COURSE: ANATOMY DATE: July 7, • Desmosomes binds lateral and upper • Made up of keratin

TOPIC: 2009 surfaces of the cell • Desmosomes are still evident between
INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM MED 2013 – Sec B • Hemidesmosomes found in basal adjacent cells
plasmalemma, help bind cells of the • Made up of keratin packed filaments
dermis to basal lamina embedded in an electron-dense matrix
SKIN- heaviest organ (16% of total body weight) b. Stratum spinosum • Translucent and flat cells without
• Several layers of columnar to nucleus or organelles
FUNCTION OF SKIN polygonal to slightly flattened cells e. Stratum corneum
1. PROTECTION • Desmosome (contains TONOFIBRIL • 15-30 layers of flattened dead cells
2. SENSATION which is responsible for prickle • Lightly keratinized
3. THERMOREGULATION appearance and maintaining cell • Tonofilaments packed together in a
4. METABOLIC FUNCTION – synthesis of vitamin B3 cohesion) matrix by keratohyalin granules.
5. SEXUAL ATTRACTANT – ie. Whitening,
• Prickle cell layer • Horny cells are cells consists of only
dermatology
• Ovoid nucleus with prominent nucleoli fibrillar and amorphous proteins and
6. LEGAL – ie. Finger imprint
I. • Tonofilaments are keratin bundles w/c thickened plasma membranes
I. play an important role in maintaining *Malpidian Layer = basale + spinosum
I. cohesion among cells and resisting
I. Cells of the Epidermis
effects of abrasions
I. 1. Melanocytes
I. • Beneath, between stratum basale
• Consists of cuboidal and slightly
I. • Stratum basale + stratum spinosum =
flattened cells w/ central nucleus and
I. Malpighi
cytoplasm
I. • Stratum Basale + stratum granulosum
I. = Stem cell
c. Stratum granulosum
I. • Irregular cytoplasmic processes
• Three to five layers of flattened
I. • Ectodermal in origin
cells
I. • Produce melanin
LAYERS OF THE SKIN • Keratohyaline granules: basophilic
2. Langerhan Cells
granules without membrane
• Macrophage of the skin
1. EPIDERMIS • Lamellar granules
• Immunologic
- Epithelium from ectoderm  membrane coated, made up bilipic
layer, barriers versus penetration • Stratum spinosum,
- Ridges/ rete ridges 3. Keratinocyte
- Superficial part of the skin  discharge as intracellular cement
cohesion and resistance • Makes most of the epidermis
- Stratified squamous keratinized
4. Merkel’s cell
epitheleum • Lose their nucleus and dies
• Difficult to see
• Consists of three to five layers of
Layers of the Epidermis flattened polygonal cells whose • Found in palm and sole
a. Stratum basale / germinativum cytoplasm is filled w/ Coarse basophilic • Granules in apical portion
• Single layer of columnar or cuboidal granules called keratohyaline granules • Function: Sensory mercanoreceptors
cells resting on basement membrane d. Stratum lucidum
• Stem cells: in intense mitosis rises • Appear in the THICK SKIN 2. DERMIS
during evening only • Eosinophilic cells • Connective tissue from mesoderm
• Epithelial cells regenerate q15 - 30 • Organelles are not evident
days • Flat cells without nucleus or organelles • Supports the epidermis and binds it to the
subcutaneous tissue
 • Has many projections that intergidate with - Contain epidermal derivatives which Cells that can be found in Hypodermis:
projections contains network of blood and lymphatic - Fibroblasts
vessels and nerves - Adipose Cells
• Determines the developmental pattern of - More fibers and fewer cells than papillary - Macrophages
layer II. SKIN COLOR DEPENDS ON:
overlying epidermis
- Contains networks of fibers of elastic 1. Melanin – fair versus dark, same number
system which is responsible for elasticity of melanocytes
• Rich supply of nerves
of skin 2. Carotene
3. Number of Blood vessels in dermis
Also Contains:
* Boundary cell of epidermis and dermis: dermal 4. Color of Blood
papillae and epidermal ridges
- Hair Follicles Depigmentation disorders:
* Lypodermis (LCT with adipose cells) –
superfiscial fascia o Albinism – no tyrosinase activity
- Sweat Glands *not a part of the skin o Vitiligo – degragation of
melanocytes (ie. Rumored to be
- Sebaceous Glands
Difference between THIN and THICK sKIN sickness of Michael Jackson)
Thin Thick
(hairy) coverson III. EPIDERMAL SKIN APPENDAGES /
covers the pals DERIVATIVES
Composition of Basement Membrane
entire and soles • First develop during 2nd trimester of
body of feet intrauterine development
• Basal Lamina – found between the stratum except
germinativum and papillary layer of the dermis palms and 1. HAIR
sole of the o Hair follicle
• Lamina Reticularis – underlying the basal lamina feet
 dense connective tissue
A.EPIDERMIS
 head, scapular area
• Hair follicles Present Absent
except in Numerou  hair shafts (long thin cylindrical
• Sweat
glans s structures)
Glands
Layers of the Dermis penis Present  keratin
• Stratum
1. Papillary Fewer Distinct o Hair bulb
lucidum
- Dermal papillae interdigitate with Absent layer  at the base
• Stratum
dermal peg or ridges  terminal
granulosum Indistinct Very
- Loose connective tissue thin Thick dilatation
• Stratum
- Superficial Thin (dermal
spinosum
- Outer layer Very papillae)
B. DERMIS
- Anchoring fibrils (they bind the dermis Haphazard Thick o Dermal Papilla
to the epidermis) • Papillae
s regular  Contains a
Composition: C. DERMO
Peg and network of
- Fibroblasts EPIDERMAL JX
socket capillaries
- Mast Cells  Found at
- Macrophages 3. HYPODERMIS the base
- Leukocytes - Subcutaneous tissue (panniculs adiposis)
- Lowermostt layer of integumentary Layers of Hair
2. Reticular system o Hair root
- Dense irregular connective tissue
  surrounding cells - Multi-cellular o Apocrine
o Medulla - Sebum  Located in 3 A’s; anal,
 Central part of hair shaft o mixture of lipids secreted by axillary and areolar and
o Hair cortex sebaceous glands perianal
 Surrounds medulla o waterproofing of skin surface and  Adrenergic nerves
o Cuticle hair shaft  Large glands (always
o preserves flexibility of emerging secrete into adjacent hair
 periphery surrounding hair cortex
hair follicle)
 single layer of flattened scales
o Internal root sheath – transient structure  Discontinued layer of
4. SWEAT GLANDS myoepithelial cells (like
o External root sheath – all layers of - Stratified cuboildal epithelium: sensory
epidermis eccrine)
o Glassy membrane
o Connective tissue sheath Thin Thick
EPIDERM
 arector pill - d/t depression of skin
IS Hair follicle Entire (+) Soles and
(goose flesh)
Except glans palm
 Dermal papillae – hair bulb
penis, clitoris, (-)
labia minora, smooth/glabr
2. NAIL
lips ous
- keratinized plates on dorsal surfaces of the tips
Sweat gland Numerous
of the fingers and toes
- Nail Root Str. Thin Very thick
- Proximal edge of plate Spinosum
- Nail Matrix Str. Indistinct Distinct
- responsible for Granulosum
growth of nails- Str. Absent Present
- Nail plate Lucidum
- s. Corneum portion of sweat glands Str. Thin Thick
- Nail bed - Serous, mucous Corneum
- str. Basale+str. - Reduces body temperature DERMIS
Spinosu - Deeply penetrating structures of all Papillae Haphazard Regular
- surface of skin epidermal appendages (invaginatio Double
covered by nail - Found all throughout the body n of dermis) parallel
- Nail fold o Eccrine/Merocrine Dermo- Peg and Ridges and
- Surrounds nails  Simple duct epidermis Socket grooves
- Overlapped by folds of skin (except junction
 Innervated by cholinergic
distal end of plate) nerves
- Lanula References:
 Dense cells, clear cells,
- distal portion of matrix Eroshenko, V. Di Fiore’s atlas of histology with functional
myoepithelial cells
correlations, 10th ed CD-ROM.
 Particularly: palm, sole,
3. SEBACEOUS GLANDS Junquiera, L.C. & Carniero, J. Basic histology: Text and
forehead
- Morphological classification: simple, atlas, 11th ed. USA: Mc Graw Hill
branched, alveolar/acinar glands  All except lips, nails, penis Snell, R.S. (2008). Clinical anatomy by regions, 8th ed.
o Each acinar has lipid vacuoles  Secretory: dark, luminal USA: Lippincott and Williams
surface Young, B., et al. (2006). Wheater’s functional histology:
- Based on gland participation: halocrine
glands = cell swell and secreted as sebum  Clear, no secretory granules A text and colour atlas. Church Livingstone Elsevier.