Emtrl`uáël

Gä nstdbls nb mlssd tnrknerd dujd n dem`d fä `n bdmnerd cjunmtn.

buetls tûpekls, nxnrkâkels n mlve`d`ns nb snu kursl Klmtemudrnbls klb bdes ub kdpâtujl `n
`n kdjeardced. festûred n bdes ubd jeáël nb Ardcljlaed.
Dpûs l nxnrkâkel n dprnm`ezd`l `ls nxnrkâkels D mlve`d`n sël ls prebnerls trdhdjfls
buskujdrns n jntrds nb kdjeardced klbnrkedj  prätek
 prä tekls.
ls. Slkç vde d`l
d`lrdr.
rdr.
emajnsd lu bdmusk
bdmuskretd
retd klbnrke
klbnrkedj,
dj, trdhdj
trdhdjfdrnbl
fdrnblss Jnbhrn-sn `n klmtemudr d prdtekdr hdstdmtn,
bdes nstd dujd, ml bnsbl tepl `n drtn pdrd qun qudm`ll bdes nxnrkâkel vlkç ceznr, bdelr snrä d
qudm`
vlkç plssd dprnm`nr n trnemdr nstn tepl `n nskretd, cdkeje`d`nn n d drtn dpjekd`ds dl snu trdhdjfl.
cdkeje`d`

D Kdjeardced - @ncemeáþns n
Emstruáþns jjj
Å ebplrtdmtn cdznr nxnrkâkels d`ekelmdes nb
ub kd`nrml `n kdjeardced n nb cljfds `n pdpnj, nb
 hrdmkl,
 hrdm kl, klb pdut
pdutds
ds trdád
t rdád`ds
`ds plr vlkç
vlkç.. Tudes
Tu des ls hn-
h n-
mncâkels< L prebnerl å l trneml d`ekelmdj. Slkç trnemd
nb snu kd`nrml `n kdjeardced, vlkç trnemd
d klmcnkáël `ds pdutds, vlkç trnemd nb suds prûpreds
cljfds pdutd`ds n plr ceb, vlkç trnemd ml kd`nrml `n
nxnrkâkel `d`l nb kd`d dujd.
Dpûs nstu`dr tl`d d dujd, vlkç vljtd é pdrtn
‚Kdjeardced
‚Kdjea rdced ‛ @nceme
@ncemeáþns
áþns n Emstru
Emstruáþns‒.
áþns‒. Nb snu
kd`nrmemfl, vlkç trnemd d klmcnkáël (nb
dprnm`ezd`l) `ds jntrds nmsemd`ds.
Yrdtequn bdes ubd vnz. Nmtël trdkn suds
 prûpre
 prû preds
ds pdu
pdutds
tds (pl
(pl`n
`n snr `n bl`
bl`ll jnv
jnvnn d jäp
jäpes)
es) n
Cltl 4- Nxnrkâkels Buskujdrns. trnemn lutrd vnz. [û nmtël, pdssn dl snu kd`nrml `n
nxnrkâkels n prl`uzd bdes nxnrkâkels.

Cltl 8 - Prneml emekedj `n jntrds bdmuskretds Cltl ;- Slkç dprnm`n l trdád`l n nxnrketd d drtn, Cltl 0- ... kd`d trdál pdrd qun d nskretd sngd
n bem÷skujds. trnemdm`l... prlplrkelmdj
prlplrkel mdj n hnb cnetd.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 33 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 [nbprn
[nbp rn qu
qunn pr
prnk
nkes
esdr
dr lu
quesnr, vlkç pl`nrä prdtekdr bdes
nb ub kd`nrml `n kdjeardced lu
nb cl
cljf
jfds
ds pd
pdut
utd`
d`ds
ds pl
plrr vl
vlkç
kç
bnsbl.

CLPL >- Tudmtl bdelr l trnemdbnmtl n d CLPL 3- ... bdes rdpe`dbnmtn snrä djkdmád`d tdmtl
qudmte`d`n `n nxnrkâkels cnetls... d drtn qudmtl d vnjlke`d`n `n dáël `l trdhdjfl.

CLPL 1- [n vlkç mël klmsnauer kd`nrmemfls CLPL 6- ... trdkn nmtël bdes pdutds, nb ub bdelr  CLPL 5- L bn
CLPL bnjfjflr
lr pd
pdpn
pnjj pd
pdrd
rd l tr
trne
neml
ml `d kl
klmc
mcnk
nkáë
áël
l
d`ekelmdes `n kdjeardced... m÷bnrl `n cljfds, nb hrdmkl. `n pdutds n l nxnrkâkels `d kdjeardced, å l pdpnj
[^JCEPN.

Ydrd nstd dujd klmtemun d utejezdr d bnsbd Ynmds (Hekls `n Ynmd)

bn`e`d `n pdutds `d`d md dujd 8. Sngd nb snu
kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkels, `nstd dujd ;. Dtå dalrd, vlkç utejezlu jäpes ardcetn, kdmntd
Ydrd nxnrkâkels buskujdrns n pdrd d klmcnkáël `n nscnrlaräcekd lu dtå kdmntd temtnerl, pdrd dprnm`e-
jntrds bde÷skujds nb bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, utejezdbls zd`l n nxnrkâkels.
 pdutds
 pdu tds klb 41 bb `n djt djturd
urd n emtn
e mtnrvd
rvdjls
jls `n > bb.
b b. D pdrter `nstd dujd, vlkç gä pl`nrä trdhdjfdr 
trdhdjfdr 
Ydrd d klmcnkáël `n jntrds bem÷skujds nb klb kdmntd temtnerl pdrd d kdjeardced bdmuskretd
bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, utejezdbls pdutds klb 3 bb klbnrkedj. [n quesnr, gä emeken l trneml klb l hekl `n
`n djturd n emtnrvdjl `n ; bb.  pnmd
 pn md,, pl
ples
es nj
njnn tn
tnrä
rä qun sn
snrr us
usd`
d`ll md
mdss prû
prûxe
xebd
bdss
 Mnn s t d d u j d n s k r n v n b l s n b k d j e a r d c e d
 M dujds pdrd d Xlm`n Crdmknsd n Aûtekd Djnbë.
bdmuskretd
bdm uskretd klbnrkedj, klrrnmtn. Lu sngd, pdjdvrds n Ls hekls `n pnmd pl`nb snr nmklmtrd`ls mds
snmtnmáds, plr essl utejezdrnbls pdutds klb 3 bb n jlgds nspnkedjezd`ds nb `nsnmfl tåkmekl n drtâstekl.
emtnrvdjls `n ; bb. [n vlkç mël ds nmklmtrdr nb sud ke`d`n, pnád d ub

EJ^[PXDÁËL 4-
 Drtn cnetd klb hekl
`n pnmd ;,>.

EJ^[PXDÁËL 8- Bdmuskretd klbnrkedj nb hekl `n pnmd ;.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 31 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 EJ^[PXDÁËL ;- Bdmuskretd
klbnrkedj nb hekl `n pnmd 0.

dbeal lu cdbejedr qun ds nmven pnjl klrrnel, ples Ydrd d bdmuskretd klbnrkedj, dklmsnjfdbls ds
nssds jlgds nxestnb nb väreds jlkdje`d`ns, mds  pnmds 8,>? ;? ;,> n 0.
kdpetdes. D 8,> prl`uz
prl`uz ubd nskretd
nskretd bdes alrssd qun d 0.
Ynmd klb 4 cel (4 plmtd) mds snauemtns
EJ^[PXDÁËL 1 - Ns-
mubnrdáþn
mubn rdáþnss 4? 8,>? 8? 8,>? ;? ;,>? 0? 0,>? >? kretd klb pnmd 8,>.
>,> n 3
Nxestnb
Nxestnb pnmds klb 8 cels (8 plmtds), pdrd d
kdjeardced aûtekd n suds mubnrdáþns sël 49, 89, ;9, EJ^[PXDÁËL 6- Ns-
09, >9, 39, 19, 69, 59. kretd klb pnmd 0.

Fä ub tepl `n pnmd djnbë klb ; cels

(; plmtds) buetl rdrd qun prlplrkelmd ub supnr 
Nstd å, plrtdmtl, d nxpjekdáël häsekd slhrn
ncnetl drtâstekl nb
n b kdjeardced, sud mubnrdáël å
 pnmds,
 pnm ds, qun vlk
vlkçç prn
prnkes
kesdd mns
mnstd
td cds
cdsn.
n.
099.
Klb ubd pnmd `n mubnrdáël 8,>? ;? ;,> lu 0 n
EJ^[PXDÁËL 0- Drtn ub ve`remfl
ve`remfl `n temtd mdmqueb
mdmqueb nb klr prntd prntd lu dzuj,
klb hekl `n pnmd
klb 4 plmtd. vlkç gä pl`n klbnádr d trnemdrtrnemdr.. Bljfn d plmtd `d
 pnmdd md tem
 pnm temtd
td n nsk
nskrnv
rnvd.
d. Tud
Tudm`l
m`l d klr klbklbnád
nádrr d
‚kjdrndr‒, bljfn `n mlvl. Jnbhrn-sn `n usdr snbprn
 pdpnj feae
feaeçmek
çmekll lu jnmá
jnmáll `n pdpn
pdpnj,j, pdrd
p drd jebp
jebpdr
dr suds
s uds
 pnmds,
 pnm ds, klm
klmclr
clrbn
bn gä nms
nmsemd
emdbls
bls klb bue buetltl kue
kue`d`
`d`ll
n `d bdmnerd klrrntd.

Djaums klmsnjfls d`ekelmdes

d`ekelmdes pdrd ub trdhdjf
trdhdjfll
tåkmekl n drtâstekl, bnjflrns.
- Tudm`l nskrnvnr nvetn l blvebnmtl
em`npnm`nmtn `ls `n`ls. L blvebnmtl umeclrbn `d
bël prl`uz ubd nskretd hnb cnetd n rnaujdr.
- L dmtnhrdál djeknrád n klmcnrn dplel é bël,
EJ^[PXDÁËL >- Drtn klb  plr ess
essll njn mël pl`
pl`nn ns
nstdr
tdr tlt
tltdjb
djbnmt
nmtnn dpl
dpled`
ed`ll md
hekl `n pnmd klb 8 plmtds.
bnsd.
- D kdjeardced bdmuskretd å cnetd `n bdmnerd
jnvn n sudvn, mël dpnrtn d kdmntd. [naurn-
d cerbnbnm
cerbnbnmtn, tn, plråb snb clrád.
clrád.
- Ds emkjemdáþns `nvnb snr snbprn eaudes. Mël
cdád ubd pdjdvrd bdes emkjemd`d qun d lutrd.
- Ls nspdáls nmtrn ds jntrds n ds pdjdvrds
`nvnb tnr snbprn d bnsbd `estèmked.
- [n vlkç nrrdr djaubd drtn, rdspn jnvnbnmtn
klb d plmtd `n ub nstejntn (`nples qun d temtd
nstevnr snkd). Mël usn jèbemd `n hdrhndr, å pnrealsl.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 3- Drtn klb hekl `n pnmd klb ; plmtds. Slkç tdbhåb pl`n usdr ub klrrntl `l tepl jâque`l,
slj÷vnj nb äaud.
Tudmtl  bdelr  l m÷bnrl `d pnmd,  bdes cemd -Nxestn
-Nxes tn ub tepl `n jâque`l qun dpdad temtd.
snrä d nskretd. [ud cûrbujd å d snauemtn
snauemtn77
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 36 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
 46 a `n äke`l tdrtärekl temtd vnrbnjfd pdrd d nxnkuáël `n d`lrmls.
46 a `n äke`l lxäjekl - [n vlkç `ejuer 8 a `n albd drähekd n 86 a `n
59 a `n äaud `nstejd`d äaud purd n rnsnrvdr nb ub ve`rl? nb lutrl, 8 a `n
kdrbeb, 5 a `n dblmâdkl nb 88 a `n äaud n nspnrdr 
Slkç pl`n bdm`dr prnpdrdr nssd klbplseáël
qun nssds `uds besturds nstngdb hnb ‚`nskdmsd`ds‒
nb cdrbäkeds nspnkedjezd`ds nb bdmepujdáël. Dpûs n nmtël besturd-jds n `nexd-jds `nskdmsdr 
d temtd snkd, bnraujfn ub pdjetl klb d plmtd nm-
mlvdbnmtn, lhtnrä ubd ûtebd temtd vnrbnjfd.
vljve`d nb djal`ël, mnstn jâque`l, tern l nxknssl n Slkç qunr d cdblsd cûrbujd `d temtd emvesâvnj<
‚dpdaun‒ l nrrl jnvnbnmtn. Sä snkdm`l l pdpnj
- Hekdrhlmdtl `n sû`el d 3% nb sukl `n jebël.
klrreae`l klb pdpnj feaeçmekl. Mël N[CXNA^N, sû
D nskretd emkljlr pdssdrä `l hnan nskurl, pdrd
dpnrtn sudvnbnmtn. l dzuj n bdrrlb, dl snr kljlkd`d dl slj n d klr mël
- Ydrd klmsnrvdr suds pnmds plr bdes tnbpl
`nsdpdrnknrä bdes.
dmtns `n audr`ä-jds snqun-ds n jebpn-ds klb l Ylr essl å pnrealsl nxplr d pnjn dl slj qudm`l
 p d p n j , k l b d b l v e b n m t d á ë l n m s e m d ` d n d bdmusndbls l jebël.
snauer bnraujfn-ds
bnraujfn-ds nb ubd sljuáël `n kdrhlmdt kdrhlmdtll
 Md dm
dmte
teau
aue`
e`d`
d`nn (0
(099
99 d.
d.K)
K) d te
temt
mtdd nr
nrdd cn
cnet
etdd
`n pltässel d 49 %. Dsseb d temtd mël dtdkdrä l dál klb kdrbemfl, albd, ntk.
`ds pnmds.
L kdrbemfl nrd usd`l pdrd prlplrkelmdr d klr 
Pemtds vnrbnjfd é temtd snm`l nstd tlmdje`d`n tël nspnkedj
qun slbnmtn ls ebpnrd`lrns hezdmtemls pl`edb
Klbl gä clrdb rnklbnm`d`ds, usn temtds usä-jd pdrd dssemdr snus mlbns. L usl `d temtd vnrbn-
mdmqueb n/lu pdrd temtnerls. jfdd plr qudjq
jf qudjqunr
unr lutrd pnssld, nrd pume`
pume`dd klb d
Dalrd, kurelse`d`ns n emclrbdáþns nspnkedes blrtn.
 pdrd vlkç. [lbnmtn plr vljtd `n 4.899 `.K å qun d temtd
Ylr vnzns tnbls `ecekuj`d`ns nb nmklmtrdr  vnrbnjfd tlrmlu-sn bdes `ecum`e`d.

D Festûred `d Kdjeardced
Kdpâtujl ;
Nb 4>40 Cdmte `n Cnrrdrd, dprnsnmtlu l L trdhdjfl cle ÷tej, ples Cdmte emtrl`uzeu nssds
 prebnerl båtl`l `n nmseml `ds clrbds anlbåtrek
anlbåtrekds
ds snbe-aûtekds jntrds (bdes pdrd d clrbd drrn`lm`d`d -
`ds jntrds aûtekds. rlm`n - `l qun pdrd aûtekd), qun pdssdrdb d snr uteje-
L tâtujl (nb jdteb) `l trdhdjfl7 ‚PFNLXEKD zd`ds nmtël plr kdjâardcls n blmans nspnkedjezd`ls
NP YXDKPEKD YNX[YEKD[[EBE [EAXLB^M@E mnstd ärnd.
@N CDMPE[‒ (Pnlred n prätekd `d pnrspnktevd n Ju`lvekl Drrafe cle l rnsplmsävnj pnjd pu-
anlbåtrekd lvdjd`d `n Cdmte)  hjekdáë
 hj ekdáëll `l prebnerl kd`nrml `n kdjeardce
kdjeardced.
d. Cle njn
L tâtujl nrd nmlrbn nb klbpdrdáël klb d lhrd, qunb `nu lreanb dl nstejl qun `nmlbemd
`nmlbemdbls
bls flgn etä-
 ples njn
nj n dprnsnmtlu
dprnsn mtlu slbnmtn
slb nmtn ds bde÷skuj
bde÷skujds
ds rlbdmds,
rlbdmd s, jekl.
djåb `n ub klmgumtl `n rlm`ns snbe-aûtekds. Nb 4>88, Drreafe, ub kdjâardcl `n Snmnzd n
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 35 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
dssestnmtn `d kfdmknjdred dplstûjekd, puhjeklu ub D aûtekd pdrd `lkubnmtls bdes clrbdes tdes
jevrl klb l prebnerl bl`njl `nstn trdhdjfl (tl`ds klbl prlkjdbdáþns n kdrtds nspnkedes n kdrtds `l
ds kûpeds nrdb `n kdrtds nskretds), nrd ubd hnjâssebd kjnrl. Ls jevrls nrdb tdbhåb dsseb nskretls.
klbhemdáël
klbhem dáël `n jntrds bem÷skujds, jeanerdbnmtn @urdmtn l såkujl VSEE, d tnm`çmked nb
emkjemd`ds, `nve`l é vnjlke`d`n `n nskretd, klb suhstetuer-sn d aûtekd pnjd rlm`n, cle bdes
bde÷skujds rntds n pnqunmls d`lrmls nb tlrml `ds dknmtud`d,
dknmtu d`d, ples djåb `n bdes jnaâv jnaâvnj,
nj, `nve`l d sud
bnsbds. clrbd bnmls nmcnetd`d n bdes drrn`lm`d`d, nrd
bdes räpe`d nb klmcnkáël.
D kdjeardced drtâstekd n prlcesselmdj `n Drreafe Nssds bu`dmáds, nmtrntdmtl, clrdb cnetds
nrd hnb bdes lrmdbnmtd`d nb klbpdrdáël klb d ard`udjbnmtn. Anrdáþns `n bnstrns rnklbnm`dvdb
vnrsël plpujdrezd`d, >9 dmls `nples. d kdjeardced snbe-aûtekd (`nples `nmlbemd`d Aûtekd -
 Mns td åplåplkd,
kd, d ns nskr
kretetdd nr
nrdd bde
bdess rä räpe`
pe`dd `n Etdjedmd), prncnrnmkedjbnmtn d qudjqunr lutrd,
bl`l qun d kdjeardced kursevd (snb buetls d`lrmls), tdbdmfl snu prnstâael.
tlrmlu-sn bdes plpujdr. D clrbd drtâstekd, plråb  Ml emâkel
emâ kel `l såkujl VSEEE d rlm`n crdmknsd, gä
 pnn r b d m n k e d c l r t n b n m t n n m r d e z d ` d , p l e s l s
 p `lbemdvd d sud ärnd, gä qun d drtn crdmknsd nb
`lkubnmtls n kdrtds ebpnredes, hnb klbl lutrds anrdj, `lbemdvd l bum`l.
clrbds nskretds, nrdb `n vetdes ebplrtèmked n ardm`n Ds trçs kdjeardceds bdes dbpjdbnmtn
qudmte`d`n. `ecum`e`ds `nples `d rlm`n nrd d etdjedmd n d
Klb l pdssdr `l tnbpl. L dpreblrdbnmtl `n crdmknsd. Ds `ecnrnmáds mël nrdb buetl
buetls nspnkedjestds n d clrbdáël kujturdj `n ub seamecekdtev
seamec ekdtevdsds d mël snr d jdra jdraurd
urd `ds jntrds. L s
bdelr m÷bnrl `n pnsslds, pnjd earngd, d kdjeardced etdjedmls prl`uzedb bdes trdáls dmaujlsls? ls
cle admfdm`l bdes d`nptls. @nexlu `n snr ubd drtn crdmknsns drrn`lm`dvdb bdes dknmtud`dbnmtn ds
nxkjusevd n pdsslu d snr ubd drtn plukd klesd bdes jntrds
jnt rds?? ls flj
fljdm`n
dm`nsnssns klmklmcnr
cnredb
edb bdelr
bdelr emkjem
emkjemdáë
dáëll d
 plpujdr. D n`ukdáël
n`ukdáë l `n buetds pnsslds pdsslu d snr  sud nskretd.
rnsplmsävnj pnjd `evujadáël `d drtn n `d kujturd. Crdmknsns, fljdm`nsns n emajnsns prl`uzedb
Dsseb, n`ukdáël nrd semðmebl `n nskretd n nskretd t r d á l s d s k n m `n
` n m t n s k l b b d e s j d á d ` ds
ds n d s
nrd semðmebl `n kdjeardced, ples tl`d d n`ukdáël nrd bde÷skujds nb clrbds bnmls njdhlrd`ds. Nstns
trdmsbete`d plr bnels vnrhdes n bdmuskretls. nrdb `ntdjfns `ecnrnmtns `d kdjeardced etdjedmd, md
Bëls, pumfls n hrdáls, pdssdrdb d snr  qudj ds bde÷sk
bde÷skujds ujds nrd bdes `nsnmf `nsnmfd`dsd`ds n ls
nxnrketd`ls
nxnrket d`ls pdrd l trdhdjf trdhdjfll n`ukdk
n`ukdkelmdj.
elmdj. @nstd trdáls dsknm`nmtns snb buetds jdád`ds. Ml prebnerl
bdmnerd, d kdjeardced mël nrd bdes slbnmtn drtn n kdsl, tnbls ubd nskretd qun cle d`dptd`d é
seb ubd cnrrdbnmtd pdrd l dprnm`ezd`l. Mël qun l mnknsse`d`n `n bdelr vnjlke`d`n `n trdhdjfl. [emdj
trdhdjfl drtâstekl mël clssn bdes tël vdjlrezd`l, nstn `l tnbpl `l `nsnmvljvebnmtl klbnrkedj.
dhsljutdbnmtn. Njn dem`d nrd, plråb d kd`d `ed, D nskretd klbnrk
klbnrkedj edj emajnsd (bdmuskretd
nrdb `nsklhnrtls mlvls kdjâardcls nb pltnmkedj, gä klbnrkedj) cle buetl vdjlrezd`d klb d nxpdmsël `l
qun nrdb bdes pnsslds d nskrnvnr ml `ed-d-`ed. klbårkel emajçs.
D nskretd cle d`querem`l bdes vnjlke`d`n. Ds Klb nssn `nsnmvljvebnmtl klbnrkedj, l
 pnmd
 pn mdss cl
clrd
rd cecekd
kdm`
m`ll bd bdes
es cecemd
mdss pd
pdrd
rd ququnn ds jnjntr
trds
ds bnrkd`l `n mdvnadáël tlrmlu-sn l bdes plpujdr `l
clssnb dprnsnmtd`d
dprnsnmtd`dss `n bl`l bdes kjdrl n jnaâvn jnaâvnj,j, bum`l, lcnrnknm`l hlms nbprnals é plpujdáël mds
 ples
 pl es d em
emkj
kjem
emdádáël
ël `d `dss jn
jntr
trdsds `n
`nve
ve`l
`l é vn vnjljlke
ke`d
`d`n`n ärnds `n klmtdheje`d`n n klmtrljn `n nbhdrqun `n
tlrmdvd l dtl `n nskrnvnr `ecâkej, klb pnmds pdrd bnrkd`lreds. Klbl pl`nbls lhsnrvdr nstn cle ub
jntrds bdes arlssds. `ls plmtls cum`dbnmtdes `l `nsnmvljvebnmtl `d
Drtn n drtestds clrdb sn nspnkedjezdm`l. Ylr  kdjeardced kursevd emajnsd lu klbnrkedj emajnsd lu
vljtd `n 43;9, ds kdjeardceds bdmuskretds, rlm`n n dem`d bdmuskretd klbnrkedj.
aûtekd nrdb prlcum`dbnmtn dpjekd`ds d tl`ls ls D kdjeardced aûtekd slhrnveved pdrd snr usd`d
tepls `n trdhdjfl. nb tâtujls `n jevrls n `lkub `lkubnmtls.
nmtls. Nrd d clrbd
D bdmuskretd (kursevd) pdrd sebpjns drtâstekd pdrd tël slbnmtn d`lrmdr l emâkel `n kd`d
klbumekdáþns n n`ukdáël clrbdj, nb nstu`ls. dprnsnmtdáël `l `lkubnmtl lu tnxtl.
D rlm`n pdrd `lkubnmtls n kdrtds bdes - KLM
KLMPEM
PEM^D
^D MD YXØ
YXØVEBD
VEBDD^J
D^JD-
D-
njnadmtns.
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 19 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
 Kd`nrml `n Nxnrkâkels

Kdjeardced Yrätekd

Cdád ls nxnrkâkels `d`ls, emekedm`l pnjds sntds, nb snus plmtls `n lreanb.

^sn jäpes, ardcetn lu nscnrlaräcekd.

(Dmtns `n nxnkutdr ls nxnrkâkels mnstn kd`nrml, trnemn ls trdád`ls nb ub

rdskumfl, plr väreds vnzns.)

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 14 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

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 Ardcljlaed
Jeáël ;
Sdbls klmtemudr klb l nstu`l `n mlssd  hrd `d n cnj
 hrd`d cnjez
ez njd nsk
nskrnv
rnvnn prn
prn`lb
`lbemd
emdmtn
mtnbnm
bnmtntn `n
dmäjesn häsekd nb ardcljlaeardcljlaed<
d< bl`l plsetevl. Tudm`l njd nmklmtrd-sn emcnjez lu
Dmtns `n emekedrbls nstd jeáël, alstdrâdbls `nprebe`d tnbls l lplstl.
qun vlkç rnvesdssn d jeáël 8, qudmtl és Tudes ds kdrdktnrâstek
kdrdktnrâstekdsds plsetevds<
kdrdktnrâstekds `ds plráþns supnrelr, emcnrelr, - Lr`nb, kjdrnzd, prlplráël, bdranms
nsqunr`d, `ernetd n knmtrdj. lr`nmd`ds, plmtls, dknmtls, dusçmked `n nxknssls,
Slkç sn jnbhrd qun prebnerl tnrâdbls qun jnvnzd, retbl, jnvn emkjemdáël, ntk.
dmdjesdr d kdjeardced qudmtl dls snus trdáls Tudes ds kdrdktnrâstekds mnadtevds<
mnadtevds<
 plsetevl
 plse tevlss n mnad
mnadtevls
tevls<< - [ugnerd, cdjtd `n djemfdbnmtl n plmtudáël, `ns-
[n d nskretd å tltdjbnmtn plsetevd, suds  prlplr
 prl plráël
áël,, nxk
nxkns
nssls
sls,, cdj
cdjtd
td `n dje
djemfd
mfdbnm
bnmtl,
tl, `ns
`nse-
e-
kdrdktnrâstekdss nb plráþns, snrël dmdjesd`ds.
kdrdktnrâstekd audj`d`n `n retbl n prnssël, `ecnrnmáds dknmtud`ds,
[n, tltdjbnmtn mnadtevd, suds kdrdktnrâstekds bdranms mël djemfd`ds, jntrds bdj-klmstr
bdj-klmstruâ`ds,
uâ`ds, ntk.
nb plráþns, snrël dsseb dmdjesd`ds. Sdbls cdznr mlssd prebnerd tnmtdtevd<
Ylssuem`l
cdtlrns plsetevls n
mnadtevls,
mnadte vls, jlkd-
jez
ezdb
dblls nb qun
 plráþn
 plr áþnss `ds jnt jntrds
rds
dsseb l sël n dmd-
jesdbls.
^bdd nsk
^b nskret
retdd
tltdjb
tlt djbnmtnmtnn plsplse- e-
tevd lu mnadtevd å
buetl rdrd `n snr 
nmklmtrd`d. Dkfd-
bls bdes cdkej ej--
b n mt
mt n n sk
sk re
re td
td s
klb prn` prn`lbe
lbemèm-
mèm-
k ed
ed p l sese te
te vd
vd l u
 p r n ` l b e m è m k e d
mnadtevd.
Å ebplrtdmtn
mltdr qun d kdjeard-
ced `np
`npnm`
nm`nn buebuetl tl
`l blb
blbnmt nmtll nbl
nbl--
kelmdj `l em`evâ`ul.
Tudm`
Tud m`ll d pn pnssl
ssldd
nmklmtrd-sn nqueje- EJ^[PXDÁËL 5- Yrebnerd dmäjesn ardcljûaekd.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 54 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 ^ b d n s k r e t d a r d m ` n,
n , r ä pe
pe ` d , j e a d ` d , daetd`d. @emdbesbl.
nsplmtèmnd, d`lrmd`d, emkjemd`d, ntk. Ds plráþns nxdanrd`ds `ds bde÷skujds gä sël
- L klmgu
klmgumtl
mtl anrdj å plsetev
plsetevl, l, klb djaumdjaumss mnadtevds n em`ekdb cdjtd `n snaurdmád n vlmtd`n
trdáls plsetevls. emklmstdmtn.
Prdáls plsetevls - plráþns knmtrdes eaudes, L klmgumtl `nstd kdjeardced å räpe`d,
 prnssël nquejehrd`d, supnr
s upnr knmtrdjezdáël n prlplráël klbhemd`d n emkjemd`d klb d`lrml, n rnvnjd
mds jntrds. Jnvn emkjemdáël n kjdrnzd vlmtd`n dtevd, emekedtevd, plråb buetls slmfls n
Prdáls mnadtevls - bde÷skujds `nsprl- cdmtdseds   plr cdjtd `n djeknrkn nblkelmdj mël
 plrk
 pl rkel
elmd
mdes
es és be
bem÷
m÷skskuj
ujds
ds,, tr
trdá
dáls
ls em
emek
eked
edes
es bu
buet etll cum`dbnmtd`l ml pdssd`l.
jlmals n plráþns supnrelrns n plr vnzns emcnrelrns Em`ekd
Em` ekd ubd pnss pnssld
ld djtd
djtdbnm
bnmtn tn nblk
nblkelmd
elmdj,j,
buetl `nsnmvljve`ds.  plråb klb rdâz rdâznsns md rdzë
rdzëll l qun blstblstrd
rd d plráë
plráëll
Ylr sn trdtdr `n ubd nskretd prn`lbemdmtn- k n m t r d j f d r b ð me m e k d n h n b ` e s t r e h u â `d
`d n
bnmtn plsetevd, ds plráþns supnrelrns
supnrelrns n emcnrelr
emcnrelrns ns  premkepdjb
 premk epdjbnmtnnmtn ml qun sn rncnrn
rn cnrn d jeadáël
jea dáël `ds jntrds
j ntrds..
snrël dmdjesd`ds, nb suds kdrdktnrâstekds plsetevds? Fä ub tltdj nmtrnjdádbnmtl `n tl`ds l qun trd`uz
 plråb
 plr åb `nm
`nmltd
ltdbls
bls prl
prlhjhjnbd
nbdss qud
qudmtmtll és bde
bde÷sk÷sku-u- emtnardáël é ve`d, djtl snmsl `n blrdje`d`n, plråb
jds n ls trdád`ls nxknssevdbnmtn jlmals é ns-  prnk
 pr nklm
lmknknetetll (p
(pleless ds jn
jntr
trds
ds më
mëll së l da
daju
jute
temd
md`d
`ds)
s)..
Djtruâsbl
qunr`d.
Ls plmtls n ds dknmtudáþns kljlkd`ls `n bl`l
Slkç rnpdrlu md ebnmsd `ecnrnmád< Jlmal
ebprnkesl n errnaujdr em`ekdb ebprnkesël mls
trdál pdrd emekedr n mnmfub pdrd tnrbemdr< Jlmal é
`ntdjfns, daetdáël, `nslr`nb mls `nvnrns n
ebpujseve`d`n. D dknmtudáël buetl djtd em`ekd
Dmäjesn  pdexëll pnjl
 pdexë p njl best
bestekes
ekesbl
bl n l lkujt
l kujtl.
l.
Nstd å d mlssd prebnerd dmäjesn njnbnmtdr `l
nsqunr`d n dusnmtn é `ernetd<
nsqunr`d kursl.
Prdtd-sn `n pnssld nsplmtèmnd n mdturdjbnmtn Dmdjesdbls ls cdtlrns plsetevls n mnadtevls,
djnarn. Blstrd nstn tnbpnrdbnmtl ml d`lrml `n sud suds plráþns, ds jntrds P n [, ds jdád`ds emekedes n
nskretd n mds jdád`ds. L tdbdmfl `ds jntrds (bdelr  cemdes `ds pdjdvrds, ds bde÷skujds, d jeadáël nmtrn
qun l mlrbdj) blstrd djnared n crdtnrme`d`n. ds jntrds, `esplseáël `d dknmtudáël, `ebnmsël
 Ml qun sn rncn
rncnrn
rn dls trdá
trdáls
ls emek
emekedes
edes (t, s, m, n (tdbdmfl),
(tdbdm fl), sn d nskretd å rntd, dsknm`nmtn lu
és vnzns l d), `nmltd ubd nbláël prnssd dl pdssd`l, `nsknm`nmtn.
 plråb jutd
jutdm`l
m`l `n bdmn
bdmnerd
erd clrt
clrtnn pdrd `nsv
`nsvnmke
nmkejfdr-
jfdr- Nxestnb knmtnmds `n cdtlrns dmdjâtekls md
sn. Prdtd-sn
Prdtd-sn `n ub nspâretl
nspâretl klbpdrdtevl.
klbpdrdtevl. D dusçmked ardcljlaed, plråb l mlssl nstu`l (klmclrbn gä
` qudjqunr tepl `n jdád`d ml cemdj `ds pdjdvrds (lu `essnbls) å häsekl.
buetl plukd sû md jntrd D n B) em`ekd qun d pnssld Sdbls d mlssd snaum`d dmäjesn<
mël sn plsekelmd ml cuturl (dpnmds, sdhn qun njn @nstd vnz ubd kdjeardced, bdskujemd. Hnb
nstä jä) mël tnb buetds nspnrdmáds, dpnsdr `n  prlp
 pr lplrlrke
ke lm
lmdj dj , je bp
bpdd n nq nque
ue je hr
hrd`
d`dd nb clclrbrbd.
d.
 plssuer dsperdáþn
dsperdáþns.
s. Gä ls trdád`ls
trd ád`ls emekedes
e mekedes `l Y,
Y, `l ^ Pdbhåb prn`lbemdmtnbnmtn plsetevd klb plráþns
n `l X em`ekdb ubd pnssld dcävnj n dbävnj ml trdtl buetl hnb nquejehrd`ds nmtrn se.
`l klte`edml. ^bd pnssld qun klm`uz hnb ds Blstrdb ubd pnssld prnlkupd`d klb sud
setudáþns pdrd klmsnauer l qun qunr. Tudmtl bdes ebdanb n `nblmstrdáþns nblkelmdes buetl
dknmtud`l nstn trdál lu qudmtl bdelr l m÷bnrl `n klmte`ds. Sevn l prnsnmtn.
jntrds qun l tevnrnb, bdelr nstd kdrdktnrâstekd. Ls klrtns `ds jntrds P (bntd`n `l trdál ä
 Mnstnn kdsl
 Mnst kdsl,, nstn cdtl
cdtlrr `nmlt
`nmltdrä
drä ubd knrtknrtdd cdjs
cdjse`d`
e`d`nn crnmtnn n bntd`
crnmt bntd`nn dträs) em`ekdb em`ekdb rncjnxrncjnxþns
þns `n
ml klmtdtl klb lutrls snrns fubdmls. klmsnqúçmkeds
klmsnqúçm keds ml pdssd`l, `d nxpnreçmk
nxpnreçmked.ed. Ynmsd n
Ds fdstns jlmads n dsknm`nmtns `nmltdb sû `nples dan. Buetd pru`çmked. pru`çmked. D fdstn rntd klb
em`npnm`çmked n ub plukl `n utlped. Djnared n kurvd md hdsn, em`ekd cerbnzd.
sn`uáël L s å slnraue`l, lu sngd, klbl sn clssn ubd
L s å rn`lm`l n dhnrtl nbhdexl blstrdm`l bde÷skujd. Blstrd ub dblr prûprel n lraujfl cäknes
ubd klmskeçmked kjdrd n dhnrtd, snb kujpds. `n snrnb cnre`ls. [upnr dutl-vdjlrezdáël.
dutl-vdjlrezdáël.
Ds plráþns supnrelrns nxdanrd`ds `ls P, Y n `, Jntrds snb jdád`ds emekedes lu cemdes.
em`ekdb dteve`d`n bnmtdj, kredáël n ebdaemdáël Hdsnd`ls nb ubd dmäjesn `n rnclrál é cdjtd `n
Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 58 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl
 [ud `ernáël å tdbhåb
rntd,
rntd, `n`nblm
blmstr
strdm
dm`l
`l ub
klmgumtl plsetevl n âmtnarl
nb kdrätnr n pnmsdbnmtl
blrdj n slkedj klb dtå
trdáls cerbns nb reae`nz.
Nstd å d mlssd sn-
aum`d dmdjesn.
 Md prû
prûxeb
xebdd jeá
jeáël
ël
dprnsnm
dpr nsnmtdrn
tdrnbls
bls ubd ns-
kretd `l tepl [KX EYP
E YP (nb
jntrd `n clrbd) n lutrd
bdmuskretd.
Dtå jä.

Yrebnerls trdhdjfl
trdhdjflss
prätekls
 Mnstd dujd, emekedbls
d `nblmstrdáël `n djaums
trdhdjfls prätekls n drtâs-
tekls
tekls qu
qunn vl
vlkç
kç pl
pl`n
`n cd
cdzn
znrr ut
utej
eje-
e-
zdm`l d sud drtn kdjearäcekd.
EJ^[PXDÁËL 49- [naum`d dmäjesn ardcljûaekd.
 Mll s s d s d r t n s s ë l
 M
 prlgn áël `ds plrá
 prlgnáël plráþns
þns supn
supnrelr
relr n emcn
emcnrelr,
relr, tdbh
tdbhåbåb d suanstþns hlmetds n ÷tnes qun pl`nb jfn emsperdr d
dusçmked `n trdáls emekedes n cemdes blstrd d kredr buetds lutrds klesds.
dusçmked `n ‚rndje`d`n‒ ml pdssd`l n ml cuturl. L Klmcnkáël n d`lrmls `n kdrtþns, klbumekdáþns,
dutlr `nstd nskretd vevn n snmtn slbnmtn l prnsnmtn, nmvnjlpns, klmvetns, pdstds, kd`nrmls, danm`ds,
 plrå
 pl råb
b mëmëll kl
klbl
bl er
errn
rnsp
splm
lmsd
sdhe
heje
je`d
`d`n
`n (s
(sud
ud ns
nskr
kret
etdd kdrtdzns n buetl bdes.
`nmltd rnsplmsdheje`d`n), plråb tdjvnz klbl clrbd Ydrd nstd ntdpd suanrebls d utejezdáël `n sud
`n cuaer és prûpreds nbláþns, md klmtnmáël `ds drtn nb emskreáþns nb nmvnjlpns, klmcnkáël n nskretd
bnsbds, klmclrbn dmdjesdbls dmtnrelrbnmtn. nb kdrtþns n kdrtþ
kdrtþnzemfl
nzemflss pdrd bdrkdr juadrns é
D nskretd å prdtekdbnmtn `nsjead`d. D bdelred bnsd, pdrd gdmtdrns bdes clrbdes.
`ds jntrds sël `nsume`ds. Klbl, dl klmtrdrel `d
nskretd jead`d nb qun d pnssld tnb mnknsse`d`n `n Prdhdjf
Prdhdjfll m· 4
umer-sn é ve`d, cdtls n pnsslds, d nskretd `nsjead`d Emskreáþns
Emskreáþ ns nb Nmvnjlpn
Nmvnjlpnss
lhn`nkn é mnknsse`d`n `n nstdr nb semtlmed klmseal
bnsbl, klb sud klmskeçmked
klmskeçmked..
Tudm`l l cdtlr å plsetevl tnbls emvnmtlrns n
kenmtestds. Tudm`l mël, seamecekd gujadbnmtl supnr-
cekedj n kdprekflsl. Ynssld `l tepl krâtekd. Nalâsbl,
dvdrnzd n ke÷bn, sël cdtls mnadtevls.
D dknmtudáël buetl nquejehrd`d, klb nxknáël `l
 plmtl `n emtnr
e mtnrrladá
rladáël
ël qun
q un anrd
a nrd emknr
emknrtnzd
tnzd ml cu
c u turl.
L tdbdmfl `d nskretd å bå`ed n blst rd
rndáþns nblkelmdes klmtrljd`ds, emtnjeaçmked `nmtrl
`d bå`ed n jeanerd em`ecnrnmád dcntevd.
Blstrd d mnknsse`d`n `n rltemd n mël alstd `n
jehnrdr d ebdaemdáël. Å dl bnsbl tnbpl cerbnzd n
em`ecnrnmád. CLPL 49 - Nmvnjlpns pdrd @LK^BNMPL[.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 5; Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 EJ^[PXDÁËL 44 - Pâtujls pdrd nxnbpjls.

Emskreáþns nb Nmvnjlpns kljn. [n quesnr cdád `les klrdáþns nxdtdbnmtn eaudes n

Nmvnjlpns kjdrls lu nskurls nb pdpnj ceml lu kljn ub ml lutrl pdrd tnr crnmtn n klstds md bnsbd
bnsbd
bdes nmklrpd`l klb emskreáþns `l tepl. klr.
^b hlb truqun å kljdr ds `uds pdrtns dmtns
@lkubnmtls `n klrtdr. Å bdes cäkej.
Kdrtds Cdád nmvnjlpns qud`rd`ls, nb kdrtljemd n
Knrte`þns nskrnvd mls klrdáþns.
Klmtds
Xnkehls Prdhdjfl m· ;
Dtnstd`ls

Slkç tnrä fdheje`d`n

 pdrd cdzç-jls dsseb qun lh-
tevnr `nstrnzd md kdjeardced
bdmuskretd klbnrkedj.
Bdtnredj7 Nmvnjlpns
mls tdbdmfls nskljfe`ls
nb pdpnj mël buetl pl-
rlsl.
rls l. Pe
Pemtd
mtd mdm
mdmque
quebb lu
temtnerl md klr prntd.
Hekl `n pnmd m· 8,>
lu ;
Prdhdjfl m· 8
Nmvnjlpns n kdrtþns
nb clrbd `n klrdáël
Bdtnredj ‛ Ydpnj-kdr-
tël vnr
vnrbnj
bnjflfl n kdr
kdrtlj
tljemd
emd
 hrdmkd
 hrdmkd pdr
pdrdd l nmv
nmvnjl
njlpn.
pn.Pe
Pemtd
mtd
mdmqueb lu temtnerl prntd n
 hekl `n pnmd m· ;,> lu 0.
Cdád l klmtlrml `l
klrdáël ml pdpnj-kdrtël n
CLPL 44- Klmcnkkelmn l klrdáël ml tdbdmfl qun `nsngdr.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 50 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 CLPL 48- D snauer å sû nskrnvnr.

N b g d m t d r n s ` n b d e l r l u b n m l r k n r e b ð me
me d å u b d e ` å e d ` n k l r d -
tevd buetl njnadmtn. Dl cemdj `l gdmtdr kd`d klmve`d`l pl`nrä jnvdr 
l snu kdrtël, klbl rnklr`dáël.

EJ^[PXDÁËL 48- Crdsns pdrd nxnbpjls.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 5> Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl

 EJ^[PXDÁËL 4;- Kdrtël `l klmvetn (`edardbd).
CLPL 4;- Nskrnvd lutrd `nkjdrdáël lu l mlbn `d pnssld dbd`d, ml nmvnjlpn.

 Ml kd`nrml
kd `nrml `n nxnrkâk
nx nrkâkels
els vlkç
v lkç nm-
n m-
klmtrd `evnrsls mlbns, nb drtn bdmus-
kretd klbnrkedj, pdrd nskrnvnr nb snus
kdrtþnzemfls lu nb qudjqunr lutrl trd-
 hdjfll prät
 hdjf prätekl
ekl lu drtâ
drtâstek
stekll qun vlkç que-
snr nxnkutdr, tdes klbl7 Kd`nrml, danm`ds,
nmvnjlpns, kdrtþns, klmvetns, ntk.

 Md prû
prûxeb
xebdd duj
dujdd dpr
dprnsnnsnmtd
mtdrnb
rnbls
ls
bdes suanstþns pdrd vlkç. Xnsplm`d dl
snu qunstelmärel `n Dutl-Dvdjedáël n
`eregd-sn dl kd`nrml `n nxnrkâkels `nstd
d uj
u j d,
d , p dr
d r d d s nq
n q úç
ú ç mk
m k ed
e d c em
e m dj
dj ` n
dprnm`ezd`ll n trneml.
dprnm`ezd`

CLPL 40- Kdrtþnzemfls pnqunmls.

CLPL 4>- L bdtnredj å sebpjns7 kdrtljemd, hekl `n pnmd ;,> lu 0 n temtd. CLPL 43- [ebpjns n hlmetls!
Ls kdrtþns bn`nb 6 kb `n jdrkaurd plr 6 kb `n djturd. Klrtn n `lhrn
dl bnel. Dmtns plråb, nskrnvd l mlbn `d pnssld.

Kursl `n Kdjeardced - Dujd ; 53 Emstetutl ^mevnrsdj Hrdsejnerl