Un embrague

Universidad de Ingeniería &

Tecnología UTEC

DISEÑO DE ELEMENTOS
DE MAQUINAS:
EMBRAGUES Y FRENOS

Helard Alvarez Sanchez

halvarez@utec.edu.pe
 EMBRAGUE Y FRENOS
Objetivos:
a) Definir los términos de embrague y freno.
b) Describir un embrague y freno.
c) Describir las clases de embragues y frenos.
d) Indicar seis medios de accionamiento para embragues y
frenos.
e) Realizar el análisis y diseño de frenos y embragues de placas,
de disco, de zapata.
EMBRAGUE Y FRENOS
1. INTRODUCCIÓN: Un embrague es un
dispositivo para conectar o desconectar un
componente impulsado con el impulsor del
sistema.
2. TIPOS DE EMBRAGUES.
Embrague de contacto positivo
(Positive contact clutches )
 Embrague centrifugo
(Centrifugal clutches )
Disco de embrague
(Disc clutch )
 Requisitos
Los embragues deben diseñarse principalmente
para satisfacer cuatro requisitos:
• La fuerza de actuación necesaria no debe ser
excesivo
• El coeficiente de fricción debe ser constante
• La energía convertida en calor debe disiparse
• El desgaste debe limitarse para proporcionar
vida útil del embrague.
 Diseño de embrague
• Los embragues rara vez se diseñan desde cero.
• O un diseño existente está disponible y es siendo
modificado para una nueva aplicación o un embrague
se puede adquirir de un fabricante especializado.
• En este último caso el tipo, tamaño y materiales para
el revestimiento del embrague debe especificarse.
• Esto requiere la determinación del sistema
características como velocidad, par, carga
características y temperaturas de funcionamiento.
• Muchos de estos factores se han agrupado en un
multiplicador llamado factor de servicio.
 Factor de servicio
• Un material de revestimiento generalmente se
prueba bajo condiciones estables utilizando un
motor eléctrico.
• La capacidad de par obtenida de esta prueba
luego se reduce la calificación por el factor de
servicio según la aplicación particular a tener en
cuenta las vibraciones y la carga condiciones.
 Supuestos
• Se utilizan dos supuestos básicos en el
desarrollo de procedimientos para diseño de
disco de embrague basado en una tasa
uniforme de desgaste en las superficies de
contacto o en una uniforme distribución de
presión entre el apareamiento superficies.
• Las ecuaciones para ambos métodos se
describen en esta sección.
 Uniform
wear
• The equations assuming uniform wear are
developed below.
• The wear rate is assumed to be
proportional to the product of the
pressure and velocity. So
pr = constant
 Maximum
pressure
• For a constant angular velocity the
maximum pressure will occur at the
smallest radius.
pmaxri = constant
• Eliminating the angular velocity and
constant gives a relationship for the
pressure as a function of the radius:
ri
p  p max
r
 Dynamic friction coefficients, permissible
contact pressures and temperature limits
MATERIAL dry oil pmax (MN/m) T (oC)

Moulded compounds 0.25 - 0.45 0.06 - 0.10 1.035 - 2.07 200 - 260

Woven materials 0.25 - 0.45 0.08 - 0.10 0.345 - 0.69 200 - 260

Sintered metal 0.15 - 0.45 0.05 - 0.08 1.035 -2.07 230 - 680

Cork 0.30 - 0.50 0.15 - 0.25 0.055 - 0.1 80

Wood 0.20 - 0.45 0.12 - 0.16 0.345 - 0.62 90

Cast iron 0.15 - 0.25 0.03 - 0.06 0.69- 1.725 260

Paper based - 0.10 - 0.17

Graphite/resin - 0.10 - 0.14

 Axial force
• The elemental axial force on an elemental
annular ring is given by
F  2prr
• Integrating to give the total axial force:

rdr  2p max ri ro  ri 

ro ro ri
F ∫ 2prdr ∫ 2p
ri ri
max
r
 maximum torque for any outer
radius
• By differentiating with respect to ri and
equating the result to zero, the maximum
torque for any outer radius ro is found to
occur when
ri  1/3ro
• This useful formula can be used to set the
inner radius if the outer radius is
constrained to a particular value.
 Design
• Clutches are usually designed based on uniform
wear.
• The uniform wear assumption gives a lower
torque capacity clutch than the uniform pressure
assumption.
• The preliminary design procedure for disc clutch
design requires the determination of the torque
and speed, specification of space limitations,
selection of materials, and the selection of
principal radii, ro and ri.
• Common practice is to set the value of ri
between 0.45ro and 0.8ro.
 Procedure
The procedure for determining the initial
geometry is itemised below.
1) Determine the service factor.
2) Determine the required torque capacity,
T=power/.
3) Determine the coefficient of friction .
4) Determine the outer radius ro.
5) Find the inner radius ri.
6) Find the axial actuation force required.
 Materials
• The material used for clutch plates is
typically grey cast iron or steel.
• The friction surface will consist of a lined
material which may be moulded, woven,
sintered or solid.
• Moulded linings consist of a polymeric
resin used to bind powdered fibrous
material and brass and zinc chips.
 Example
• A clutch is required for transmission of
power between a four cylinder internal
combustion engine and a small machine.
• Determine the radial dimensions for a
single face dry disc clutch with a moulded
lining which should transmit 5 kW at 1800
rpm.
• Base the design on the uniform wear
assumption.
Example
 Solution
TYPE OF

• A service factor of two

DRIVER

DESCRIPTION OF TYPICA SMALL IC IC SINGLE

GENERAL L ELECTRIC ENGINES ENGINES CYLINDER
SYSTEM DRIVEN MOTORS, (4 TO 6 (2 OR 3 ENGINE

should be used.
SYSTE TURBINE CYLINDER CYLINDER
M S). S)
MEDIUM
TO LARGE
ELECTRIC

• The design will

MOTORS

Steady power Belt drive, small 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2

source, steady generators,
load, no shock or centrifugal

therefore be overload

Steady power
pumps, fans,
machine tools

Light machinery 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.7

source for wood, metal

undertaken using a with some

and textiles,
conveyor belts

Larger conveyor 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7

power of 25 kW=10

irregularity of load belts, larger
up to 1.5 times machines,
nominal power reciprocating
pumps

kW. Frequent start-

stops,
Presses,
Punches, piston
pumps, Cranes,
hoists
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2

overloads, cycling, Stone crushers, 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7

high inertia starts, roll mills, heavy
high power, mixers, single
pulsating power cylinder
source compressors
 Solution cont.

• The torque is given by

Power 10000
T   53 N m
 1800  2 / 60 
• From Table 10.3 taking mid range values
for the coefficient friction and the
maximum permissible pressure for
moulded linings gives =0.35 and
pmax=1.55 MN/m2.
 Solution cont.
MATERIAL dry oil pmax (MN/m) T (oC)

Moulded compounds 0.25 - 0.45 0.06 - 0.10 1.035 - 2.07 200 - 260

Woven materials 0.25 - 0.45 0.08 - 0.10 0.345 - 0.69 200 - 260

Sintered metal 0.15 - 0.45 0.05 - 0.08 1.035 -2.07 230 - 680

Cork 0.30 - 0.50 0.15 - 0.25 0.055 - 0.1 80

Wood 0.20 - 0.45 0.12 - 0.16 0.345 - 0.62 90

Cast iron 0.15 - 0.25 0.03 - 0.06 0.69- 1.725 260

Paper based - 0.10 - 0.17

Graphite/resin - 0.10 - 0.14

 Example
• A disc clutch, running in oil, is required for
a vehicle with a four-cylinder engine. The
design power for initial estimation of the
clutch specification is 90 kW at 4500 rpm.
Determine the radial dimensions and
actuating force required. Base the design
on the uniform wear assumption.
 Solution
TYPE OF

• From Table 10.2 a

DRIVER

DESCRIPTION OF TYPICA SMALL IC IC SINGLE

GENERAL L ELECTRIC ENGINES ENGINES CYLINDER
SYSTEM DRIVEN MOTORS, (4 TO 6 (2 OR 3 ENGINE

service factor of 2.7 SYSTE

M
TURBINE CYLINDER
S).
MEDIUM
TO LARGE
CYLINDER
S)

ELECTRIC

should be used to MOTORS

account for starts and Steady power

source, steady
load, no shock or
overload
Belt drive, small
generators,
centrifugal
pumps, fans,
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2

stops and the four Steady power

machine tools

Light machinery 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.7

source for wood, metal

cylinder engine. The and textiles,

conveyor belts

design will therefore

with some Larger conveyor 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7
irregularity of load belts, larger
up to 1.5 times machines,
nominal power reciprocating
pumps

be undertaken using Frequent start-

stops,
Presses,
Punches, piston
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2

a power of 2.790 =
pumps, Cranes,
hoists

overloads, cycling, Stone crushers, 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.7

243 kW. high inertia starts,

high power,
pulsating power
source
roll mills, heavy
mixers, single
cylinder
compressors
 Solution cont.

• The torque is given by

Power 243000
T   515.7 N m
 4500  2 / 60 
• From Table 10.3 taking mid range values
for the coefficient friction and the
maximum permissible pressure for
moulded linings gives =0.35 and
pmax=1.55 MN/m2.