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ORDEN
𝑑𝑥1
= 𝑎11 (𝑡)𝑥1 + 𝑎12 (𝑡)𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 (𝑡)𝑥𝑛 + 𝑓1 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥2
= 𝑎21 (𝑡)𝑥1 + 𝑎22 (𝑡)𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 (𝑡)𝑥𝑛 + 𝑓2 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
⋮
𝑑𝑥𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛1 (𝑡)𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑛2 (𝑡)𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 (𝑡)𝑥𝑛 + 𝑓𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Todo esto se puede escribir
𝑋 ′ = 𝐴𝑋 sistema homogéneo
𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
2 1 𝑥′ 𝑥
𝑋′ = [ ] 𝑋; 𝑋 ′ = [ ] ; 𝑋 = [𝑦]
3 4 𝑦′
𝑥′ 2 1 𝑥
[ ]=[ ][ ]
𝑦′ 3 4 𝑦
2. Dado el sistema
𝑥 ′ = 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑡
Es un sistema lineal no homogéneo. En forma matricial tenemos
7 5 𝑡
𝑋′ = [ ]𝑋 + [ ]
3 −2 −2𝑡
1 1 −1
𝑋 ′ = [2 3 −2] 𝑋
6 5 −4
Se puede escribir en la forma natural
𝑥′ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧
𝑧 ′ = 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 4𝑧
𝑥 ′ = −𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑎)
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 7𝑦
1
𝑥 ′ = 5𝑥 + 2 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑏) 4
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 − 3 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋 ′ = 𝐴𝑋
𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1
𝑋 =[ ⋮
′ ⋱ ⋮ ][ ⋮ ]
𝑎𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛
det[1 −⋌ 2
] = 0 → (1 −⋌)(3 −⋌) − 8 = 0 ≡ 3 − 4 ⋌ + ⋌2 − 8 = 0
4 3 −⋌
2 2 𝑥 0
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ] , 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑟
4 4 0
2 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tenemos infinitas soluciones pues
−4 2 𝑥 0
[ ] [ ] = [ ] , 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑟
4 −2 𝑦 0
−4 2 0 −4 2 0 1 −1/2 0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 −2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tenemos infinitas soluciones pues
La solución general es
1 −𝑡 1
𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐶1 [ ] 𝑒 + 𝐶2 [ ] 𝑒 5𝑡
−1 2
𝑥 ′ =2𝑦 0 2
2. 𝑦 ′ =8𝑥
. En forma matricial 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋
8 0
det[− ⋌ 2
] = 0 → ⋌2 − 16 = 0
8 −⋌
(⋌ −4)(⋌ +4) = 0 →⋌1 = −4; ⋌2 = 4
4 2 0 4 2 0 1 1/2 0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tenemos infinitas soluciones pues
−4 2 𝑥 0
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ] , 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑟
8 −4 0
−4 2 0 −4 2 0 1 −1/2 0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
8 −4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tenemos infinitas soluciones pues
La solución general es
1 1
𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐶1 [ ] 𝑒 −4𝑡 + 𝐶2 [ ] 𝑒 4𝑡
−2 2
𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧
3. 𝑦 ′ = −𝑦 + 2𝑧
𝑧 ′ = 3𝑧
Sol. Los autovalores y autovectores son
1
⋌1 = −1 → 𝐾1 = [−1]
0
1
⋌ 2 = 2 → 𝐾 2 = [0 ]
0
5
⋌ 3 = 3 → 𝐾 3 = [1 ]
2
La solución general es
1 1 5
𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐶1 [−1] 𝑒−𝑡 + 𝐶2 [0] 𝑒2𝑡 + 𝐶3 [1] 𝑒3𝑡
0 0 2
Ejercicios: Resolver los siguientes sistemas:
𝑑𝑥
+ 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 1 4
𝑑𝑡
1. 𝑑𝑦 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −6𝑡
− 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 1 −1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
+ 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 1 1
𝑑𝑡
2. 𝑑𝑦 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 0 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡
− 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 2 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0 −2 −3
𝑑𝑡
3. 𝑑𝑦 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −2𝑡
+ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 0 1 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 ′ = 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 3 1
4. ′ R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −5𝑡
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 7𝑦 2 3
𝑥 ′ = 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 1 2
5. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 5𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 −3 1
𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 1 1
6. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 1
𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 1 3
7. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 4𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 2
𝑥 ′ = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 1 −1 −𝑡 1 8 6𝑡
8. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 7 [ ]𝑒 + 7[ ]𝑒
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 1 6
𝑥(0) = 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑥 ′ = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 1 1
9. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 5𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 𝑦 −6 1
𝑥 ′ = 6𝑥 − 7𝑦 1 7
10. R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 5𝑡
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 1 1
𝑥 ′ = −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 1 2
11. ′ R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −9𝑡
𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 1 −3
4 2 2 1
12. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 2𝑡
−3 −1 −3 −1
−3 2 1 2
13. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −2𝑡
−3 4 3 1
3 −1 1 2𝑡 1
14. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 −2𝑡
5 −3 1 5
4 1 1 3𝑡 2
15. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒 2𝑡
−2 1 −1 −1
4 −3 3 2𝑡 3 −5𝑡
16. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 R. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑐1 [ ] 𝑒 + 𝑐2 [ ] 𝑒
6 −7 2 3
−4 2 2 2
17. 𝑋 ′ = [− 5 2] 𝑋 𝑅. 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐶1 [ ] 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐶2 [ ] 𝑒 𝑡
2 1 5
10 −5 5 1
18. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋 𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐶1 [ ] 𝑒 8𝑡 + 𝐶2 [ ] 𝑒 −10𝑡
6 −12 2 4
1
𝑥′= 𝑥
2 3 𝑥(0)
19. 1 𝑋(0) = [ ] = [ ]
𝑦 ′ =𝑥−2𝑦 5 𝑦(0)
0 1 3𝑒 𝑡/2
R: 𝑋(𝑡) = 2 [ ] 𝑒 −𝑡/2 + 3 [ ] 𝑒 𝑡/2 = [ −𝑡/2 ]
1 1 2𝑒 + 3𝑒 𝑡/2
1 2
20. 𝑋 ′ = [ ]𝑋
2 1
𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
21. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧
𝑧 ′ = −𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧
Sol. Los autovalores y autovectores son
0
⋌1 = −1 → 𝐾1 = [−1]
1
1
⋌2 = 1 → 𝐾2 = [−1]
0
2
⋌3 = 3 → 𝐾3 = [ 3 ]
−1
La solución general es
𝑥 ′ = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦
22. 𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧
𝑧 ′ = −𝑦 + 3𝑧
𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧
23. 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑧 ′ = −𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧
−1
⋌1 =. −4 → 𝐾1 = [ 2 ]
1
1
⋌ 2 = 0 → 𝐾2 = [ 6 ]
−13
2
⋌3 = 3 → 𝐾3 = [ 3 ]
−2
La solución general es:
24.