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\<-.r-. - ,t-r B

The Discursive Froeluction of Se!ves


Rom Flnrr6
l - t N A ( ' l i t i C r l t . t . t , :;tl : . O x t ' o t t r

";
r\ltstll,t(l'.'l'ltcconccptof'Scif'hasbe:cnthclircttsc'ln:ucltrccct)t\\'()lkirl
t l r c t i t c l i c r t lP s v c i t o l o g v .i ) i f l i c r r l t i c sh l t t c l - ' c t r t a t l c i l s t P i r r l i ) d t r c t o t h c
i l s c l I l n t l r i s l r i l l l c r : l n . i l t t c n r p t .t s
1 , , . t 1 1 ' . c u r ( . r t t s - c i t l t roi lfc ll chrc c o n c c P l
,latlc t., clclr lhc grtrttnd for tlt(lrr ih:rrpll focrrst'tl llslchological sttrtlics
o f p c r s o t t h o o d[ r v t l i s t i r r g u i s l r i r rSgc l l : I ' r ' r t r - r l h l ; - - t h c . p l r i l o s o p h c ' t ' s ' c o n c c p t
to in his
o f l , c r s o n l l i r l c n i i i y . t r o i n S c-l lt--l:l.ct l r c S c l I t l [ r t C o t f t r r l r r r c f c f l c t l
s t t r r l i c sr ' f S c l f - p r . c i c n t a t i r r n . ; l r g u r l r c l r t L l r n so l l t h c i l s s t l l 1 l l l t i o t lrl l l t
[)(tth conccPts of Sclf arc !rtdisp.'nsablc l'otll for tlndcrst:ln(]illg Jlcrsrn-
hot:d ittrd itrr l i v i n g i l s l)crs()trs' P r o h l c t t t s l n t l n t i s t t n d c t s t ; t t t t l i n gsst c n t
fronl thc t t s c o f i r i a l l l l r i t ; ' r i i t f c{ r i l r l l n l i l l i i i l l t l r o r i c l s l t r r u n ( l c r s t:inding
t i t l k . S c i t i n t | . , l t l l l ( ) r c i l L l c ( l L l i l trct l o t l c l s - l r l l o t Yosl l c t o l l r ( r l ) o s ci t
lll.'lsotr of
s o c i x l c o n s t [ u c t i o n i i ti l . c . r u t t tt t I b , r i l t p l c s c t l t c ' l S e! r ' e sa n t l o f t h c s c n s c
s u l r j c c t i v cr i n g u l : r r i t v .

'l'lreProl>leruutic
of Sclf
'l'he can bc sL'clrill evcnso silnplc:r
ttccl:tts
rnrplicitconiltlexityttI pcLson.co
phraseas_th t rvitll w,hicha $.orkshopscssi0rrirt sclf-nrilnagemc ttt rvlts
progratllnrc'Particil;ants q'crc irtvitcclto
rlescribcditr a reccntcotrferetrce
'N{anagingSeif lrcftl|c otlrcrs'. who tlocs the
attend a scssion,callc.tl 'fo
r l a r t i t g i t t sa n c l u ' l t o i s r r l a t t l t g c dl r v h i c l rc a t e g o r y o f b c i n g s , t u : t i t a g c r so t '
ffig?Tlratthereisat|uaIily.ofScl|uptlrltht:
of thc * orkslt.p titlc dcpencls'lrlrs
,"..-,s;ition.I rvhichthe intelLigi6ility
long been recosnizctl.
e q411e-9f pctsonaI i(lcnti t)- i t
Yl r.l p,lltlt qp!"f {,:tylryl4:1!<Iyg*t!
has not bccrt-!.bc-pr.lp.ti,f,.tl-y$-ql-tlLr9-,ilL'l'lj$i't;i"tttitl tj9-ilorrllotlit
'iii,,t
1"..,t"";1,,1",1 tl**,ilt"r *f,"u iiie Selflrasbccn tlrc focusof cottccrnirt
-rill:i,-rf,-,ry (K,ot,ui,l97t)it ir llrcscr)te(l
((;i,iii.'i,"i, i1i59)!-ii'-'Lp-.yllrq!iiv 'l
-.SEti;ai.:iirinrCaq_S{:ct irit!.e_[)e,cfl..invL.s(ig tctl. hc S-c!!-trf-pi:rs-Qn:rI
t6;;
-i-.ffimilo11r[L'f|-lf..y1'Lf".1f,lccl]1.'s. *-lrilc
sirlgyfiq'i1v
!,9]l:^ir rlc^ccS'\ar']
,lii ls t::tlt'lrirlls-luu!.-l*!hlsi! l'-!cqu!' !:l'1,:1i:l:::::+
:fT
on :i.:l:]],
lravi:liri:irscd
-ii'lfi-ttc'-psfiiolt'-eists :.:
thc lirttcr
ltalli!(-l;i;.l;ij-"tt*'tLv

'Iir:oar'.r l r . ) 9 1S ^ ( i c . \ / o l l(l): )l 6.1


['lrtrotoc;rQ
't
I tt:-l)rsl uRslvE PtoDt-rc'ttoN ol: sEl-vFs

'irlncr
l :.r k i t t g t l l c c r i s t c l l c c ; r t t t l s i t t q t t l i l r i t y( ) f l l l c
:rsncc[ (]l t)crs()llllr)()(1
'l givcrr'
:riTtxtlcrhing
cn[1.-l'clLc'.rt,-1tt
i.lti' ri,,'gr;r'tctl. lt:rriirrTildr
laisTlp[glif-to a1f c,,r iirc"i riitrtyrvithtlrcgrorvthof cotrsciousncss antl.t'itlt
tlrc ca'ac:ityto i.lct:l'(l t() rcllcctupon (llat itction.It :rl*.aystakcsthe srnlL'
iorin, typiiiecl by tlrc singtrlar point of vicrv lrorn rvhich caclt enlbodied
p"rrn,.r ..,,r.'"yt {hc rrtatctial ri orlcl.-f-!r-qrigirr.if. that-<lugstionis raisg94L
i,ll, .""n.,, to bc irr tlrc ltr.ccssof lrurrra,,'
--rft[or,mr y-lt-6IfmF-oTrttrc-siiE-ofn;Tfi e. ------ In t5e nalurc-cull.ure
rr*rtu'uti.n.

Anrortgthc Itt:lttytlttcstitlnstlrnt stlggcsttltctlrsclses rvlte'n onc rcflcc{son


cxanlplcs- oI the r.lualityof selilrcrocl two gro i)s s!'clllccnlr:ll to nrc- q!g-
qrourr is ontolo$icitl. lvltlt.sorlt- !r.i-bc.itlgi.lIfctlrcsq-Selvr:+'l' I'lorv do theY
-&i.tt:,-1-t.',*lru ilt*tiunc to be?'I!:!.-ct{tst-gl,]I!p is epillclllg!,'Jglgl!.ller'
Sclvcsreally_iritltlcrr
,,re t6{ f -r,, 'r? ,f L.' ',r,rn1,eing frtlll,both tllcrnsqgcs.
Timd"-'nro{lltl6@,'ii.lirt-.f :::SSlt'".qlqULL!llavstltnlSL-Iss
i; [;[il,^;t t,t t','" per.o. t.'ttusc .,.t^ives l g-vt'il-tt
thcy itrc fr.n tllc rvi].-\.!-t
}€Tnor\,,r ro (xfii LsTT-oitliel:tki'oT-alariit ofT.ilia).ii( ion I Prr)n()scto sFItt
-iIE j!:1r'inlo'Self-1" sinFula'i1-!^I9Uf9
' ' ' " the 'rtccc'ssryv
ur(j po]ts.',lx)rrs
lrt,rlrL'rr\,(r-
-,r,i.ipt
rUrrLLI,. ui
". )j.-,' _'...' ,'-- :
'-
: 'Sclvcs-.
) r ' s l t e riulto
(r.,r.ir" t c ; t r s , ll'ccis.
c e s . lltc;trs,
v l t r , tssces. ' c c l s . act3, l l l l l l i l g L ' siand
i r c f s , lmrillitg.'s r c t l l L ' n lt r e [ ' L - U - o l n ) c l v c s - - -
l l l d rcnrcntber";!-otn
-Tliee
7:-The-lii1-.-'n_ifi;"'-
7. \'g$_t-!gh'
rrl t c n tl i-------- c5 TElt
v'r'cs -qr1t'-LLra.'li;rydjlpL,r-91!-!ry-l!rc,.,t1,11-c1-
t hatj\!t-L!!q1111L1l]!p4 19 -.
----- .'----' t--:--
cirrlroclictl.
'-Ti u!-f."|'ld'
tuo rival ilr,s*ers-i]11-,e
th" n..r group o[ cqueslions -!19,c:!
,\ffi arcir1'1r(e;|iir[ingi.'mat iire a nar.ilc

r t h e i re x n c r i c n c e . ' l
Jfi-ut r'cting [r.tlt grtrups tlf qucstions. Kant cr.lrlttritted elcn:ents
irrrcsiarir.i-nirr-atlr l cortstructiotlist iEt6iiliT oT tltc
;rilni?s..1. FIi.st'.l:ut,,''"nt .,f Self is a serious,al."*rrtirlive cauclidatctbr thc
-Jt;i-.lu
t i,',r'tof a ps.vcht>logy of Scllhoocl.I proposcto cxanritrcits ptrtcntial
i n t h a t r o l c i r r u n o t l t e rp a p e r .
'['o ilnswclslllvc [rcclt-rather
tltc secondgr.,,,p.,i (lLlestions iraclitiorral
nio tcrnTi n-inil usJIitS cl vcs ili-ai aii6- ii' ii'iiirtvv,b
s!!L!!!t-'r-tll! lrr: pllggllc d l1
s ncic:lii'cd ili -
't
l l l c w : l V S pcripii-riit.
T[lC1'utrs l ) C O l ) l Ca c t . I ttr,rscSclvcs :rrc
lcsc atclvc5d r u i r r L r ) of coordinatcd
r ( - rclustcrs vprcscntal.rons,
''"""'..'- "''
--fl* ilfi*Gi; *i fisortalitics that arc nrxtrifcstcd in rvhat pcople clo Ottr
orvrrcltaructcLs anclptrblicpcrsonasare avlilai)l(-' to itt t lrc rrl
i r t o l . l t e l sr c : l c t t ( ) \ \ ' l l i l t w e ncvie.--,1qci'r this sclu;cis s<ltnelintcs
io;-f ti,,"'.1uio'*.f g"*r,tfry'has to 6c rv.rkeil f.t- Ort the basis.l .
srorvingscnsitir,itli to thc reactionsoI oihcrs \\c can lcurn to lll()l]ltort]tlf
ic,li,rrr-ranccirt rt:spt;nsc to tllosc te:tctiotrscvctt rvhilelve arc ctt-[agetlin
ihc.rn.lVc .ru:it lind orlr way rSr.ugh t6c lclgof Scll-tlccc ptiorrt6at cl.ri,.ls
Sclf-undclstarttlirrg. that nrarragcs Ittonitor\ils o\\'r)
attxl
-!..lit:l,:yli-t!g,Scll
rrcliorrsancl tlrou{hlii i. ,r.".*'4.icliii".t ,,. i[aiilinlrt'li[ii.-"Ur'.Lttr;Scjlif.
ii: I t'iS-lxitfaa'i";ti lL,jrrrcvc' i6c ii.isiirilii',; ,rt ticirlg..!t11!iqr'! t;11111ir:icallv by
i rsi I c'ry n,rtuic5ii*
9!.Y_rl:' LL'l,rl..i!I cf"-i:[ q!1]ggr$ -p:r- rdilic [4u!sQ9!9ru-
i s i b l ct o irr"lf.li**
;,.'i,;iiiilJ" i t s c i l .s i it ir rtr..r Sclfrvlric6rvor.rltl lravc'to c'rttch tltrrt
"c'y
_i.l
ll()It ll,\RRl]

( ) 1 1 ) ( ) t lt ll i t t l i l i o r r s -
r . i ' f v l l i n l D s t . l t t s k t t o r v t t .: t c c o t t l i t t gt r - rt l t c P l l i l o s o p l r L : r s
,;i;,-r",i'-or, ':c,iGir It iilici'cr prcscrttctlitt crpclicIrcc''
'I'1,.'.,,,,i.,,,p,r1ur1,-m$rrl-i.s-cllNff'-.llllf!ilttt"n'fryt:tt,n:;l:-sj:11

,,.'...,ffi;;:iil;;.;;;l';;i-,.{fr.fii..;;girlgintlrctliscttrsive
c ( \ r r \ c t s ; r ( i o r l s ' - i l l lt(l ll c i l -
1 ; , , . i i . ; t , , i i u , a r , , . r r,r r t, rl r r l r L lj L ' i r r t l v a i ) l q L ' ( i
f'x,ii,gn.ilL-ruDIir.'-ti'lrtirs'rt'ltnsyc call ortr tlrirlkirrg I :tttg'slc(l \\L'
r r r : r r r : r , - t5t t 'gl l , c " o K c t t
i . , t i t l i . s . J , . , , r , l t i psi cy r r r l t e t ircr r r i t i c s ' S c l v c s . l ' . ' l l r c ' S c l f - I ' r v h i c l rI
callctla
i ) u t n o t r ) a n r ec l t y t t i c r i t t c o I L h c * o r k s h o p ' r l i l l l - ' c
'l I a n t l ' i s l l c l v t y p i c l r lo I
r v i l l r c f c l l o a s l t s i t t g t t l l ltlt y . r l o l t r r r g c rk r l o r v r v h o
L l o t r h l ed t r t v l l l l h c I i r s t
. , l . , r , ' g " I t r s t t c l la . i , ' i ' ' p l , ' i ' t t l t e p l o i r o r r l t ' l ' c l o c s
r c r r t a r ki l i s ' r v h i l e i n t i t t
s l o t i i ' l a b e l s t l t c t c t n l t t l ku ' i t l r r h c S c l f - l * ' l r o s c
r l t c s P c a k c tn t i g h t. t i r k c
s c c o n ds l o t i 1 r ' ef c r s t ( ) t l l D v a f i o t l sS c l ' ; c s - 2s ' l t i c l r
L t l r f c n t t l t ] { l c l t l l i l i t iyl l r ( ) l l t
t r 1 . ) . ' [ ' h c , . " ' l t rrlcl et t l l t r kc x l ) r c s s c st l t c s l l t - l l k c r ' s
s h e c a t t s c c t t tc l l t l t ! l c t l t c t t l s c l r r ' s
. r ] l t i . l t, , f t l l c I l t a r l vp' kocsp:t; i l . r lSc t : l i ' c s - 2h c o r
c i l s i l Y\ " i L l l
t o b e . I t s l r o L l l t [i , ' e i l r r r l i r r t it l l i l t t l ] c c ( ) r ] c c Pot i S c l f - l c l i d L ) s
trsc
o n c c r l t h c r t i l t i t l n so l P L - r s o i l a i i tcvr t t r c n t l yi t l
il\' ()f l poitr t o f \ icn'
qff.lllr.,rg (,j1glscfl1lfcss is r ootccl itt thc siitqLtlrtt
I ltttnlllit bod;' lrs tllc
ll fl'L'tlccl O' tl)tl robLlstn,'ifial 'crsistcncc trf tl;c
L tltcil pcr:pcctlvc otl tllc
v;'!-llS!:B).!U lrl)nr \\ rrrcrr e l t c h p et s t . r r gl ; r i l l s
I'
ils iln agcn{ is lilort- \\cilkly f'lxtc(l to
i r l i y s r c a l\ \ ( ) r l L ] . N l o l : l l c t l r l t i r t u i r y lrrc
c l i t i n l s t o a n d c l i s c i i l i r l r c r st l f r c s l l o n s i b i l i t v
il.'i.onnoo.t sirtce ottt-'s \ \ ' h ilc
l o c a t i t l r ri n a l t l c a l t t c l s o r k o f p t l s i t i o n s
i l r . o r , r r r t i ci tt rl t t n e ' s s l r i [ r i r l g
tltc rrorltl tlttc ltits' ilt lcilstilt
itnc hitsonlv orlc btlrly llonr rvlrichto stlrvcv
t r p o r l! t
p l i n c i p l c . n l : t n y n l o t a l l l t l s i t i t l n sl l o n l s h i c l r t o i l c l
h x Y c ( l r awll lrttclltion to tl)c
Rcccttt tcllcctionson lhcse nlatters
s c l l c l l ] eI l t a v c s k c t c l r e t l
i n f l t t c t t c eo I s o c i a l l a c t t l r so t t s e v c ta l a s p e c t so f t l l e
tl'4ll:lll)l !: illg:'ll1fl'll"'-l]):ll
lbtrve.Forc\iulti)lc.itlrasbcconrc'!s!'' iiniiili
lrv nr,tttrc catt tfs]xlrrn ttj be-ilrrrih':tic'
'' . r s ( ) n \ : [ ) l ] c' - r t ( ) l t a v e
n '
--;-''.'t' i Il i rn (l'-'-..;^;r*r;;:r:,',-..
Otl-tr. eil lI rt)U I cl tl s rs
at' u I {llsctlI sl\ c Itliat itti df iCT[-ircsanl'linilil-.-
;r;[Gfiii.r'
Pf Sl ( lrcsrrttvl r trtrqYlr r trl"n' t'
r l l l p c r i l l r \Ius 5
Ifltii l i ls 1 )t ) c c o n t e c l e a r t l t a t t h c r c a r c v : l l l ( ) u s -c\i)cc1'(l-lo-co
li1'es-xat- trfixrii'
iffi (if
;ti tster*.^t r-gr(lili p.n(9,rtlr]iillJ
olL!',rLc
",,".*i#;;*fi
;. #s#*ifu"'. ir ,liity-91-11gruiof caclrScIt-Ias
^;ffi ,",p;'trrr".*-r."1''"ri:1n:rl"!nl'FlU:!q::1:
lgriu]lll-L'll.:
i----'-s
nc-ltisrilGil.lt wllT5iar-gtrcr-1try i0 attl-rcrc nc,-l\Ljr cllurllllt
i,, rl,edis,"\iiiitc
l)rescrlirtir).sol'our'.!-e!!s-].
.b
i1."ff,r:1;fi*nrgrr*rfr,'
j . " " " ' I
,:t::l:::i
' l r 1 sl i , ' J l r c c r t r r l ' s o t h c r il r l ( ( \a ( ) r l . t c r l l l ) - ( ) r i l ' t: 'y" " ' l ' t I . . .
. . . .tt-uttrc;f
r i r . r. ,1 , , . it'f
.i.rr "j
!\lqrr111!1i9!ft!
ri"r,,ii,ii;.iii'+,,rCCU.Uqirti!iir,'rg'.-r,"i5
. i i ' c L l r . i I' e
i''.[.r[-r"'ii*t.sctu.ls-t.'l l r i s l r r ' r l " ' sl rl l. ' ! ] J ' l + + : . : : l i
'lri irrclrtiii;q-lTxt'ailTSTl()tlLr' :tn(i(.1!-rscrl
vlTii;rrsiiieJirr.iLr,li.^,,t S.ltttr(),)(l
a-9TS. ,.\.cg!Ir1i11r., lr[l tliallre l-'rt'Ts llc' di]s[-ircliitlri\t !lrrsrr' lqlr]
" corl(ingcll!
t h c t t t : c c s s l tst iYr t g L r l ; r l i l v , . l l ' l t . t ti,' ' *S* t ' l t ' t i - 1; r r ' : "t l ' c l r - o t ' l l r c
'in
ait,ii.-'i-ti(lT'-Anrf.\iiL11 1t'1;r'r1ti:1rli!1cs'r1 1rerv'trs ls Scl"'cs'l :trc
'.lri191l
',, -c1l-r!irlg--(1111 t':rtrrirr iltiiili:s-'il'
I,iniJ-.'.i-r'-" tr;Ufai.ji'i^
IllF. l)ts{ r'RSlvE PRol)lrc[l(}N (}t: slil-t'lis
5-l

t l i . s c l r t - s i v cl t r i t c t i c c s c o t t [ t t r t t t i t l q l o I o c : r l c t r l l u r ; t l r t o r r r t s . l J o L l t k i r r t l - st l l
'olrcscll'':uttl
S c l r c s c ' s i r t t r t t l . t:-t : P r c s c ' t t t : l l i ( ) t ll s0 l o o t h cl s .

Onc llodY, One Sclfl

-l'hc
broatl conclttsitln lllat clllcrges fr-tlnt rhcse p le linrirl4-ly-c'9.nsiq-clj!'gtrs'-
- ltl
i ( , c l t l l - s i n ! r u l i i i t y : l n a l i - i i l l s i , - ; ri r f t l i s u t r rt i r r iu ' t r . s: t t t t l t l i r c r ' c n s v c l t r r l t r g i c
-,lt
--arrii
,',;'i^,,;;i ,;;'ii.-i,;ri.iii", r",;i ;;;
I rcs. r t l.',xt
trplrc,r .uii,cr,lifii.'Lrlrici
sonie.rt (
ihti;rc't..Tist[(;
the rliliictrltiescharactcristic
i'llq s9_!.t ririlriJitiiilL'.L-Af
ioeiril_l!!l
g"1g-51ln1f* fr.ne .,iu,. ir.,nr the pcrsistcncco[ tltc cttstttnrtlI r-rsing thc
' S c l l ' b o t l t [ o r l l l c l l c c c s - \ a r ys i n g u l a r i t y o f l l o r t - g r a t l t o l o g i c aple r s o t : -
rvord
iln(l Lo
h o Q r l a n t l [ O r ' t l r e r r l t r l r i p l i c i t y c l f t l r i r r g s\ v c ? r c t o o n d l l l ' l o t l l c r
'I'lrc s l l : L i c s s o n l c rrf (lis
oLrrsclvcs. intcffocativc l)roilotll)'\\'lttl'/l"hrlt;r'
I linil'-rll.
a r r r b i ! : u i t v .I n o n c s et t s c o [ ' r r l t t r ' ; t r c t t l a r k I i k c . l t l r q r i ' - 1 1 o 1 1 y ] 1 9 -
s"li-i"fc,rriu,r-i"1,ru i'i,ur,'rlt.'l-s.''xclllrrr I ' c t l s c d t ( ) c \ l l l c s \ (ll'ric
..t,.riit,lt.t.ur.,t-'r c:t1nctir bc
L,,t..,ri,'I lrf,,'*r,tcfrE]iail-slntuld,14-tltt!,t1:ry-
i' rircilfstscnsc
rli:!i'9'l'Jl'lgr.txt
-oriati.,-"-,ir'tiL;i'9;,-q'r;111',"-ri* tlrc
way to I'c-solrc
1n,,r.r ,,* i;,ii;Jiin itr.:,tiiivcriiis in the seci,"il'Onc
.rirtrqnir_r1f*r1C;ryS:)n*ltrrlrii to fail oriJ'sexl1rcr6ir.c oi i,,t"i"iC,i. t
.<liig-.';,fiitil,"
-,,it:iet!':s;.n(anl:SclT-1i1k!.qg .i --c tTrrrlrDlllis,I 'iiirii) ri lrilg Llr;
p,rIntirit c,1' ptjsentirioniiri pcrsonlrtiiril
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l ! - n l i n i s t s , I ( ) r i n s t a i l c c \ V c e c l o n ( 1 9 3 7 ) . i r a v e ' . , ' r ' i l t c rar l ; o u t l i v e d c o n l r a -
d i c t i o n i i s i i t l r i s p i c t l i c , r n r c n l l v c r c s c . r l l c i r o r ,c, '; r c l r r s i v c l ya f e l t r r l e o f
\ ' , , o n l c n ' isi v c s a n t l a s i f i t i n i ' e c t c dt h e c o r c c l f p e r s o n a i c l c n t i t y .t i r c S c l f - 1 .
I t i s a s u n i v e r s l l a f c a t u r c o I L ' e i n gh u n a n a s a n \ t h i n g o r r ec o u l d t l r i r r kr i f .
\ r l h y h a s t h i s c o m n r o i r p l : r c eb e e n e m p h a s i z e ds o r n u c l rb y t h c s e ' , v r i t e l s ' A ?n
e x p l a n a t i o r r n i g h tr u n s o i n e t h i n gl i k e t h i s : n r e na r e n r o r c l e a d v t o d c a l r v i t h
t h e v r r i c t v o f t i r e i r S c l v e s - 2b y f i r i n g o n o r r e : r s t l r e c o r e o f t h c i r s o c i t r l
'I
b e i n g , a n c lt f e a t i n gt h c o t h e r sa s s e c o n d e r y ; n r a yb c a t a x c o l l c c t o rd u r i i r g
t l r e * ' o r k i n g c l a v . b u t r e a l l y I a n r n r u s i c i a r .t )t n r r y t r d . ' W o n r e i r t a k e c e r t a i n
S e l v c s - 2c r l r r a l l y s c r i o t r s l y ,a n r l a r c l i k e l y t o b c t r o t r t r l c db y t h e f e e l i n g t h : r t
i t n r a y b e i n r p o s s i b l et o a s s i g na r , , ' o r k i n gp r i o r i t v t o o n c o u t o f t h e S e l v c s - 2
t h a t c l a i l y l i f c s c c n r st o r c c l u i r e .I n n o s e n s et h o r r q l rc a n t h i s b e t a k c n t o b c a
'[here
c i e n r a n rllo r t h c i r n p o s s i b l cf c a t o I l i v i n g a s i l c ( ) r ] t r i r L l i c t oSr vc l i - 1 .
n r u s tb c j l r s t r t n e p e r s o r ur ' h o , a s a s i n A u l a r i t yr.c n r c r r r t r e rt h se inconrprttible
c l c n r a n d sn t i t d e u p o n h c r a s s l r c , a s a c o n t i n u o r r sa n c l u n i t a r y S c l f - 1 , i s
c a l l c d u p o n t o c l i s p l a yt h c v a r i o u s S e l v e s - 2o f d a i l y l i t e . I r o r t h c r c t o b e a
telt con-t1{ir!qq1i.q[c ing_th.a arc rnus! bc. identiqi]l \vith
I is _tl1us-$91[51*
_:'.1: .f:!rXl),-es-2-rra!__lvith
ily_99lt t1S!io1o1,cli1j.1191ion.
o,fl_ll.:1t..lt
r.rrcrnen ilrc rnorc conrnitteclto each of thc nrultiplicityof their social
identitiestlr:rnare nlen.thc nrorelikely are conrrnittccl fenrinistauth()rsto
e l i d c t h c t w o s c n s c so f S c l f i n d e s c r i b i ntgh e c o n r r l o n p l a c eosI e v e r y c i u y
l i l e.
-l'ltc
sanic sort of arrirlvsis is letluiled for thc unclerstunrling of horv the
t l i s c u r s i vpc l t c n o n r c n oonl p o s i t i o n i n(gD a v i c s. t l { a 1 1 6 1, 9 9 0 i)s p o s s i b l c .
z\ Jrclsorris positiorrccl irr lhis or that social location is a speakcrin a
t l i s c o u r s rcr ' l r c nl h c s t o r ; ' - l i r rrcv l r i c lirs u n l i t l t l i n gr r r a k eas v ; r i l a b llco l h c n l
o t t l y i i c c l l l t i r r l i n t i t c t l r c p c r t o i r eo f p o s s i t r l cc o l t l r i b u t i ( ) n tso l l l ; l t
c ( ) n v c r \ i r l i ( ) In; .o r c x i r n r p l cr .v l r c nA s l y s t o B ' l ' n t s ( ) r r yy o u ' r cr r o tl ' c c l i r l l
5rl n l r . : t ) l s ( u R s r v t : .t R ( ) t ) u c l r o N ( ) F S t i l . \ ' F s

t o o s ' c l l . C ' i r nI g c t v o t t r t t t y l l l i n g ' /A' 1 ; o s i l i o r tl sl i t t rt l r h c r s c l fi t s l l t c a c t i v c


r r r r r lh e l p f t r l t t t c r t t l r c ro l - t l t c d t t o l t n t l p o s i t i t : n sl i l l s p l r s s i v ca n d h c l p l c s s . r \ s
A arrcl I] rllc now tliscursively cottstittltcd citclr Ittts an apl)ropri:llc
l c 1 . r c l t o i l ct : l f t t r t l t c r s i i y i n g s l t r t d t l o i r r g sl t v a i l l t b l c P f o p c r t o t l r c i r s c v c l a l
p o s i r i o r r s .l n t h c s e s a y i n g s a r t d d o i n g s e l r c h n t t r s t b c d i s p l a y i n g a S e l f - 2
s i n c c . o l r l n ( ) l h e r t r c c a s i t t t l ,t h e p o s i t i o n st t r a y b e r e v c r s e t l ,o r o t h e r s t i t k e t t
up. It is possiblc ft:r sotttcottcto refuse the positiorr provicled for in thc
'I
o p c n i n g r c n r ar k s o I c o n v et s a li o n . h a t i s p o s s i b l co n l y i f t l t c s p e a k er s h a v c
t r s c n s c o f 1 l 1 g 1 1 1 s g l ivtcsst h c s i i n r cb c i n g s , t l r e s a r r t cS c l v-c[ -sh- c1r,icn a l l t h e
positions tltey have occtrpictl irt the lllrx of everytlay life. I ' l l t l s tl ] c
psychological c o t r t i n t r i t y o f t l c t l c r r i t t l p o i n t o f v i c ' , v ,o f c o l l s c i o u s i l \ \ 'ilrclless
incl of action irr thc + olltl, r " ' i t l t o u trvhich l r e r i o n o t h a v c p o s i t i o r t i n ga t l i l l ,
b u t t h e u p p c u r ' : t t t caet l t l d i s a l l p e a r a n coeI s L t c c c s sei ra n d d i f f e r c n t b c i r t c s '
'I'hcrc
c o u l r l L r c n e i t h c r l i v c t i c o n t l i i c l i c t i o n n o r _ g o s i t i o q r q g-. i , ! - \ q 1 t ] a r 1
,it ,'..i jltf !irl; $J1';q.5:2-i.l-ir1-c-rrrrrrt
E..,lCrtjgtlIfiltl,Llj!r.SeG-"s-.-l.t.iii.t"
',',
[iJ n sinqrrl:trio { }l'- S c l f - 1 .l l L l t c h l t v cs c c i rt i T l l tl h e p l i n e i p l ct l ] a t c i l c l l
i.iiiUijiliiii irrju\r rrncb.rtty.stroLrl.l
iiiliiii; i;r.irL,r. lravejLrsto|ic Sclf-l rtl$,
I ' t l r r v i t J c : 1 r r c l l .I l' t r t c t t l t t t t : r l l v r ( r o t c ( l\ ( ) i l t i : l : c n c y .
Rut r|lr4 is ii [or slrrtr.c_ortc-,!iLl'f
lt-!Sli ]. llr Lililgllott! !-ll-c- ..ll. ,
Ir:!:tljlls-rs,llol':,
ir1t9.l'c-.irrgby_tlrc..'riguncicsL,Irililv_ljlcic\f.
S";lr?s-2tirllr-'rl 119191,-t1,,'
.f,Jii,r.oi,it'u.r;l;lii;i;.j..IG.r1lCLf ql-lftl-l,is to,oerooKetr !eLlnll)-illc.
- lertur;- of_-illc-dt-s ctusivc p!ll! !,cl- ![, 9]lCi,':!l.,ii P9_llglll-ltttqlfcst
tficrrisrlics-iRT st
rjritlii; IiT!,iic:n i;iix;iL' P]ncric-rsirr ri;tiiili the}.rnitni[e
i hFrtrsc nr
trTt.rric,)ialt
ltc'.ssrlin .ilcTGn!1r Ii ai a t''
irrailiiintctiLj;-itt-S'-'lt:ei-l
s tirrc-Fafonoscit iiiioi:{i{i,:l*-e-Ils :r .';ng[liilLv irr rirc
"liTt-rval'-.kx
rriirlstt;l nrultiplicity'lOnL), $$lrlj!)' r11a !919 1,e p1glilLly!q!l'n!o!!
:rrrcl rutitlttcly spltillly located is nranifcsted in.-the- -use of -l)ef$qn.ll
piirrxriur.s.IiTiffr-i'gtUllll.rlil-i-, .ll9-r_lilljq!f'.'r11"and'rrtine'that
It-isbytlrcuscof prono,,,,s
r l* io bct'..,u',a.
irll-iil,irIl s"-'--"n...- (rrntlin rton-
- iri)lro;ir;alr,rgr[.r r i - s t - p c i s oi , it t l " . i i , , n o, f t l r er c r b ) t l ] i r t( ) n cs t r i r r ! . s
r' t o t . - t h c li t l l r n u l i v c o f t h c l t i s t o r yo I a S e l [ . I t i s i r r N " l i s R s eattcltatltp's
p r o n u ' . , u, 's a q et h r t r v c p c t c e i v eh c r r n r r l t i p l i c i o t yf S c l v e s1-.
Sclvcs-lare disl;la1'ccl in tlte tlses of,th_e- firsqpcrson..FLrrthcr tvorkon tltc
'r,,turcof tlre .Sc ITTLF esTlsro tite giairirn;trof ihe lirst persol).'I'hepoint to
rfltEnJ-will- bc
'linl urguccl is rrctrpllysical btlt the I)retlrodof its t rc
-bc
ryritr r. rnal'c'--t,'sh.@nrpirical conteqt.
:iiiytlrirrg,iri paiiifulrrrit is not
Ii iriirr t ihii.rmc or cfiifuircii c6sciiptlor_-ri-f
tllc r)ilnro c l - s o n r ci n n c r ' .t l i : t p h a n o tlttsr t r t ' t L t t t c t t l t ti s .l -r l,tt l e v i c be y r v h i c h
-unilir:t1!l:!!ltativcsirnd c,ohc-r-,c],1q[ -conlr]til n clrts,ilrcCI91194I.t g,lprcsscslhc
Our sgnscol ourscl::I
..i,lglligll t:{ S.9!,-_l_. l-:}u.tlot}rr torl oly-ir-
I c t l c c r i i i l r - t i l l I c t r : r r r r n r r r i i c l rtlt t r t l l t st r I l i l l t - n - c ' r s i r nt l ' i s c t r L t r s cI f.t r r v c o L r l ' l (
t l r c ' s i i l r i i r ls, c s i l l ' i t r , , r r i , r i cI rl ic?i i n , t n i tv' . 'i ' v , u i, ' u , ' t y r i i , ,t Il , " g r , , " t ' , t . (' -'
o l t h c I i r s t p c l s o n i r r t d t h c i t l c n t i f i c a t i t l tttt l t h c n t i s l c a t l i n gg r i l n l n l a t i c i l Il
r r r o t l c lr v l r i c l rs o n l c l - c i r t u r co f t l t a t g t a t t l t t i t t -c a t l t c r r l p t L I si n l t l a c c c l l t i n ga s a J
n r c t : r n l r v s i c :l rl rl c s i si t l r o L t It r cr s ot tl to o r l .
R()rt lt RRtl:

'l I'crsrtrt
h e ( i r a t r t t r t r l ro f S l l c a k i r r gi n t l l c I ' ' i r s t

i,;;:l;;;:'1,:'iiJi-,lir.:]iil":lllii*#ii;r'll,i-iil"-o
:.[::",:.*+,,ill;3.'."-* iilri#;'i';.\11}i;::[,,1"J1"
irrt!91ic119!T.::lu"t:-
i,t irr L.'okc,.l irni'tlrclr-iry
-ri"O.'rl,,,if'r,,irrr.rnrc.r, III
lrllc' l.bclsrt Irlircd
.ir r"Etl-tlls-4lg]I!'Id-
""i'"',rr,'."-lti,'i,'i .i:llli#-\il.;ri'.*'lf&[J:,1:',
l:
;I:,,"
ffi
i n l p o r t a l t t i r t t l t c c a s c u t t i ' " ' ii " t l " * i t " l 1 ' l
t''nttunt
'l-lre
ttse of thc lirst
()f tllc
f e e l a r l l a l t ' l a b c l st l r c c o n t e l l t
p c r s o t ri n s t r c l ]a s t a t c l l l c l " ' " t t " n
o I s p c a k c r a r t d r' vl ' il tl lcr
u ( t c i : l n c c\ \ i 1 1 ar s p a t i l l l l o c a t i o n r c l r r t i " ' ct o t l t c i t l c l t t i o n
rvitlt l]ic evcllt of trttcr:lllcc
rt tcrlli)orill lllorllcllI ctt'rtt:ttt1-'o'uncorts

".19r-;,1.,r+:+*9"^+;l,S::,.-i,l;;*i:,i:i.'ii:;ib.'
tr:rjcLror\'"'tlt'] irt thc
uf iervis locateri
l'^":l:,:'.ili;tiLt"rir;1;,i"'i1,ui,,r
rristrirr'rctr
rhi'qs,rntrlen,poraily
::l::lii::lil".l'.i:ll;:lii, rlisrriburcrr tlrerrtaterial
tr,4r-!y:1.:jjru"xes
i, ,,", ,,j,"rt-,g-tsll-elyr'r,
.',.1,,'i,.'lr:
i;:*";F,:,-1.;i:i:ltl'.Fl**$l[:li:ili*'ftll':,.
."#,;;;ir';.i,,,i;.. .;bsfii:,i11:
of slcrrkirrg_irlLrc oi therict
. ,f;; k'..:,iion
: :ilitrg .gt rl tt l' 1-.lUl"-.tli.
,,itt",, *r. l' i. l i (c rlrc s,,,c-9!li.
lffi*ffir,".''
L r s eo [ t h e P r o p e r n : t l ] l e
' ,t,lly,
*l::::l;;l;f ::
l"n,?1,'
,'l:,'l.i:,ll;::';=,*:,T::.#".i,"-',;l]:i]|1,'li,t:]illl
i,,r.tg"'r'ft,rtr,
u,,it"y,
ixtjnarc994!

j}#-t' *-atffi9r-1vr-j'}qur-{!le!!l t):v-tll-c


,;rn" o'* ,'* i-'r'; "'i:.'"''? i" p"" L"'t'l'it:
.'ilflr.,tur*ty1,t.-s.-Dry-i!iLlluldx\!!!rcal:ry-crprusss(rrrrr'!L
;i.:ri;.:A-;"i "';;#,'rtft

;; :l.;l:i";,'l'
$_rt pgtnl.- l-ln.lcxcs-rnc--iilocLfftglll'ii"'"r.'r't-^:;::::::"i,:,1.'li,]'l:
ili"l.,\'
d.l!.,:,i*"-'* "-i#ll'-, .ti'''n:
:ilr'ff i'i,il'I i;
ii'ili#y;li1'T3,t*#H,;.#'.;i;-;r''tt,ii,".u,',,,ritn'1c''ti.
'l-lrc
in thc spccilictl,ti,rnc socialvalttc
the spcakcrif it clocsn'tb'euk "tuty trv tlrc
tor tlrc othcrsinvtilt'ed"villbc cleterr:rirrccl
of thutlrctoI ctlttrnritnrcllt
tlloritl ' tt.:t ']t].::1::l):l
knorvttlttcittitltioI rhe spcirkel irr tlrc ]or:al .tlrtlet
stl orr' Wlrilc'sDatio-tctnptllal
r v c l s h c r , a t t l t o t t t l t t r a t l l cp " " o n , ""a
indcxicalirv.!-Eers:ur!r-"n,"*'**iillJrly,,ll,::1r,.--lg$:-TT*llil
-l'";;l r nrrrrt iib()uI tIIc
ffi ii i-.l-.',.,r
I I ir fl-;r-9
'grirrnrrirr' t]111"r111ttt11!'qlty iitiftclr rtrtrltiple''
",;i,l-ti
oI lltc cottcci:f.g'-lar"p.'-tll 'ubi:1-.--
i="6:sg!,frl-""1i riur.i',,u,,IuoII''c|It!r1r1r1'41ciitL.'Iu.'
60 l l l E l ) t s ( u R s r v r -t R o l ) u c l l o N O l : s t l ' v l : s

i d c x i c l r l i t y o f l l t c r n o n t c t t t q : \ l l M s l ! l _ ! l , l c r t t o r l r lt l u a l i t i c s o f o t t c - ' sc t t t r c t t t \
-SiIFf.
N i t r u I s p c i r k : t t r t l r o r i t a t i v c l yi n t l t e c l a s s r t t o t t t ,a s t l t c o l l c s ' i t h t l l u
i l g f . r l t o d c t c r n r i n e a s t t r ( l c n ( ' sg r a d c s . N o r v I s p e a k t i e f e r e n t i a l l y i n t h c
a , i , , r , ' r ' r . r ,o,t l t n , t t c kt t o r v l c t l g i n ga r t d r J e f c r r i r r gt o t l t c s u p c r i o r c x p c l t i s c o I a
collcaguc-And so on.
' Onc's senseof Self accor(li to the constructionist
senseol o actualan ifoldsot
i t i o n s ,l i t e r a a
l ncl ronr rvlticho as a unified
'one' that keepsreturning to
cal and al beinq. Tlte nrvsterious
iiii-',,lt so greata sophisicate aslgtlrStfqltCi-Gge!g!er1),is nlrthing
"u*
hiii lhFlic-rson-iiJ
Ujr_t sneakcr. atrd cxnresses
nc experiglgt-lll]ll-lxptesses
Oric e-xperiences tlncselias a
oncscll zt
!t]C_pei:sm.i\l_
lllc_il.p1._._O
r l yI t l l l l c ( l l s c t l r s l ' ci
s n r g u l i l r-r6iirir "I
tlic
wi t-'ii-- J-rc levan t locations lronr rvhich one is spclrkin-glin.
-r--- -- -- --- -:: -j:-:t i
n#t.. ffi" ir,r. ioiinr $ i;a-a;,i' i iir c.'i'ii i' ri akecllll gLri:iri iv (rl rc
*-? ,- ,i- -=r j-;a-:-'- ;i'ia; i,.;1.-.t .;,,;,,i;,,;'.' 111,,.

;tl@lfi-et3Ialr* " It6i-,-d ',oibe C '+q..:!-+--


-::,f-fl*--lllS-ot.sonil''utlv' !"-$l"t' ttf".9+91i9!9q-s-l!P.9.-!,c-q-i1l-1'l!L
ascribed' I !,sr prcsst:s
gllFl:llq! "$!-" u tl:a uglrf g11t..ll-t',o1-11e
ilq,p-gfll1Al--\:ierv..fr:orl
'.-' rihic_Il-lbg.sg
- :rre
1.c'p9rt-s given-nif tlii lo-cirtiorrin.:1
l ::.-r----ii-i :- "-'j
flqr1 .'''hichtho'secontnritmc'n(s ai-cLrndertakcnlloiil
,*-.

t i{-.yrt11t-lftrtlq|.9,LG1
sblf-f rin.i Sc\91-2-a1e1-51nt1p1i1111191,-.s-ttgcrintposctlr'rt ttld nTq91
peii eni e Ft i rt ue o f tl ei r ro le-!4! e d5 g1s !5-PI9{99 ry!9I I'l r ssr'-rg-l!
-; x:rFe taceoi tcnrptatiorts
giEalitfffi;ulttfilktiugEllt.tel"tislltslll-inJ
to alkxv ti'ieiclcatlrat in spcakingin tlrc 'lrst person I ant rcierrinqttl
nrl.sclf.thenanting nroclel, cantreillustratcd by a slippage in -lohtrSltotter's
contliLrution to an AtnericanPsychological Association synrposiunr ( 1987)
on 1;ost nrotlernisrnin psycholo-ny. His contributioncontaillsa deep insight '
"'l;' clocsnot signifylny identitv, rvlto I anl to nryself." 'it is not the
'I' doesnot spcakSelves-2 it.ltoexistetrce
nanreoI rvhorveare.'l hc useof
by rranringthem. In these passagcs,Shottel avoiclsthe [arniliar slidc
'rvho',nantelynry Self I or one oI nly fepertoire
bttu,ee,r tlrc trvoscnscsof
o f s e l v c s - 2B. u t i r r ' ; i t i r t go f t h e n l u l t i p l i c i t ay r r dh i s t o r i c aclo t r t i r t s c n coyI
Selves-Zhc slipsinto the old presrrpposition that thcre is sonrepernrancnt'
extra-cliscursivc singularityof Self rvhich(rvho'?)cloesall theserrrarvcllous
'. ''
things. .rvltoI atn to nrvself[sic],' lre retrtarks . .is sonrcthingrvlriclt
it is nry life'sproject both to make anclto discoveras I occupy:tndrct itr
ROA| IIARRI

_ tlltqS
ol'Miss IJcaucltallll) is rlot docisivc.'l ltitt sltc tliscurs[-d1'-9s!i1b]-r-d-rcl!l' -':'---
-'
-----
-t',iiJttt'.ut' rllrich sllcs.l-:r-ct!'..i,t-:lfigtL!:tt-l
---:::j--: :-'
!y
'

)Sclves-l does
ClvCS- I U O C SInot
l O t IDro\:c l l A t tttrc
) r O \ : C tthlt llc r,(r)u
ii'rgulziiilici
r srrrii\rr'rr lrcinqrnavtre
Iut of Prescntc:d
ll_il"tlogq-yls rvi;;-oaili;'Cii.-Oi,
o-ISelTiio-cxl. not tl glvclr. l..,'rrr
nilit-t,rzrt. plicity a cultur:tl abcrrati
a t u r a l I , tler rnultinliciw t)etailctl studics i r r t h e
ron. l2g!:!!]!gjt!jLl9r_!l-_yr:
conrparati ve et hnoeranhv of sllctl\-b ill9_1S,lit1t",'t-19jt49-11i
"lg as 11 qrll1:1
ffi-iai-
ffio illslt liavc becir
tncs. Iii"c-trigrr- ut'dcrlilkclr-
u!-q!9(akq!r..
r
"
iffihl6;utl.r' & Hffi;
: : : : . -
199()).
.
thqy-sg-em-to-opctr'rrp-avistrr.-ofa:varietyoI
first-personsrzlnll.nars, clo--Y!!r'y
tlrc indexical propertici ,ol,ty-hjqh- _tn.r"':tys
ilutrps'l@ho<;rl irr-tlrc{jrs1,senseIt rvotrltl
i6t u"',*te^.tnitrl=-"t.-ltakq-!rts.+Lqfts"..s-lpi a .:trittjlzrlo-rigiq9f t-[c-
--;
-----.-: ,--:-.-.--;t' . - , . : - . - r - . ^ .. . .. t - | : .. r- ^ , I
by ,r lrich !clvcs- I itrc disctlr'sivcly
1--tru.'ticc-s -c;14lrlishcd, >.

'l'irc 'Sclf
Paratligm

()i
S o f a r i n t h i s a r r a l y s i sI l t l l v c c x i t t t t i t t c ctl h c c t l t l l l t l c x c l r t s t c -or f c ' ) l ) c c l ) l s
'Sclf'syntagmatiS!].!y. tllat I nlearlIl11t-!,!tj,i!-!lokl!l-j'r!-q
tllcrv:tvtl't't
Py
- t h r r i r r g h'
()t \cqll'^l)tlirl
thcsc torrii ltt.slf[.Gr, dcrl\'
stitnlt]1irr,into tltc
r t !:i s -!L!'.!9I!r-i111:^!l
irg.-trl-!l c:llllcqp,l d r : i er t t ti r t c c l
!ol! svcr. the-1r1eirn
structutc of cli-scqu,rle.,
.not jusi liy bLircrrvordshrt6rrghu'hich -liri' - '.t]1olry tlxr-sc
it clrt be glplicated bu!
rjl:l:{- n Itrras
opcn ic t o f ci,ro rr a sttli'V c
Lf*--S."l,,
i, rrq.ttil' ;; *1i-c [i [-.ll
i" 11rffdl-s,i,'triur*ci1llq.ltil'pilrlrtli-c",fiic-ainGniioForllq.l$$!$!1p!1
*. ot;l;
"
"-tti' ", arc
f hc tlisctrrsivcslnrtrolsthxt Pxir irt a polarizccl1-'araclignt
ti19p-.ll'q.dlg11n. .
tt.'fty *"it.lingf,,l only try contrastr.'ithonc attolltcr'Itl attYact of spcitkirtq
the choiccoia ternr frorrrone 'tlle of strclta pat'a4igrn cxcluclcstlrc olllcf.
carbaugh (19s8/l9li9)has slro$,nho$' one sct rrl' discrrlsivcs1'tttbls lirr
Self-const it utirrg talk, nanrelyAnlc:ricanEnglish,constitutcsjust strcha
'l'lrc
paraclignr. linguistic:foctts tnoves alvay frtlnr the nrcans for thc
cxpressi"ecreittionof selves-1to the usesof $,orilsftlr abstractconccpts
'sclf ill contrastrvitjt $,orrisancl
e*presringindivitJuality like 'pcrson'ancl
phiascslikc'contcnrpor:rrvsocict\".'thiscountry'.ivhicltexprcsscollcct-
'fhcse
ivity. rvorclsare vehiclcso['inragcs'at the contrastingpoles-'&]!g -t!
..ui p.rron' as an intagcof irtglividua]ji15;gqo1e1:qt 11,tg1c Clrtr.rch'
c couniif .Ifril so on as irtragcsof -c'ollcctivitl'.
e*fa"sl]\ rcs"rr.h materirifis iti,"un n] thc Don;thttcshorv lrt tlte
fi:i.)
talk createciin the shorvthe polesof thc palacligrlr arc rtseclitr suclllt rvly as
to displaya cultural prcfcrcncefor onc of tltenr.'['husCarbatrglt(l9iiti/
'culturally,"self" is a ntoclelof pcrsonrvhicltscparatcs
1989,p. 20a)states,
one ftonr otlters,loregrotrntling tlrc rrniqtrcancl frcc actingpcrstlnitl thc
prcsent.,.Society"is i nroclcl.f sociation,a coln.lo* attclctrttstlitinittg
socialb,ckgrourid.In Donah.e tlisc.urse.tlris nro4cl.f 1!crs.nis valLrccl J
"sclf" is assc'teda{ltinst
over tlrisleicl of sociation,crcatinga sccnen,lrcr-c
"society". c.g. . .eacltsynlbtll sintttltitltcottslvgrants antl takcs arvity
'
cornmonalityior identification) :rndinclivitlullity(or tlivisiort)
62 l l i I ) r s c u F s t v l i I , R ( ) t ) l : ( . I l ( ) N( ) t : s l : t v r . s

Drarvingort (lccrtz's (197(r)stutlyoI Javlrtcscsocicty,Cartratrrlrsltorvs


horvJav;rncsc discottrscs of Sclf anclsrrcictydrarvon (liffcrcntlysPccifictl
parzldignr-scts and usc tlrcsc rcsourcesto displaya crrltrrralprcfcrcnccft)r
'urrion p toi lca r i t i c rsc l c v a n (t o J a v a t t c s c
a n r lc t r n r l n o t t a l i t y ' . ' l 'phacr i r t l i g r r r i L
Sclf appcarin t*'o setsof contrastedinrages.1'he first set is struct.urcd by
the oppositionbctrvecn /air ('insidc' a persolr,rnorc exactly pcrltrps
'privatc')Nrth bnlin('otttside' personor'public').'flte secontl
sct is
s t r u c t t r r c d a r o u n r l t l r e o p p o s i t i o r ra l r r s ( c i v i l i z e d ) a n d / r r r s a r( v u l g a r ) . I - a i r
c x p r c s s e st h e p e r s o r t a l o c a t i o n o f i n r n r e d i a t el n d p r i v a t e f c e l i n g s ,r v l r i l c
b a l i r r e x p r c s s e st l t c i n t c r l ) c r s o n r l l o c i r t i o n o f s o c i a l l yc o l r c c t p u b l i c l c t i o n s .
r \ c c o r r l i n g t o J a v a n c s c n r r t l i t l p s y c h o l o g vt r o t i r f c c l i n g s a n i l i t c t i o t r s l t o u l t i
i r c i n a c c o r t i a r t c ev , i i h t l l c p r i n c i p l c s s r r n r r r r c ttlr l ) o I t t h c c ( ) n c c i ) to [ r t / r l . t .
'ri'hctr
A.ccortling to CaLb.ruglt (19f3/1989, p. 2t)l). titc Jlrvallesc irrl.
oulviarrlly irt , , , , a y sci',ii but un[cclin,g, thc Llrrfcll gcs'rltrc is propcriy
c i i s p l a y c r li;r n d r v h c r ra r o r r s c di n i c c l i n g b l i t c r - r r s t n t i t t c cbi' , ' t i t e s t a n t l l r d s o f
a c t i n . s ,p r . o p e r l v f e l t i s u n g e s t u r c d i e c l i n g . '
\ V e a r c u o r v i r t l p o s i t i o n t o a r i c l r e s st h e p r o l r l c t t t l c f t o v e r f r o t r t t i : c
d i s c u s s i o nt h a t b r o u g h t o u t t l r e d i f f c r c - n c el , . u t r . , ' e cSne l f - 1 , t l l o p r e s c i r t a t i o n
o f r , . ' i r i c l ii s : r c h i c v c t l g r a n r n r : l t i c a l l y , l r r ; c l S c l y c s - 2 r " ' h t t s c I t t t t t i c o f
c : : 1 > r e s s i ,o,rvra si e [ t p a i i i a l l y u n e x p l i c a t c d . ' l ' h c r ci s r ] l o r c t L )e l l c i l o f o n c ' s
S c l v e s - 2t l l a n t h e c l r a n e i n g l c v e l s o f c o r n r l i i r r r e n t t l r i : t o c c r , r ra s o n e s i r i f t s
f t . o n rp o s i t i o n t o p o s i l i o n . W e h a r e f o l l o r v c c ji h c \ \ ' x y S c i [ - 1 i s c r ea ' r e db ]
s t L r c i ' , i n tql r c g r i t r n n : r r ro f f i r s t - P c r s o ni r r r l c r i c a l s .I t u : r s b y [ o l l o r v i n g
g m r n r r r a t i c acll r i c st l r : r t t h c c i l s eo f L I i s s I l e l u u h : l i n pw a s u r l f a v c l l c d .B u t
r v l r a t o f t i r e d i s c u r s i v e p r o d u c t i o n o f S c l v e s - 2 ' lC a r b a u g h ' s s i u d i c s a r c
clirectly re lcvant to that (Frcstion. Selves_.1_rdl, ltp it ti-r--iit -c!ilc.lurrLlq -ia_1ltc,
ibrnr of discursive
svnrbolsrvhich_!ryg_llg
sgd.[C1199_tlf9y-q9_]YlL".l
!!$!t
'.._----.----.'''L.-- 'fhc
1 x e - s c n c res s c c n a s t h c r c s u l t o f a p a r u c l i g n t a t i cc h o i c e . r c g c r . t o i r eo f
S e l l c s - 2 n r r . r sbt e e x a c t l y c q u i v a l e n t t o t h c p o L L I - . q o n c e p ttsl l a t d c 0 t r c t h e
prrflgl]rsjri[aqq-Tdff-iil:r-m.lF;Fir!rL{!!.A-ri].'..rr-prui"ct
r c l e v a ntto t h e u n ( l c r s t a n d i nogl t l t e c l i s c u r s i vpcl o d u c t i o rot f g e n c l c rs. a y ,
rvouldbc fornrulated.in this fianrervork,as a studyof the contrast-scts by
rvlrichthe paracligm '[entinine/mlscttlirte' rvasdiscursively reirlizccl. Such a
'clorncstic powcr'; 'particttlaristic nttlral
contrast-set nrightbc porvcr/public
j r : d g n r c n t s / p r i n c i prl nc o
d r a lj u d g n r e n t s a' ,n d s o o r l . M u c h o f t h e n l a t e r i a l
for the cxplicit constrrrctior) of sucl)contrast-scls alreadyexistsscattercd
'['hc
t l r r o u q ht h e l i t e r a { u r c . i n n o v a t i v es t c p i s t o s c c t h i s n ] a t c r i a il l s a i l
expressionof the par:rclignrand its use in (he tlisctrrsiveprocluction()f
gencler.Sirnilarrervorkin.g of existingrnatcrialrvoultlbe a llrst stepinto thc
everycluy psychology o[ ]'outh arrtl agc. /]_li lit '.s_-!l-ggll!i::._llPoLaI
rrndcrlyirrg irssurnption, thlrt pcoplc irre rvlrtt tltcy lirc loclll]1Lc(ittirc!*to
pSr-:'{L.EftflCIE:!1_tjcjlg: .\-'rd tliorb iJqtriltr:rcnLsarc. in thc-ir turn.
io'istruliiO by-tfrc linrits ot ihe ltxafrcio-uEs fo-th-e:lilgirrsive prcSen-
'['hcsc
tliiion o t.-rvh al c vqlsc].rcsr-t h-c-y_]Ll_!gl_l_!_U9:. local rcsource.s!\ r_gr q.In
- be-preTelff6A I I tlle contrilst-sctsthat constitute the rclcv nt Pirt,L{.g,}._
I I C U Iin
RorvlIIARR6 6.1
* Ii
AcKNowt-t:D(jtli\tENt-.I ilrn plrticularly
c o n l n r c n t sf r o r r r I ) ; t r r I l o t r i n s o n .
griltcful f()r srrnc vcrY hclpftrl
I
Referonccs
C a r b a u g hD , . ( l 9 S S l l 9 S 9 )D . c e p a g o n y : ' s c l f ' v s . ' s c c i c t y ' i nl ) t r n a h u ct l i s c o u r s c .
Ileseuclt irt l..anguageanl Social Interaction, 22. li9-212.
Davics, 8., & I-larr6, R. (1990). Positioning.Journd J'or tlrc Theory oI Socit:l
Behaviour,20,4143. I
G c c r t z ,C . ( 1 9 7 ( r )F. r o n rt h c n a t i v c sp' o i n to f v i c r v :O n t h c n a t u r co f a n i l r r o p o l o g i c a l 1
u dcrstanding. In K. Basso .Q I-1. Sclby (Etls.). .1/earrrirgirt nntlropolog;y
(pp- 221-237).Albuqucrtluc: l.lnivcrsityof Ncrv \lcrico Prcss.
Ccrflrnan,l]. (1959). Tirc prcsenlotiot of self in cr'.r-r.ll.v/r/c. Gardcrr City. NJ:
i
I
Doublctlly.
I I a r r i . R . ( 1 9 8 3 ) .P c r s o a aLl ' c i r r gO. x f o r r . lI:l l a c k t v c l l .
K o h r t t ,I I . ( 1 9 7 1 ) . ' f t r ca n a l y s ios f t l r cs c f i N c r v Y t r r l : J t t t c r n a t i o n i trJl n i v c r s i t i c s
Prcss.
i \ f r r h l h : r u s l cPr ,. . & I I a r r 6 , l f . ( 1 9 9 0 ) .l ' r o n o u n st n l i ' t o J ; l t 'O . rfortl: lllrtckucll.
t'rincc. irl. (1905).'l'\rcdi.ssrtciatiort ttf pcrsonulity.[-crntlon:Kc-[lil f)rrrl"llLrsccrtt
:rnclTrirbncr.
S h o t t c r ,J . , & ( i c r g c r t ,K . J . ( l g l l f l ) . 7 ' e . \ rosf i d c l t t i 4 .L r r n t l o n :S r 3 c
Slrottcr,J. (1c)81) - Post-nodcni,rntitt1;s1'cholo.gu. Papcrprcscntctlto thc Anrcrican
P s l c h o ! o g i c rAl s - < o e i a t i rSt ny m p o s i u mN , crvYork.
\\'ccclon. C. (l9ll7). Pttslslructur,,rlist anolssis at;d ,/}/rr1lrrs/l/rdol)'. [.ondorr:
Ilotrtlcdqc.

R o r r l l . r n e f l c c t u r c si n p h i l o s o p h ya t I - i n r c t c C o l l c ' g c .L . l n i v c r s i toy[
Orfortl, C)xfordOX I lYY, and in psycholoevat Gccrrgcto$n Llnilclsity.
w a s h i n r t o n ,D C 2 0 0 5 7 .

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