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Cement, Lime, Gypsum and The first use of lime as a cementing material is not
recorded but it was certainly used in ancient Egypt and
Fly Ash also by the Romans. In more recent times, there are
records that lime, combined with a pozzolan from Italy,
was used in the construction of the Eddystone lighthouse
38 Chemical Tests as early as 1756.
38 Fineness
Today, cement is manufactured by a chemical process
38 Consistence, Setting time, with raw materials being crushed, ground and blended
Workability and Flow before being heated in a rotary kiln until they combine
38 Soundness chemically. The clinker from the kiln is then ground with
gypsum to form Portland cement.
38 Air Content and Density
38 Fly Ash (PFA) Our cement testing systems provide efficient and reliable
methods of measuring all of the key criteria to ensure
39 Mixing, Moulding, Curing consistent, high quality cement manufacture.
and Strength
89
Chemical Tests
Chemical analysis plays an important part in the
categorisation of cements and other construction
materials such as lime. The use of analytical
instrumentation such as flame photometry offers a
simple and cost effective solution to the determination
of the constituent parts of cement.
Flame Photometry
Today, cement is manufactured by a chemical process
with raw materials being crushed, ground and blended
before being heated in a rotary kiln until they combine
chemically.
EL38-0200/01 ELE Flame Photometer
ELE Flame Photometer
EN196-21; ASTM C114, Test 17
Accessories
The ELE Flame Photometer is built to a high specification
and can be used with confidence for the most exacting EL38-0320/01 Air Compressor. Supplies air at 6 litres/
analysis. It is a low temperature, single channel emission minute at a pressure of 1 kg/cm2, for use with
flame photometer with a large clear digital readout. The EL38-0200/01 Flame Photometer. Weight 4 kg.
unit incorporates zero and gain controls with fine and For 220 – 240 V AC, 50 – 60 Hz, 1 ph.
coarse sensitivity, electronic ignition and automatic air
supply regulation. Filters Regulators
The meter is supplied with sodium and potassium filters, Model Description Model Description
fuel and air connections, nebuliser cleaning wire, hose number number
connecting clips, auxiliary power plug, hexagon key, EL38-0250 Calcium EL38-0280 for Propane
2 lengths of drain tubing and a comprehensive instruction Gas
book and service manual. The unit is housed in a strong
EL38-0260 Barium EL38-0270 for Natural
case. Gas
Specification Loss-on-Ignition
Dimensions (l x w x h) 420 x 360 x 300 mm EN196-2, EN459-2
Readout LED three 12.5 mm digits
Range 0 to 199.9 ppm The Loss-on-Ignition of Cement and Building Lime can be
determined using a Muffle Furnace to oxidize the sample
Sensitivity Na 3 to 100 ppm in air at 975 ± 25ºC.
K 3 to 100 ppm
Ca 5 to 100 ppm (optional filter)
Muffle Furnace see Laboratory Equipment Section
Reproducibility 1% CV for 20 consecutive
samples using 10 ppm, set to Crucibles see Laboratory Equipment Section
read 100
Recorder output Nominal 1.00 V for a reading
of 100.0
Weight 8 kg
Ordering Information
EL38-0200/01 ELE Flame Photometer for 220 – 240
V AC, 50 – 60 Hz, 1 ph.
Special Note:
The Flame Photometer requires a source of moisture-free
air at 6 litres/minute at a pressure of 1 kg/cm2. It also
requires a fuel source for the flame and a regulator (see
accessories).
90
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38 Cement - Fineness
Fineness
The fineness of cement is a property that must be
carefully controlled during the manufacturing process.
The total specific surface of the cement represents the
surface area available for hydration. Various methods
are in use to measure the specific surface of cements.
For most purposes air permeability methods produce
accurate, repeatable results.
Determination of Fineness
Blaine Apparatus
EN 196-6, 459-2, 13286-44; BS 4359-2; ASTM C204
Ordering Information
EL38-1000 Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus. Weight
2.8 kg. EL38-1000 Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus
Accessories
EL38-0620 Manometer Liquid (Dibutylphthalate).
500 ml bottle.
EL38-0640 Reference Cement. 10 g sachet.
EL38-0650 Filter Papers. 12.7 mm diameter. Box of 100.
Spares
EL38-1000/10 Manometer U-tube
EL38-1000/15 Blaine Air Permeability Cell. Stainless
steel with a perforated disc and plunger.
91
Determination of setting time and soundness of cement The Automatic Vicat Apparatus executes the test program
requires the use of a neat cement paste of standard using a fully automatic test cycle. The integral LCD
consistence. The Vicat method is usually specified as display indicates test progress in real time. Firmware
the test used to determine the water content which will in the unit enables up to five user test profiles to be
produce the desired consistence. established. Integrated on-board memory will store up to
50 complete tests. On completion of the test the integral
printer automatically prints all test data including a graph
Vicat Method penetration with related data. As standard, the unit
EN 196-3, 13454-2; ASTM C187, C191 includes an RS232 serial port for connection to PC which,
when used in conjunction with the supplied software,
This procedure is used to determine the quantity of enables users to manage test data including graphing
water required to produce a cement paste of standard and report generation. The timed cycle of events is
consistence. operator-selectable and penetrations can be selectable at
intervals of 30 seconds, 1, 5, 15 or 30 minutes.
Ordering Information
EL38-2010 Vicat Frame complete with consistency
Ordering Information
plunger, 10 mm diameter. Requires one initial or final set EL38-2015/01 Automatic Vicat Apparatus complete
needle to make up test weight to 300 g. Weight 1.3 kg. with EN and ASTM Initial and Final needles, Consistency
Plunger, Windows® software and RS232 cable, 1 x EN
Accessories and ASTM Mould and Glass Plate. Suitable for continuous
use in saturated humidity, at a controlled temperature of
EL38-2110 comprising 1 x EN Initial Set Needle1.13 20°C ± 1°C. Weight 13 kg.
mm diameter and 1 x EN Final Set Needle 1.13 mm For 220 – 240 V AC, 50 – 60 Hz, 1 ph.
diameter with special footing. Weight 18 g.
EL38-2620 ASTM Initial Set Needle. 1 mm diameter. Accessories
Weight 9 g.
EL38-2015/12 Needle Cleaning Device
EL38-2200 Vicat Mould manufactured from brass and
supplied complete with a ring and glass base plate. EL38-2015/14 Printer Paper Rolls. Pack of 10.
Weight 800 g. EL38-2015/15 Mould Tank for testing samples under
EL38-2300 EN Vicat Mould manufactured from a hard water as per EN 196-3, for use in temperature controlled
rubber compound and supplied complete with a glass laboratories.
base plate. Weight 500 g.
EL38-2660 ASTM Vicat Mould manufactured from Spares
non-absorbent plastic and supplied complete with a glass EL38-2015/16 Consistency Plunger
base plate. Weight 200 g.
EL38-2021 comprising 1 x EN Initial Set Needle, 1.13
Spare mm dia and 1 x EN Final Set Needle, 1.13 mm dia.
EL38-2010/10 Consistency Plunger EL38-2023 comprising 1 x ASTM Initial Set Needle, 1
mm dia and 1 x ASTM Final Set Needle 1 mm dia.
Moulds see EL38-2200, EL38-2300 or EL38-2660
92
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38 Cement - Consistence Setting Time, Workability and Flow
93
Ordering Information
EL38-3005 Le Chatelier Mould comprising a split
cylinder fitted with two indicator stems. The mould is
supplied complete with two glass plates and a weight
100 g ±10 g. Three moulds required for each test.
Weight 900 g.
EL38-3200 Extensibility of Mould Apparatus. Conforms
to BS 6463. The unit comprises a metal sleeve with a
hook and set screw to fit over one of the mould pointers,
and a clamp to fit onto the other pointer of the mould.
Supplied complete with one weight 100 g ±1 g.
EL38-3205 Extensibility of Mould Apparatus. Conforms EL38-3420/01 Le Chatelier Water Bath
to EN196-3, 459-2. The unit comprises a metal sleeve
with a hook and set screw to fit over one of the mould
pointers, and a clamp to fit onto the other pointer of the
mould. Supplied complete with one weight 300 g ±1 g.
EL38-3300 Tamping Rod. 17 mm end diameter.
Weight 70 g.
94
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38 Cement - Soundness
95
Air Content
Mortars are used for a variety of purposes, the
most common being as a bond between brick and
blockwork.
Ordering Information
EL38-7087 Air Entrainment Meter. 0.75 litre capacity,
complete with integral pump. Weight 11 kg.
96
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38 Cement - Fly Ash
Activity Index
EN 450
Soundness
EN450
EL38-7600 Spray Nozzle Apparatus
The expansion of a cement/fly ash paste is determined
using the Le Chatelier method specified in EN196-3.
97
Mixing Specification
Dimensions (l x w x h) 530 x 350 x 580 mm
The results of strength testing of cement and other Speeds (rpm) Paddle Mixing Head
materials such as Lime and Fly Ash are dependent Low 140 ± 5 62 ± 5
on the method and the quality of equipment used. High 285 ± 10 125 ± 10
A standard system for strength testing is based on
compressive strength of mortar prisms. Rated power 180 W
98
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39 Cement - Mixing, Moulding, Curing and Strength
Moulding
The successful preparation and moulding of prisms,
cubes and briquettes is essential if subsequent strength
tests on the specimens are to be meaningful. Moulds
should be manufactured from material which is capable
of retaining its form under heavy usage. The equipment
detailed in this section has been designed and
manufactured to meet the requirements for moulding
laid down in the various Standards.
Jolting Table
This machine consists of a mould table seated on a
rotating cam driven at 60 revolutions per minute. The
apparatus is supplied with a remote mains switch box,
incorporating a push button start/stop control, and
automatic stop control at end of test.
EL39-1150/01 Jolting Table
Ordering Information
EL39-1150/01 Jolting Table supplied without moulds.
Weight 55 kg. For 220 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph.
EL39-1100 Three-gang Mould for 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm Moulding of 70.7 mm Mortar
mortar prisms. This mould is manufactured to a very high Cubes
specification. Supplied with glass plate. Weight 12.2 kg. BS 4550
Spare
Ordering Information
EL39-1100/10 Glass Plate. Spare plate for prism
moulds. EL39-0100 70.7 mm Cube Mould manufactured
from steel to dimensions specified in the relevant British
EL39-1120 Feeding Hopper for EL39-1100 Mould. Standard. Supplied complete with baseplate. Three
moulds required for each test. Weight 2.9 kg.
EL39-1130 Scraper. Double-ended, used for spreading
and levelling mortar in mould.
EL39-1170 Mortar Sand. Graded pack for 3 prisms.
1350 g pack.
99
Ordering Information
EL39-1300/01 Humidity Cabinet.
For 220 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph.
EL39-0410 Three-gang Mould
Spare
EL39-1300/10 Replacement Circular Charts
Moulding of Mortar Briquettes
ASTM C307
Ordering Information
EL39-1000 Briquette Mould manufactured to the
dimensions in the relevant specification. Two part
construction, supplied complete with baseplate.
Weight 1.3 kg.
Curing
Prior to testing, EN 196 requires prisms to be cured
for a period of at least 24 hours at 20 ±1ºC, 90% RH
minimum. The prisms are then demoulded and stored
under water for the required curing time, usually 48
hours, 72 hours, 7 and 28 days.
Humidity Cabinet
EN 196-1 459-2, BS 3892-1
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39 Cement - Mixing, Moulding, Curing and Strength
Strength Specifications
Overall dimensions (l x w x h) 520 x 850 x 1255 mm
Ordering Information
ADR-Auto 250/25 Compression Machine. 250/25 kN
capacity, complete as specified.
EL39-6155/01 for 220 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph. EL39-6155 series Compression Machine
10 kN Flexural/Tensile Testing
Machine
EN196-1
Ordering Information
EL39-7100/01 10 kN Flexural/Tensile Testing Machine.
Weight 50 kg.
For 220 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 1 ph.
102
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