Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
CONTROLES
Estudios de casos y controles :
Son estudios Observacionales y analíticos
RECORDAR
https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-clinica-las-condes-202-articulo-metodologia-tipos-disenos-estudio-mas-
S0716864019300057
RECORDAR
https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-clinica-las-condes-202-articulo-
metodologia-tipos-disenos-estudio-mas-S0716864019300057
Estudios de casos y controles
Los “controles” constituyen el mayor problema de éste tipo de diseño, pues deben
ser sujetos en todo similares a los casos, con la excepción que no tienen la enfermedad o
EI (lo ideal sería que sean tan parecidos que al observar un caso y un control, nadie
pueda saber cual es cual). Dicho de otra forma, los casos deben representar la población
de individuos que habrían sido incluidos como controles si no hubieran desarrollado la
enfermedad o EI.
.-Los “controles” también pueden ser de tipo poblacional, es decir tomados al azar a
partir de la población general; hospitalarios, elegidos al azar desde población
hospitalaria, de clínicas o consultorios; y los denominados controles especiales, entre los
que se encuentran parientes, amigos o vecinos de los casos.
Estudios de casos y controles
Los “controles
.- Sin embargo, sin importar la fuente obtención de los controles, es fundamental considerar
los siguientes hechos:
la muestra de controles debe pertenecer a la población fuente de los casos, debe existir
exactitud comparable en la medición de la exposición en estudio, y se han de minimizar los
variables de confusión (variables que pueden alterar o confundir la asociación en estudio).
Por otro lado, se ha de considerar el problema del número necesario de controles por cada
caso; y es así que en general se tiende a pensar en una relación de 1:1 (es decir un control
por cada caso), sin embargo, esta relación variará dependiendo de la disponibilidad de casos
y controles.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in maxillary and mandibular third
molar angulation relative to the occlusal plane and changes relative to second molar long axis
in a group treated with four first premolar extractions and to compare these changes with a
nonextraction group.
https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/75/5/719/132137/The-Effects-of-First-Premolar-
Extractions-on-Third
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pretreatment and posttreatment panoramic radiographs of 70 patients
orthodontically treated at the Department of Orthodontics at Hacettepe University
were selected.
The inclusion criteria for selecting the patients were an Angle Class I skeletal and
dental relationship, full eruption of second premolars and upper/lower bilateral
unerupted third molars seen on panoramic radiograph.
Thirty-three of the patients (12 boys; 21 girls) were treated without extractions
(nonextraction group) and 37 of the patients (13 boys; 24 girls) were treated with
the extraction of mandibular and maxillary first premolars (extraction group).
All the patients in the extraction and nonextraction groups were treated with fixed
appliances using the edgewise technique by the same clinician (Dr Kocadereli). The
second molars were not included in fixed appliances. The mean ages of the patients
and the treatment time are shown in Table 1.
All pretreatment panoramic radiographs were taken within one month before the start
of orthodontic treatment.
All the posttreatment panoramic radiographs were taken on the day the active
orthodontic appliances were removed or within one week of debonding. All the
radiographs were taken on the same panoramic unit (Planmeca-Proline 2002 CC,
Helsinki, Finland).
Radiographs were evaluated using a standardized technique of tracing the images of
the molar teeth on matte acetate paper. The occlusal line was constructed through the
cusp tips of the first molar and the second premolar. All second premolars were fully
erupted at the beginning of the treatment period.
The anterior angles formed by the long axis of the third molar and the occlusal plane
plus the angle between the long axes of the second and third molar were measured
(Figure 1). For each measurement, pretreatment values were subtracted from
posttreatment values to obtain the change that occurred during treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
This study's data support the concept that orthodontic treatment
involving premolar extractions improves mandibular third molar
angulations. However, an improvement in angulation does not
necessarily mean that third molars will erupt in good position.
Third molar angulation and eruption can be influenced by factors
other than first premolar extractions.
TOMOGRAFIA CONE
BEAM
O 3D RADIOGRAFIAS
VOLUMETRICA CONVENCIONALES
IMAGEN 3D
IMAGEN 2D
DIFERENCIA ENTRE LA NITIDEZ DEL SISTEMA
CONE BEAM Y LA TAC MEDICA
• https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-
orthodontist/article/91/3/293/451548/Does-the-rhythm-and-
appliance-type-of-rapid
• TIPO DE DISPOSITIVO
REABSORCION RADICULAR
• RITMO DE ACTIVACION