Pipe, the velocity distribution across a section, the of pressure for a ar) if the a FLOW OF VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPE geibe flow of viscous fluid through circular aimaximum velocity to average velocity, the shear stress distribution igth is to be determined. The flow through the circular pipe will belvi iés umber (R,*) is less than 2000. The expression for Reynold number is given by pVvD R, u = Density of fluid flowing through pipe verage velocity of fluid = Diameter of pipe and = Viscosity of fluid. DIRECTION OF FLOW hk Rl = fi er Heal ) par / (@) 9.4 Viscous flow through a pipe. For dens, “‘etvaion, pease refer to Ant, 12.8.1. 387 —flowing trom lert 10 right in the y ~ sliding in a cylindrical fluid cle a he intensity of pressure on the face ap cous fluid i ie Consi . Fs vist nsider a horizontal pipe of radius R. The Frais 7) shown in Fig. 9.1 (a). Consider a fluid element o} : -radius (r + dr). Let the length of fluid element be Ax. If ‘p’ ist op fe ti then the intensity of pressure on face CD will be (> eat} Then the forces acting on the fyi element are : 1. The pressure force, p x mr? on face AB. [ 2. The pressure force, (° + 2 as) mr? on face CD. ix 3. The shear force, t x 2nrAx on the surface of fluid element. As there is no acceleration, hence the summation of all forces in the direction of flow must be zero i.e., par (p+ 22 ax) x? —ex2arxax=0 ie \ @ - 2 aon? —ax2nrxax=0 ix a oh, ts \-B.r-2=0 | fe ea 0 é aie The shear stress 7 across a section varies with ‘r’ as 2 across a section is constant. Hence sb! \ ix stress distribution across a section is linear as shown in Fig. 9.2 (a), SHEAR STRESS VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION (@) (b) Fig. 9.2 Shear stress and velocity distribution across a section ( Velocity Distribution. To obtain the velocity distribution across a section, the value of swe stress T= [L a is substituted in equation (9,1), yoy But in the relation t= ae is dy’? 'S Measured from the pipe wall, Hence \ yeR-r and dys— dy du ~ <4 Substituting this value in (9.1), we get Weey Me Ma ae TT See, ‘i 19.2) t of integration and: its value j cis the constant eI nd: its value is obtained from the boundary condition that at (20. Van 1 ap g this value of C in equation (9.2), we get 1 op 1a u=—2 Pp P Re au ax” au ax * gti ee( 9-3) . a hpeqation (9.3), values of p, Be and R are constant, which means the velocity, u varies with the ‘ge of r. Thus equation (9.3) is a equation of pi rs the section of a pipe is parabolic. This velocit (i) Ratio of Maximum Velocity to Average Velocity. ‘z2inn 0.3), Thus maximum velocity, Umax 18 obtained as 1 Op pe ae IR max 4p ox arabola. This shows that the velocity distribution y distribution is shown in Fig. 9.2 (6). ‘The velocity is maximum, when r= 0 in (9.4) Teaverage velocity, wis obtained by dividing the discharge af the fluid across the section by the tthe pipe (R°), The di jon is obtained by considering the flow through pipe (rR), The discharge (Q) across the section 18 0) 8 : i “ial fee Ceeagat of caus rand thickness dras shown in Fig 9.1 ()- The fluid flowing per wor » “ndthrough this elementary ring , y dQ = velocity at aradius rX =ux2nrdr __ 1 Bie?) [aur ar | ~~ Ay Ox UC — # #1 (gt) x One dr o-f, do= 4p ah 1(2) x20 f (R=) rdr qilar) area of ring element ee W x _ +(2) xn £ (Rr—P)ar “ap (ox oeAverage velocity, Dividing equation (9.4) by equation (9.5), 1 op po -— PLR Ux Aang a 1(_%)\p = al ox ne Ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity = 2.0.