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Fígura 1. Gráfica de la posición de la partícula versus tiempo. (Gráfica obtenida con Derive) _________________ 24
Fígura 2. Familia de curvas que representan algunas de las soluciones particulares de la Ecuación (5) (Gráfica
generada con DERIVE)__________________________________________________________________________ 26
 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥

Conceptos básicos y
definiciones

Separación de
Unidad 1: Ecuaciones variables, ecuaciones
diferenciales de primer orden homogéneas y
Ecuación de Bernoulli

Ecuaciones exactas y
teorema de existencia y
unicidad
x2  3x  2  0
𝑥1 = −1 𝑥2 = −2

𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 0,
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 sin 𝑥 𝑑2 sin 𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

− sin 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦
+ 5𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− + 6𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2 𝑢
+ + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2

d2y
y0
dx 2

3
 d2y 
 2  y0
 dx 

𝑦 = 𝑥2 +
𝑑𝑦
1 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜌(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = sin(2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

[y + cos(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
sin(2𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
[y + cos(𝑦)] = (𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝜌(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑑𝑦 6
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 cos(2𝑦)

cos(2𝑦)
(1+𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑦 6
cos(2𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

6
𝑑𝑦 cos(2𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )

6
∫ cos(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )

sin(2𝑦)
+ 𝑐1 = 6tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐2
2
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝐶 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1

sin(2𝑦)
− 6tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐶
2
 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑛
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥)2 − (𝑡𝑦)2 = 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥𝑦

(𝑡𝑥)2 − (𝑡𝑦)2 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = = = 𝑡 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑡𝑥)(𝑡𝑦) 𝑡 2 (𝑥𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑦
𝑢=𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑔( ⁄𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑥=𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑢) − 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑔(𝑢) − 𝑢 𝑥

𝑥𝑢 = 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑦) + (3𝑦 + 𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑦−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑦+𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 + 𝑥
 𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑢−1
𝑥 +𝑢 = =
𝑑𝑥 3(𝑢𝑥) + 𝑥 3𝑢 + 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑢−1 −(3𝑢2 + 1)
𝑥 = −𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑢 + 1 3𝑢 + 1

−(3𝑢 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢 =
3𝑢 + 1 𝑥

−(3𝑢 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑢 = ∫
3𝑢 + 1 𝑥

−1 1
ln |3𝑢2 + 1| − [√3 + tan−1 (√3𝑢) + 𝑐1 = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐2 ]
3 3

−1 1
ln |3𝑢2 + 1| − [√3 + tan−1(√3𝑢) − ln|𝑥| = 𝐶
3 3

𝑦
𝑢=𝑥
−1 1
ln |3(𝑦⁄𝑥)2 + 1| − [√3 + tan−1 (√3(𝑦⁄𝑥)) − ln|𝑥| = 𝐶.
3 3
 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑛
𝑑𝑥

𝑛=0

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑞(𝑥) = 0

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑝(𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥)𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [𝐶 + ∫ 𝑞(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

 𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑝(𝑥) = −2𝑥
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥

2
𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [𝐶 + ∫ 𝑞(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

2 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝐶 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
2
−𝑥 2
𝑒𝑥
𝑦=𝑒 [𝐶 + ]
2

2 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐶 +
2

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑛≠0 𝑛≠1
 𝑑𝑧
+ 𝑧 𝑝1 (𝑥) = 𝑞1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑝1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑝(𝑥)

𝑞1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑞(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

x2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 𝑦 3
+ 2 = 2
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 3
+ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2 1
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

1
𝑧 = 𝑦2 𝑛=3

2 −4
𝑝1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑝(𝑥) = −2 =
𝑥 𝑥

1 −2
𝑞1 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑛)𝑞(𝑥) = −2 𝑥 2 = 𝑥2
 𝑑𝑧 −4 −2
+𝑧 = 2.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2
𝑧= + 𝐶𝑥 4
5𝑥
1 1
𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑦2 𝑦=
√𝑧

1
𝑦=
√ 2 + 𝐶𝑥 4
5𝑥
 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )

𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
= .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

 𝑥 𝑦
∫𝑥 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑦 𝑁(𝑥0 , 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
0 0

𝑥0 𝑦0

(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 𝑦

∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁(𝑥0 , 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =

𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑥 𝑦

= ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥02 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦

𝑥0 𝑦0

𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥02 𝑦 2 𝑦4 𝑦
=(4 + ) |𝑥𝑥0 ( + ) |𝑦0
2 2 4

𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥4 𝑥02 𝑦 2 𝑥02 𝑦 2 𝑦4 𝑥02 𝑦02 𝑦04

=(4 + ) − ( 40 + ) ( + )−( + )
2 2 2 4 2 4

𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑦4 𝑥4 𝑥02 𝑦02 𝑦04

=(4 + + ) − ( 40 + + )
2 4 2 4

𝑥04 𝑥02 𝑦02 𝑦04

𝐶= + +
4 2 4
 𝑥4 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑦4
( + + )=𝐶
4 2 4

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

μ(x, y)
μ(x, y)𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + μ(x, y) 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
μ(x, y)

μ(x, y)𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + μ(x, y) 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕μ(x, y) 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕μ(x, y) 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)

=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕μ(x, y) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕μ(x, y) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) + μ(x, y) = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) + μ(x, y)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 𝜕μ(x, y) 𝜕μ(x, y) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = μ(x, y) ( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
μ(x, y)
𝜕μ(x, y) 1 𝜕μ(x, y) 1 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( − )
𝜕𝑥 μ(x, y) 𝜕𝑦 μ(x, y) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 ln μ(x, y) 𝜕 ln μ(x, y) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( − ).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

μ(x, y) 𝑥
μ(x, y) 𝑦 μ(x) μ(y)
μ(x, y) = μ(x)

𝜕 ln μ(x, y) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕 ln μ(x) ( 𝜕𝑦
−
𝜕𝑥
)
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥

𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
ln μ(x) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜕 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
μ(x) = 𝑒 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) .
μ(x, y) = μ(y)
 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥
μ(y) = 𝑒 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)

𝜕 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥 μ(x)
𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)

𝜕 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
μ(y)
𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)

1 2
(2𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

1 2
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑥)

𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 2
= (1 − 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
=2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 2 2
( − ) 2 − (1 − 2 ) 1+ 2 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
=( )=( )=
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 2 2 𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 2 ) 𝑥
𝑥

μ(x)
μ(x)

𝜕 𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
( − )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
μ(x) = 𝑒 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥

μ(x) = 𝑥

1 2
𝑥 (2𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥0
𝑥 𝑥

(2𝑥𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0.

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥𝑦 − 1)

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 2)
 𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥.
𝜕𝑦

𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐷 ℝ2 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐷
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑦

𝐷
𝜑(𝑥) = 𝑦
𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0

𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0
 𝑑𝑦 6
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑥 cos(2𝑦)

𝑦(0) = 1
sin(2𝑦)
− 6tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑥=0 𝑦=1
2

sin(2)
− 6tan−1 0 = 𝐶
2

sin(2)
=𝐶
2

sin(2𝑦) sin(2)
− 6tan−1 𝑥 = .
2 2

𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
𝑦(1) = 2
 2 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐶 +
2
3
𝑥=1 𝑦=2
3 2 1
= 𝑒 −1 𝐶 +
2 2
𝐶
𝐶=𝑒

2 1 2 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 + = 𝑒 (−𝑥 +1) + .
2 2

t 0 a  t   1  2t  t 2

x t  t

x 1
v  3

a  t   1  2t  t 2

d 2x
2
 1  2t  t 2
dt
 x 0  1

x '  0   3

dx t3
v  t  t 2   c1
dt 3
x '  0   3 c1  3

dx t3
v  t  t2   3
dt 3

1 1 1
x  t   t 2  t 3  t 4  3t  c2
2 3 12
x 0  1 c2  1

t
1 1 1
x  t   t 2  t 3  t 4  3t  1
2 3 12
 1
dy
 2 xy 2
dx
y  0  0

1
dy
 2 xy 2
dx

dy
1
 2 xdx
2
y

dy
 1
 2  xdx
2
y

1
2 y  x2  c
2

y  0  0

c0

1
2 y 2  x2

x4
y
4