1PMOTORS

1 MOTORS
By
R. Castelein
NAIT Electrical Engineering Technology
Last Revised: 2010 05 05
CONTENTS
Basics
Types of 1 Motors
Motor Speed
Torque-Speed Curves
Applications
22
BASICS
o
Most motors require two magnetic
fields to create torque
o
The stator winding is connected
directly to the power supply
o
DC motors rely on brushes and
commutators to get a magnetic field
into the rotor (armature)
o
Commutation also alternates the
field to maintain rotation
33
BASICS
o
AC motors inherently create an
alternating field and don’t require
commutation
o
The alternating stator field
(armature) will also induce a voltage
into the windings of the rotor (field),
so brushes aren’t required either
44
STATOR CONSTRUCTION
o
The stator of AC
motors consists
of a winding
which is
distributed over
a number of slots
in the iron core
55
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION
o
The rotor of most AC motors consists
of a cage of copper or aluminum
enclosed by a high permeability
laminated steel core on a hardened
steel shaft
o
This rotor
construction is
called a squirrel
cage induction
motor (SCIM)
66
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
o
The rotor cage bars are at an angle
or skewed to improve performance
SKEWED BAR END RING

o
Fan blades are
often part of the
aluminum cage to
enhance cooling
SHAFT
FAN BLADE
77
INDUCED VOLTAGE
o
When the stator winding is excited
with an AC voltage, the resulting AC
current and AC magnetic field
induces an AC voltage in the rotor
bars
o
The rotor bars and S
end rings then
conduct current in a
loop

o
A rotor field is then R
created 88
MOTOR TORQUE
o Squirrel Cage Induction Motors (SCIMs)
primarily produce mechanical torque from
magnetic torque
o Magnetic torque results from the

interaction or product of two
magnetic fields:
M  1 2
99
MAGNETISM
o
Magnetic torque is
developed by the N N
attraction S S
between unlike
magnetic poles
and the repulsion
between like
magnetic poles
N S
S N
1010
MAGNETISM & TORQUE
o
Putting one of the
magnets on a pivot N N
allows it to rotate S S
with movement of
the other magnet
o However, no
rotational torque
N S
results … yet! S N
1111
MAGNETISM & TORQUE
o
How about
N
changing the
S
polarity of the
N
S
outside poles?
o As long as the poles N
S
are precisely
aligned, still no
N
S
rotational torque
S
results … yet!
N
1212
MAGNETISM & TORQUE
o
Let’s rotate the
S
outside poles …
o Repulsive forces
between like poles
and attractive forces N
S
between unlike
poles exert
rotational torque
S
1313
MAGNETISM & TORQUE
o
Let’s rotate the outside
S
poles some more
o More rotational
torque …
o Maximum torque is N
exerted when the S
fields are 90º apart
o The sum of attractive and
S
repulsive forces is maximum at
that point 1414
MAGNETISM & TORQUE
o
If the outside field keeps
N
rotating …
S
o So does the inside …
o And a motor happens!

N
o Note that the inside field S
must lag behind the outside
field for this rotational
torque to develop
S
o But, how does the outside field rotate?
1515
MAGNETIC TORQUE
o
So, the interaction of the stator and
rotor magnetic fields create magnetic
torque
o
The only problem with this
arrangement is that 1 excitation
will not produce a rotating magnetic
field
o
Some degree of rotation is required
to get the rotor turning
1616
1 MOTOR THEORIES
o
Once the rotor is turning, the 1
motor creates rotational torque with
just one field
o
Two theories used to explain this are:
• Cross Field theory
• Double Revolving Field theory
o
Refer to the text for an explanation of
each
1717
MOTOR STARTING
o
To get the motor started, a second,
time-delayed AC field is created
o
This second field is physically placed
between the poles of the main stator
field
o
If the second field peaks at a
different time, the rotor will “see” a
rotation of the overall field
1818
PHASE SPLITTING
o
One technique is to excite the
second field with a current at a
different phase angle than the
current in the first field
o
A different impedance angle of the
second field will do the trick!
o
How can a different impedance
angle be created?
1919
RESISTANCE START
o
If the second winding has a higher
resistance and lower inductive
reactance than the first winding, the
two winding currents (and magnetic
fields) will peak at different times
t2 t1
VT
I2
VT I
1
 I
2
I 
1 2020
RESISTANCE START STATOR
o
The two stator windings are
different
physically and
in location
RUN WINDING
LOW R, HIGH XL
START WINDING
HIGH R, LOW XL
WINDING SLOT
STATOR CORE
MOTOR HOUSING
2121
STARTING TORQUE
o
The starting torque of a split phase
motor is dependent on this time or
angle difference and is expressed
as:
TSTART  sin 
o
Note that an angle greater than 90
won’t improve starting torque
2222
SPEED SWITCH
o
Since the second stator winding has
high resistance, it will overheat and
reduce motor efficiency
o
A NC speed switch will open at 70%
to 80% of rated speed and disconnect
the winding
o
It is centrifugally operated, spring
loaded device (which often fails!)
2323
SPEED SWITCH - CLOSED
o
Click on button to operate the speed
switch
SPEE
D
SWIT
CH
2424
SPEED SWITCH - OPEN
o
Click on button to operate the speed
switch
SPEE
D
SWIT
CH
2525
START/RUN WINDINGS
o
The first winding is then called the
Run winding (terminals T1 and T4)
and is designed for continuous duty
o
The second winding is then called
the Start winding (terminals T5 and
T8) and is designed for temporary or
non-continuous duty
2626
EXAMPLE 1
The windings of a resistance start, 115
V motor are tested at 30 VAC. The Run
and Start winding currents are 1.5 A
60lag and 1.2 A 30 lag
respectively
Determine starting values of:
1. Run winding current
2. Start winding current
3. Motor current
4. Starting torque angle
2727
EXAMPLE 1.1
60 lag and 1.2 A 30 lag
respectively
IRW = 1.5 A x 115 V / 30 V

= 5.75 A 60 lag
2828
EXAMPLE 1.2
60 lag and 1.2 A 30 lag
respectively
ISW = 1.2 A x 115 V / 30 V

= 4.6 A 30 lag
2929
EXAMPLE 1.3
60 lag and 1.2 A 30 lag
respectively
IM = 5.75 -60 + 4.6 -30

= 10.0 A 46.7 lag
3030
EXAMPLE 1.4
60 lag and 1.2 A 30 lag
respectively
START = 60 - 30

= 30
3131
RESISTANCE START
o
A schematic of the resistance start
motor includes:
• AC supply
• Run winding
• Start winding
• Rotor K K
T
• Speed switch L 1
I T
C 4 T T
8 5
3232
RESISTANCE START
o
The components are connected:
• Supply across Run winding
• Start winding w/ series switch
I IS
• Windings in M W
parallel to IR K K
T W
“split” the L 1
motor current I T
into run and C 4 T
8
T
5
start winding currents
3333
DUAL VOLTAGE
o
Some motors may be connected for
high or low voltage
o
The Run winding is divided in two for
higher voltage series connection or
lower voltage K K
parallel
connection L
T
13
I TT
C 24 T T
o
The Start 8 5
winding takes lower voltage

3434
LOWER VOLTAGE
o
When connecting dual voltage
windings, the polarities must be
observed to ensure the magnetic
fields add, not subtract!
o
Lower K K
T T
voltage: L 1 3
Parallel I T T
C 2 4 T T
8 5
3535
HIGHER VOLTAGE
o
When connecting dual voltage
windings, the polarities must be
observed to ensure the magnetic
fields add, not subtract!
K K
o
Higher
T T
voltage: L 1 3
Series I T T
C 2 4 T T
8 5
3636
CAPACITOR START
o
If the second winding is the same as
the first winding, but is in series with
a capacitor, the two winding
currents (and magnetic fields) will
peak at even more different times
t2 t1
VT
I2
I
VT I
2
1

I 
1 3737
STARTING CAPACITOR
o
To maximize the angle between the
winding currents, a large capacitance
is required
o
An electrolytic capacitor will provide
hundreds of microfarads but cannot
be left in an AC circuit
o
A Speed switch is required to
disconnect the capacitor shortly after
starting
3838
EXAMPLE 2
The windings of a capacitor start, 230
and Start winding results are both 3.2
A & 68 W.
A 200 F capacitor is used.
Determine starting values of:
1. Run winding current
2. Start winding current
3. Motor current
4. Starting torque angle
3939
EXAMPLE 2.1
A & 67.6 W.
A 200 F capacitor is used.
RW = -acos [68 / (50 x 3.2)] = -65

ZRW = 50 V 0 / 3.2 A -65
= 15.625  65
IRW = 230 V 0 / 15.625  65
= 14.72 A 65 lag
4040
EXAMPLE 2.2
A & 67.6 W.
ZCAP = 1 / (j2 x 60 x 0.0002)
= 13.26  -90
ZSW + ZCAP = 15.625 65 + 13.26 -90
= 6.66  7.77
ISW = 230 / 6.66 7.77
= 34.5 A 7.77 lag
4141
EXAMPLE 2.3
A & 67.6 W.
IM = IRW + ISW
= 14.72 A -65 + 34.5 A -7.77
= 44.23 A 24 lag
4242
EXAMPLE 2.4
A & 67.6 W.
START = 65 - 7.77

= 57
4343
CAP START
o
A schematic of the capacitor start
motor includes:
• AC supply
• Run winding
• Start winding
• Rotor K K
J
T
• Speed switch L 1
1 200
J uF
2
• Starting I
C
T
4 T T
Capacitor 8 5
in series with Start winding

4444
RUNNING CAPACITOR
o
Leaving the capacitor in the motor
circuit will produce more running
torque since two fields are stronger
than one
o
An oil-filled capacitor is not polarity
sensitive and can handle AC voltage
continuously, but the capacitance of
an oil-filled cap is
much smaller
4545
CAPACITOR RUN
o
Or Permanent Cap motor has an oil-
filled capacitor with tens of
microfarads and will not produce as
great a phase shift as an electrolytic
cap.
t2 t1
VT
I2
I
VT I
2
1

I 
1 4646
CAPACITOR RUN
o
A schematic of the capacitor run
motor includes:
• AC supply
• Main winding
• Auxiliary winding
• Rotor
T
• Speed switch L 1 200
uF
J
• Running C
I T
4 T T
1 20
J uF
Capacitor 8 5 2
in series with start winding

4747
AUXILIARY WINDING - LV
o
Now that the second winding is
continuous duty, it will also be
divided into two for a dual voltage
motor
o
Lower voltage:
Parallel
T T
L 1 3
LOWER
J
VOLTAGE I T 1 20
T
C 2 4 T T J uF
6 5 2
T T
8 7
4848
AUXILIARY WINDING - HV
o
Now that the second winding is
continuous duty, it will also be
divided into two for a dual voltage
motor
o
Higher voltage:
Series
T T
L 1 3
HIGHER
J
VOLTAGE I T 1 20
T
C 2 4 T T J uF
6 5 2
T T
8 7 4949
NEMA COLOURS
o
The NEMA standard MG1-2.41 wire
colours for each terminal:
• T1:Blue
• T2:White
• T3:Orange
• T4:Yellow
• T5:Black
• T6:na
• T7:na
• T8:Red
5050
CAP START / CAP RUN
o
To maximize the benefits of
capacitors for both starting and
running, two values of capacitors can
be used
o
An electrolytic capacitor is used for
starting but is switched out
o
An oil-filled running capacitor is
connected in parallel to the start cap
and is not switched
5151
CAP START / CAP RUN
o
A schematic of the Cap Start / Cap
Run (or 2 Value Cap) motor:
• AC supply
• Main winding
• Aux. winding
• Rotor K K
T J
• Speed switch L 1 3 200
J uF
• Starting Cap I T
4 J
20 1
• Running Cap C 4 T
8
T
5
uF J
2
5252
SHADED POLE
o
The shaded pole motor produces a
shift in the stator magnetic field not
electrically, but magnetically
o
A copper shading ring around part of
each stator magnetic pole will
produce a counter MMF which will
briefly delay the magnetic field
through the shaded part of the pole
5353
SHADED POLE
o
The main field is split in two by the
deep slots in the core
o
The shading coils produce magnetic
fields which oppose the field
through
them
o
The result is a
slightly delayed
field through the
shaded poles
5454
SHADED POLE
o
A schematic of the shaded pole
motor includes:
• AC supply
• Run winding
• Start winding
• Rotor
T
• Speed switch L 1 200
uF
• Starting Cap I T 20
• Running Cap C 4 T
8
T
5
uF
5555
EXAMPLE 3
A ¼ HP, 115 V, 840 RPM shaded pole
motor has an efficiency of 78% and
runs at a power factor of 0.72.
Determine values of:
1. Rated current (magn. & angle)
2. Rated torque (lb-ft)
5656
EXAMPLE 3.1
POUT = ¼ x 746 = 186 W

PIN = 186 / 0.78 = 239 W
SIN = 239 / 0.72 = 332 VA
 = acos 0.72 = 44 lag
I = 332 / 115 = 2.9 A 44 lag
5757
EXAMPLE 3.2
T = 5252 x ¼ / 840
= 1.56 lb-ft
= 1/4 x 746 / (840 x 2/60)
= 2.12 N-m
5858
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
o
To provide Overload protection, a
device called a Thermal Protector is
often used
o
A thermal sensor is
connected in series
with one run or main
winding so that one sensor will work
for either a LV (parallel) or HV
(series) connection in dual voltage
motors
5959
THERMAL PROTECTOR
o
If the motor is overloaded, it will
slow down and draw more current,
heating the sensor
o
The thermally P2
activated P1
switch will P3 K K
T
disconnect L 1
the motor I T
from the C 4 T
8
T
5 LOAD
LOAD
power supply
6060
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
o
The speed of the “rotating” stator
field or synchronous speed is
determined by the frequency of the
supply voltage:
nS = 60f = 120f/P
P/2
where f = frequency
P = number of poles
6161
MOTOR SPEED
o
The induction motor must rotate at
slightly less than the synchronous
speed in order to develop torque
o
This speed difference is called slip, s
(not S):
s = nS – nM
nS
where nS = Synchronous speed
nM = Motor speed
6262
SPEED REGULATION
o
The performance of a motor is
numerically described by its Speed
Regulation (SR):
SR = nNL – nFL
nFL
where nNL = No Load speed
nFL = Full Load speed
(also Nameplate or Rated)
6363
EXAMPLE 4
A 6 Pole, 60 Hz induction motor has a
No Load speed of 1190 RPM and Full
Load speed of 1110 RPM
Determine the motor’s:

1. Synchronous Speed
2. Full Load Slip
3. Speed Regulation @ Full Load
6464
EXAMPLE 4.1
nS = 120 x 60 / 6
= 1200 RPM
6565
EXAMPLE 4.2
s = (1200 – 1110)/ 1200

= 0.075 = 7.5%
6666
EXAMPLE 4.3
SR = (1190 – 1110)/ 1110

= 0.072 = 7.2%
6767
TORQUE-SPEED CURVES
o
The performance of a motor is
graphically described by its T-n
curve
o
The typical T-n curve for an
induction motor has the shape:
o
The Full Load T
(Nameplate or
Rated) conditions
TST
might resemble: ART
T
F0
L 0 n n n
F S 6868
RESISTANCE START T-n
o
This motor has low starting and
running torque
o
The speed switch takes out the
starting winding, further reducing
running torque and making it noisy
T
o
Applications:
• Furnace fan
• Washing machine
• Dishwasher
0 0 nS n n
W S 6969
CAPACITOR START T-n
o
This motor has higher starting
torque
o
The speed switch takes out the
starting winding, reducing running
torque
o
Applications: T
• Refrigerator
• Freezer
• Large pump
• Compressor
00 nS n n
W S 7070
CAPACITOR RUN T-n
o
This motor has slightly higher
starting torque and great running
torque, making it quiet
o
Applications:
• Room fan
T
• A/C fan
00 n n
S 7171
CAP START/RUN T-n
o
This motor has high starting torque
and great running torque, but it is
the most expensive motor of the
bunch
o
Applications:
• A/C compressor
T
• Furnace stoker
00 n n
S 7272
SHADED POLE T-n
o
This motor has lowest starting and
running torques of the covered
motors, but is the cheapest
o
Applications:
• Ceiling fan
T
• Portable fan
• Timers
00 n n
S 7373
UNIVERSAL T-n
o
This motor is essentially the same
as the DC series motor and has high
low speed torque and high No Load
speed
o
Applications:
• Vacuum cleaners
T
• Portable tools
• Appliances
00 n n
S 7474
SUMMARY
o
Six motors have been briefly
described and compared:
• (Split Phase) Resistance Start
• (Split Phase) Capacitor Start
• Capacitor Run
• Two Value Capacitor
• Shaded Pole
• Universal (Series)
7575
ON-LINE REFERENCES
o
http://www.clrwtr.com/Single-Phase-Electric-Motors-C
o http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/9.htm
o
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book5/18d.htm
o
http://www.educypedia.be/electronics/motoracsingle.
7676

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1 MOTORS

SKEWED BAR END RING

o Magnetic torque results from the

o The sum of attractive and

o And a motor happens!

• Double Revolving Field theory

IRW = 1.5 A x 115 V / 30 V

ISW = 1.2 A x 115 V / 30 V

IM = 5.75 -60 + 4.6 -30

START = 60 - 30

winding takes lower voltage

RW = -acos [68 / (50 x 3.2)] = -65

START = 65 - 7.77

in series with Start winding

in series with start winding

POUT = ¼ x 746 = 186 W

Determine the motor’s:

s = (1200 – 1110)/ 1200

SR = (1190 – 1110)/ 1110

• (Split Phase) Capacitor Start

• Two Value Capacitor

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