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Example: 11 is a number
My grandmother is now number
Therefore, my grandmother is 11.
4. Division - The fallacy of Division is committed when a person infers that what is
true of a whole must also be true of its constituents and justification for that inference
is not provided.
13. Fallacy of accident - Also called by its Latin name a dicto simpliciter asd
dictum secundum quid. (a) Applying a general rule or principle to a particular
instance whose circumstances by "accident" do not allow the proper application of
that generalization.
Example: The universe has a beginning. Every thing that has a beginning has
a beginner. Therefore, the universe has a beginner called God.
This assumes (begs the question) that the universe does indeed
have a beginning and also that all things that have a beginning
have a beginner. (b) Assuming the conclusion ar part of the
conclusion in the premises of an argument. Sometimes called
circular reasoning, vicious circularity, vicious circle fallacy
[Continental Philosophy-- sorry, I just couldn't resist]. Example:
"Everything has a cause. The universe is a thing. Therefore, the
universe is a thing that has a cause." (c) Arguing in a circle. One
statement is supported by reference to another statement which is
itself supported by reference to the first statement [such as a
coherentist account of knowledge/truth]. Example: "Aristocracy is
the best form of government because the best form of government
if that which has strong aristocratic leadership.”
15. Fallacy of complex question - (a) Asking questions for which either a
yes or no answer will incriminate the respondent. The desired answer is already
tacitly assumed in the question and no qualification of the simple answer is allowed.
Example: "Have you discontinued the use of opiates?" (b) Asking questions
that are based on unstated attitudes or questionable (or unjustified)
assumptions. These questions are often asked rhetorically of the
respondent in such a way as to elicit an agreement with those
attitudes or assumptions from others. Example: "How long are you
going to put up with this brutality?"
16. Fallacy of the beard - Arguing (a) that small or minor differences do not
(or cannot) make a difference, or are not (or cannot be) significant, or (b) arguing so
as to find a definite point at which something can be named.
Example: Insisting that a few hairs lost here and there do not indicate
anything about my impending baldness; or trying to determine how
many hairs a person must have before he can be called bald (or not
bald).
17. Genetic fallacy - Arguing that the origin of something is identical with that
thing with that from which it originates.
18. Fallacy of accident - Also called by its Latin name a dicto simpliciter asd
dictum secundum quid. (a) Applying a general rule or principle to a particular
instance whose circumstances by "accident" do not allow the proper application of
that generalization.
Example: "It is a general truth that no one should lie. Therefore, no one
should lie if a murderer at the point of a knife asks you for
information you know would lead to a further murder."
19. Converse accident - The fallacy of considering certain exceptional cases
and generalizing to a rule that fits them alone. Note that the fallacy of converse
accident is the opposite of accident.
22. Pragmatic - Arguing that something is true because it has practical effects
upon people: it makes them happier, easier to deal with, more moral, loyal, stable.
Example: A rebel life of a people is the only thing they live for.
Cigarettes are one of their vices that causes to their rebel life.
Therefore, they can’t live without cigarettes.
23. Irrelevant purpose - Arguing against something on the basis that it has
not fulfilled its purpose (although in fact that was not its intended purpose).
Example: All children should have a lot of attention from their parents.
Parents who work full-time cannot give a lot of attention to their
children.
Therefore, mothers should not work full-time.
24. Straw man - Presenting an opponent's position in as weak or
misrepresented a version as possible so that it can be easily refuted.
Example: My secretary Bea will resign tomorrow without any valid reasons.
I don’t allow her to resign because I am the president.
Therefore, she doesn’t have the right to resign.
25. False cause - Something is identified as the cause of an event, but it has
not actually been shown to be the cause.