45 COMPOSITION AND SROWTH OF FOUR TO FIFTEEN YEAR OLD NATURAL REGENERATION IN THE BAJO CALIMA CONCESION By Hunberto Mazuera 6. SUMMARY Several studies have been carried out in the natural regeneration of the Lower Calina Concesion Since its beginning in 1959. Additional surveys were made in 1979 as to the changes in the flora over time in the Second growth, and also of its rate of. growth. The natural regeneration was found £0 be abundant and composed of a wide range of species simitar to the prinary forest. Fifteen year old natural regeneration is beginning to assume an appearance similar in composition to the primary forest already. The volume of the 18 year ald regrowth for ‘trees greater than 13 centineters DBH ts half the volume of the mature forest in the low hills, which is the most common forest type in the concession. This implies. that by 30 years of age the forest should have regrowth equal to or greater than the original mature forest volume. Figures and tables are presented of the flora, composition and growth in the natural regene- ration for ages 4,6,8,10 and 15 years and also for the primary forest of the same forest. type. RESUMEN Desde el principio de 1a Concesién del Bajo Calima en 1959 se han Ievado a cabo varias investigaciones sobre la regeneracién natu- ral. Durante 1979 se hicieron inventarios adicionales sobre el cambio en el estado flo- Tistico del segundo crecimiento con tiempo y también sobre la taza de crecimiento del mismo. Se encontré que la regeneraci6n na- tural es abundante y compuesta por una am- plia gama de especies que son similares a Yas del bosque primario aunque la propor- cién de las especies varia con Ta edad del bosque. La regeneracién natural de quince afios de edad ya estd Ilegando a ser similar en composicién al bosque prinario. E1 volumen de 1a regeneractén de 15 aftos de arboles de més de 13 centimetros de DAP es Ja mitad del volumen del bosque maduro en las colfnas bajas, e1 tipo forestal més comun en Ta Concesién, To cual implica que @ Tos 30 aifos el bosque debe reponerse igual o mejor que el bosque prinario ante- rior en cuanto a volumen de madera. Se presentan gréficas y tablas de 1a conpo- sicién floristica y del crecimiento de la rege- neracign natural a los 4,6,8,10 y 15 anos de edad y,gdends del bosque maduto’en et mismo tipo fores- tal. InTRoDUCTION Different systems and techniques have been tried by tropical research foresters in order to find the best methods of managing the humid tropical rainforest. Many studies have focused on trying to enrich the forest with plantings of valuable species in rows or in pure plantations. The structural analysis of the forest is very important for silviculturists in order to make evaluations as to ecological and dynamic tenden- cles of the development of forest conmunities (Lamprecht, 1962). In order to understand better the tropical rain forest regeneration it was necessary in the pre- sent study to learn more of its floristic compo- sition and structure. Several similar studies, have been carried in the Lower Calima Concession in the past. The most notable studies include an inventory in 1964 of natural regeneration & years old near kilometer five of the main road (Pulpapel, 1972), a study in 1973 of the natural Tegeneration of La Brea and Juanchaco from 6 to B years of age (Benitez, 1974), and a sampling in 1975 of the natural regeneration up to 15, years of age (Ladrach, 1976). The state of the second growth in Lower Calima is of great importance and interest not only to the Company, but also to the country and to forest scientists in other parts of the world since it is an area harvested by clear cutting in a tropi- cal forest and regenerated successfully. Doctors T. Whitmore and R. Kemp from the Unit of Tropical Silviculture, Oxford, England, in their visit to Lower Calima'in March, 1979, attributed the suc~ cessful natural regeneration to the harvesting Systen using aerial cables which do not distrub the soil and where the clear cut permits the penetration of sunlight to the soil so that Seed can germinate in abundance.146 Now, with more time since the initial harvest of the concession, we are going back to sample this second growth forest again now that it has developed more and is older. PURPOSE The purpose of the study 1s to learn more about the composition, growth and dynamics of the natural regeneration of the forest type called “low hills" in the Lower Cal ima Concession, and to compare this with the primary forest of the same area. PROCEDURE On the road map of the concession are located the different cutting chances according to the year in which they were harvested, and this was used as a base for establishing sampling of areas of second growth 4, 6, 8,9 10, 12 and 15 years old. ue to the’ in- discriminate cutting of poles by local persons in all ages of natural regeneration, it was decided to only sample the forest where there had been no intervention what- Soever in order to gain an idea of the po- tential growth of the area. Normally these Plots had to be located far from the road, which made the survey more difficult. The Sampling was based on two basic aspects: 1) ‘the successional dynamics of the natural regeneration and 2) yield and beha- vior of same. Successional bynamies of the Natural Regeneration ne SEMEL In the structural analysis of a tropical forest, the projection of the basal area of the trees is used to determine the dominance of the diverse species. This 1s know has horizontal expansion or relative dominance (Lamprecht, 1962). Vertical expansion Fefers to the different strata of the crowns of the trees in dominant, codominant, or lesser trees. Total height was used asa measure of this. A detailed study of natural regeneration structure was done by Benitez in 1974, using the method of Caine et al (1956) For the present study 1/50th hectare circular plots were used to measure the natural regeneration for vertical and horizontal expansion. The interpretation Of the field data was done by determining the parameters of each age class according to the species present in each strate. Relative dominance was calculated using the method proposed by Lamprecht (1962), The following parameters were analyzed: 1) Composition of the natural regeneration by age class. 2) Horizontal expansion or relative dominance. 3) Vertical expansion where the species are Separated by strata. Yield and Behavior of the Natural Regeneration Eighty circular plots of 1/50th hectare were measured, ten in each of the age classes mentio- ned plus the mature forest. Trees were measured greater than one centimeter DB and 1.5 meters total height. The plots were located in sites harvested previously with the ages counted from the date of harvesting to the date of measure- ment. Total volume per tree was calculated using a formula for eucalyptus,(Ladrach, 1978): Ve .0251234 + .0000244 02H, where V=total volume inside bark in cubic meters, D=DBH in centimeters and H=total height in meters. There are no formulas for estimating the volume of small trees for the humid tropical rainforest and it was considered that this formula would give compara- tive values, being the best that we had availa- ble. Parameters calculated for each plot are average DBH in centimeters from 1 cm.DBH, ave - rage total height in meters from 1.8 mts., total basal area in square meters per hectarea from 1 cm. OBK, total trees per hectare from 1 cmt. DBH, commercial trees per hectare from 13 cmt DSH, and total volume in cubic meters per hectare from 13 cmt. DBH. These data were analyzed in relation to age by the graphic method of balanced curves. RESULTS A list of a11 species found in the natural rege- Reration are listed in Table I with their common name and botanical name. Natural Regeneration at Four Years of Age The, following species were, found: Vismia sp. Isertia pitteri, Parkia belutina, Goupta glabra, eeropta sp., Wiconta sp-s-and tag spe These are the species of grentertraiacive dominance and occupied 80% of the total area (Table 11, Figures J & 2). This indicates a great competion fox space between these inva- ding species. Ninety-five percent of the trees were less than 6 cm. in DB. Looking at the vertical structure: Cectapia sp., Isertia pitteri, Vismia sp., Park: ; Simaruba amara,' and Goupia glabra were the dominant species, being pioneer species that grow rapidly in full sunlight. Two separate Canopies were noted in the four year old trees, and 83% of the trees were less than 4 meters fn total height ( table VILT} Natural Regeneration at Six Years of Age At the sixth year there continues a strong com- Petition between dominant trees for light and space. In this way, 925 of the relative doni- nance occurs in Goupia glabra, Vismia sp gecrapta sp.» Miconta sp:> moretgg (ne2). Pauterta sp.2 and-natectifo (ree) (Table 112, Figures 3 84). Ninety-four percent of the trees are less than 6 mts. DBH (Figure 13). ‘The vertical strata is dominanted by Goupta Jabra, Cecropia sp., hormigo.(n-c.) and isuia’ ip, The space between trees ts reduced and the penetration of sunlight to the lower canopy is very slight. Thus some tolerant147 species are found developing and fi11ing the Open spaces in the fewer canopy. Stxty tno percent of the trees of this. age are less than 4 meters. in total hetghty and. the Baxinum height Js tess ohan'1 aezers Gate vit: Natural Regeneration at Eight Years of Age There some successional changes occurriny by the eight year in which the pioneer species are beginning to lose space in relation to the other species. Isertia pitteri, Eespedecia acropyolls and matectTTo (n.c.) have nearly Been eViminated and are seen only rarely (Table IV, Figures 5 46). The Species of greatest relative dominance are Pouteria sp.. Vismia sp., hormigo (n.c.), Yochysis tertuguines, Célrapia Sp.» Wiconta 5p.. and Pourona aspera, which occupy 81% of the basal area. Eighty-nine percent of the trees have less than 6 cmts. DBH, and none were found greater than 12 cmts. D8H (Table VIII, Figure 13). Three strata of the forest canopy are well defined with the upper canopy containing Cecropia sp., Vochysia ferruguinea, Viewia 5p., and hormigo (n.c.) Trees less than four meters height represent 73% of the total, whereas trees over 10 meters tall are less than one percent of total at 8 years of age. A greater vertical expansion was observed due to the light competition Between trees. Natural Regeneration at Ten Years of Age At this age the Vismia sp. Inga sp.» Dialyanthera Tehmanatt, $i etepfa.calimersis and -ApeTba aspera. showed the greatest Telative dominance, occupying 79% of the total area (Table ¥, Figures 7 & 8). Eighty-four percent of the trees are stil] Tess tha 6 cmts. DBH and there are no trees greater than 18 cmts. DBH ( Table VIII, Figure 13). At this stage of development the intolerant Species are being dominated by the tolerant species. In the lower stratum there exist a great quantity of species that are deve- Joping in the shade of the larger trees. The bigger dominant trees are slowly elimi- nating the secondary species. Vertically, there are three well defined strata. The upper stratum is composed of iomia’sp.. Guatteria calimensic. Zonia sp., Nacrolobium archert, Inga sp. Dialyanthera Tehnannit, Fouroma aspera, outerta sp-, Apeiba aspera, and Clusia Glaudiflora.” Sixty-eight percent of the trees are less than 4 meters in height and only 6% are over 10 meters (Table VIII, Figure 13). Natural Regeneration at Fifteen Years of Age At this age the most conson species are ouroma aspera, Vismia sp., Inga sp. Guatteria ¢elinensis, Cecropla sp. and Sp; these account for 972 of the total basal area (Table VI, Figures 9 & 10). The rest of the forest is composed of species of slow growth which are basically the species found in the mature forest as primary species. Only 1% of the trees were found with 2, greater DBH than 18 cats. (Table VITI, Figure 1S) Of the pioneer species, Vismia sp. present a iah relative dominance of 27% whereas Cecropia $p. and Miconia sp. present a low relative dominance at this age, being dominated by the primary species. The vertical structure is composed of three well defined strata where 13% of the species See gver, 10 weters. in otal hetant (rable Vitr) Vismia sp., Pouroma aspera, Guatteria calimensis, and Inga sp. represent the’ upper canopy> Cecropia sp. are nearly all eliminated by this ‘age and Cecropia sp. and Miconia sp. are being overtopped. Primary Forest In the plots in the mature natural forest of the Tow hilts type, the species with the greatest relative dominance are Pouteria sp., Crysophylium sp., Inga sp., Eschwefelera sp., Dialyanthera lehmannit, Vochysia ferruguinea Cicanfa chocoensts, and Pourona aspera which occupy % we total area (table VII, Vismia sp.are still present, ax oF the Figures 118.12). but not Cecropia nor Niconia in the plots, although they could be found at times in the Mature forest. Only 3% of the trees had 2 diameter greater than 18 centimeters (Table VIII, Figure 13). There are three well defined strata to the canopy with 102 of the trees in the upper canopy, which is not very different from the natural regeneration at 15 years of age. Variation in the Number of Trees per Hectare with Age The number of species found in the 10 plots per age class varied from 17 to 21 species and the total number of species found in the entire survey was 46 (Tables IT and VII). All species found correspond to the forest type of "low hilis". The number of trees per hectare dropped rapid- ly between ¢ and "15 years from 6900 to 3°10, but the number of commercial trees rose from’50 to 290 per hectare during the same period (Figure 14). The reduction in number Of trees with age is viewed as a process of natural selection. Many of the intolerant Species which grow initially in the harvested areas are eliminated with time by other species. After 15 years of age the renewed forest begins to acquire a structure similar to the original mature natural forest. Variation in the Height of Trees with Age In the first years the natural regeneration grows rapidly in height. After 15 years the Eendency of the height growth appears to slow down considerably, and finally the mature forest stabilizes at an average total height of 13 meters ( Table IX, Figure 15), As occurs with any normal population, the forest4g. of Lower Calima has losses due to death of individuals which have reached over-maturity in the climax forest. 8y the same token, when the trees have reached their maximum vertical growth they begin to grow in girth in order to assure their survival on the site. Variation in DBH and Basal Area with Age There is a very close relationship between DBH and the number of trees per hectare. In the initial stages of natural regenera Hon the forest density 1s very high and the DB is small, but as the dens ity diminishes with increasing age, the diameter also increases (Table IX, Figure 16). In the same manner, basal area increases with Stand age. The diameter growth had a 1i- neal relationship to age whereas basal area demonstrated an "3" shaped curved relationship to age (Figure 17). Variation in Wood Volume Bento ge Volume per hectare is the summ of the total height, diameter and number of trees per hectare. Total volume inside bark of all trees over 13 centimeters 08H and a minimum height of 4 meters to a conmarcial top of 10 centimeters had a curvelinear reletton— ship to age (Figure 18). DISCUSSTON r Hectare The natural regeneration of the Lower Calima Concession is governed by s process of natural succession, characteristic of all vegetation from where, through selec- tion and successive change, there emerge transformations until the climax forest is reached. This fact plus the capacity of the seed to regenerate the mature forest 48 what permits the forest to rapidly re- Gover after harvesting by clearcutting Sprouts were not found to be very important in the regeneration of the forest as is common fn many temperate region forests. To the contrary, the forest is almost totally due to gemilla. Benitez (1973) found through a structural analysis of the natural regeneration similar floral composition to the primary forest. Similarly, in this survey the composition of the flora with 4 useable species is much like the primary forest. in Species composition, and number of species for the Tow hills forest type. Species sdentitied which can be used for pulp include Miconia sp., Vismia sp., Cecropia sp., Inga sp., isertia pittert, Goupia glabra,” Vachysia ferruguines; Fourona a catimens is, and: Pouterte aspera, Guatter: 5p, Other spectes useful for sawtimber vhien are common in the natural. regeneration include Dialyanthera Tehmannii, Apeiba aspera, Hubevodendrer erodendron, partner nba Sos Caraga’ gutenenste, Ca ioonytfun asrecee ah Nantlkera prasntatas as-eeTT as species oF Value for other uses. The majority of these Species regenerate dense and abundant although these are encountered irregularly in sample plots due to variations in soils or topo- graphy. Certain species are present in all ages of natural regeneration in large quantities and have.9 marked influence on the Structure of the forest;which are principally Vismia sp., Inga sp. Eschweilera sp., Suatteria calimensis, pouteria 5p., and Yochysia ferruguinea, The pioneer species which are mostly intolerants are the most characteristic and important species in the first years of regeneration. Afterwards, these secondary species are replaced by the primary species which occupy most of the forest area. “There is a tendency to form three vertical Strata in the advanced regeneration as in the mature forest, with less trees in each stratum with age. The trees in the different diameter classes present a normal distribution pattern. According to Schulz (1960), there is a normal distribution of diameter classes when the number of individuals decreases logrithnatically in relation to the increase in diameter. This tendency which occurs in mixed, irrequiar forests, was observed in the natural tegeneration of Lower Calima in this study. The predominance of small diameter trees, some few medium sized trees and scarce number of large diameter trees constitutes the best guarentee of survival and a dynamic forest which indicates the existence of continued regeneration and a sustai- ned yield in the forest. One aspect that indicates a dynamic succession is the ever changing structural profile of the natural regeneration. The need for sunlight, Space and nutrients demands a competition between frees through the distinct phases of growth. At 15 years of age many of the’ prinery species such as Pouroma aspera, Inga sp., Guatteria calimensis and Pouteria sp. which are shade tolerant and have slow inftal growth, are beginning to increase in growth whereas the proneer spectes such ag ecropia sp., Vismia sp., Miconia sp. and Goupia afabra are being eT intnated-and-tneir reuse Giminishing. At this age the Cecropia practical- ly disappears (Figure 19). Ladrach (1976) found that. the natural regenera- tlon reached a total volume of 1s Me/hes at Hitleen years of age, using the volume. formula for mature trees in the concession. Using the Same sampling design but using the formuls. for eucalyptus, which better approximates. the form Sf young. trees 1 Lower Cal ina: the velune dropped to s4 wta/hes st fittedn years et age, This Fast value is half of the total. volune’ for the primary forest found in this. sane’ sampling which was 108 mes/na,. Based on this: compericen, the planned cutting schene established. tn ene management plan for the Concesion (Pulpapel, 1972} "continues being vaitd and at the eed ot the rotation of 30 years there should be volune of wood similar to the initial forest, if ind when there is no. interference on the regene. ration by man's indiscriminate cutting.149 ConcLusrons 1, The native forest in the Lower Calima Concession is regenerating itself natu- rally after harvesting the primary forest. 2. The composition of the natural regene- ration is very similar to the primary forest in as far as number of species is concerned. 3. The abundance of the number of trees for each species varies, depending on the age of the second growth. The Pioneer species are more common in the young forest and the species typical of the climax forest are more common in the fifteen year old natural regeneration and in the primary forest. 4. The natura} regeneration has half the volume of the primary forest by fifteen years of age, which implies that by 30 years (the estimated rotation age in the management plan for the concession) there will be at Jeast as much wood volume as was in the primary forest, if not more. 5. Due to the indiscriminate cutting of poles by local persons in the natural Fegeneration after the fourth year, the growth potential 1s not being realized ina large part of the are DEVELOPED BY Humberto Mazuera William Ladrach150 BIBLIOGRAFIA Benitez, Nario-1974. Informacién preli- mina? sobre el estudio de 1a Rege- neraci6n natural Concesién Bajo Calima, Informe de Investigacion No 4, 3 pp Caine S.A, et al. 1956. Aplication of Some phytosoctological Tecniques to Brazilian rain forest.Amer. Journal Bol. No. 43. 3. Celulosa y Papel de Colombia, S.A. 1972. Plan de Ordenacién del Sajo Caiima, Buenaventura, Tomo 1: 238 pp 4. Ladrach, W.£. 1976+ Rendimientos y con- portamiento de 1a regeneracin natu- tal. Informe anual de investigacion Forestal. cartén de Colombia pp 55-68 Ladrach,W.£ 1978. Tablas de volumen. peso verde y peso seco para Eucalyptus Esnaldulensts'y euesliptus grandtee {atorme Investigacion, fo. 20 Cartén de Colombia p 2-3 Lamprent, Hans. 1962. Ensayo sobre unos métodes para el anélisis estructural de los bosques tropicales. Catedra de Silvicultura. Universidad de los Andes. Merida. "Acta cientifica Yenezolana. Vol. (13) No. 2 7. Schulz, J.P. 1960.Ecological studies fon fain forests in northern Surinam. Surinam Vol (2) 267 p.151 TABLA I. Especies Encontradas En La Regeneracién Natual Del Bajo Calima, Estudio 6-11 (Species Found in the Natural Regeneration) Nombre Vulgar Expect eres Familia Aceite Mario Calophyllum marieae Guttiferae Aceitillo no alae Tcada Guttiferae Anime Dacryodes colombiana Burceraceae Au gueryodes colonbiana — Burcerace Bacaito Matisia hirta Bombacaceae Bagaté Dussia lehmannii Fabaceae Caimito Pouteria sp. Sapotaceae Caimito silvador Cryso alum sp. Sapotaceae eeiaree srapidee,, ease eaiorneene Caimito Tigre no clasificada Sapotaceae Carbonero Licania chocoensis Rosaceae Carré Huberodendron patinoi Bombacaceae Cauchillo Sapium utile Euphorbiaceae Chaquiro joupia abra Celastraceae cust) Soupis grab ea aatee Cuangare jatyanthera lehmannii Myristicaceae Guabovaina arkia belutina Mimosaceae Guasco sp. (2*) Lecytidaceae Guayabillo Byrsonima sp. Malpighiaceae Hormigo no clasificada Fi Jaboncillo Isertia pittieri Rubiaceae Laurel Aniba sp. Lauraceae Matecillo no clasificada Matapalo Clusia glaudiflora Guttiferae Marimbo Macrolobium archeri Caesal Pinaceae Manglillo Chrysoclamys floribunda Guttiferae Mancayo no clasificada Machare Symphonia globulifera Guttiferae na freee marune eee Pacé Cespedecia macrophylla Denna ceee Eee fesgedecis macrophylla Sehnaceze Sangregallina Vismia sp. = Guttiferae Sande Brodimum utile Moraceae Sorogé fochysia ferruguinea Vochysiaceae sorosd Gages eit Trapichero fanilkara bidentata Sapotaceae Veneno Psuldomedia sp. Moraceae Yarumo Cecropia sp. (3*) Moraceae Zanca de arafia scones guianensis. Guttiferae = indica raron mas di ecie con. +/ Los nuneros indicay, que se qnapntrargn, ode, de gna SSE0FU2 GP, the same name).wero,156 Natural a los 4 a generacién (Four Year Height By Species, Altura de 1a Rei Estudio 6-11 FIGURA 1. fios, Bajo Calima eters) jee = cs OTL PauOqe 4opeatts oatupeo | [cal OLLtapaoe 1 osapebieo [xara ah oosen6 a ee ouaya4desa 03 0120 oltsoeaew +| oraTea—| oqupaew SE ‘oqenb “oq Teaeg I = | - t ‘oledeaew ease eigee olsoaeu [= CTa [con CTE e100 uae Ban (nag aes iis fan Especies Dominancia Relativa en la Re, generacién Natural del Bajo Calima (Relative Dominance at 4 Years by Species, %. a los 4 afios, Estudio 6-11 Jopealys oapuyeo ortiaiace ouayoidesz OF LumLed o1t}oazew ouapebueo oosens aupue re oguyaew oze6 oledeaeul ! 03 :m} e9| E oT sa7 eu | ‘oqen’ aot L oun aer oapnbeys OLLauoqey r i ‘oWnAeA oaseseq [1 Especies L Bur [[ebaabues L . (san) Panay FIGURA 2. 24 (%) eALaelay eLoueu;wog157 Altura De La Regeneraci6n Natural del Bajo Calima A Los 6 Afios, Estudio 6-11 (6 Year-Height by Species) FIGURA 3. 10 Jopeatys or}upes be sopentis oanmies (ieasens] 23 gaens (pevoupTD] 3 ogéens DapesIes| BS auvsuens [ome] | 5 crepes Commer s~ causes og tren] 3 ouitiee Gf SUeUTT Ee osjeoea | [one] $2 oedeaeu | a aaae oe auyue ‘oqenb 23 f EDT =< as aaa : ‘eOur By awe | Tar TLebSBaTE Le 0 a: : suaek Se y TLC Se TT | fi mE (saw) eunaty (4) earaetey eLoueutuog158 38 z a3 oqui sew 3 OL Ly touew. 2 ear ayes Oa eee oginjuew =e ousuy = ; outue oe sopenuis onimea (| 3 4opeatis orjuyes 2 ‘aaebueno 20 [eaebueno <3 sar 3 olopebueq—| ge Orepebseo] = 2 | enbit[_| £5 jujea] go 24612 o3;ureo Sa [air] 33 ues ae so oede3ew so BabIy OFiwpeD]| oe euebuey & so (areser| 2 E= eutioeaed 8 Se ow] 2 3° gens] 2 Be ane] 2S Se ae STEN ena wor — =é [S BruIO 8c FBOIOS fr ul Llebaabues Pe yao g wos |g ameristar 3 E oumare 3 : —orrurest = 1 i = UU = 1 1 (°S4W) eangiy % PALaeL9y eLouRutuog159 Altura De La Regeneracién Natural A Los 10 Aflos, En E1 FIGURA 7 lepieus apieyo oF lousuan ousuesf—] 8 one [goed <3 Paaseuent apurs | Es apues pAoseurnt es zo lounaes loxeouew s es Se ofeourw foLieyoned Bt 1 Bo oLtpyones cosenb] = _ ge loosen [| iB ‘ounser |] 33 3 ean c SEU an ournbeus i : ae 1 Be comes ge aiyicaed 22 Crier) aS eee 35 8s oquy 32 tan £ 4 | ne ee pial ov tmpes tg ‘ouowauTad es 1 5 2 o3}e0eq ae oredey eu ai EE aavsugno a sac" Ss er 2. [ccououieured ee eau = eg Se weir be spre Oquyaem a : __saebugna TaSpUBIED 2 = oqen6 WUTTTebsabUeS 3 PUL Lebaabues — fo Mees Te 1 a (7san) e4ng.y (%) eApe ley eLoueurwog Especies160 Altura De La Regeneracién Natural En £1 Bajo A los 15 Afios, Estudio 6-11 (15 Year Total Height by Species) FIGURA 9, auvbuen{—| oosen6 Pi4ew aztooe| 1 oledeqew auy ue Teanet| Feb [eueresuez| saeyseu 350108 ounaer ~~ x00 | r OT FUP ED ee oaepebies —| vam Seer Tie Pbat® her bom. ai io gener Estud Dominancia Relativa En La Re: Bajo Calima, A Los 15 Afios, 01 posenb aae6ueno t dueusew Pyueu azpooe vueseapeouez 1 OLedeqew it 1 nities lowpue Lane, p PBou0s 1 sow [J t una ek puapebueol | n ‘oqend T Tiiebeabues r eu; Lebaubups ean FIGURA 10. [ 14 wu (sau) eufaiy 40 (3) PALIe Lay epoueuswog161 Altura De Las Especies En E] Bosque Primario De (Primary Forest Total Height) Bajo Calima, Estudio 6-11 FIGURA 11 enbit teanet obsewe [ olaouew ououpew uesedenb oLtiqecens| OL trarase | Corarares | ouauar CEL [easenrseaae| TOTTI eoabUES ouue asus} dey or rures r —— 250.08 [ oxeouew ‘Oqenb (Primary Forest Relative Dominance, %) Dominancia Relativa En £1 Bosque Naduro Del Bajo Calima, Estudio 6-11 llouney obaewe enbif oleouew ovoupeu uvoecend oLtyqecens OLLtayaae oquyaew ouauan e4ow auyue ouayoydeag PULL Leboubues (aanenna (oaswaq res | Ban saepuyhs ‘oosenb ‘Or ;uL eS —- 16 (saw) e4anaty FIGURA 16 (8) eayae tay eyoueuswog