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HOME WORK: 4
School: Department:
Name of the faculty member: Lect. Swati Goel Course No:
Course Title: Simulation
Class: MCA Term: 4th Section: A3902 Batch:
2009
Submitted By:
Name: Varun Kumar
Roll No: RA3902A17
Part-A
Q. 1 There are various areas where simulation will be used before actually
implementing the projects. Take some real world examples to describe all
these areas and also take some examples to cite the real power of simulation?
Various areas where simulation will be used before actually implementing the
projects
1. Simulation in science and engineering research.
2. Simulation in soft sciences:
3. Simulation for business executives:
Real world examples to describe all the above areas are as follow.
Earlier most experiments were carried out physically in the laboratories, but today a
majority of experiments are simulated on computers. ‘Computer Experiments’
besides being much faster, cheaper, and easier, frequently better insight into the
system than laboratory experiments do.
There are many problems faced by management that cannot be solved by standard
operations research tools like linear and dynamic programming, inventory and
queuing theory. Therefore, instead of taking decisions solely on intuition and
experience, now a business executive can use computer simulation to make better
and more powerful decisions. Simulation has been used widely for inventory
control, facility planning, production scheduling and the like.
Activities with a slack of zero are called critical activities since they must all be
completed on time to avoid increasing the overall project completion time. Hence,
for this network, activities 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 11 are the critical activities.
Note here that 1 3 5 7 8 9 11 constitutes a path in the network diagram from the
initial node (node 1) to the final node (node 11). Such a path is called the critical
path.
1. Earliest start (ES): this is the earliest possible time that an activity can
begin. All immediate predecessors must be finished before an activity can
start.
2. Latest start (LS): this is the latest time that an activity can begin and not
delay the completion time of the overall project. If the earliest start and latest
start times are the same then the activity is critical.
3. Earliest finish (EF): this is the earliest possible time that an activity can be
finished
Earliest finish (EF) = earliest start time + activity completion time
4. Latest finish (LF): this is the latest time that an activity can be finished and
not delay the completion time of the overall project.
“The activity is critical if the earliest finish and latest finish times are the
same.”
5. Slack: this is the difference between the earliest start time and the latest start
time.
3. Collect data
Several ongoing methods were used to collect data for input variables
of the model.
4. Build, verify, and validate the model
The elements common to any model simulation model include entities, locations,
arrivals, pathways, processes, and resources. Model converted the actual workings
of the system to these different elements to simulate actual operations. The actual
development of the simulation was incremental, with process detail and complexity
added in a stepwise fashion.
Part-B
Q. 4 (a) Discuss about simulation of a Telephone system?
The BRI Phone Simulator (BPS) converts GL's DCOSS into a BRI ISDN Terminal
Phone Simulator. The BPS can simulate a bank of up to 128 BRI telephones
(terminal side), each supporting one D-channel and two B-channels. Using a basic
DCOSS with E1 PRI ISDN trunks along with a BPS external box, the DCOSS BPS
may be used to test a BRI Network.
Verification Validation
Did we build the model right? Did we build the right model?
Discrete model:-
System in which the state changes smoothly or continuous with time
are called continuous system. discrete model simulation modeling over time of a
system whose state changes occur at discrete points in time.it produces sequence of
snapshots of system evolving over time.
Various discrete models of a system
Stochastic or Deterministic
Deterministic models have known a known set of inputs that will
result in a unique set of outputs. Deterministic models describe behaviour on the
basis of some physical law. For example, the planets move around the sun
according to Newton's laws and their position can be predicted with great accuracy
well into the future. In practice, a totally deterministic relationship is unlikely due
to unpredictable factors - for example, a comet moving through the solar system
could collide with a planet or a moon and perturb its orbit.
Where the influence of several unknown factors is sizable, exact prediction is not
possible, but it may be possible to predict to within a known confidence interval -
or to predict the probability that a particular value will be observed at a particular
time. This is called a stochastic (or probabilistic) process.
Static or Dynamic
Static simulation models can be used for analyzing relations of
different process input and output variables.
Dynamic simulation models can be used for analyzing and learning process delays
and dynamics in addition to all usages of static simulation models.
Mathematical or physical
A mathematical model uses symbolic notation and mathematical
equations to represent a system. A simulation model is a particular type of
mathematical model of a system. A physical model is a larger pr smaller version of
an object such as the enlargement of an atom or a scaled – down version of the
solar system.