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February 2010
Master of Computer Application (MCA) – Semester 1
MC0065 – Financial Management & Accounting – 4 Credits
(Book ID: B0724) Assignment Set – 1
Book ID: B0724
1. What is accounting cycle? List the sequential steps involved in Accounting cycle?
Ans: The accounting cycle refers to a series of sequential steps or procedures performed to accomplish the
accounting process. The steps in the cycle arc as follows:
Step 1 Transactions are recorded in the journal
Step 2 Journal Entries are posted in the Ledger
Step 3 Preparation of a Trial Balance
Step 4 Adjusting journal entries are journalized and posted
Step5 Preparation of the worksheet
Step 6 Preparation of the financial statements
Step 7 Closing journal entries are journalized and posted
Step 8 Preparation of the post‐closing trial balance
Step 9 Reversing journal entries are journalized and posted
The Journal
The journal is a chronological record of the entity's transactions. A journal entry shows all the effects
of a business transaction in terms of debits and credits. Each transaction is initially recorded in a
journal rather than directly in the ledger. A journal is called the book of original entry. Of only two
accounts are affected‐ one account is debited and the oilier account is credited‐ it is called a Simple
Journal entry. When three or more accounts are required in a journal entry, the entry is referred to as
a Compound entry.
The Ledger
A grouping of the entity's accounts is referred to as the ledger. Although some firms may use various
ledgers to accumulate certain detailed information, all firms have a general ledger. A general ledger is
the reference book of the accounting system and is used to classify and summarize transactions, and
to prepare data for the basic financial statements.
The Trial Balance
The Trial Balance is a list of all accounts with their respective debit or credit balances. It is prepared to
verily the equality of debits and credits in the ledger at the end of each accounting period or at any
time the postings are updated.
2. A. Bring out the difference between Indian GAAP and US GAAP norms?.
Ans: There are significant differences between Indian GAAP and US GAAP. US GAAP stipulate stringent
accounting treatment as well as disclosure norms, whereas their Indian GAAP in many cases have
relaxed requirements ( AS 18,17,AS 3). Similarly, there are several areas where no Accounting
Standard have been issued by ICAI . These differences lead to wide variations when Financial Results
of Indian Companies are computed under US GAAP and it is found that Profits computed under US
GAAP are generally lower.
Some of these major differences between US GAAP and Indian GAAP which give rise to differences in
profit are highlighted hereunder:
Underlying assumptions: Under Indian GAAP, Financial statements are prepared in accordance
with the principle of conservatism which basically means “Anticipate no profits and provide for all
possible losses”. Under US GAAP conservatism is not considered, if it leads to deliberate and
consistent understatements.
Prudence vs. rules: The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has been structuring
Accounting Standards based on the International Accounting Standards ( IAS) , which employ
concepts and `prudence' as the principle in contrast to the US GAAP, which are "rule oriented",
detailed and complex. It is quite easy for the US accountants to handle issues that fall within the
rules, while the International Accounting Standards provide a general framework of accounting
standards, which emphasize "substance over form" for accounting. These rules are less descriptive
and their application is based on prudence. US GAAP has thus issued several Industry specific GAAP
, like SFAS 51 ( Cable TV), SFAS 50 (Record and Music Industry) , SFAS 53 ( Motion Picture Industry)
etc.
Format/ Presentation of financial statements: Under Indian GAAP, financial statements are
prepared in accordance with the presentation requirements of Schedule VI to the Companies Act,
1956. On the other hand , financial statements prepared as per US GAAP are not required to be
prepared under any specific format as long as they comply with the disclosure requirements of US
GAAP. Financial statements to be filed with SEC include
Consolidation of subsidiary companies: Under Indian GAAP (AS 21), Consolidation of Accounts of
subsidiary companies is not mandatory. AS 21 is mandatory if an enterprise presents consolidated
financial statements. In other words, the accounting standard does not mandate an enterprise to
present consolidated financial statements but, if the enterprise presents consolidated financial
statements for complying with the requirements of any statute or otherwise, it should prepare and
present consolidated financial statements in accordance with AS 21.Thus, the financial income of
any company taken in isolation neither reveals the quantum of business between the group
companies nor does it reveal the true picture of the Group . Savvy promoters hive off their loss
making divisions into separate subsidiaries, so that financial statement of their Flagship Company
looks attractive .Under US GAAP (SFAS 94),Consolidation of results of Subsidiary Companies is
mandatory , hence eliminating material, inter company transaction and giving a true picture of the
operations and Profitability of the various majority owned Business of the Group.
Cash flow statement: Under Indian GAAP (AS 3) , inclusion of Cash Flow statement in financial
statements is mandatory only for companies whose share are listed on recognized stock exchanges
and Certain enterprises whose turnover for the accounting period exceeds Rs. 50 crore. Thus ,
unlisted companies escape the burden of providing cash flow statements as part of their financial
statements. On the other hand, US GAAP (SFAS 95) mandates furnishing of cash flow statements
for 3 years – current year and 2 immediate preceding years irrespective of whether the company
is listed or not .
Investments: Under Indian GAAP (AS 13), Investments are classified as Current and Long term.
These are to be further classified Government or Trust securities ,Shares, debentures or bonds
Investment properties Others‐specifying nature. Investments classified as current investments are
to be carried in the financial statements at the lower of cost and fair value determined either on an
individual investment basis or by category of investment, but not on an overall (or global) basis.
Investments classified as long term investments are carried in the financial statements at cost.
However, provision for diminution is to be made to recognize a decline, other than temporary, in
the value of the investments, such reduction being determined and made for each investment
individually. Under US GAAP ( SFAS 115) , Investments are required to be segregated in 3
categories i.e. held to Maturity Security ( Primarily Debt Security) , Trading Security and Available
for sales Security and should be further segregated as Current or Non current on Individual basis.
Debt securities that the enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are
classified as held‐to‐maturity securities and reported at amortized cost. Debt and equity securities
that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified
as trading securities and reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in
earnings. All Other securities are classified as available‐for‐sale securities and reported at fair
value, with unrealised gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in a separate
component of shareholders' equity
Depreciation: Under the Indian GAAP, depreciation is provided based on rates prescribed by the
Companies Act, 1956. Higher depreciation provision based on estimated useful life of the assets is
permitted, but must be disclosed in Notes to Accounts.( Guidance note no 49) . Depreciation
cannot be provided at a rate lower than prescribed in any circumstance. Similarly , there is no
compulsion to provide depreciation at a higher rate, even if the actual wear and tear of the
equipments is higher than the rates provided in Companies Act. Thus , an Indian Company can get
away with providing with lesser depreciation , if the same is in compliance to Companies Act 1956.
Contrary to this, under the US GAAP , depreciation has to be provided over the estimated useful life
of the asset, thus making the Accounting more realistic and providing sufficient funds for
replacement when the asset becomes obsolete and fully worn out.
Foreign currency transactions: Under Indian GAAP(AS11) Forex transactions ( Monetary items ) are
recorded at the rate prevalent on the transaction date .Year end foreign currency assets and
liabilities ( Non Monetary Items) are re‐stated at the closing exchange rates. Exchange rate
differences arising on payments or realizations and restatements at closing exchange rates are
treated as Profit /loss in the income statement. Exchange fluctuations on liabilities incurred for
fixed assets can be capitalized. Under US GAAP (SFAS 52), Gains and losses on foreign currency
transactions are generally included in determining net income for the period in which exchange
rates change unless the transaction hedges a foreign currency commitment or a net investment in a
foreign entity . Capitalization of exchange fluctuation arising from foreign liabilities incurred for
acquiring fixed assets does not exist. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net
income for the period but are disclosed and accumulated in a separate component of consolidated
equity until sale or until complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the
foreign entity takes place . US GAAP also permits use of Average monthly Exchange rate for
Translation of Revenue, expenses and Cash flow items, whereas under Indian GAAP, the closing
exchange rate for the Transaction date is to be taken for translation purposes.
Expenditure during Construction Period: As per the Indian GAAP (Guidance note on ‘Treatment of
expenditure during construction period' ) , all incidental expenditure on Construction of Assets
during Project stage are accumulated and allocated to the cost of asset on completion of the
project. Contrary to this, under the US GAAP (SFAS 7) , such expenditure are divided into two
heads – direct and indirect. While, Direct expenditure is accumulated and allocated to the cost of
asset, indirect expenditure are charged to revenue.
Research and Development expenditure: Indian GAAP ( AS 8) requires research and development
expenditure to be charged to profit and loss account, except equipment and machinery which are
capitalized and depreciated. Under US GAAP ( SFAS 2) , all R&D costs are expenses except
intangible assets purchased from others and Tangible assets that have alternative future uses which
are capitalised and depreciated or amortised as R&D Expense. Under US GAAP, R&D expenditure
incurred on software development are expensed until technical feasibility is established ( SOP 81.1)
. R&D Cost and software development cost incurred under contractual arrangement are treated as
cost of revenue.
Revaluation reserve : Under Indian GAAP, if an enterprise needs to revalue its asset due to
increase in cost of replacement and provide higher charge to provide for such increased cost of
replacement, then the Asset can be revalued upward and the unrealised gain on such revaluation
can be credited to Revaluation Reserve ( Guidance note no 57). The incremental depreciation
arising out of higher book value may be adjusted against the Revaluation Reserve by transfer to
P&L Account. However for window dressing some promoters misutilise this facility to hoodwink
the shareholders on many occasions. US GAAP does not allow revaluing upward property, plant and
equipment or investment.
Long term Debts: Under US GAAP , the current portion of long term debt is classified as current
liability, whereas under the Indian GAAP, there is no such requirement and hence the interest
accrued on such long term debt in not taken as current liability.
Extraordinary items, prior period items and changes in accounting policies: Under Indian GAAP(
AS 5) , extraordinary items, prior period items and changes in accounting policies are disclosed
without netting off for tax effects . Under US GAAP (SFAS 16) adjustments for tax effects are
required to be made while reporting the Prior period Items.
Goodwill: Under the Indian GAAP goodwill is capitalized and charged to earnings over 5 to 10 years
period. Under US GAAP ( SFAS 142) , Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives
are not amortized ,but they are tested at least annually for impairment using a two‐step process
that begins with an estimation of the fair value of a reporting unit. The first step is a screen for
potential impairment, and the second step measures the amount of impairment, if any. However, if
certain criteria are met, the requirement to test goodwill for impairment annually can be satisfied
without a remeasurement of the fair value of a reporting unit.
Capital issue expenses: Under the US GAAP, capital issue expenses are required to be written off
when incurred against proceeds of capitals, whereas under Indian GAAP , capital issue expense can
be amortized or written off against reserves.
Proposed dividend: Under Indian GAAP , dividends declared are accounted for in the year to which
they relate. For example, if dividend for the FY 1999‐2000 is declared in Sep 2000 , then the
corresponding charge is made in 2000‐2001 as below the line item . Contrary to this , under US
GAAP dividends are reduced from the reserves in the year they are declared by the Board. Hence in
this case under US GAAP , it will be charged Profit and loss account of 2000‐2001 above the line.
Investments in Associated companies: Under the Indian GAAP( AS 23) , investment in associate
companies is initially recorded at Cost using the Equity method whereby the investment is initially
recorded at cost, identifying any goodwill/capital reserve arising at the time of acquisition. The
carrying amount of the investment is adjusted thereafter for the post acquisition change in the
investor’s share of net assets of the investee. The consolidated statement of profit and loss reflects
the investor’s share of the results of operations of the investee.are carried at cost . Under US GAAP
( SFAS 115) Investments in Associates are accounted under equity method in Group accounts but
would be held at cost in the Investor’s own account.
Preoperative expenses: Under Indian GAAP, (Guidance Note 34 ‐ Treatment of Expenditure during
Construction Period), direct Revenue expenditure during construction period like Preliminary
Expenses, Project related expenditure are allowed to be Capitalized. Further , Indirect revenue
expenditure incidental and related to Construction are also permitted to be capitalized. Other
Indirect revenue expenditure not related to construction, but since they are incurred during
Construction period are treated as deferred revenue expenditure and classified as Miscellaneous
Expenditure in Balance Sheet and written off over a period of 3 to 5 years. Under US GAAP ( SFAS 7)
, the concept of preoperative expenses itself doesn’t exist. SOP 98.5 also mandates that all Start up
Costs should be expensed. The enterprise has to prepare its balance sheet and Profit and Loss
Account as if it were a normal running organization. Expenses have to be charged to revenue and
Assets are capitalized as a normal organization. The additional disclosures include reporting of cash
flow, cumulative revenues and Expenses since inception. Upon commencement of normal
operations, notes to Statement should disclose that the Company was but is no longer is a
Development stage enterprise. Thus , due to above accounting anomaly, Accounts prepared under
Indian GAAP , contain higher charges to depreciation which are to be adjusted suitably under US
GAAP adjustments for indirect preoperative expenses and foreign currencies.
Employee benefits: Under Indian GAAP, provision for leave encashment is accounted based n
actuarial valuation. Compensation to employees who opt for voluntary retirement scheme can be
amortized over 60 months. Under US GAAP, provision for leave encashment is accounted on actual
basis. Compensation towards voluntary retirement scheme is to be charged in the year in which the
employees accept the offer.
Loss on extinguishment of debt: Under Indian GAAP, debt extinguishment premiums are adjusted
against Securities Premium Account. Under US GAAP, premiums for early extinguishment of debt
are expensed as incurred.
B. What is Matching Principle? Why should a business concern follow this principle?
Ans: The Matching principle is a culmination of accrual accounting and the revenue recognition principle.
They both determine the accounting period, in which revenues and expenses are recognized.
According to the principle, expenses are recognized when obligations are (1) incurred (usually when
goods are transferred or services rendered, e.g. sold), and (2) offset against recognized revenues,
which were generated from those expenses (related on the cause‐and‐effect basis), no matter when
cash is paid out. In cash accounting—in contrast—expenses are recognized when cash is paid out, no
matter when obligations are incurred through transfer of goods or rendition of services: e.g., sale.
If no cause‐and‐effect relationship exists (e.g., a sale is impossible), costs are recognized as expenses
in the accounting period they expired: i.e., when have been used up or consumed (e.g., of spoiled,
dated, or substandard goods, or not demanded services). Prepaid expenses are not recognized as
expenses, but as assets until one of the qualifying conditions is met resulting in a recognition as
expenses. Lastly, if no connection with revenues can be established, costs are recognized immediately
as expenses (e.g., general administrative and research and development costs).
Prepaid expenses, such as employee wages or subcontractor fees paid out or promised, are not
recognized as expenses (cost of goods sold), but as assets (deferred expenses), until the actual
products are sold.
The matching principle allows better evaluation of actual profitability and performance (shows how
much was spent to earn revenue), and reduces noise from timing mismatch between when costs are
incurred and when revenue is realized.
3. Prove that the accounting equation is satisfied in all the following transactions of Mr. X
(1) Commence business with cash Rs.50000
(2) Paid rent in advance Rs.1000
(3) Purchased goods for cash Rs.18000 and Credit Rs.20000
(4) Sold goods for cash Rs.25000 costing Rs.22000
(5) Paid salary Rs.5000 and salary outstanding is Rs.3000
(6) Bought moped for personal use Rs.20000
Ans:
SR. NO. ASSETS = LIABILITIES + CAPITAL
1 50000 = 0 + 50000
2 ‐1000
+1000
50000 = 0 + 50000
3.1 ‐18000
+18000
50000 = 0 + 50000
3.2 + 20000 =
70000 = 20000 + 50000
4 ‐ 22000
+ 25000 = 0 + 3000
73000 = 20000 + 53000
5 ‐ 5000 = + 3000 + (‐) 8000
68000 = 23000 + 45000
6 ‐ 20000 = 0 + (‐) 20000
48000 = 23000 + 25000
End Equation 48000 = 48000
ASSET = LIABILITIES + CAPITAL
SR.NO.
CASH DEBTORS RENT GOODS SALARY PERSONAL CREDITOR CAPITAL
1 50000 50000
2 ‐1000 +1000
3.1 ‐18000 +18000
3.2 20000 20000
4 +25000 ‐22000 +3000
5 ‐5000 3000 ‐8000
6 ‐ 20000 ‐20000
End 56000 1000 16000 ‐5000 ‐ 20000 23000 25000
Equation = 48000 = 48000
4. Following are the extracts from the Trial Balance of a firm as on 31st March 20X7
Dr Cr
Sundry Debtors 2,05,000
Provision for Doubtful Debts 10,000
Provision for Discount on Debtors 1,800
Bad Debts 3,000
Discount 1,000
Additional Information:
(1) Additional Bad Debts required Rs.4,000
(2) Additional Discountx allowed to Debtors Rs.1,000
(3) Maintain a provision for bad debts @ 10% on debtors
(4) Maintain a provision for discount @ 2% on debtors
Required: Pass the necessary journal entries and show the relevant accounts including final accounts.
Ans: Journal entries as on 31st March 20X7
PROVISION FOR DOUBTFUL DEBTS ACCOUNT
27100 27100
PROVISION FOR DISCOUNT ON DEBTORS ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS AMOUNT (RS.) PARTICULARS AMOUNT (RS.)
To Discount on Debtors 1000 By Balance b/d 1000
account
To Balance c/d 3618 By P&L account 2818
4618 4618
BAD DEBTS ACCOUNT
PARTICULARS AMOUNT (RS.) PARTICULARS AMOUNT (RS.)
To Balance b/d 3000 By Provision for 7000
Doubtful Debts
account
To Sundry debtors 4000
7000 7000
CALCULATION OF PROVISION REQUIRED
Debtors as per Trial Balance 205000
Less additional Bad Debt ‐ 4000
201000
10% on 201000 20100
Opening balance in Provision account 10000
Less Bad Debts w/o ‐ 7000
3000
Provision needed 20100
Therefore Provision required to be made 20100 – 3000 = 17100
CALCULATION OF PROVISION FOR DISCOUNT
Debtors as per Trial Balance 205000
Less additional Bad Debts ‐ 4000
201000
Less additional Provision ‐ 20100
180900
2% of 180900 3618
PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT
AMOUNT AMOUNT PARTICULA AMOUNT AMOUNT
PARTICULARS
(RS.) (RS.) RS (RS.) (RS.)
To Bad Debts 3000
+ New Bad Debts 4000
+ New R.D.D 20100
27100
‐ Old R.D.D ‐10000
17100
Discount as per Trial Balance 1000
+ New Provision 3618
4618
‐ Old Provision ‐1800
2818
BALANCE SHEET
PARTICULARS AMOUNT AMOUNT PARTICULARS AMOUNT AMOUNT
(RS.) (RS.) (RS.) (RS.)
C.A
Sundry Debtors 205000
‐ Bad Debts ‐ 4000
‐ R.D.D ‐ 20100
180900
‐ Reserve for Discount on ‐ 3618
Debtors
177282
5. A. Bring out the difference between trade discount and cash discount
Ans:
Cash
Trade Discount
Discount
Is a reduction granted by supplier from the Is a reduction granted by supplier from the
invoice price in consideration of immediate list price of goods or services on business
or prompt payment consideration re: buying in bulk for goods
and longer period when in terms of services
As an incentive in credit management Allowed to promote the sales
to encourage prompt payment
Not shown in the supplier bill or invoice Shown by way of deduction in the invoice
itself
Cash discount account is opened in the Trade discount account is not opened in the
ledger ledger
Allowed on payment of money Allowed on purchase of goods
It may vary with the time period within which It may vary with the quantity of goods
payment is received purchased or amount of purchases made
B. Explain the term (1) asset (2) liability with the help of examples.
Ans. In financial accounting, assets are economic resources. Anything tangible or intangible that is capable
of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is
considered an asset. Simplistically stated, assets represent ownership of value that can be converted
into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset).[1] The balance sheet of a firm records the
monetary[2] value of the assets owned by the firm. It is money and other valuables belonging to an
individual or business. [3] Two major asset classes are tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible
assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets.[4] Current assets include
inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment.[5] Intangible assets are
nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of
advantage in the market place. Examples of intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights, trademarks,
patents and computer programs,[5] and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable,
bonds and stocks.
In financial accounting, a liability is defined as an obligation of an entity arising from past transactions
or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets, provision of services or
other yielding of economic benefits in the future.
All type of borrowing from persons or banks for improving a business or person income which is
payable during short or long time.
They embody a duty or responsibility to others that entails settlement by future transfer or use of
assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic benefits, at a specified or determinable
date, on occurrence of a specified event, or on demand;
The duty or responsibility obligates the entity leaving it little or no discretion to avoid it; and,
The transaction or event obligating the entity has already occurred.
Liabilities in financial accounting need not be legally enforceable; but can be based on equitable
obligations or constructive obligations. An equitable obligation is a duty based on ethical or moral
considerations. A constructive obligation is an obligation that can be inferred from a set of facts in a
particular situation as opposed to a contractually based obligation.
The accounting equation relates assets, liabilities, and owner's equity:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
6. A fresh MBA student joined as trainee was asked to prepare Trial balance. He was unable to submit
a correct trial balance. You, as a senior accountant find out the errors and rectify them. After
redrafting the trial balance prepare trading and Profit and loss account.
P&L A C C O U N T F O R T H E Y E A R E N D E D 31‐03‐2008
AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT
PARTICULARS PARTICULARS
(RS.) (RS.) (RS.) (RS.)
B A L A N C E S H E E T A S O N 31‐03‐2008
Amount Amount Amount Amount
Particulars Particulars
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Capital 7670 Freehold premises 1500
‐ Less Net Loss ‐ 490 7180 Fixtures & Fittings 225
‐ Less ‐25 200
Depreciation
Creditor 1890 1700
Bills Payable 1875
Outstanding salaries 35 Stock 1800
Debtors 5700
Bills Receivable 825
Cash at Bank 885
Cash in hand 30
Prepaid Rates 40
10980 10980
REDRAFTED TRIAL BALANCE
PARTICULARS DEBIT CREDIT
Capital 7,670
Cash in Hand 30
Purchases 8,990
Sales 11,060
Cash at bank 885
Fixtures and Fittings 225
Freehold premises 1.500
Lighting and Heating 65
Bills Receivable 825
Return Inwards 30
Salaries 1.075
Creditors 1890
Debtors 5,700
Stock at 1st April 2007 3,000
Printing 225
Bills Payable 1875
Rates, taxes and insurance 190
Discount received 445
Discount allowed 200
22940 22940