INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

PERSPECTIVAS TE+RICAS EN EL PROCESO

DE ELABORACI+N DE CONJETURAS E IMPLICACIONES
PARA LA PRÁCTICA: TIPOS Y PASOS
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Cañadas, María Consuelo1; Deulofeu, Jordi2; Figueiras, Lourdes2; Reid, David A.3
y Yevdokimov, Oleksiy4
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Theoretical perspectives in the process of producing conjectures and implications for practice: types and steps
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ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3) 433

INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

METODOLOGÍA
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1$!7$!;.$5'N5.!*'!7$!H7'-.!9+5'9@5%;.0!7$!2(.B').(!*'!'*7;+;%M$!)'R
;7$*+(%+!2('-7$5M!+!)7)!')57*%+$5')!)%!2.*(L+$!'$;.$5(+(!7$+!('<+;%M$!
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RESULTADOS
Tipos de conjeturas
V'5'(9%$+(!;7@$5.)!)'-9'$5.)!*'!<.$-%57*')!*%B'('$5')!27'*'$!5(+/+(R
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Y!!!Y ')!"X0!>!$.!4`!WU+5%.$+<!?.7$;%<!.B!h'+;D'()!.B!
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6!2+(5%(!*'!<+)!%$&')5%-+;%.$')!('B'('$;%+*+)!'$!'<!+2+(5+R Tipo F: Inducción emp4rica a partir de casos dinámicos

*.!+$5'(%.(0!D'9.)!;+(+;5'(%/+*.!;%$;.!5%2.)!*'!;.$H'57(+)!
K7'0!)%!I%'$!).$!;.$.;%*.)!'$!<+!%$&')5%-+;%M$!'$!'*7;+R
;%M$!9+5'9@5%;+0!D+)5+!+D.(+!$.!D+IL+$!)%*.!;.92+(+*.)!
$%! ;.$)%*'(+*.)! )%)5'9@5%;+9'$5'G! 1)5.)! 5%2.)! ).$d! aZ! <+!
%$*7;;%M$!'92L(%;+!+!2+(5%(!*'!7$!$k9'(.!!!$%5.!*'!;+).)!
*%);('5.)0! bZ! <+! %$*7;;%M$! '92L(%;+! +! 2+(5%(! *'! ;+).)! *%R
$@9%;.)0!cZ!<+!+$+<.-L+0!dZ!<+!+I*7;;%M$!>!eZ!<+!;.$H'57(+!
I+)+*+!'$!<+!2'(;'2;%M$G!V');(%I%9.)!+!;.$5%$7+;%M$!;+*+!
7$.!*'!'<<.)G!
Tipo A: Inducción emp4rica a partir de nDmero !nito de
casos discretos
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434 ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)

 INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

]%-7(+!" ;.9.!7$+!('-<+!-'$'(+<!K7'!2'(9%5'!'N2<%;+(!7$!+;.$5'R
Problema de la caja negra. ;%9%'$5.!%$'N2<%;+I<'!*'!.5(+!9+$'(+G!w)5'!')!7$.!*'!<.)!
)%-$%!!;+*.)! K7'! T'%(;'! +5(%I7>'! +! <+! +I*7;;%M$! WO'%*0!
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Problema 2 T.(!'H'92<.0!+<!%$5'$5+(!*'9.)5(+(!<+!;.$H'57(+!B.(97<+R
V+*.!7$!5(%@$-7<.!6:?!>!7$!27$5.!T!*'$5(.!*'<!5(%@$-7<.0!;.$)5(7>'! *+!2.(!+$+<.-L+!'$!'<!2(.I<'9+!4d!oC%!*.)!<L$'+)!;.(5+$!
<+)!5(')!<L$'+)!*')*'!;+*+!&[(5%;'!60!:0!?!+<!27$5.!TG!fE7[!27'*')!*';%(! <.)!<+*.)!'$!7$+!(+/M$!*'!4d"0!<+!5'(;'(+!5+9I%[$!<.!D+(@p0!
).I('!<+)!('<+;%.$')!'$5('!<+)!<L$'+)!>!<.)!<+*.)!*'<!5(%@$-7<.g )'! <<'-+! +! 7$+! )%57+;%M$! )'9'H+$5'! +! <+! 9.)5(+*+! '$! <+!
!!-7(+!4G!C'!.I)'(&+!K7'!<+!5'(;'(+!(+/M$!'$!('+<%*+*!')!
#$.!*'!<.)!(+/.$+9%'$5.)!K7'!)%-7'$!+<!2<+$5'+9%'$5.! ;+)%!"dA0!<.!;7+<!('2(')'$5+!7$+!;.%$;%*'$;%+!).(2('$*'$R
*'<!2(.I<'9+!')!'<!)%-7%'$5'd! 5'G!T.(!5+$5.0!)'!2.*(L+!;.$H'57(+(!K7'0!'$!-'$'(+<0!o)%!*.)!
<L$'+)!;.(5+$!<.)!<+*.)!'$!7$+!(+/M$!*'!4d"0!'$5.$;')!<+!
C[! K7'! )%! *.)! <L$'+)! ;.(5+$! <.)! <+*.)! '$! '<! 27$5.! 9'*%.0! '$5.$;')! <+! 5'(;'(+!<L$'+!;.(5+(@!'<!<+*.!'$!7$+!(+/M$!*'!"dApG!C%!')5'!
5'(;'(+!<L$'+!5+9I%[$!<.!D+(@0!2.(K7'!<+)!9'*%+$+)!)'!'$;7'$5(+$!'$!7$! (')7<5+*.!B7'(+!;%'(5.0!'<!D';D.!*'!K7'!D+>+!.;7((%*.!'$!
27$5.G!1)5.>!)'-7(.!*'!K7'!)%!*.)!<L$'+)!;.(5+$!<.)!<+*.)!;.$!7$+!(+/M$! ')5'!;+).!$.!(')7<5+(L+!).(2('$*'$5'G
*'!4d"0!<+!5'(;'(+!5+9I%[$!<.!D+(@!Wl$%22%$-!>!O'%*0!4``YZG
\+!('-<+!-'$'(+<!;.$H'57(+*+!27'*'!)'(!7$+!$7'&+!W;.9.!
67$K7'!<+!;.$H'57(+!)'+!B+<)+!'$!')5'!;+).0!')5'!5%2.!*'! '$!'<!'H'92<.!+$5'(%.(Z!.!27'*'!)'(!');.-%*+!*'!7$!;.$R
;.$H'57(+)! (')7<5+$! ('+<9'$5'! 2(.*7;5%&+)! 2+(+! <+! (').R H7$5.! *'! ('-<+)! >+! ;.$.;%*+)G! 1$! +9I.)! ;+).)0! +<-7$+!
<7;%M$! *'<! 2(.I<'9+0! >+! K7'! B.9'$5+! <+! 75%<%/+;%M$! *'! &'(%!!;+;%M$!*'!<+!('-<+!');.-%*+!*'I'!('+<%/+()'!2+(+!K7'!
')5(+5'-%+)!;.97$')!;.9.!).$d!aZ!('*7;%(!'<!2(.I<'9+!+! )'+!;.$)%*'(+*+!&@<%*+G!T.(!'H'92<.0!;.$)%*'(+$*.!'<!)%R
7$.!9@)!)%92<'0!bZ!*%)5%$-7%(!;+).)0!>!cZ!<+!.I)'(&+;%M$! -7%'$5'!2(.I<'9+0!<.)!')57*%+$5')!2.*(L+$!;.$H'57(+(!K7'!
*'!)%9'5(L+)!>!.5(+)!2(.2%'*+*')!-'.9[5(%;+)!Wl$%22%$-! <+!B7$;%M$!<')!(')7<5+!B+9%<%+(G
>!O'%*0!4``YZG!
Problema 3
\<'-+*.! ')5'! 27$5.0! &+<'! <+! 2'$+! (';.(*+(! K7'0! +! 9'R 1$;7'$5(+!'<!2+5(M$!K7'!)%-7'!<+!)%-7%'$5'!)7;')%M$!*'!$k9'(.)!$+57(+R
$7*.0! '$! <+! <%5'(+57(+! *'! '*7;+;%M$! 9+5'9@5%;+0! <+)! <')!>!'N2([)+<+!;.9.!7$+!B7$;%M$d!=0!_0!"=0!4"u
2('-7$5+)! ).$! 2<+$5'+*+)! ).I('! <+! ;.92+5%I%<%*+*! .! '<!
7).!+2(.2%+*.!*'!;.$;'25.)!)%9%<+(')!*');(%5.)!;.$!<.)! C%!<.)!')57*%+$5')!D+$!5(+I+H+*.!;.$!2(.-(')%.$')!+(%5R
9%)9.)! $.9I(')0! 2.(! 7$! <+*.! '$! '<! @('+! *'! <+! '*7;+R
9[5%;+)0!27'*'$!2'$)+(!'$!+2<%;+(!<+!BM(97<+d!an J aA K
;%M$!9+5'9@5%;+0!>!2.(!.5(.!<+*.!'$!<+!%$&')5%-+;%M$!*'! Wn R!"Z!d0!)%'$*.!an!'<!5[(9%$.!'$[)%9.!*'!<+!)7;')%M$!
<.)!9+5'9@5%;.)G!67$K7'!')5+)!*%B'('$;%+)!'N%)5+$0!D+>! >!d!<+!*%B'('$;%+!'$5('!*.)!$k9'(.)!;.$)';75%&.)G!C%$!
5+9I%[$! )'9'H+$/+)! %92.(5+$5')! K7'! $.)! ;.$*7;'$! +! '9I+(-.0!(@2%*+9'$5'!'$;7'$5(+$!<+!*%!!;7<5+*!*'!*';%R
%$;<7%(!+K7L!<+!+$+<.-L+!;.9.!7$!5%2.!*'!;.$H'57(+!('<'R *%(!7$!&+<.(!2+(+!d W?+3+*+)0!4``4Z0!2.(K7'!<+!)7;')%M$!
&+$5'!'$!'<!;.$5'N5.!*'!<+!'*7;+;%M$!9+5'9@5%;+G *+*+!')!;7+*(@5%;+G!#$+!;.$H'57(+!B+<)+!*'!')5'!5%2.!<')!
+>7*+!+!*');7I(%(!K7'!D+>!7$+!('<+;%M$!B7$;%.$+<!'$5('!
Tipo I: Abducción ;+*+! 5[(9%$.! >! )7! 2.)%;%M$! *'$5(.! *'! <+! )7;')%M$0! <.!
;7+<!('2(')'$5+!7$!+&+$;'!2+(+!'$;.$5(+(!<+!'N2(')%M$!
1)5'!5%2.!*'!;.$H'57(+!)'!')5+I<';'!).I('!<+!I+)'!*'!7$! -'$'(+<!*'<!2+5(M$!>!<+!;.92('$)%M$!9%)9+!*'<!;.$;'2R
).<.!;+).0!'H'92<.!.!+;.$5';%9%'$5.G!\+!;.$H'57(+!)7(-'! 5.!*'!)7;')%M$G

ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3) 435

INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

Tipo
!!! L: Con.eturas basadas en la percepción
#$+!;.$H'57(+!27'*'!)'(!')5+I<';%*+!+!2+(5%(!*'!7$+!('R
2(')'$5+;%M$!&%)7+<!*'!7$!2(.I<'9+0!.!*'!7$+!5(+*7;;%M$!
2'(;'257+<!*'!)7!2<+$5'+9%'$5.G!\+!I+)'!*'!')5'!5%2.!*'!
;.$H'57(+)!')!7$+!;7%*+*.)+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!*'<!;.$5'$%R
*.!*'<!2(.I<'9+!;.9.!7$+!%9+-'$!9'$5+<G!U.!D+>!7$+!
+5'$;%M$!%$9'*%+5+!+!<+)!('<+;%.$')!K7'!'N%)5'$!'$5('!<.)!
'<'9'$5.)!*'<!2(.I<'9+!2.(K7'!'<!B.;.!%$%;%+<!')5@!'$!<+!
;('+;%M$!*'!7$+!$7'&+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!*'<!2(.I<'9+G!#$+!
&'/!K7'!')5+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!'N%)5'0!')!+!9'$7*.!I+)5+$R
5'!+*';7+*+!2+(+!('2(.*7;%(!<+)!('<+;%.$')!'$5('!<.)!'<'R
9'$5.)! 9+5'9@5%;.)! K7'! +2+(';'$G! V'! a7/9@$! W"XXjZ!
2(.2.$'!'<!)%-7%'$5'!2(.I<'9+!K7'!5.9+9.)!+K7L!;.9.!
'H'92<.! 2+(+! %<7)5(+(! ;M9.! <+! 'N2'(%'$;%+! 2'(;'257+<!
27'*'!)'(!7$!;.92.$'$5'!%92.(5+$5'!'$!'<!')5L97<.!*'!
<+! ;.$H'57(+G! C'! 5(+5+! *'! 7$! 2(.I<'9+! ;'((+*.! K7'0! )%$!
'9I+(-.0!2.5'$;%+!*'!9+$'(+!'&%*'$5'!<+!75%<%/+;%M$!*'!
2(.;').)!&%)7+<')!2+(+!;.$H'57(+(G
Problema 4: El problema de Schroeder-Bernstein
C'+$!6!>!:!*.)!;.$H7$5.)G!C72.$-+9.)!K7'!'N%)5'!7$+!B7$;%M$!f 7$.!+!
7$.!*'!6!D+)5+!:0!>!.5(+!B7$;%M$!g!7$.!+!7$.!*'!:!D+)5+!6G!V'9.)5(+(!
K7'!'$5.$;')!'N%)5'!7$+!I%>';;%M$!h *'!6!D+)5+!:G
T.*'9.)!D+;'(!<+!)%-7%'$5'!('2(')'$5+;%M$!*'<!2(.I<'9+d!
A!>!B!).$!('2(')'$5+*.)!2.(!*.)!<L$'+)0!>!f!>!g!2.(!*.)! e!bI)'(&+(!7$!2+5(M$G
"!';D+)! *');'$*'$5')! W]%-7(+! =ZG! \+)! "!';D+)! ;(';%'$5')!
('2(')'$5+$!<+)!B7$;%.$')!%$&'()+)!f-A!>!g-AG e!?.$H'57(+(!W;.$!*7*+Z!K7'!'<!2+5(M$!)'!+2<%;+!-'$'(+<R
9'$5'G
]%-7(+!=
Una representación del teorema de Schroeder-Bernstein.
*'!;<+)'!40!'$5.$;')!hPx) J g-APx)0!>!)%!N!')5@!'$!7$+!;+*'$+!
*'! ;<+)'! =0! '$5.$;')! hPx) J fPx)G!6D.(+! '<! 2(.I<'9+! ')!
*'9.)5(+(!K7'!h!')!7$+!I%>';;%M$0!<.!;7+<!')!;%'(5.G
\+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!D';D+!'$!')5'!'H'92<.!*'!<.)!;.$H7$R
5.)!6!>!:0!>!<+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!*'!"!';D+)!*');'$*'$5')!.!
+);'$*'$5')!$.!')!<.!9%)9.!K7'!<.)!;.$;'25.)!9+5'9@5%R
;.)!K7'!('2(')'$5+$0!2'(.!).$!)7!!;%'$5'9'$5'!;<+(+)!2+(+!
;.$)5(7%(!<+!B7$;%M$!h!K7'!).<7;%.$+!'<!2(.I<'9+G
Tipos de conjeturas y pasos
T+(+!'<!+$@<%)%)!*'!<+)!;.$H'57(+)!')!k5%<!*%&%*%(!'<!2(.;'R
).!'$!*%B'('$5')!2+).)G!1)5.)!2+).)!D+$!)%*.!*')+((.<<+R
*.)!;.$!*'5+<<'0!2+(+!<+)!;.$H'57(+)!*'!5%2.!"0!2.(!O'%*!
W4``"Z0!2.(!?+3+*+)!W4``4Z!>!?+3+*+)!>!?+)5(.!W4``_ZG!
1$!')5+!)';;%M$!$.)!('B'(%('9.)!+!<.)!2+).)!2+(+!<+)!;.$R
H'57(+)! *'! 5%2.! "! >! )7-'(%('9.)! <.)! 2+).)! ('<+;%.$+*.)!
2+(+!<.)!.5(.)!5%2.)!*'!;.$H'57(+)!%*'$5%!!;+*.)G
Pasos en con.eturas de tipo A
O'%*!W4``"Z!;.$)%*'(+!<.)!)%-7%'$5')!2+).)!2+(+!<+!%$*7;R
;%M$!+!2+(5%(!*'!7$!$k9'(.!!!$%5.!*'!;+).)!2+(5%;7<+(')d
e!T.$'(!+!2(7'I+!<+!;.$H'57(+G
e!a'$'(+<%/+(!<+!;.$H'57(+G
?+3+*+)!W4``4Z!>!?+3+*+)!>!?+)5(.!W4``_Z!.B(';'$!)%'5'!
2+).)! 9@)! *'5+<<+*.)! 2+(+! *');(%I%(! ')5'! 5%2.! *'! ;.$H'R
57(+)d!

e!bI)'(&+;%M$!*'!;+).)G

e!b(-+$%/+;%M$!*'!;+).)G
e!:k)K7'*+!>!2('*%;;%M$!*'!2+5(.$')G

e!].(97<+;%M$!*'!7$+!;.$H'57(+G

e!r+<%*'/!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G
6D.(+!2.*'9.)!;.$)%*'(+(!<+)!;+*'$+)!*'!"!';D+)!+);'$R
*'$5')! K7'! ('2(')'$5+$! ')5+)! B7$;%.$')0! >! ;<+)%!!;+(<+)! e!a'$'(+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G
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e!?<+)'!"d!<+!;+*'$+!5'(9%$+!).I('!6G
?7+$*.!se obser6an!;+).)!2+(5%;7<+(')0!'<!27$5.!*'!2+(5%R
e!?<+)'!4d!<+!;+*'$+!5'(9%$+!).I('!:G *+!).$!'N2'(%'$;%+)!;.$!;+).)!2+(5%;7<+(')!*'<!2(.I<'9+!
2<+$5'+*.G!T+(+!'<!2(.I<'9+!"!2(')'$5+*.0!'<!2(%9'(!2+).!
e!?<+)'!=d!<+!;+*'$+!$.!5%'$'!$%$-k$!!!$+<0!2.(K7'!5%'$'! *'I'(L+!')5+(!<%9%5+*.!+!<+!.I)'(&+;%M$!*'!7$.!.!*.)!;+R
7$!$k9'(.!%$!!$%5.!*'!2+).)0!.!)M<.!7$.G ).)d!^!s!=!t!Yc!"^!s!_!t!""G
1)5+!2+(5%;%M$!5+9I%[$!2'(9%5'!D+;'(!7$+!2+(5%;%M$!*'!<.)! La! organiTación! *'! ;+).)! 2+(5%;7<+(')! %92<%;+! '<! '9R
'<'9'$5.)!*'!6!'$!5(')!;.$H7$5.)!*%)H7$5.)0!>!+)L!5'$'(!7$+! 2<'.! *'! +<-7$+)! ')5(+5'-%+)! 2+(+! )%)5'9+5%/+(! >! B+;%<%5+(!
%$57%;%M$!*'!K7'!<+!I%>';;%M$ h!')d!C%!x '$!6!')5@!'$!7$+!;+R <+!5+('+!*'!%*'$5%!!;+;%M$!*'!2+5(.$')!+!2+(5%(!*'!<.)!;+R
*'$+!*'!;<+)'!"0!'$5.$;')!hPx) J fPx)G!C%!x!')5@!7$+!;+*'$+! ).)!2+(5%;7<+(')G!\+!')5(+5'-%+!7)+*+!*'!9+$'(+!D+I%57+<!

436 ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)

 INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

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.!5+I<+)!W6<<'$0!4``"ZG!1$!'<!2(.I<'9+!"0!'<!D';D.!*'!K7'! *%.!*'!<+!;.$5%$7%*+*!*'!;+).)G
<.)!')57*%+$5')!'$79'('$!)7)!)79+)!'$!.(*'$!;(';%'$5'!
;.((')2.$*'!+!')5+!'5+2+G e!bI)'(&+;%M$!*'!7$+!2(.2%'*+*!%$&+(%+$5'!'$!<+!)%57+R
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La bDs8ueda y la predicción del patrón!')!)%9%<+(!+<!2(.R
;').!*'!;.$H'57(+(!W;.$!*7*+Z!*'!O'%*!W4``"ZG!?7+$*.!)'! e!].(97<+;%M$!*'!7$+!;.$H'57(+!K7'!<+!2(.2%'*+*!).)5%'R
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)'(!-'$'(+<%/+*+G!\+!H7)5%!!;+;%M$!*'!-'$'(+<%/+;%.$')!'$!
GeneraliTación de la con.etura %92<%;+ 7$!;+9I%.0!K7'! '<!;.$5'N5.!*'!')5'!5%2.!*'!2(.I<'9+)0!'$!<.)!K7'!)'!5(+5+
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)'!D+!-'$'(+<%/+*.G!C%!$.0!)'!K7'*+!'$!7$+!;.$H'57(+!I+R &%'(5'!+<!2(.I<'9+!'$!7$.!')2';%+<9'$5'!%$5'(')+$5'!*')*'!
)+*+!'$!;+).)!2+(5%;7<+(')G '<!27$5.!*'!&%)5+!*%*@;5%;.G!T.*(L+9.)!<<'-+(!+!;.$H'57(+(!
*'!9+$'(+!('9.5+!K7'!v!')!<+!%$5'()';;%M$!*'!<+)!9'*%+R
1)57*%+(!;+).)!2+(5%;7<+(')!+*%;%.$+<')!$.!')!)7!!;%'$5'!2+(+! $+)0! <.! ;7+<! H7)5%!!;+(L+! <+! -'$'(+<%/+;%M$! *'! <+! ;.$H'57(+!
H7)5%!!;+(!7$+!-'$'(+<%/+;%M$G!\+!H7)5%!!;+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+! %$%;%+<!>!5+<!;.$H'57(+!;.((')2.$*'(L+!+!7$+!*'<!5%2.!A!Wab-
-'$'(+<%/+*+!%92<%;+!*+(!(+/.$')!K7'!'N2<%;+$!<+!;.$H'57(+0! ducciónZ0!>+!K7'!<+!('-<+!-'$'(+<!')!)727')5+!2+(+!'N2<%;+(!
K7%/@)!;.$!<+!%$5'$;%M$!*'!;.$&'$;'(!+!.5(+!2'().$+!*'!K7'! 7$!D';D.!%$'N2<%;+I<'!*'!.5(+!9+$'(+G
<+!-'$'(+<%/+;%M$!')!H7)5%!!;+*+G!C%!')!$';')+(%.0!)'!2.*(L+!
('+<%/+(!7$+!2(7'I+!9+5'9@5%;+!;.9.!<+!H7)5%!!;+;%M$!K7'! Pasos en con.eturas de tipo G!
-+(+$5%/+!<+!&'(*+*!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G!m+)5+!+D.(+0!$+*%'!D+!
<.-(+*.!H7)5%!!;+(!<+!;.$H'57(+!*'!a.<*I+;DG ?.$H'57(+(!2.(!+$+<.-L+!W5%2.!=Z!2.*(L+!2(.;'*'(!+!5(+&[)!
*'!<.)!)%-7%'$5')!2+).)d!
T.(!7$!<+*.0!5.*.)!')5.)!2+).)!$.!5%'$'$!K7'!*+()'!;.$!
;+*+!;.$H'57(+!$%!5%'$'$!K7'!)7;'*'()'!'$!'<!.(*'$!2('R e!bI)'(&+;%M$!*'!*.)!;+).)G
)'$5+*.!W?+3+*+)0!4``_ZG!T.(!.5(.!<+*.0!')5.)!2+).)!27'R
*'$! )'(! +2<%;+*.)0! ;.$! +<-7$+)! 9.*%!!;+;%.$')0! +! .5(.)! e!:k)K7'*+!*'!)'9'H+$/+)!'$5('!<.)!;+).)G
5%2.)! *'! ;.$H'57(+)0! ;.9.! *');(%I%('9.)! '$! <+)! ;7+5(.!
)';;%.$')!)%-7%'$5')G e!].(97<+;%M$!*'!7$+!;.$H'57(+!I+)+*+!'$!<+!)'9'H+$/+G

Pasos en con.eturas de tipo F e!r+<%*+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G

?.$H'57(+(! 2.(! %$*7;;%M$! '92L(%;+! *'! ;+).)! *%$@9%R e!a'$'(+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G

;.)! W5%2.! 4Z! 2.*(L+! 2(.;'*'(! +! 5(+&[)! *'! <.)! )%-7%'$5')
2+).)d! e!x7)5%!!;+;%M$!*'!<+!-'$'(+<%/+;%M$G

ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3) 437

INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

!!!
O';.(*'9.)!'<!'H'92<.!2(')'$5+*.d Pasos en con.eturas de tipo L!

C[! K7'! )%! *.)! <L$'+)! ;.(5+$! <.)! <+*.)! '$! '<! 27$5.! 9'*%.0! '$5.$;')! <+! \+!2'(;'2;%M$!I+)+*+!'$!;.$H'57(+)!W5%2.!YZ!2.*(L+!2(.R
5'(;'(+!<L$'+!5+9I%[$!<.!D+(@0!2.(K7'!<+)!9'*%+$+)!)'!'$;7'$5(+$!'$!7$! ;'*'(!2.(!9'*%.!*'!')5.)!2+).)d
27$5.G!1)5.>!)'-7(.!*'!K7'!)%!*.)!<L$'+)!;.(5+$!<.)!<+*.)!'$!7$+!(+/M$!
4d"0!<+!5'(;'(+!5+9I%[$!<.!D+(@G e!h(+*7;;%M$!*'<!2(.I<'9+!'$!7$+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!I+)+*+!
'$!<+!2'(;'2;%M$!%$*%&%*7+<!*'<!2(.I<'9+G
\.)! *.)! ;+).)! .I)'(&+*.)! ;.((')2.$*'$! (')2';5%&+R
9'$5'! +! <+)! 9'*%+$+)! *'! 7$! 5(%@$-7<.! >! +! <+)! <L$'+)! e!?.$)5(7;;%M$!*'!7$+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!9'$5+<!*'!<.)!'<'R
K7'!;.(5+$!*.)!<+*.)!'$!7$+!(+/M$!*'!4d"G!1)5.)!;+).)! 9'$5.)!9+5'9@5%;.)!%$&.<7;(+*.)G
).$!)%9%<+(')!'$!+<-7$.)!+)2';5.)!;.9.0!2.(!'H'92<.0!
K7'! <+)! <L$'+)! ;.$)%*'(+*+)! 2+)+$! 2.(! <.)! &[(5%;')! >! e!bI)'(&+;%M$!*'!<+)!;+(+;5'(L)5%;+)!')2';%+<')!*'!<+!('R
2.(! <.)! <+*.)! .27')5.)! *'<! 5(%@$-7<.c! K7'! <.)! <+*.)! 2(')'$5+;%M$0!I+)+*+!'$!<+!2'(;'2;%M$!%$*%&%*7+<!*'<!2(.R
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*'! <+)! 9'*%+$+)! ')! ;.$.;%*+! .5(+! ;+(+;5'(L)5%;+d! K7'! e!].(97<+;%M$!*'!7$+!;.$H'57(+!I+)+*+!'$!<+)!;+(+;5'(L)R
<+)! 5(')! )'! '$;7'$5(+$! '$! 7$! k$%;.! 27$5.! .0! *%;D.! *'! 5%;+)!')2';%+<')!*'!<+!('2(')'$5+;%M$G
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<+!%$5'()';;%M$!*'!<+)!*.)!2(%9'(+)!9'*%+$+)!')!5+9R e!x7)5%!!;+;%M$!.!B.(9+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!5(+*7;;%M$G
I%[$!7$+!9'*%+$+G!1)5+!;+(+;5'(L)5%;+!27'*'!)'(!7)+*+!
;.9.!<+!I+)'!2+(+!B.(97<+(!7$+!;.$H'57(+!+).;%+*+!+! e!a'$'(+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G
<+! .I)'(&+;%M$! *'<! 2(%9'(! ;+).0! >! ')! K7'! '$! '<! ;+).!
*'! <L$'+)! K7'! ;.(5+$! *.)! <+*.)! '$! 7$+! (+/M$! *'! 4d"0! e!x7)5%!!;+;%M$!*'!<+!-'$'(+<%/+;%M$G
<+! (';5+! K7'! 2+)+! 2.(! '<! 5'(;'(! &[(5%;'! >! <+! %$5'()';R
;%M$!*'!<+)!.5(+)!*.)!5+9I%[$!;.(5+!'<!<+*.!.27')5.!'$! 1<!2+).!*'!<+!H7)5%!!;+;%M$!.!B.(9+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!5(+*7;R
7$+!(+/M$!*'!4d"G!6<!%-7+<!K7'!'$!<.)!5%2.)!+$5'(%.(')0! ;%M$!;.$)5%57>'0!'$!')5'!5%2.!*'!;.$H'57(+)0!<+!&+<%*+;%M$!
')5+!;.$H'57(+!)'(L+!'$5.$;')!&+<%*+*+0!-'$'(+<%/+*+!>! '92L(%;+! *'! <+! ;.$H'57(+G! 1)! $';')+(%.! 9.)5(+(! K7'! <+)!
H7)5%!!;+*+G! C%$! '9I+(-.0! '$! ')5'! 'H'92<.! ')2';L!!;.! ;+(+;5'(L)5%;+)! ')2';%+<')! *'! <+! ('2(')'$5+;%M$! ')5@$
$.!')!2.)%I<'!2.(K7'!<+!;.$H'57(+!$.!')!;%'(5+G!?.9.! *'!D';D.!*%(';5+9'$5'!('<+;%.$+*+)!;.$!<+)!;+(+;5'(L)5%R
;+)!+$@<.-+)!')2';%+<')!'$!'<!2(.I<'9+G!1$!'<!2(.I<'9+!
;.$5(+2+(5%*+0! <+! ('B75+;%M$! *'! <+! ;.$H'57(+! *+! <7-+(! +!
7$+!)%57+;%M$!')2';%+<9'$5'!%$5'(')+$5'!K7'!;.$*7;'!+! A0!<+)!;+*'$+)!+);'$*'$5')!*'!"!';D+)!>!)7!;<+)%!!;+;%M$!
7$+!;.$H'57(+!*'!5%2.!A> 27'*'$! )'(! %9+-%$+*+)! '! %<7)5(+*+)! )'-k$! '<! *%+-(+9+G!
C%$! '9I+(-.0! ')! $';')+(%.! 7$! ')B7'(/.! +*%;%.$+<! 2+(+!
Pasos en con.eturas de tipo I 9.)5(+(! K7'! ')5+)! ;+(+;5'(L)5%;+)! *'! <+! ('2(')'$5+;%M$!
5+9I%[$! 'N%)5'$! '$! <+! )%57+;%M$! 9+5'9@5%;+! *'! <.)! *.)!
?.$H'57(+(! 2.(! +I*7;;%M$! W5%2.! AZ! 2.*(L+! 2(.;'*'(! 2.(! ;.$H7$5.)G! #$+! &'/! K7'! ')5@! H7)5%!!;+*+! <+! 5(+*7;;%M$
9'*%.!*'!')5.)!$%&'<')d *'!<+!('2(')'$5+;%M$0!<+!;.$H'57(+!27'*'!)'(!-'$'(+<%/+*+!
*'$5(.!*'<!;.$5'N5.!*'<!2(.I<'9+!.(%-%$+<G
e!bI)'(&+;%M$!*'!7$!;+).G
e! bI)'(&+;%M$! *'! ;%'(5+! ;+(+;5'(L)5%;+! )%-$%!!;+5%&+! *'<! Contextos y sistemas de representación
;+).G
1$! '<! 5(+I+H.! <<'&+*.! +! ;+I.! ).I('! <.)! *%B'('$5')! 5%2.)!
e!].(97<+;%M$!*'!7$+!;.$H'57(+!'$!K7'!<+!;+(+;5'(L)5%;+! *'!;.$H'57(+)!>!<.)!2+).)0!D'9.)!%*'$5%!!;+*.!<+!%92.(R
)'!+2<%;+!+!.5(.)!;+).)G 5+$;%+!>!<+)!%92<%;+;%.$')!K7'!27'*'!<<'&+(!'<!;.$)%*'R
(+(!*%B'('$5')!;.$5'N5.)!2+(+!7$!9%)9.!2(.I<'9+G!r+(%.)!
e!r+<%*'/!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G 2(.I<'9+)!K7'!).$!%*[$5%;.)!'$!)7!')5(7;57(+!9+5'9@5%;+!
27'*'$!)'(!2<+$5'+*.)!'$!;.$5'N5.)!97>!*%B'('$5')d
e!a'$'(+<%/+;%M$!*'!<+!;.$H'57(+G
Problema 5a: El problema del apretón de manos
e!x7)5%!!;+;%M$!*'!<+!-'$'(+<%/+;%M$G n!2'().$+)!)'!('k$'$!'$!7$+!;'<'I(+;%M$!>!;+*+!7$.!')5(';D+!<+!9+$.!
+!5.*.)!<.)!*'9@)G!f?7@$5.)!+2('5.$')!*'!9+$.)!)'!*%'(.$!'$!<+!;'<'R
1$!'<!'H'92<.!*'!<+!B%-7(+!40!)'!2(')'$5+!'<!;+).!.IR I(+;%M$g
)'(&+*.G!\+!(+/M$!"dA!;.((')2.$*'!+!7$+!;+(+;5'(L)R
5%;+!+).9I(.)+0!>!'$!7$!;.$5'N5.!*'!-'.9'5(L+!*%$@R T.(!<.!-'$'(+<0!')5'!2(.I<'9+!')!9@)!B@;%<!2+(+!<.)!')57R
9%;+! %$9'*%+5+9'$5'! 2.*(L+! &+<%*+()'! <+! ;.$H'57(+! *%+$5')!)%!')!2<+$5'+*.!'$!<.)!)%-7%'$5')!5[(9%$.)G
K7'0! '$! -'$'(+<0! o)%! *.)! <L$'+)! ;.(5+$! <.)! <+*.)! '$!
7$+! (+/M$! *'! 4d"0! '$5.$;')! <+! 5'(;'(+! <L$'+! ;.(5+(@! Problema 5b: El problema de diagonales
)7!<+*.!'$!7$+!(+/M$!*'!"dAp!2.(!+((+)5('!*'!<+!B%-7R V+*.!7$!2.<L-.$.!;.$!n &[(5%;')0!f;7@$5+)!*%+-.$+<')!W<L$'+)!K7'!7$'$!
(+G!#$+!&'/!K7'!<+!;.$H'57(+!')!&+<%*+*+0!27'*'!)'(! *.)!&[(5%;')Z!27'*'$!*%I7H+()'g
-'$'(+<%/+*+! >! <.)! 9[5.*.)! 5(+*%;%.$+<')! *'! 2(7'I+!
-'.9[5(%;+!2.*(L+$!)'(!7)+*.)!2+(+!H7)5%B%;+(!<+!-'R 1<!2(.I<'9+!Y+!'$!<+!9+>.(L+!*'!<+)!.;+)%.$')!')!5(+*7R
$'(+<%/+;%M$G ;%*.! +! 7$! <'$-7+H'! +(%59[5%;.! .! +<-'I(+%;.0! *'! 9+$'(+!

438 ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)

 INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

K7'!27'*+!+I.(*+()'!9+5'9@5%;+9'$5'G!1<!2(.I<'9+!YI! e! ?.$H'57(+! Yd! b! ')! <+! %$5'()';;%M$! '$5('!6V! >! :1G!

>+!')5@!'N2(')+*.!'$!7$!<'$-7+H'!9+5'9@5%;.0!2.(!<.!K7'! T!')!<+!%$5'()';;%M$!'$5('!s!>!)7!2'(2'$*%;7<+(!2.(!b!
$.! ')! $';')+(%+! $%$-7$+! 5(+*7;;%M$! >! )7-%'('! 7$! 9[5.R W]%-7(+!^ZG
*.!%92<L;%5.!*'!).<7;%M$G!1)5+)!*.)!B.(9+)!*'!2(')'$5+(!
'<!2(.I<'9+!27'*'$!;.$*7;%(!+!;.$H'57(+)!*%B'('$5')d!<+! e!?.$H'57(+!jd!T!')!'<!27$5.!'$;.$5(+*.!'92L(%;+9'$5'
B.(9+!+(%59[5%;.y+<-'I(+%;+!*+!<7-+(!+!7$+!;.$H'57(+!5%2.! !+<!9.&'(!'<!27$5.!+!<.!<+(-.!*'<!)'-9'$5.!V1!D+)5+!K7'!
"0!9%'$5(+)!K7'!<+!B.(9+!-'.9[5(%;+!*+!<7-+(!+!7$+!;.$R <+!*%)5+$;%+!9'*%*+!)'+!9L$%9+G
H'57(+!5%2.!Y!W?+3+*+)0!4``4ZG!
\+!2(%9'(+!;.$H'57(+!2+(';'!$.!'$;+H+(!;.$!$%$-7$.!*'!
?.$)%*'('9.)!.5(.!'H'92<.!*'!2(.I<'9+!;7>.!;.$5'N5.! <.)! 5%2.)! 2(.27')5.)! '$! ')5'! +(5L;7<.G! C7-'(%9.)! <+! $'R
27'*'!*+(!<7-+(!+!*.)!5%2.)!*'!;.$H'57(+)!*%B'('$5')d ;')%*+*!*'!('+<%/+(!7$!+$@<%)%)!*'<!')5%<.!+<!)'3+<+*.!2.(!
]%-7'%(+)!>!V'7<.B'7!W4``YZG!\+)!;.$H'57(+)!4!+!Y!')5@$!
Problema 6 ('<+;%.$+*+)!W;.9.!)'(@$!+$+<%/+*+)!*'I+H.Z!'!%92<%;+R
6<-7$.)!2(.I<'9+)!$+57(+<')!27'*'$!)'(!'N2(')+*.)!;.9.!<+!)79+!*'! (@$!+I*7;;%.$')G!\+!;.$H'57(+!j!')!*'!5%2.!4G
*.)!.!9@)!$k9'(.)!;.$)';75%&.)G!T.(!'H'92<.!_!s!=!t!Ac!"`!s!"!t!4!
t!=!t!Ac!"4!s!=!t!A!t!Y0!'5;G!fE7[!$k9'(.)!27'*'$!)'(!'N2(')+*.)!*'!
')5'!9.*.g ]%-7(+!A
Conjetura 1.
6! <.)! ')57*%+$5')! K7'! %$5'$5+$! '$;.$5(+(! 7$+! ('-<+! -'R
$'(+<! 2'$)+$*.! '$! ;+).)! 2+(5%;7<+(')! 2.(! <.! -'$'(+<! <')!
(')7<5+!*%BL;%<!D+;'(!7$+!I7'$+!;.$H'57(+G!S7;D.)!)7-%'R
('$!o5.*.)!<.)!$k9'(.)!%92+(')p!.!o5.*.)!<.)!9k<5%2<.)
*'!5(')p!W?+3+*+)0!4``4ZG

C%!'<!2(.I<'9+!')!5(+*7;%*.!'$!7$+!('2(')'$5+;%M$!&%)7+<0!
)%$!'9I+(-.0!)'!D+;'!2.)%I<'!&'(!<+!)79+!*'!*.)!.!9@)!
$k9'(.)!;.$)';75%&.)!;.9.!o$k9'(.!'$!');+<'(+p0!K7'!
27'*'!)'(!*');.927')5.!'$!*.)!2+(5')d!7$!$k9'(.!5(%+$R
-7<+(!).I('!<+!;%9+!*'!7$!$k9'(.!(';5+$-7<+(G!1)5.!;.$R
*7;'!+!7$+!('-<+!;.9.!Wn4!t!n z!4Z!t!WnG!1)5.!<')!*+!+!<.)!
')57*%+$5')! 7$+! +2(.N%9+;%M$! ).I('! <+! ;.$)5(7;;%M$! *'!
5+<')!$k9'(.)0!+7$K7'!$.!).$!;+2+;')!*'!)+I'(!)%!7$!$kR
9'(.!*+*.!')!)7);'25%I<'!*'!)'(!'N2(')+*.!*'!')+!B.(9+G
]%-7(+!Y
Conjetura 2.
Problemas y conjeturas: implicaciones en el ámbi-
to educativo
#$!2(.I<'9+!27'*'!*+(!<7-+(!+!;.$H'57(+)!*%&'()+)0!$.!
5.*+)!*'<!9%)9.!5%2.G!T.(!'H'92<.0!;.$)%*'('9.)!'<!)%R
-7%'$5'!2(.I<'9+d

Problema 7. El problema de Heron

C'+!s!7$+!<L$'+!>!6!>!:!*.)!27$5.)!'$!'<!9%)9.!2<+$.!K7'!sG!fT+(+!K7[!
27$5.!T!'$!s0!6T!t!T:!')!'<!;+9%$.!9@)!;.(5.!2+(+!7$%(!6!>!:g

\+)!2.)%I<')!;.$H'57(+)!)'(L+$d

e!?.$H'57(+!"d!C'+!?!'<!27$5.!)%9[5(%;.!+!6!;.$!(')2';5.!
+!<+!<L$'+!s0!*'!9+$'(+!K7'!'<!)'-9'$5.!6?!)'+!2'(2'$R ]%-7(+!Y+
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ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3) 439

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440 ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)


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441
INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA
REFERENCIAS
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del raTonamiento inducti6o utiliTado por estudiantes de
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?6|6V6C0!SG?G!>!?6ChOb0!1G!W4``_ZG!6!2(.2.)+<!.B!;+5R
'-.(%)+5%.$! B.(! +$+<>)%$-! %$*7;5%&'! ('+).$%$-G! PNA, "W4Z0!
22G!j_R_^G!Wr'()%M$!*%)2.$%I<'!'$!}QQQG2$+G')~ZG
?6OOi\\b0!xG!W"XXAZG!O').<7;%M$!*'!2(.I<'9+)d!;<+&'!*'<!*'R
)+((.<<.!2(.B')%.$+<G!Epsilon0!=`0!22G!4_R=^G
?6OOi\\b0!xG!W"XX^ZG!\+!(').<7;%M$!*'!2(.I<'9+)!'$!<+!'$R
)'3+$/+! )';7$*+(%+G! 1H'92<%!!;+;%.$')! *'<! 2+(+! K7[G! Epsi-
lon0!A`0!22G!"YR4jG!
?6ChOb0!1G!W"XXYZG!Exploración de patrones num:ricos me-
diante con!guraciones puntuale)G!h')%)!*.;5.(+<G!a(+$+*+d!
#$%&'()%*+*!*'!a(+$+*+G
?6ChOb0!1G!W4``4ZG!\+!(').<7;%M$!*'!2(.I<'9+)!*')*'!<+!%$R
&')5%-+;%M$!'$!'*7;+;%M$!9+5'9@5%;+0!'$!?+(*'3.).0!xGSG0!
?+)5(.0!1G0!S.('$.0!6GxG!>!T'3+)0!SG!W'*)GZG!In6estigación
en el aula de matemáticas> Resolución de problemas,
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INVESTIGACIÓN DIDÁCTICA

Theoretical perspectives in the process of producing conjectures and implications for

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444 ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS, 2008, 26(3)