls ldstæmucls sl` lplrtu`ghfhks pfrf
mrkmkr y fprk`hkr.
Xfadgç`, kstly k` u` mcud hk aujkrks hl`hk ckkals cf
dgdcgf y tlafals mfiç.
@kmksgtfals fagols. vkmg`ls, `kmksátf`ls mlau`gmfr`ls,
rku`gr`ls ml` `ukstrls mlapfökrls hk mlckogl, rku`gr`ls
ml` `ukstrls
`ukstrls kx mlapfökrls hk tr trfdfjl:
fdfjl: mlal skrks
buaf`ls `kmksgtfals u` fikmtl, mfrgöl `kmksgtfals u` tk
qugkrl, u` tk fal:
Bfol ak`mgý` quk kstf `kmksghfh `l cf tk`ol, hkdghl f
quk ag pkrsl`f vgvk slcf hkshk sgkaprk, f`tkrglrak`tk
muf`hl krf `göf vgváf
vgváf ml` ags tá
táls,
ls, cukol ak g`hkpk`hgmç,
kc kstfr slcf
slcf f vkmks `l ks duk`l plrquk u`l `kmksgtf
mlau`gmfrsk kstfr
kstfr ml` ifagcgf pkrl ks hgiámg
hgiámgcc vgvgr ckjls hk
ags pfhrks k`tl`mks yl `l rkmgdá ksk fikmtl ksk falr hk
u`f afhrk l pfhrk bfstf cf fmtufcghfh ,ak futl khuquk
slcf sg` kc fplyl hk ags pfhrks, y auy fpfrtk hk kccl kccl `l
pukhl rku`grak ml` ags fagofs(ls) , ml` ags kx
mlapfökrls hk trfdfjl, ml` cls mlapfökrls hk mlckogl plr
ifctf hk tgkapl y cf ckjf`áf plr ag trfdfjl y auy fpfrtk hk
kccl plr ag kstuhgl sk ak bfmk hg hgiámgc.
iámgc.
  @kmksghfh hk kstgaf: 
Afsclw hksmrgdk hls tgpls hk kstgaf u`f fctf y cf ltrf dfjf.
Cf kstgaf fctf: Kc skr buaf`l cckof f u` alak`tl k` cfs
mufcks `kmksgtf sfdkr quk ml`iáf k` kc y quk sk sgk`tk
mfpfz hk bfmkrcl cl quk sk prlpl`k, kstl orfmgfs f su
ksiukrzl y mfpfmghfh y plhkr prlykmtfrsk fc iuturl.
Mlal tlhf pkrsl`f hkspuçs hk tkrag`fr ag mfrrkrf
prliksgl`fc, hkskl trfdfjfr k` u`f kaprksf orf`hk y
rkml`lmghf cukol ju`tfr kc mfpgtfc `kmksfrgl
`kmksfrgl f iut
iuturl
url hkskl
dusmfr ag g`hkpk`hk`mgf yf `l skr u` kapckfhl
hkpk`hgk`tk, plrquk ak ml`sghkrl u`f pkrsl`f ml` cf
mfpfmghfh hk bfmkr y tk`ol pk`sfhl kaprk`hkr u`
`kolmgl ,k` ml`stgtugr u`f kaprksf k` kc rudrl hk
trf`splrtk hk mfrof hgvkrsf plr mfrrktkrf ,yf quk cfdlrl
fmtufcak`tk k` ksk rudrl hk trf`splrtk
trf`splrtk y ak hg muk`tf
quk ak oustf y fprk`há aumbl. W ml` cf fyuhf y
mlapckak`tfmgý` hk ag mfrrkrf quk kstly kstuhgf`hl
tk`ol cf mkrtkzf hk quk sk bfræ rkfcghfh y cukol fspgrfr f
skr u`f kaprksf cáhkr k` trf`splrtk y cloástgmf.
 

 
 
 @kmksghfhks hk Tkml`lmgagk`tl
Cfs `kmksghfhks hk rkml`lmgagk`tl sl` fqukccfs quk
bfmk` quk `ukstrf futlkstgaf sk kckvk, kstl `ls fplrtf
skourghfh f `lsltrls agsals. K` kstk pu`tl sk rkigkrk
fc rkml`lmgagk`tl, kc rkspktl, cf ml`igf`zf l kc çxgtl.
Cf kstgaf dfjf:
Ak ml`sghkrl u`f pkrsl`f quk ml`iáf k` sá agsaf, quk
[`f pkrsl`f `kmksgtf kc fprkmgl, ml`hkmlrfmgý` u`
fprk`hk hk sus krrlrks y tlaf cls ldstæmucls mlal
rkml`lmgagk`tl y sfdkr quk pukhk cckofr f u` `gvkc hk
lplrtu`ghfhks. Kc ilrtfckmgagk`tl hk ag futlkstgaf y
kstftutls. y fsá of`f ifaf, rkputfmgý` y cukol skf
skourghfh sk bf hfhl f trfvçs hk cls föls y cf
rkml`lmghf k` kc akhgl fcol gaplrtf`tk k` su ærkf.
kxpkrgk`mgf. Ags kstuhgls k` cf [`gvkrsghfh Ml`tg`k`tfc
K`tl`mks fquá cf pkrsl`f sk sk`tgræ altgvfhf pfrf quk
muf`hl cl mucag`k skræ u` clorl gaplrtf`tk pfrf ag. Cf
pukhf rkfcgzfr sus tfrkfs hk u`f af`krf kigmgk`tk y ml`
kstrftkogf quk utgcgzý pfrf clorfr kstf aktf ks hkhgmfrck
vlcu`tfh.
kc tgkapl, kstuhgfr, fprk`hkr hk ags hlmk`tks, hkc mursl
 F ag pkrsl`f ak k`mf`tfráf quk cf kaprksf quk yl cfdlrl
pfrf fpcgmfrcl f ag `kolmgl yf skf k` fmtufcghfh l k`
skf aæs ml`smgk`tk y quk ak rkml`lzmf hk cfs tfrkfs quk
iuturl y muapcgr ml` ags tfrkfs fsgo`fhfs.
rkfcgzl yf quk bfy lplrtu`ghfhks quk trfdfjl blrfs kxtrfs
 
 @kmksghfh hk Futlrrkfcgzfmgý` y háfs hk ag hksmf`sl, pkrl f vkmks `l sfdk` rkml`lmkr,
K` kstk `gvkc sk k`muk`trf cf alrfcghfh, cf mrkftgvghfh,
y ksl f u`l hksf`gaf, `l trfdfjf ml` cf agsaf vlcu`tfh,
cf kspl`tf`kghfh, cf fmkptfmgý` hk cls bkmbls y
f cf kaprksf slcl cks gaplrtf of`fr y plml kc dgk`kstfr hk
rkslcumgý` hk prldckafs. K` kstf `kmksghfh prgaf
sus trfdfjfhlrks. W sg cl bfráf, cls mlcfdlrfhlrks trfdfjf`
tlhfs cfs `kmksghfhks quk `ls pkragtk` kc hksfrrlccl
ml` vlcu`tfh ksakrl, y bfdræ u`f prlhummgý` duk`f y kc
pkrsl`fc.
mlcfdlrfhlr sk sgk`tk sftgsikmbl ml` su trfdfjl, y
Ml`sghkrl quk fu`quk prfmtgmý fcou`fs fmmgl`ks fu`
kclogfhls y rkml`lmghl.
ak bfmk ifctf fprk`hkr aumbl hk kstf `kmksghfh. [`f
kstrftkogf quk utgcgzfrç ks g`mcugrak k` prlorfafs ml`
ldrfs slmgfcks pfrf fprk`hkr y aæs fhkcf`tk plhkr
lrof`gzfr u` fplyl slmgfc k` ml`ju`tl ml` ag `kolmgl.
Cf skou`hf kstrftkogf quk utgcgzfrç pfrf akjlrfr ks
g`smrgdgrak k` mcfsks hk Wlof pfrf prfmtgmfr cf
rkcfjfmgý` yf quk, aumbfs vkmks ml` kc trfdfjl ak
kstrksl.

 Futlrrkfcgzfmgý`:
 Fquá kc skr buaf`l
buaf`l ccko
cckof
f f u` pu`tl hk hksfr
hksfrrlccl
rlccl pltk`mgfc
hk u`f fmtgvghfh, ýskf ks kc kxpkrtl, ks kc fskslr, cáhkr k`
kc æadgtl hk g`vkrsgl`ks.
Kstf `kmksghfh ak ifctf hksfrrlccfrcfs, pkrl f iuturl ak
oustfráf pl`krcf k` præmtgmf , cukol hk clorfr
clorfr ag ldjktgvl
ldjktgvl
hk tk`kr ag kaprksf y tk`kr
tk`kr u` g`orksl suig
suigmgk`tk
mgk`tk tk`ol
k` ak`tk rkfcgzfr fyuhf slmgfc mlal plr kjkapcl f cfs
mfsf blofrks l mk`trls hk fsgcl pfrf plhkr fplyfrcls y
hkaæs lrof`gzfmgl`ks
lrof`gzfmgl`ks quk rkqugkrf` fplyl y kstl ml` cf
fyuhf hk cf kaprksf quk vly f ka kaprk`hkr
prk`hkr .