The RF Reader

A collection of published articles

on RF from Analog Devices

www.analog.com/RF
 The RF Reader
A collection of published articles
on RF from Analog Devices

Smart Partitioning for WiMAX Radios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

AD8368: A Broadband RF/IF VGA with 34 dB Linear-in-dB Gain Control Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Measuring the RF Power in CDMA2000 and W-CDMA High Power Amplifiers (HPAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Simulating the Effect of Blockers on Data Converter Performance in Wideband Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Converter Performance Approaches Software-Defined Radio Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Calibration and Temperature-Compensation Techniques Using an RMS-Responding RF Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Improved DDS Devices Enable Advanced Comm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
RF Standards for Short-Range Wireless Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A Broadband I/Q Modulator for Broadband Radio Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Evaluating Linear Distortion in ADC Driver Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
IQ Modulators Advance Reconfigurable Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
How to Determine an Effective Damping Factor for a Third-Order PLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Log Amps and Directional Couplers Enable VSWR Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Direct Digital Synthesis Enables Digital PLLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
A Direct-Conversion Transmitter for WiMAX and WiBro Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Converters for 3G Are Optimized for Cost, Size, and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RF Power Detection: Measuring WiMAX Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Measuring VSWR and Gain in Wireless Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Low Power Direct Digital Synthesizer Cores Enable High Level of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Smart Partitioning
for WiMAX Radios
NOMAN RANGWALA AND RICK MYERS
Analog Devices Inc., Norwood, MA
he need for broadband wireless ac-
T
cess (BWA) has long been acknowl-
edged as the next step in the evolu-
tion of Internet access. Unfortunately, the
lack of robust technology at a competi-
tive price has been a barrier to its imple-
mentation. Today, though, momentum to
cross the chasm is gathering—early
adopters have endorsed the technology
in under-served rural areas of the world,
while standardization efforts have re-
duced costs enough that mainstream
users can now consider WiMAX a viable
alternative for broadband access with a
future promise of mobile access.
WiMAX, based on IEEE 802.16 specifi-
cations, supports operation in multiple fre-
quencies and multiple air standards. To en-
sure interoperability between multiple
WiMAX solutions, the WiMAX Forum, an
industry consortium, has developed pro-
files that specify the operating frequency,
bandwidths, air-interface and medium ac-
cess protocols. These profiles are based on
a 256-carrier orthogonal frequency divi-
sion multiplexing (OFDM) air interface for
fixed/nomadic operation, and scalable-
OFDM-access (S-OFDMA) air interface for
portable/mobile applications.
Reprinted with permission of MICROWAVE JOURNAL® from the November 2006 issue.
©
2006 Horizon House Publications, Inc.
1
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a
traditional WiMAX system. An RF trans-
ceiver is connected through a power am-
plifier (PA) and RF switches to the anten-
na on one side, and to a digital baseband
(DBB) on the other. The interface be-
tween the RF transceiver and the DBB is
composed of analog signals, which can
be at intermediate frequency (IF) or base-
band. Note that the ADCs and DACs in
this architecture can be discrete devices,
or can be integrated on an ASIC.
In some applications, a two-chip solu-
tion may have higher performance and
lower cost than a single-chip solution.
The key is to know how to divide the
functions between the two chips to best
exploit both the circuit topology and the
available manufacturing technologies.
Smart partitioning does just this, allow-
ing an RF system-on-a-chip (SoC) to pro-
vide a complete RF-to-bits solution in-
cluding all required automatic gain con-
trol, transmit power control and RF
calibration loops. Including control loops
on the radio front end enhances ease of
use, provides for an easier mix-and-
match capability with different DBB
modems and improves performance. The
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
accompanying reduction of real-
time software control results in
simpler system design. All analog
and RF specific controls are inte-
grated on the RF front-end IC.
This is smart partitioning. Figure
2 illustrates a block diagram for a
system using smart partitioning.
COST BENEFITS ENABLED
BY SMART PARTITIONING
For communication systems
such as WiMAX and BWA, con-
sumer prices less than $100 are
essential. In CPE equipment for
asymmetric digital subscriber
loop (ADSL) and 802.11g Wi-Fi
($20 to $30), for example, volumes
increased dramatically as prices
declined. Emerging markets such
as WiMAX are also experiencing
similar price pressures. End-user
CPE prices are expected to be
less than $100 by mid-2007. To
achieve these targets, chipset
pricing must fall to $20 or $25.
Much lower than the current
Real Time Control Loops partitioned between
two separate chips and vendors
Real Time Control Signals
LO
Slow Speed
Control Port
▲ Fig. 1 Block diagram of a traditionally partitioned WiMAX system.
Real Time Control Loops Integrated
on RF Transciever
Real Time Control Signals
LO
▲ Fig. 2 Block diagram of a WiMAX system using smart partitioning.
cost, this reduction will require
significant improvements for
market prices to yield an accept-
able profit.
Smart partitioning offers the
opportunity to dramatically re-
duce the total cost of a WiMAX
system. Today’s traditional DBBs
are mixed-signal ASICs, with
over 90 percent of their area oc-
cupied by digital gates and 5 to
10 percent used for data convert-
ers. The cost to manufacture such
a mixed-signal device is over 1.5
times the cost of manufacturing a
digital-only IC. The major con-
tributors include higher wafer
price (1.2 times), higher test cost
(1.1 times), higher yield cost (1.1
times) and larger die size (1.05
times), totaling a 1.5 times in-
crease in cost.
In addition to the tangible cost,
there is a large opportunity cost
incurred. Data converters typical-
ly lag behind by one generation
of the process, and proven cores
Mixed Signal is integrated on
digital ASIC or Standalone
Ref
ADC
ADC
Digital Modem/MAC
DAC
DAC
PLL
Memory
90/65nm digital
only process
Digital I/Q
Ref
ADC
ADC Digital Modem/MAC
DAC
Validated by gate
level simulation
DAC
PLL Slow Speed
Control Port
Memory
2
for 90 nm or 65 nm are not avail-
able for integration on today’s
fine-line digital processes. The
opportunity cost for using a 130-
nm process for the digital base-
band instead of a state-of-the-art
90-nm process can be up to
twice. Data converters integrated
on a DBB constrain the cost,
keeping the IC from taking ad-
vantage of Moore’s law.
EASE OF USE ENABLED
BY SMART PARTITIONING
By itself, the integration of
data converters is not sufficient
for smart partitioning. The data
converters required for WiMAX
are typically over-sampled, so
handling the raw data rate in and
out of the transceiver would pre-
sent implementation challenges.
However, integrating decimation
and interpolation filters on the
transceiver allows the interface
speed to be reduced. The avail-
ability of mature fine-line RF
CMOS processes, coupled with
advances in analog and RF mod-
eling capabilities, have now made
it possible to move data convert-
ers and other mixed-signal blocks
to the RFIC in WiMAX radio de-
signs. For cost and power effi-
cient implementation of the digi-
tal blocks, fine-line CMOS is a
definite plus. This article explores
the choice of digital interface and
the ease of use advantages intro-
duced by simple RF drivers for
receivers and transmitters.
DIGITAL INTERFACE: CHOICES,
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
The evaluation board design
and layout has a critical impact
on the performance of the mixed-
signal component of the DBB.
The analog I/O on the reference
board is sensitive to external
noise, and the supply routes to
the mixed-signal portion of the
design require high isolation.
Eliminating the analog I/O mini-
mizes these noise-coupling is-
sues, and solves the problem of
interfacing analog cores from dif-
ferent vendors (such as RF chip
and mixed-signal converter
cores). For example, some ADC
cores require a discrete 5 V driver
op-amp to obtain specified data
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
sheet performance. Modems us-
ing smaller processes, such as
130 nm or 90 nm, must reduce
the signal swing and match the
common-mode level to that of the
RFIC. These considerations re-
quire valuable engineering re-
sources. For systems using smart
partitioning, the boundary be-
tween the transceiver and the
DBB is digital, simplifying these
issues.
Two basic options for selecting
a digital interface are a high
speed serial data stream using
low voltage digital swing (LVDS)
signaling, or a slower speed par-
allel bit stream. Variations of
these schemes include embedded
Rx Clock
Rx Data
Tx Clock
Tx Data
RF Transceiver
Header
clock, synchronous clocking, or
nibble transfers. Each approach
has its advantages and disadvan-
tages.
High speed serial links (see
Figure 3) have a lower pin count,
reduced switching noise due to
the differential signaling and
larger separation (between DBB
and RF transceiver). However,
the high speed circuit design risk
is one of the biggest implementa-
tion challenges. Implementation
of the serializer and de-serializer
is complex and requires clock re-
covery circuits and other custom
design blocks that are not readily
available in standard digital li-
braries.
Pros
Low Pin Count
Differential Signaling
Cons
Complex Implementation
High Speed (≈500MHz)
Modem
The parallel bit stream ap-
proach offers lower data rates
and a standard CMOS I/O, but in-
creases the pin count. To reduce
the pin count to a manageable
number, the data bus can use
time duplexing to multiplex be-
tween receive and transmit data.
Additionally, the I/O can be sin-
gle-ended if the switching and
high frequency noise are careful-
ly managed and isolated from the
highly sensitive RF circuitry. The
design on the DBB is straightfor-
ward, and can be implemented
with a standard hardware de-
scription language (HDL)-based
design flow.
The JEDEC Committee (JC-61),
formed in 2002, was chartered to
create an open standard for digi-
tal interface, enabling smart par-
titioning and multi-vendor solu-
tions. The published standard,
JESD96, offers the high speed
LVDS approach. A proposal and
basic configuration for the paral-
lel interface have also been ac-
cepted. Figure 4 shows an exam-
ple of a parallel interface imple-
mented on Analog Devices’
AD935x family of smart parti-
tioned transceivers. The ADI/Q™

R/
Sync I Q I Q Control Field
W
CS Address Data CRC P digital I/Q interface provides the
basis of the JC-61 parallel stan-
Data Field Register Field
dard.
S S
Header

Header

y Data Field P Null y Data Field P AUTONOMOUS AUTOMATIC

n n
c c GAIN CONTROL (AGC)
Frame Boundary must be a Multiple of M In addition to ADCs and deci-
(User defined variable)
mation filters, smart partitioned
transceivers also integrate the au-
▲ Fig. 3 Digital interface — Serial interface option. tomatic gain control (AGC) circuit-
ry on the transceiver. The AGC
adjusts the gain of the receiver
10 path such that the input signal to
D0:D9
the ADC is maximized in scenar-
2 AUX_DAC SYNC
SYNC_VALID
ios with and without interference.
RF FE
TXNRX
The AD935x receiver signal chain
TX EN_AGC
is illustrated in Figure 5.
RX
ENABLE MAC Time division duplexing (TDD),
2 Modem the preferred system for the fu-
CTRL_OUT
3 4
ture, supports framed waveforms
GPO SPI (bursts). The media access con-
troller (MAC) at the base station
CLK
generates a downlink frame,
which starts with a preamble,
and follows with a frame control
AD935x
header and multiple data frames.
ADI/Q™ — A Digital I/Q Interface The duration of each frame is
short (1 to 2 ms). The input power
▲ Fig. 4 Parallel interface example from the AD935x family of smart partitioned transceivers. during the burst varies by 3 dB

3
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
detected, the receiver gain is re-
Calibration Settings duced depending on the type of
LPF Gain Setting
LNA Gain Setting over-ranging. If the baseband
VGA Gain Setting peak detector before filters indi-
DC Offset DAC
cates clipping, for example, then
To Modem the LNA gain is stepped down.
ADC The AGC algorithm cycles
Mixer VGA LPF Out of In
OVR Band through these iterations and con-
DAC

Band LNA Gain Setting

LNA AGC/ verges on an optimum gain set-
Peak Offset LPF Gain Setting
Detector Control VGA Gain Setting ting. The system then freezes the
DAC

DC Offset DAC
OVR
Out of
Band In gain for the remainder of the
Band
Mixer VGA frame. For the modem to syn-
ADC
To Modem chronize and correlate to the sig-
LPF
nal, the receiver gain must be
fixed. A fast AGC lock time al-
lows the modem more time to
▲ Fig. 5 Receiver architecture on the AD935x family of smart partitioned transceivers.
synchronize and make accurate
channel estimates, reducing the
DL DL DL UL UL implementation loss and improv-
Preamble FCH Burst Burst Burst Preamble Burst Burst ing the system performance.
1 2 n 1 2
Downlink Transition Uplink Traditional systems achieve
Gap
this by distributing the AGC
function on both modem and
Variable
Gain
Fixed Gain transceiver. The dotted line in the
Signal Coarse Channel receiver architecture indicates
Detection, Frequency and Fine the functional partitioning. In this
AGC, Offset and Frequency
Antenna Timing Offset approach, the DBB must monitor
Selection Synchronization Estimation the gain, detect peaks and set a
new gain. The algorithm is gener-
▲ Fig. 6 The 802.16 OFDM waveform. ally implemented in the RF soft-
ware driver. Every time the gain
for fixed systems and 10 to 12 dB that the waveform is repetitive in is changed, the transceiver must
for mobile systems. the time domain. be recalibrated and the DC-off-
The transceiver uses the frame To detect the minimum desired sets must be removed. The RF
preamble to lock the gain of the signal, the receiver gain is set to driver must maintain accurate
receiver (see Figure 6). The pre- maximum. The in-channel re- timing and must respond to in-
amble is one or two OFDM sym- ceived power is measured at the terrupts generated from the
bols consisting of multiple tones outputs of the ADCs and decima- transceiver, making optimization
whose phases are aligned to cre- tion filters. The peak detectors a tedious, time-consuming task.
ate a waveform with a small distributed along the receiver In the case of multiple vendors,
peak-to-average power ratio. The chain and the ADCs are also each RF driver must be cus-
tones are also distributed such monitored for over-ranging. If tomized for a specific transceiver.

C Preamble C Symbol 1 C C Symbol n C Symbol n+1 C Symbol n+2

Symbol 2
P P P P P P
SQRT (I2 + Q2) vs. time

1.0 Gain Locked

Zone 1 Zone 2
AGC Lock time < 4 μs PUSC
0.8 MIMO
3 dB
ENVELOPE (V)

0.6 Fading within a burst

INPUT POWER

0.4

0.2

0 9-12 dB
0 10 20 30 40 Beam-formed Signal
TIME (μs)
Input Waveform: 802.16 OFDM Downlink

▲ Fig. 7 Digital I/Q receive signal

TIME

measured at the output of the AD935x. ▲ Fig. 8 Power variations in a burst for advanced MIMO and beam-formed signals.

4
WIRELESS
W I R E L E S STECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES
In multiple instances, vendors
have struggled to achieve
64QAM operation on their refer-
ence designs because of these
complex interactions.
A transceiver using smart par-
titioning integrates the complete
control loop including monitor-
ing and control algorithms on a
single device. The basic process
to lock the gain remains the
same, but the responsibility for
control is transferred to the RF
transceiver. From the modem’s
perspective, the loop is au-
tonomous and does not require
any dynamic interactions. The
modem can still accurately start
and stop the loop, and can still
monitor the received signal
strength indicator (RSSI) and
gain settings. All internal calibra-
tions are now self-contained.
With well-managed timing
constraints, this smart partition-
ing approach results in two ad-
vantages: a simpler RF driver and
shorter AGC locking time. Fig-
ure 7 shows that the AGC lock
time, when using the autono-
mous AGC loop on the AD935x,
is of the order of four microsec-
onds for an 802.16 waveform.
Further advanced techniques
such as stronger signal detection,
radar detection and interference
back-offs can also be easily im-
plemented.
Advanced systems, operating
in mobile environments with fad-
ing channels, multiple antennas
and beam-formed signals, re-
quire new techniques such as
2300
2550
2700
−20
−25 Minimum Maximum
Signal Signal
EVM (dB)
−30
−35
−40
−80 −60 −40 −20
INPUT POWER LEVEL (dBm)
▲ Fig. 9 Receiver performance of a smart
partitioned receiver implemented on the
AD935x.
symbol-to-symbol AGC. The
power variation within a burst in
this scenario is 9 to 12 dB. A typi-
cal power variation versus time
for a beam-formed or space-time
coded waveform is shown in Fig-
ure 8. To accommodate this pow-
er step, one option is to increase
the ADC dynamic range and pay
the corresponding cost of in-
creasing a bit in performance.
Another option is to reacquire
lock on a symbol-by-symbol ba-
sis. A fast AGC with short lock
times, coupled with accurate tim-
ing control for starting and stop-
ping the AGC loop, could enable
symbol-to-symbol AGC.
Figure 9 shows a plot of re-
ceiver input vs. measured receiv-
er error vector magnitude (EVM)
for a WiMAX transceiver, using
smart partitioning along with a
software modem implemented
with Agilent VSA software. The
performance curve exemplifies
the ease of implementation
achieved using the smart parti-
tioning approach. For low input
power, the receiver gain is auto-
matically adjusted to accommo-
date the small input signal; the
gain is then backed off automati-
cally until the EVM is limited by
the linearity of the transceiver.
TRANSMITTER POWER
CONTROL
The 802.16 standard specifies a
ranging process that determines
the correct output power radiated
by the terminal. This process en-
sures that transmissions from
multiple terminals arrive at the
base station at the desired power
level (within a certain range that
can be handled by the base sta-
tion). The standard specifies a
DAC
pdref
Control
RMS txrssi
0 ADC
▲ Fig. 10 Smart partitioned transmitter block diagram.
5
transmit power control range of
50 dB for the terminal. This will
allow terminals to be distributed
around the cell site to meet the
equal power criteria at the base
station.
During the ranging process,
the base station requests the ter-
minal to send out a ranging sig-
nal. The base station will then
command the terminal to in-
crease or decrease its transmit
power. The WiMAX Forum is
currently discussing require-
ments for accuracy and number
of iterations.
In traditional architectures, ex-
ternal attenuators and true rms
power detectors can be used to
achieve the system specifications.
Using smart partitioning, the in-
tegrated ADCs and DACs offer
the transmitter the ability to
rapidly measure highly accurate
burst output power. Figure 10
shows the components of the
unique transmit power control
scheme implemented on the
AD935x transceiver. To utilize the
power detector, the transmitted
signal is sensed from an external
coupler. It is then fed back to the
receiver, where it is down-con-
verted to baseband. The receive
ADCs digitize the signal, which is
then processed by a digital rms
power meter block. This takes ad-
vantage of the half-duplex nature
of the system to make an accurate
measurement using the idle cali-
brated receiver path. The detec-
tor is capable of measuring pow-
er on a TX burst-by-burst basis,
providing the modem with near-
real-time power information. The
front-end mixer is designed to be
temperature and frequency inde-
pendent, and thus requires only a
External Antenna
Interface
Modulator
Decode
LO
WIRELESS
W I R E L E S STECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES
one-point factory calibration.
This feature saves test time and
reduces calibration complexity.
The ease of use advantage is
equally applicable to the trans-
mitter. The modem can vary the
power on a burst-by-burst basis
by simply writing to the register
before the burst. The transmit
power is automatically adjusted
to the open loop accuracy specifi-
cation of the device. If greater ac-
curacy is required, the transmit
power control loop can be initiat-
ed and a correction factor can be
applied to the next burst. Other
novel techniques such as self-
generated short test signals can
be transmitted before the actual
burst to calibrate the device in
close loop. These techniques can
be explored as emissions require-
ments and system requirements
evolve.
SUMMARY
The smart partitioning of a
WiMAX system enables the low-
est system cost and reduces the
dependence of real-time control
from the DBB. Integration of the
ADCs and DACs by itself is not
sufficient to achieve these advan-
tages. To reduce the speed of the
digital interface, decimation and
interpolation filters are also inte-
grated in the transceiver. These
stages also include the channel
filters. A large portion of the RF
driver complexity is managing
the real-time signaling between
the modem and transceiver to
achieve fast and accurate AGC
and TPC. To reduce the process-
ing load on the modem, the AGC
and TPC algorithm blocks are in-
tegrated on the transceiver. Other
smart features can be integrated
on the transceiver such as auxil-
6
iary ADCs and DACs, RF gener-
al-purpose outputs for RF switch
and PA control. The AD935x fam-
ily of transceivers exemplifies the
RF system-on-chip features that
can be implemented. ■
Noman Rangwala received his bachelor
of engineering degree from Victoria
Jubilee Technical Institute, Mumbai, in
1992, his MSc degree from the University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, in 1994,
and his MBA degree from San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA, in 2000. He is a
marketing manager with responsibility for
WiMAX transceiver marketing within the
High Speed Signal Processing division of
Analog Devices Inc. (ADI). He also has
over six years of experience in IC design
and development.
Richard H. “Rick” Myers received his BS
degree from Old Dominion University in
1983. He is a senior applications engineer
focused on wireless applications for the
High Speed Signal Processing division of
Analog Devices Inc. (ADI) and is based in
Raleigh, NC. Before joining ADI, he was
CDMA hardware development manager
for handsets at Ericsson in Research
Triangle Park, NC, and principal electrical
engineer of RF and receivers at E-Systems
(Raytheon) in Falls Church, VA.
0!'%s!02),
AD8368: A Broadband RF/IF VGA with 34 dB Linear-in-dB
Gain Control Range
by Phillip Sher, Analog Devices
Introduction
M
ost wireless receiv-
ers incorporate some
form of variable gain.
Variable gain, which is usually
implemented at Intermediate
Frequency (IF), is used to ampli-
fy or attenuate received sig-
nals so that a constant signal
level is presented to subsequent
stages in the receiver. Usually
implemented at Intermediate
Frequency (IF), variable gain
is used to amplify or attenuate
received signals so that a con-
stant level is presented to subse-
quent stages in the receiver.
Variable Gain Amplifiers
(VGAs) will either have digital
gain control or analog gain con-
trol and are generally optimized
for either receive or transmit
applications. While the choice
of an analog controlled or
digitally controlled VGA often
comes down to the preferences
of the equipment designer and
the available control signals,
there are solid technical reasons
for choosing one over the other.
This article will discuss those
trade-offs and will go on to
discuss the operation and appli-
cation of Analog Devices’ new
analog controlled VGA.
A Linear-in-dB IF Variable
Gain Amplifier
The AD8368 is an IF VGA
with an operational bandwidth
from near DC to 800 MHz
and a gain control range of
34 dB from -12 dB to +22
dB. It also includes an onboard
square-law detector that can be
used in an AGC loop with the
VGA. Using Analog Devices’
patented X-AMP architecture,
the AD8368 achieves accurate
linear-in-dB gain control. The
part is designed with 50 7 input
and output impedances.
The main signal path consists
of a variable input attenuator
followed by an integrator and
output buffer. Feedback around
the integrator creates a fixed-
gain amplifier. Figure 1 shows a
block diagram of the VGA.
Input Attenuator and
Interpolator
The input attenuator is built
from a resistor ladder with eigh-
teen -2 dB tap points. Each
of these tap points is fed into
FEATURE ARTICLE
Figure 1: Simplified Block Diagram
Figure 2: Gain Control Transfer Function and Linearity at
70 MHz.
separate variable transconduc-
tance gm stages, whose out-
puts are summed and fed into
an integrator. Gain control is
achieved by using the GAIN
pin to control the interpolator.
As GAIN is swept from 0 V
to 1 V, the interpolator selects
different tap points by varying
the transconductance of the gm
stages. For gains between two
tap points, the interpolator var-
ies the transconductance such
that the weighted sum of several
adjacent tap points are chosen.
In this way, an accurate contin-
uous linear-in-dB gain control
response is produced.
Integrator and Output Buffer
The current outputs of the gm
stages are summed and fed into
an integrator. Resistive feed-
back from the output of the
integrator to the gm stages cre-
ates a low-noise, high-linearity
fixed-gain amplifier. The out-
put of this amplifier is fed
into the output buffer, which
provides an active 50 7 output
impedance and additional 6
dB of fixed gain.
Output DC Level and Offset
Correction
Since the AD8368 is single-end-
ed, the DC levels at the input
and output are regulated to
VPSI/2 by an internal regulator.
The output of this regulator is
connected to the DECL line and
requires an external decoupling
7
777-0$)'%34#/-
capacitor. Since the fixed-gain
amplifier and output stage have
an extremely large overall gain,
small DC offsets at the input
of the fixed-gain amplifier can
lead to large output offsets. To
correct for these Vgain, supply
and temperature variations, a
low-pass offset correction loop
is used which senses and main-
tains the output DC level at the
voltage on the DECL pin. The
low-pass corner frequency of
this loop is controlled by the
size of the capacitor on the
HPFL pin.
The AD8368 contains an
accurate stand-alone RMS
detector that enables versatile
AGC operation. To form a com-
plete AGC loop, the MODE pin
is pulled low and the detector
output pin is directly connected
to the GAIN pin and an inte-
grating capacitor. Then, by con-
necting the VGA output OUTP
directly to the detector input
DETI, the output is leveled to
the set-point -11 dBm. This ref-
erence level can be raised by
dividing down the output signal
before applying it to the detec-
tor input, allowing for a range
of AGC levels.
Input and Output Impedances
The input to the AD8368
should be externally AC cou-
pled to prevent disrupting
the DC levels on the chip.
Thus, a large coupling capaci-
tor should be used, so that
the series impedance of the
capacitor is negligible at the
frequencies of interest. On
the chip, the input is connect-
ed directly to a resistor ladder
network whose impedance is
nominally 50 7.
The output of the part
should also be AC coupled
to prevent disrupting the
output DC level. As with
the input, a sufficiently large
value of capacitance should
be used so that the series
impedance of the capacitor
is negligible at the frequen-
cies of interest.
The output impedance is
synthesized by the output buf-
fer. The fixed gain of the out-
put buffer combined with the
resistive feedback from output
to input provides a nominally
50 7 output impedance.
0!'%s!02), FEATURE ARTICLE 777-0$)'%34#/-

Figure 3: Gain Control Transfer Function vs. Temperature Figure 4: Noise and OIP3 vs. Control Voltage at 140 MHz

Accurate Linear-in-dB Gain
Control
The AD8368 has a linear-in-
dB gain control interface that
can be operated in either a
gain-up (positive gain control
sense) or gain-down (nega-
tive gain sense) mode. With
the MODE pin pulled high
in the gain-up mode, the gain
increases with increasing gain
control voltages; in gain-down
mode (MODE pulled low) gain
decreases with increasing GAIN
voltages (Figure 2).
With MODE pulled high,
the ideal gain function is given
by the equation:
Gain(db) = 37 s VGAIN – 14
With MODE low, the ideal
gain function is given by the
equation:
Gain(db) = -37.5 s VGAIN + 24.8
where VGAIN is expressed in Volts.
In addition to showing the
of the ideal linear model to
the three transfer functions at
25º C, -40 º C, and +85º C
yields the linear conformance
error curves scaled in dB. This
method of error calculation
resembles the expected error
from single temperature calibra-
tion during system production.
Using the AD8368 VGA
The AD8368 is a general pur-
pose VGA suitable for use in
a wide variety of applications
where voltage-control of gain is
needed. While having 800 MHz
bandwidth, its use is not limited
to high frequency signal process-
ing. Its accurate, temperature-
stable and supply-stable linear-
in-dB scaling will be valuable
wherever it is important to have
a more dependable response to
the control voltage than is usu-
ally offered by Voltage Variable
Attenuators (VVAs).
The input (INPT) and output
(OUTP) of the AD8368 should
be externally AC coupled to
The input-referred distortion
varies in a similar manner to
the noise. Figure 4 illustrates
how the third-order inter-
cept point at the input, OIP3,
behaves as a function of VGAIN.
At lower levels, a degraded
OIP3 is acceptable. Overall, the
dynamic range, represented by
the difference between IIP3 and
NF, remains reasonably con-
stant as a function of gain. The
output distortion and compres-
sion are essentially independent
of the gain. At low gains, when
the input level is high, input
overload can occur causing
premature distortion.
The MODE pin controls
whether the gain of the part
is an increasing or decreasing
function of the GAIN voltage.
The ENBL pin is used to enable
or disable the part. When ENBL
is high, the part is enabled. With
ENBL low, the part is disabled
and draws a fraction of the nor-
mal supply current.
The DECL pin should be
dBm. This is 178 mV pk-pk
for sine-wave signals, but the
peak amplitude for other sig-
nals, such as Gaussian noise, or
those carrying complex modu-
lation, will invariably be some-
what greater. However, for all
waveforms having a reasonable
crest factor (less than 13dB),
the rms value will be correct-
ly measured and delivered at
VOUT. The output set-point
may be adjusted upwards using
an external resistive divider net-
work as depicted in Figure 5.
In this configuration, the rms
output voltage will be equal to
(1+n)63mVrms, where n=R1/
R2. For the default set-point
of 63mVrms, simply short R2
(direct connection from OUTP
to DETI) and remove R1. Other
setpoints may be implemented
by calculating the ratio of R2/
R1. For example, a 0 dBm AGC
output corresponds to 222 mV
rms. This is 3.5 times 63 mV
rms. Therefore (1+n)=3.5 and
n=2.5. If we start with R1=100
gain-up and gain-down transfer
functions, Figure 2 also shows
the error plot that reflects the
deviation between the ideal
gain control transfer function
and real performance. From
Figure 2, it is clear that the
gain control transfer function
closely follows the ideal for
well over 30 dB.
Figure 3 shows the effect of
temperature on the gain con-
trol function at 140 MHz. To
more closely examine the per-
formance over temperature, the
slope and intercept of the 25º
C data is calculated over the
linear part of the gain control
range. This provides a sim-
ple linear model to compare
with the actual response of
the AD8368. The comparison
prevent disrupting the DC lev-
els on the chip.
As a function of the gain
voltage, the noise and distor-
tion characteristics are easily
predicted since the AD8368
consists of a passive variable
attenuator followed by a fixed
gain amplifier. The input-re-
ferred noise increases in pro-
portion to the attenuation
level. Figure 4 shows output
noise floor, as a function of
VGAIN for the MODE pin pulled
high. In receiver applications,
the minimum NF should occur
at the maximum gain where
the received signal presum-
ably is weak. At higher levels,
a lower gain is needed, and
the increased NF becomes less
important.
decoupled using a large capaci-
tor so that DECL acts as an
AC ground. The HPFL pin is
used to control the low-pass
corner frequency of the out-
put offset correction loop. The
high pass corner frequency is
inversely proportional to the
HPFL bypass capacitor.
AGC Operation
As already noted, the AD8368
may be used as an AGC ampli-
fier, as shown in Figure 5. For
this application, the accurate
internal square-law detector is
employed. The output of this
detector is a current that varies
in polarity depending on wheth-
er the rms value of the output is
greater or less than its internally
determined “set-point” of -11
8
7 then R2=250 7. These val-
ues can be further adjusted as
needed.
The AGC mode of operation
requires that the correct gain
direction is chosen. Specifically,
the gain must fall as VAGC
increases to restore the needed
balance against the set-point.
Therefore, the MODE pin must
be pulled low.
Received Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI)
A valuable feature of using a
square-law detector is that the
RSSI voltage is a true reflec-
tion of signal power, and may
be converted to an absolute
power measurement for any
given source impedance. The
AD8368 may be employed as a
 777-0$)'%34#/-
Figure 5: AGC Mode of Operation
Figure 6: Output Power vs. Input Power in AGC Mode at
140MHz.
Figure 7: EVM Performance vs. Input Power in AGC Mode
For 16 QAM at 10 Msym/sec
true-power meter by monitor-
ing the voltage present at the
DETO/GAIN interface.
Figure 7 illustrates the
measured error-vector-mag-
nitude (EVM) performance
FEATURE ARTICLE 0!'%s!02),
modulation. At lower symbol
rates it may be necessary to
slow down the response of the
AGC loop by increasing the
value of CDETO .
Conclusion
The AD8368 is a high-per-
formance voltage-controlled
variable-gain amplifier/attenu-
ator with a 34 dB linear-in-dB
gain control range up to 800
MHz. The AD8368 operates
from a supply voltage of 4.5 to
5.5 V and consumes 54 mA of
current. It can be fully powered
down to <1mA by grounding
the ENBL pin. The AD8368 is
fabricated in Analog Devices’
proprietary SiGe SOI comple-
mentary bipolar IC process.
It is available in a 24-pin CSP
and operates over the industri-
al temperature range of –40º C
to 85º C. An evaluation board
is available upon request.
About the Author
Phillip Sher is a Senior Applications
Engineer with the RFW group at Analog
Devices in Wilmington, MA. He received
a BEng in Electrical Engineering from
Lakehead University in Thunder Bay,
Canada and has more than 9 years of
Engineering experience.
ANALOG DEVICES
for a 16-QAM modulation
at 10MSymbols/sec using
CDETO=1000pF. At lower
symbol rates the AGC loop
could start to track the peak
to peak transitions due to the
9
RF Bonus Feature

Amplify performance as you simplify RF designs.

Across the signal chain, analog is everywhere.

Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) Reduce the power, size, cost, and time-to-market
Part
Number
Freq Range Gain OIP3 P1dB NF Current Specs @
(MHz) (dB) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (mA) (MHz)
Price of your designs
1
ADL5521 400 to 4000 15.3 35.3 22.5 0.82 65 1950 2.15 The Analog Devices family of RF amplifiers continues to grow. This means
ADL55231 400 to 4000 17.5 33.7 21.9 1.02 65 1950 2.15 your budget and time-to-market can shrink, thanks to the industry’s best
combination of power and performance for your 50 MHz to 6.0 GHz
Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers (IFA) wireless designs.
Part Freq Range Gain OIP3 P1dB NF Current Specs @
Price All of our RF amplifiers, including the new ADL5321 RF driver amplifier, are
Number (MHz) (dB) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (mA) (MHz)
ADL55301 DC to 1000 16.8 37.0 21.8 3.0 110 190 1.56 fully specified over frequency, temperature, and supply voltage to minimize
ADL5531 20 to 500 20.9 41.0 20.4 2.5 101 70 2.25 the need for extensive device characterization. Every ADI RF amplifier offers
ADL5534
(Dual)
20 to 500 21 40.4 20.4 2.6 90 70 3.29 unique performance advantages such as higher linearity, lower noise, lower
supply current, internal active bias, and Class 1C ESD protection. Most offer
Gain Blocks additional features including internal matching and dual configurations.
Part Freq Range Gain OIP3 P1dB NF Current Specs @
Number (MHz) (dB) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (mA) (MHz)
Price Across the entire RF and IF signal chain, wherever you need more
AD83531 1 to 2700 19.5 22.8 8.3 5.6 42 900 0.48 performance, greater integration, or lower solution costs, Analog Devices
AD83541 1 to 2700 19.5 19.3 4.8 4.4 25 900 0.48 is there. For more information about all of ADI’s solutions for RF designs,
ADL5541 50 to 6000 14.7 39.2 16.3 3.8 90 2000 1.65 call 1-800-AnalogD or visit www.analog.com/rfamps-ad.
ADL5542 50 to 6000 18.7 39.0 18.0 3.2 93 2000 1.65

Driver Amplifiers
Part Freq Range Gain OIP3 P1dB NF Current Specs @
Price
Number (MHz) (dB) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (mA) (MHz)
ADL5320 400 to 2700 13.7 42.0 25.6 4.2 104 2140 2.55
New ADL5321 2300 to 4000 13.8 39.7 24.9 4.1 84 2600 2.55
ADL5322 700 to 1000 19.9 45.3 27.9 5.0 320 900 3.48
ADL5323 1700 to 2400 19.5 43.5 28.0 5.0 320 2140 3.48
1
3 V bias is also supported.
2
Includes external input match
RF amplifiers available in 8-lead LFCSP, 16-lead LFCSP, and SOT-89
All prices shown are $U.S. in 1k quantities. packages—from 6 mm 2 to 16 mm 2—with single/dual options

www.analog.com/rfamps-ad

10
0!'%s./6%-"%2
Measuring the RF Power in CDMA2000 and W-CDMA High
Power Amplifiers (HPAs)
By Larry Hawkins, Analog Devices, Inc.
Introduction
D
esigners of high-pow-
er amplifiers (HPAs)
used in CDMA2000
and W-CDMA base stations
encounter many challenges
in achieving accurate trans-
mit power measurements.
Complications include high
peak-to-average ratios, peak-
to-average ratios that change
with base station call load-
ing, large operating tempera-
ture ranges, and large trans-
mit power ranges. Taking
advantage of accurate RMS
output power measurement
allows HPA manufacturers to
reduce the maximum power
for which they design. This
article describes several ways
to accurately measure and
control RMS power over tem-
perature.
Complex modulation
schemes like CDMA2000 and
W-CDMA have large peak-to-
average ratios. For a given
maximum average-output-
power requirement, the max-
imum designed-for power
requirement will generally
increase (or the linearization
requirements increase) as the
peak-to-average value increas-
es, due to base station spectral
mask and EVM requirements.
If the peaks of the modulated
signal are clipped, third order
distortion will increase, caus-
ing the base station to fail its
spectral mask requirements.
Clipping the peaks of a modu-
lated signal can also cause
a loss of data, making the
system fail its EVM require-
ments. Designing an HPA
based on peak power trans-
mission requirements is expen-
sive but necessary. The added
expenses are due to both an
increased cost in the electrical
components and a decreased
efficiency of the HPA. There
is always a $/Watt associated
with the maximum designed
for power of an HPA and
running a HPA well below its
saturation point is inefficient.
A decrease in efficiency will
increase the cost of an HPA
module because it increases
the cost, size, and weight of
the mechanical structure used
to dissipate the heat, reduc-
es the HPA’s reliability, and
FEATURE ARTICLE 777-0$)'%34#/-
vs. temperature and peak-to-
average ratio) to ensure spec-
tral mask and EVM compli-
ance. This makes the accuracy
of the RF Power Measurement
System critical to reducing the
cost and efficiency of an HPA.
Not only do CDMA2000
and W-CDMA modulation
schemes have large peak-to-av-
erage values but also the peak-
to-average value changes with
the call volume of a particular
base station. In CDMA2000
IS-95A, for example, the for-
ward link crest factor is 6.6
dB for pilot only, and 12 dB
for 64 channels (using no CF
reduction techniques). Large
Figure 1: The errors in a RMS-responding RF detector peak-to-average values cause
(AD8364) vs. a non-RMS-responding RF detector show the errors in non-RMS-responding
effect of peak-to-average ratio on power detection. While RF power detectors. A modu-
a non-RMS-responding RF detector (AD8318) exhibits lation scheme’s large peak-to-
significant measurement error as the peak-to-average ratio average ratio can be calibrated
of its input signal varies, an RMS-responding RF detector out in production if it stays
(AD8364) is largely immune to changes in peak-to- constant but variation in the
average ratio. peak-to-average ratio based
on the amount of users is
more difficult to handle. This
requires keeping track of how
many users are on the system,
tight control of which Walsh
codes are being used, and a
very large look up table in
order to know the peak-to-
average ratio of the signal at
a particular time. A better
option is the use of a RMS-
responding detector. Unlike
diode detectors or log amps,
RMS-responding detectors are
largely immune to variations in
crest factors. Figure 1 shows
the error of a high performance
Log Amp (AD8318) compared
to that of an RMS-responding
detector (AD8364) as a result
of the crest factor change (user
Figure 2: The Analog Devices AD8364 output voltage and loading) in the TX section of a
log conformance error vs. Pin (@ 450 MHz) shows very CDMA2000 IS-95A base sta-
little change when temperature is cycled from –40°C to tion. Note that the AD8318’s
+85°C. This remains true for 30 devices taken from differ- output changes by 3.5 dB (or
ent production lots, even though the performance is slightly 86 mV) between CW and 64
different over temperature. channel CDMA2000 IS-95A
and 2.4 dB between Pilot only
and 64 channel CDMA2000
increases its operating cost. a HPA’s saturation point as IS-95A, while the AD8364’s
Reducing the maximum close as possible to the average output only changes by 0.1
designed-for power of an HPA transmitted power, but these dB (or 5 mV). A diode detec-
is important to HPA manufac- techniques are all limited by tor behaves similarly to a Log
turers. The closer an HPA’s the system’s ability to measure Amp, in that its output voltage
saturation point can get to the output power. The maxi- changes with respect to the
its average power, the more mum designed-for power of crest factor of the detected sig-
efficient and cost effective the HPA needs to be increased nal. If a Log Amp were used
the HPA will be. There are by the RF power measurement for power detection in this
many techniques used to get tolerance (including variation system, the 2.4 dB variation
11
0!'%s./6%-"%2
in detected power would need
to be removed through signal
processing or added to the
maximum designed-for power
in the HPA.
The errors in a RMS-
responding RF detector
(AD8364) vs. a non-RMS-
responding RF detector show
the effect of peak-to-average
ratio on power detection.
While a non-RMS-responding
RF detector (AD8318) exhib-
its significant measurement
error as the peak-to-average
ratio of its input signal var-
ies, an RMS-responding RF
detector (AD8364) is largely
immune to changes in peak-
to-average ratio.
Being able to accurate-
ly measure the RMS power
across the operating temper-
ature range of the HPA is
also critical in determining the
maximum designed-for power
of the HPA. The accuracy
of this measurement (or lack
thereof) will need to be added
directly to the maximum
designed-for power, unless the
difficult and costly process of
calibration over temperature
is performed. All components
involved with the detection of
the HPA’s output power (e.g.
directional coupler, attenua-
tor, etc.) can add errors over
temperature, but most change
very little over the HPA’s oper-
ating temperature. Generally,
the accuracy of measuring the
HPA’s output power over tem-
perature is directly related to
the temperature performance
of the detector. In recent years
RF detection technology has
made large strides in creating
devices with responses that are
very stable over temperature
(better than ±.5dB from –40°C
to +85°C). Figure 2 shows the
temperature performance of the
AD8364 dual RMS-responding
power detector. This data was
taken at +25°C (black), –40°C
(blue), and +85°C (red) @ 450
MHz. It includes voltage and
error over temperature (after
ambient calibration) vs. input
power for at least 30 devices
from multiple production lots.
Each part behaves slightly dif-
ferently over temperature.
The Analog Devices AD8364
output voltage and log confor-
mance error vs. Pin (@ 450
MHz) shows very little change
when temperature is cycled
from –40°C to +85°C. This
remains true for 30 devices
taken from different produc-
tion lots, even though the per-
FEATURE ARTICLE 777-0$)'%34#/-
formance is slightly different
over temperature.
It is not only essential to
accurately measure an HPA’s
maximum output power, but
it is also necessary to measure
the output power over the
entire transmit power range
of the HPA, though the accu-
racy at lower power levels
is sometimes not as critical.
However, the accuracy of mea-
suring over a large dynamic
range is related to both the
detector and the ADC resolu-
tion. Figure 3 shows the out-
put of two RMS-responding
Figure 3: A comparison of a detector whose output is linear detectors, the AD8364 and
to the input RMS power in dBm (Analog Devices AD8364) ADL5500. The ADL5500 is
to a detector whose output is linear to the input RMS volts linear in RMS volts to the input
(Analog Devices ADL5500) shows the difference in RF signal, and the AD8364 is
dynamic range and emphasizes the necessity of choosing linear in RMS power (dB) to
an ADC with the proper resolution. the input RF signal. Based on
the requirements for dynamic
range and accuracy at lower
power levels, the required res-
olution of the ADC used with
the ADL5500 could be much
greater than it would be for
the AD8364. System require-
ments will dictate which
detector/ADC will provide
the most cost-effective and
easiest-to-implement solution
based on accuracy at lower
power levels and dynamic
range requirements.
A comparison of a detec-
tor whose output is linear to
the input RMS power in dBm
(Analog Devices AD8364) to a
detector whose output is linear
to the input RMS volts (Analog
Devices ADL5500) shows the
difference in dynamic range
Figure 4: In Controller Mode, the detector determines and emphasizes the necessity
the power at its input and adjusts a VGA (or variable of choosing an ADC with the
attenuator) until the detected power coincides with the proper resolution.
level set by the power control input voltage (VSTA). In some instances, accurate-
ly controlling the power or
gain of a system using an ana-
log feedback loop can improve
the performance and replace
simple power detection. Many
currently offered detectors can
control power using an analog
feedback loop (i.e. a detector
used in Controller Mode) in
addition to detecting it. If
an RMS-responding detector
is used in Controller Mode,
power can be set very accurate-
ly vs. input power, temperature,
and crest factor. This power
can be set very accurately, and
its level can be changed using
an analog voltage controlled
by an ADC. Using a power
Figure 5: When one side of Analog Devices AD8364 dual detector in Controller Mode
RMS-responding detector is used to control the power of a sys- to accurately control the input
tem, the power at the input of the detector (and at Pout) stays or output power of an HPA
constant vs. input power and temperature (less than ±.1 dB). would be an ideal application,
as it would remove the need
12
 777-0$)'%34#/-
Figure 6: When both inputs of a dual detector are used in Controller Mode, the
detector will control a VGA (or VVA, etc.) in such a way as to equalize the power it
detects at both RF inputs. The gain of the system will be determined by the
couplers and attenuators used to set the power being detected by the dual detector.
Figure 7: When both inputs of Analog Devices dual RMS detector (AD8364) are
put in Controller Mode, the gain is controlled to better than ±.15 dB vs. tempera-
ture and input power, with a dynamic range almost equal to the dynamic range
of the RMS detector.
to detect the input or output power. In
Controller Mode the detector determines
the power at its input and adjusts a VGA
(or variable attenuator) until the detected
power coincides with the power set by
the Power Control input voltage. Figure
4 shows a basic schematic of an RMS-
responding detector (AD8364) used in
Controller Mode to control the output
power. Figure 5 shows the overall cir-
cuit performance vs. input power and
temperature when the VGA is controlled
by one side of an AD8364 (dual RMS-
responding log detector). Note that an
HPA can be put between the VGA and
coupler as long as the power level is set
correctly into the AD8364, and that any
VGA (or variable attenuator) can be used
if the control voltages are set properly
between it and the AD8364 (an op-amp
may be needed to invert and/or level shift
the control voltage). If the control levels
between the detector and VGA are set
properly and power levels are properly
designed, the power control range/usable
input power range will be close to the
detectable power range of the detector
FEATURE ARTICLE 0!'%s./6%-"%2
on one input is equal to the power on the
other. Figure 6 shows a basic schematic
of the AD8364 (dual RMS detector) used
to control the gain of a system. Figure
7 shows the performance of this setup.
Everything that needs to be accurately
controlled should be included between the
two couplers. Note that a VGA, variable
attenuator, or even the bias of the HPA can
be used to control the gain. If the control
levels between the detector and VGA are
set properly and power levels are properly
designed for, the usable input power range
will be close to the detectable power range
of the detector (60 dB, in the case of the
AD8364).
When both inputs of a dual detector
are used in Controller Mode, the detector
will control a VGA (or VVA, etc.) in such
a way as to equalize the power it detects
at both RF inputs. The gain of the system
will be determined by the couplers and
attenuators used to set the power being
detected by the dual detector.
When both inputs of Analog Devices
dual RMS detector (AD8364) are put in
Controller Mode, the gain is controlled
to better than ±.15 dB vs. temperature
and input power, with a dynamic range
almost equal to the dynamic range of the
RMS detector.
Many of the challenges associated
with RF power detection for HPAs used
in CDMA2000 and W-CDMA systems
can be solved using RMS-responding RF
detectors. Variations in detected power
due to large peak-to-average values that
change with base station loading, large
operating temperature ranges, and large
transmit power ranges are now manage-
able. New ways to control power and
gain accurately enough to remove the
need for detect power are now available.
All of these things allow HPA manufac-
turers to reduce the cost and improve the
reliability of their HPAs.
(60 dB, in the case of the AD8364).
In Controller Mode, the detector deter- ANALOG DEVICES
mines the power at its input and adjusts
a VGA (or variable attenuator) until the
detected power coincides with the level
set by the power control input voltage
(VSTA).
When one side of Analog Devices
AD8364 dual RMS-responding detector is
used to control the power of a system, the
power at the input of the detector (and at
Pout) stays constant vs. input power and
temperature (less than ±.1 dB).
A dual RMS-responding detector oper-
ating in Controller Mode can also be
used to control the gain of an HPA very
accurately vs. input power, temperature,
and crest factor. If the gain of an HPA
module is controlled with enough accuracy
over input power, temperature, and crest
factor, the HPA module’s output power
would not have to be reported but would
be directly related to the power feeding it.
If both inputs of a dual detector are put in
Controller Mode, the detector determines
the power at each input and adjusts the
gain of a VGA until the power detected
13
RF Bonus Feature

Industry’s first digitally controlled dual VGAs:

2 the functionality; 1/3 the space.

ADI covers the entire RF signal chain Precise gain control, high IP3, low noise—for a wide
Analog Devices is the only vendor that offers a
complete portfolio of RF ICs. Optimize performance variety of receiver applications
and simplify your designs with:
Why use two individual VGAs when the Analog Devices AD8376 digital VGA
ADL5521 and ADL5523 Low Noise Amplifiers gives you dual channels in 67% less space? Analog Devices’ industry-
400 MHz to 4 GHz low noise amps with the optimum
leading solution offers 50 dBm output IP3 on just 130 mA of current per
amount of gain and current consumption.
channel, providing unparalleled linearity and minimizing distortion. You
ADF4360-9 Integrated PLL and VCO with
Programmable Output Divider can maximize signal level prior to the ADC across a broad choice of IFs
Built-in VCO saves space and cost; 30 mA typical up to 400 MHz, while reducing your footprint with the AD8376’s compact,
current consumption.
5 mm 5 mm 32-lead LFCSP package. For applications requiring
ADL5541 and ADL5542 Broadband RF Gain Blocks
additional gain control range, such as upstream CMTS receivers, ADI’s
Operate from low frequencies up to 6 GHz; 50 internal
matching and bias circuitry reduces external components. AD8372 VGA offers 41 dB of range in 1 dB steps.
ADL5350 Low Frequency to 4 GHz High Linearity Mixer
For more information about Analog Devices RF VGAs, please call
Broadband RF, IF, and LO inputs allow it to be specified in
both receiver and transmitter signal paths. 800-AnalogD or visit www.analog.com/rf-vga.
AD6655 IF Diversity Receiver
Mixed-signal IF receiver comprising dual 14-bit, 80 MSPS
to 150 MSPS ADCs, and a wideband downconverter. Dual- and Single-Channel Digital VGAs
Gain Gain Supply
–3 dB Number Noise Gain Price
Part Low High Current OIP3
BW of Figure Accuracy Package @ 1K
Number End End @5V (dBm)
(MHz) Channels (dB) (dB) ($U.S.)
(dB) (dB) (mA)

AD8376 690 –4 20 2 8.7 260 0.2 50 LFCSP 6.49

AD8372 130 –9 32 2 7.8 212 0.2 35 LFCSP 6.50

AD8375 690 –4 20 1 8 130 0.2 50 LFCSP 4.49

AD8370 700 –25 34 1 7 78 – 35 TSSOP 4.20

AD8369 600 –5 40 1 7 37 0.5 19.5 TSSOP 4.20

www.analog.com/rf-vga

14

ADCs
Simulating the Effect of Blockers
on Data Converter Performance
in Wideband Receivers
M
any different standards for
wireless communications
equipment are in use today.
Narrowband communication standards
use stronger transmission in a small
slice of bandwidth. Wideband stan-
dards use lower transmission power
across a larger bandwidth. Each stan-
dard defines minimum performance
characteristics for receivers, and
includes specifications such as band-
width, maximum signal level, and sensitivity.
GSM is one narrowband example; the channel
bandwidth is 200 kHz. A GSM receiver must
have a minimum sensitivity of –104 dBm and
be able to tolerate a –13 dBm signal at the
antenna. In contrast, CDMA2000 is a wide-
band standard that uses a 1.25 MHz band-
width. CDMA2000 receivers need to have a
minimum sensitivity of –117 dBm/1.25 MHz
and tolerate a maximum signal of –30 dBm at
900 kHz offset.1
Wideband and narrowband communication
standards can overlap in the crowded RF spec-
trum, making it even more challenging to
design receivers that are immune to interfer-
ence. Narrowband receivers can use narrow
bandpass filters to remove interference, allow-
ing them to amplify and then digitize only the
channel of interest. Unfortunately, designers of
wideband and multicarrier receivers cannot use
this solution, because channel selection is per-
formed after the signal is digitized. Therefore,
the entire spectrum must be digitized as cleanly
as possible to allow the digital signal processor
(DSP) to remove the blockers in the digital
realm. Wideband receivers must tolerate large
narrowband signals within the band of interest
without degrading the sensitivity of the receiver.
Although they cannot use filters to remove in-
band interference, wideband and multicarrier
receivers will use Nyquist filters to remove out-
of-band interference.
In the block diagram of a receiver (Figure 1),
the analog portion of the receive signal chain
consists of:
www.ECNmag.com • 09/2007
Semiconductor Highlight
Figure 1. Receiver block diagram.
• Antenna. Selective to the spectrum of
interest — this provides some attenuation for
out-of-band interference.
• Down-conversion. Translates the received
signal to a lower frequency that can be ampli-
fied and converted to digital information. This
can be accomplished with one or two mixing
stages. A single mixer stage can reduce the sig-
nal’s center frequency from a few gigahertz to a
couple hundred megahertz. A second mixer
stage can translate the signal down to tens of
megahertz. Using a single mixer stage saves
board space and the expense of the second
PLL, VCO, and filter. However, the higher IF
requires an amplifier and analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) with very good performance
at high frequencies.
• VGA. A variable-gain amplifier is used to
adjust the gain of the circuit depending on the
received signal strength.
• Anti-aliasing filter. Attenuates signals out-
side the band of interest.
Large-scale blockers interfere with convert-
ing the desired signal in two ways:
1. An ADC’s input range is specified as some
amplitude, typically 1V or 2V peak-to-peak or
in terms of dBm. This input range limits how
much gain the VGA can apply to the signal
before the ADC starts to distort or clip. An rms
detector or log-amp is frequently used to
determine the amplitude of the composite sig-
nal, thus determining how much gain the VGA
should apply in order to use the ADC’s full
15
23
by Michael Sink and Pamela Aparo,
Analog Devices
input range. Large-scale blockers
increase the amplitude of the received
signal, limiting the amount of gain that
can be applied before saturating the
input of the ADC. In-band blockers
effectively limit the amplitude of the
desired signal. If no blocker was pres-
ent more gain could be applied to the
signal to help overcome the noise floor
of the ADC.
2) Nonlinearities within the ADC
will create intermodulation distortion products
within the desired signal band, thus negatively
impacting spurious free dynamic range (SFDR)
performance. Intermodulation distortion occurs
when two frequencies mix together and create
signals at the sum and difference of the input
Figure 2. ADC performance comparison between CDMA2000 input and
CDMA2000 input with blocker.
frequencies. For example, applying two tones to
the input of an ADC where F1=50 MHz and
F2=52 MHz, will create new signals at 2 MHz
(F1–F2), 102 MHz (F1+F2), 54 MHz (2F2–F1),
48 MHz (2F1–F2), and so on. The amplitude of
these new signals depends on the linearity of the
ADC and the amplitude of the input signals.
The same phenomenon happens when a large
in-band blocker mixes with another blocker or
the desired signal. New signals, which can be
very close to the signal of interest, are created.
24 Semiconductor Highlight
Knowing these blockers can cause problems in
receiver sensitivity, how does the engineer know
that a design will meet the required specifications?
There are a couple ways to do this (aside from trial
and error). The ADC’s signal to noise ratio (SNR)
and SFDR performance can be used to calculate
the effect of in-band blockers on a receiver. The
ADC performance will be specified for different
sample rates and input frequencies, which may
not match your application. These specifications
are measured with pure sine wave inputs as
opposed to the signals received from an antenna.
Alternatively, a software package such as Analog
Devices’ (ADI) VisualAnalog can simulate ADC
performance with a real-world waveform and any
sample rate.
Figure 3. VisualAnalog canvas used to analyze the effect of a blocker
The tool’s drag-and-drop GUI allows circuit
on ADC performance.
creation from functional blocks. It can create
complex waveforms, import waveform data, and
customize FFT analysis to quickly determine if a
specific ADC will meet the performance specs for
a given communication standard. ADI’s ADC
models account for the effects of clock jitter, tran-
sitions between stages inside the part, the droop
rate of the sample and hold capacitors of the
ADC input, and ultimately the SNR and SFDR
performance over frequency and sample rate.
Using this tool, ADC performance can be simu-
lated with any input signal — including a com-
plex waveform like CDMA2000.
Figure 2 shows the results of using a
As seen in the September 2007 issue of ECN magazine
ADCs
VisualAnalog canvas to evaluate the AD9246, a
14-bit 125 Msps ADC. By creating a signal similar
to a CDMA2000 waveform with and without an
in-band blocker we can use the tool to analyze
the ADC’s performance. This same canvas file
(Figure 3) can be easily modified to accept anoth-
er waveform (W-CDMA, GSM900) or evaluate a
different ADC using another ADC model.
Conclusion
Wideband communication standards such as
CDMA2000 require receivers that can tolerate
large in-band blockers. Although it is possible to
16
calculate the effect of the ADC’s SNR and SFDR
on receiver sensitivity, the datasheet may not
specify ADC performance at the desired sample
rate and input frequency. New simulation soft-
ware makes it possible to quickly and easily eval-
uate different ADCs with real-world signals, ulti-
mately reducing design risk.
References
1
AN-808 “Multicarrier CDMA2000 Feasibility”, Brad
Brannon and Bill Schofield. ©2006
“Correlating high-speed ADC performance to multi-
carrier 3G requirements”, Brad Brannon, RF Design,
June 2003, pp. 22-28.
Pamela Aparo is a marketing manager in the
High Speed Converters Group at Analog Devices,
Inc. Pam has worked in marketing and applications
roles with ADI for seven years. Prior to ADI, she
applied her engineering degree to medical applica-
tions working for Baystate Medical Center and OEC
Medical Systems. Pam earned a BSEE from the
University of Connecticut. Michael Sink is an appli-
cations engineer in the High Speed Converters Group
at Analog Devices. He has been with ADI for five
years. Michael earned a BSEE from North Carolina
State University. For more information, contact
Analog Devices, One Technology Way, Box 9106,
Norwood, MA 02062-9106; (800) 262-5643;
www.analog.com.
3OFTWARE2ADIO

#ONVERTERPERFORMANCEAPPROACHES
SOFTWARE DElNEDRADIOREQUIREMENTS
7HILEMOSTOFTHETECHNICALBOTTLENECKSTOREALIZINGTRUESOFTWARE DElNEDRADIO
CANBEFOUNDINTHELINEARANDMIXED SIGNALPROCESSINGCOMPONENTSRECENT
TRENDSIN!$#SAND$!#SHAVEMOVEDTHEIRLEVELSOFPERFORMANCEONESTEP
CLOSERTOACHIEVINGTHATGOAL
"Y"RAD"RANNON

5 QWLO WKH ODWH V PLOLWDU\ UHTXLUHPHQWV WHQGHG WR GULYH

GDWD FRQYHUWHU PDUNHWV 0LOLWDU\ QHHGV ZHUH GULYHQ E\ UDGDU
FRPPXQLFDWLRQV DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG HOHFWURPDJQHWLF SXOVH GHWHFWLRQ


%\D0LWUHVFLHQWLVW-RVHSK0LWRODIRUHVDZWKDWWKHPDMRULW\ 
RI D UDGLR¶V IXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ WKH QRWWRRGLVWDQW IXWXUH ZRXOG EH LQ

6SXU%:3URGXFW

VRIWZDUH UDWKHU WKDQ KDUGZDUH WKHUHE\ HQDEOLQJ WKH WUDQVFHLYHU WR
SURFHVVPXOWLSOHVWDQGDUGVHLWKHULQVHTXHQFHRULQSDUDOOHO%\WKH 
PLGVVHPLFRQGXFWRUWHFKQRORJ\KDGUHDFKHGWKHSRLQWZKHUH 
FRPPHUFLDOLQWHUHVWVGUHZWKHVHVDPHFRQFOXVLRQVDQGEHJDQVHHNLQJ 
WHFKQRORJ\VSHFL¿FDOO\IRUWKLVSXUSRVH 
)URPDEXVLQHVVSRLQWRIYLHZFHOOXODUDQGRWKHUDGYDQFHGFRQVXPHU 
ZLUHOHVVJURZWKIXUWKHUVWUHQJWKHQHGWKHGHPDQGIRUVRIWZDUHGH¿QHG 
UDGLR6'5WHFKQRORJ\:KLOHWKHUHLVVWLOODJDSLQWKHUHTXLUHGOHYHO

RISHUIRUPDQFHIRUDJHQHULF6'5SODWIRUPPDQ\FRPPXQLFDWLRQV     
DSSOLFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQVORZO\DGRSWLQJYDULRXVDVSHFWVRI6'57KHVH <HDU
LQFOXGHGLJLWDOIXQFWLRQVVXFKDVWKHPRGHPDQGXVDJHRI,QWHUQHW
SURWRFRO,3IRUVWUHDPLQJRIUHDOWLPHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVGDWD%RWK
BANDWIDTHPRODUCTSBYYEAR
RI WKHVH FDQ EH FKDQJHG LQ UHDO WLPH DV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV GLFWDWH
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHDQDORJIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKHWUDQVFHLYHUVKDVEHJXQ
HYROYLQJLQWRDVWUXFWXUHWKDWFDQVLPXOWDQHRXVO\SURFHVVHQWLUHEDQGV
RUIUHTXHQF\DOORFDWLRQV7KHUHVXOWLVDWUDQVFHLYHUWKDWFDQFKDQJH
PRGXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZLWKRXWSK\VLFDOKDUGZDUHFKDQJHVSRWHQ
WLDOO\KDQGOLQJPXOWLSOH5)VLJQDOVDWWKHVDPHWLPH7KHLPSRUWDQFH
RIWKLVLVWKDWDVVWDQGDUGVHYROYHWKHKDUGZDUHFDQUHPDLQWKHVDPH
ZLWK RQO\ WKH VRIWZDUH EHLQJ XSGDWHG ,QGHHG WKH YDOXH DGGHG LV
PRUHRIWHQWKDQQRWLQWKHVRIWZDUHQRWLQWKHKDUGZDUH
7KHGHPDQGIRU6'5JRHVEH\RQGPLOLWDU\DSSOLFDWLRQVWRWKHKHDUW
RIHYHU\GD\FRPPXQLFDWLRQV6WDQGDUGVVXFKDV*60*:L0$;
&IGURE)NDUSTRYIMPROVEMENTSTO!$#3&$2
0ERFORMANCEBOTTLENECKS
&RQYHUWHU VSHFL¿FDWLRQV HQFRPSDVV PDQ\ LPSRUWDQW GLPHQVLRQV
RI SHUIRUPDQFH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR QRLVH DQG GLVWRUWLRQ DV SUHYLRXVO\
RXWOLQHG RWKHU UHTXLUHPHQWV VXFK DV VDPSOH UDWH DQG EDQGZLGWK
DUHLPSRUWDQW6DPSOHUDWHVQHHGWRDGHTXDWHO\PDWFKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ
EDQGZLGWKV WR VDWLVI\ 1\TXLVW %H\RQG WKLV RYHUVDPSOLQJ FDQ EH
LPSRUWDQW DV D ZD\ WR GULYH GRZQ QRLVH GHQVLW\ EXW LV QRW VWULFWO\
QHFHVVDU\ SURYLGHG 1\TXLVW LV VDWLV¿HG &XUUHQW VDPSOH UDWHV DQG
DGYDQFHVLQVDPSOHUDWHDUHRQWUDFNZLWKGHPDQGV%DQGZLGWKRQ
WKHRWKHUKDQGLVDOZD\VOHVVWKDQUHTXLUHG1HZV\VWHPVDUHDOZD\V
DQGIXWXUHVWDQGDUGVDUHFRQVWDQWO\HYROYLQJ7KLVGULYHVDFKXUQRI ORRNLQJIRUWKHDELOLW\WRVDPSOHLQWKHFDVHRIWKH$'&RUV\QWKH
RSHUDWLQJHTXLSPHQWDWDWLPHZKHQRSHUDWRUVDUHWU\LQJWRFRQWDLQ VL]HLQWKHFDVHRIWKH'$&KLJKHUIUHTXHQFLHV²QRWRQO\IRUKLJKHU
FDSLWDOH[SHQVHV2WKHUVWDQGDUGVEH\RQGFHOOXODUDUHDOVRFKDQJLQJ ,)VEXWDOVRIRUGLUHFW5)VDPSOLQJDQGV\QWKHVLV'LUHFW5)VDPSOLQJ
LQFOXGLQJYLGHREURDGFDVWFDEOHDQGVDWHOOLWHDQGDXGLRVHUYLFHV$0 PD\ZHOOEHWKHNH\WRJUHDWO\VLPSOL¿HGV\VWHPVDQGORZHUFRVW
)0 +' UDGLR DQG VDWHOOLWH VWDQGDUGV (TXLSPHQW WKDW FDQ HYROYH
DVWKHVWDQGDUGVGRLVKLJKO\YDOXHGDWDQLQGXVWULDOOHYHODVZHOODV
DFRQVXPHUOHYHO
'HVSLWH WKH TXLHW DGRSWLRQ RI NH\ WHFKQLTXHV RI 6'5 WKDW ZDV
DFFHOHUDWHG E\ '63 DQG )3*$ GHYHORSPHQWV DQDORJ SHUIRUPDQFH
JDSVSUHYHQWIXOODGRSWLRQDQGXVDJHRI6'5LQPDQ\FRPPRQDSSOL
FDWLRQV:KLOHH[DFWUHTXLUHPHQWVGHSHQGRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDQGGHVLJQ
DVVXPSWLRQVWKHNH\UHTXLUHPHQWVDUHLPSURYHGQRLVHSHUIRUPDQFHDQG
KLJKHULQWHUPRGXODWLRQDQGVSXULRXVSHUIRUPDQFH:KLOH5)DQGOLQHDU
GHYLFHVKDYHLPSURYHGUDSLGO\LQUHFHQW\HDUVZLWKWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ
RI*D$V6L*HDQGRWKHUDGYDQFHGSURFHVVHVPL[HGVLJQDOGHYLFHV
VXFKDV$'&VDQG'$&VKDYHQRWLPSURYHGTXLWHDVIDVW)RU$'&V
DQG'$&VDOLNHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHIRFXVHGRQQRLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQ
:KLOH$'&V PRVW RIWHQ IRFXV RQ 615 DQG VSXULRXVIUHH G\QDPLF
2SHUDWLQJGDWDFRQYHUWHUVDWKLJKDQDORJIUHTXHQFLHVFRPHVZLWK
DSHQDOW\1RLVHDQGGLVWRUWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHLVSUHGLFWDEO\ZRUVHGXH
WRFORFNMLWWHUDQGOLPLWHGVOHZUDWH0XFKRIWKHLQQRYDWLRQRYHUWKH
ODVW GHFDGH RI KLJKVSHHG FRQYHUWHU GHYHORSPHQW KDV IRFXVHG RQ
LPSURYLQJWKHRSHUDWLRQRIFRQYHUWHUVDWKLJKHUDQDORJIUHTXHQFLHV
6R IRU H[DPSOH ZKLOH 6)'5 KDV QRW LPSURYHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ RYHU
WKHODVW\HDUV>@LQSXWEDQGZLGWKKDV$VDUHVXOWFRQYHUWHUVDUH
QRZDYDLODEOHWKDWJLYH,)SHUIRUPDQFHWKDWRQFHZDVDYDLODEOHRQO\
DWEDVHEDQGRUORZIUHTXHQFLHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHFRPELQHGLPSURYH
PHQW LQ$'& EDQGZLGWK DQG 6)'57KLV FKDUW FOHDUO\ VKRZV KRZ
SHUIRUPDQFHIRU,)VDPSOLQJFRQYHUWHUVFRQWLQXHVWRLPSURYH
0RVW KLJKVSHHG$'&V XVH D FDSDFLWRU WR VDPSOH WKH LQSXW VLJ
QDO 'RLQJ VR FUHDWHV D QDWXUDO ¿OWHU FRPSRVHG RI D UHVLVWRU HTXDO
WRWKHRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVDPSOHVZLWFKDQGWKHVDPSOHFDSDFLWRU
UDQJH 6)'5 '$&V DUH RIWHQ VSHFL¿HG E\ QRLVH VSHFWUDO GHQVLW\ $'& EDQGZLGWK LV WKHUHIRUH OLPLWHG E\ WKH VL]H RI WKH FDSDFLWRU
16'DGMDFHQWFKDQQHOOHDNDJHUDWLR$&/5RUDGMDFHQWFKDQQHO DV VKRZQ LQ (TXDWLRQ  0DNLQJ WKH FDSDFLWRU VPDOOHU PDNHV WKH
SRZHUUDWLR$&35 FLUFXLW HDVLHU WR GULYH LQFUHDVLQJ WKH EDQGZLGWK DQG LPSURYLQJ

WWWRFDESIGNCOM !PRIL
17
  




16'GE)6+]




GE)6


 


 


      
    
<HDU <HDU

&IGURE)NDUSTRYREDUCTIONSIN!$#NOISESPECTRALDENSITYBYYEAR &IGURE7HILEIMPROVEMENTSTO$!#3&$2HAVERECENTLYTAPERED
PERFORMANCEISWELLABOVETHEnD"&3NEEDEDTOMEETTYPICALEMISSIONS
REQUIREMENTS
WKHVSXULRXVSHUIRUPDQFH
 HT
"7!$# t 
# 
ZKHUH%:LVWKHFRQYHUWHUEDQGZLGWK7KLVFUHDWHVDQLQWHUHVWLQJ

WUDGHRII,QDGGLWLRQWRLPSURYHGVSXULRXVSHUIRUPDQFHDQGDZLGHU
LQSXWEDQGZLGWKWKHFLUFXLWDOORZVPRUHQRLVHWRSDVVWRWKHVDPSOH 

16'GEP+]
FDSDFLWRU7KLVUHVXOWVLQDORZHU$'&615GXHWRLQFUHDVHGLQSXW 
QRLVHDVVKRZQLQHTXDWLRQ 
K4 
NOISE!$# t HT
# 
'HVSLWHWKLV615KDVUHPDLQHGUHODWLYHO\ÀDWZKLOHLQSXWEDQGZLGWK 
KDVLQFUHDVHGXQWLOUHFHQW\HDUVDVQRWHGLQUHIHUHQFH&RQYHUWLQJ 
615WR16'E\GLVWULEXWLQJWKHQRLVHRYHUWKH1\TXLVWEDQGZLGWK

JHQHUDWHV D NH\ SDUDPHWHU XVHG E\ V\VWHP GHVLJQHUV 7KH 16' RI      
KLJKVSHHGFRQYHUWHUVVKRZVFRQVLVWHQWLPSURYHPHQWRYHUWLPHDQG <HDU
UHVXOWVLQDVWHDG\JURZWKRIDERXWG%+]SHU\HDU7KLVWUDQVODWHV &IGURE)MPROVEMENTSTO$!#NOISESPECTRALDENSITYHAVEMADETHE$!#
LQWRLPSURYHGUHFHLYHVHQVLWLYLW\DQGUHVXOWVLQPRUHXVDEOHG\QDPLF MUCHLESSOFABOTTLENECKTOREALIZINGTRUE3$2THANTHE!$#
UDQJHLQWKH6'5GHVLJQ
'HYLFHV VXFK DV WKH$' DQG$' DUH GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH
2EQUIRED3&$2PERFORMANCE DGYDQFHQRWLFHVRWKDWORRSVFDQUHVSRQGEHIRUHVLJQDOLQWHJULW\LVORVW
:KDW LV QHHGHG IURP D ZLGHEDQG KLJKVSHHG $'& LQ RUGHU WR RUEHIRUHWKHLQSXWVDUHGDPDJHG
LPSOHPHQW6'5LQDJHQHUDODSSOLFDWLRQ"7KLVLVJDWHG*60ZKLFK )URP D '$& SHUVSHFWLYH WKH NH\ UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH 16' DQG
LVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHPRVWGHPDQGLQJDSSOLFDWLRQ7KLV
KDSSHQV WR EH D JRRG UHIHUHQFH SRLQW EHFDXVH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWVIRU
*60DUHVLPLODUWRWKDWRIDEURDGFDVW)0UHFHLYHULQWHUPVRIEDQG
ZLGWKVHQVLWLYLW\DQGUHMHFWLRQRIEORFNHUV7KHVHWZRZRXOGQHYHU
EHLPSOHPHQWHGWRJHWKHUEXWWKH\UHSUHVHQWWZRGLIIHUHQWDSSOLFDWLRQV
WKDWSRVVHVVVLPLODUUHTXLUHPHQWV
)URP SULRU DQDO\VLV>@ 16' IRU *60 PXVW EH RQ WKH RUGHU RI
VSXULRXVSURGXFWVVSHFL¿FDOO\WKRVHIRUFRQWLQXRXVZDYH&:$&35
RU$&/57RPHHWHPLVVLRQVUHTXLUHPHQWVVSXULRXVSURGXFWVW\SLFDOO\
QHHGWREHDERXW±G%)6)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKLVLVQRWDSUREOHP
IRU FXUUHQWJHQHUDWLRQ '$&V 1RLVH RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG FDQ EH DQ
LVVXH%HFDXVH6'5DSSOLFDWLRQVWHQGWREHZLGHEDQGLQQDWXUHWKH
RXWSXWRIWKHSRZHUDPSOL¿HUPXVWDOVREHZLGHEDQG,QDGGLWLRQLI
WKHV\VWHPHPSOR\VGLJLWDOSUHGLVWRUWLRQWKHRXWSXWEDQGZLGWKPXVW
± G%P+] RU DERXW  GHFLEHOV IXOO VFDOH G%)6 IURP D
W\SLFDOKLJKVSHHGFRQYHUWHU6SXULRXVSHUIRUPDQFHQHHGVWREHDERXW
± G%)6 )URP )LJXUHV  DQG  LW LV DSSDUHQW WKDW WKH UHTXLUHG
OHYHO RI SHUIRUPDQFH LV QRW \HW DYDLODEOH +RZHYHU LW LV FOHDU WKDW
WKHWUHQGLVLQWKHULJKWGLUHFWLRQDQGWKDWWKHUHTXLUHGSHUIRUPDQFH
EHDVZLGHDVWKHVSXULRXVSURGXFWVEHLQJFRUUHFWHG7KHUHIRUHDQ\
QRLVHJHQHUDWHGLQWKHV\VWHPZLOOEHDPSOL¿HGDQGSUHVHQWHGDWWKH
RXWSXW([FHVVQRLVHLQWKH'$&ZRXOGEHSDVVHGWRWKHDQWHQQDDQG
WUDQVODWHG DV H[FHVV 5) QRLVH 7KHUHIRUH V\VWHP QRLVH LQFOXGLQJ
WKDWRIWKH'$&PXVWEHPLQLPDO&XUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHDUWPRGXOD
VKRXOGEHDYDLODEOHLQWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQRUVR,QWKHPHDQWLPH
SURGXFWV VXFK DV WKH $' ELW  0VSV SLSHOLQHG $'&
ZLOO ¿QG XVH LQ PDQ\ KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH DSSOLFDWLRQV ,Q RWKHU
DSSOLFDWLRQV KLJKHU OHYHOV RI LQWHJUDWLRQ DUH VRXJKW 3URGXFWV VXFK
DVWKH$',)GLYHUVLW\UHFHLYHURIIHUKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHUHFHLYHU
IXQFWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ $'&V DORQJ ZLWK GLJLWDO WXQHUV DQG SRZHU
GHWHFWLRQ WR DLG LQ $*& ORRS FRQVWUXFWLRQ %HFDXVH RI WKH ZLGH
G\QDPLF UDQJH UHTXLUHG IRU 6'5 V\VWHPV $*& LV YHU\ FULWLFDO
2QRQHVDPSOHWKHLQSXWVLJQDOVPD\EHQHDUWKHQRLVHÀRRU7KHQ
ZLWKLQ D IHZ VDPSOHV WKH LQSXW LV GULYHQ IDVW WRZDUGWKHIXOO VFDOH
RI WKH FRQYHUWHU $Q $*& ORRS LV W\SLFDOO\ UHTXLUHG WR PDLQWDLQ
WKHODUJHVWVLJQDOSRVVLEOHRQWKHLQSXW\HWPXVWDOVRUHVSRQGWRVXG
GHQLQFUHDVHVLQVLJQDOOHYHOWRSUHYHQWFOLSSLQJRIWKHUHFHLYHULQSXW
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
18
WRUVXVHGLQGLUHFWODXQFKWUDQVPLWKDYHDERXW±G%PRUEHWWHU
RXWSXWQRLVHGHQVLW\,GHDOO\WKH'$&VKRXOGEHDWWKLVOHYHORUEHORZ
WRSUHYHQWDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHWRRYHUDOOV\VWHPQRLVH)URP)LJXUH
'$&QRLVHLVFOHDUO\EHORZWKDWRIPRGXODWRUVDQGPL[HUV%DVHG
RQ FXUUHQW WHFKQRORJ\ '$&V DUH PXFK OHVV D ERWWOHQHFN WR 6'5
WKDQDUH$'&V
/THERIMPROVEMENTS
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVHLPSURYHPHQWVRWKHUIDFWRUVQRWRQO\HQKDQFH
SHUIRUPDQFH EXW DOVR LPSURYH XVDELOLW\ ,QWHJUDWLRQ LV SOD\LQJ D
VLJQL¿FDQW IDFWRU LQ VWDQGDUG SURGXFW FRQYHUWHU HQKDQFHPHQWV
5HFHQW \HDUV KDYH VHHQ DGGHG GLJLWDO IXQFWLRQV LQ $'&V DQG
'$&V1RWXQFRPPRQLQFRQYHUWHUVDUHGLJLWDO¿OWHUVLQWHUSRODWRUV
!PRIL
 -AIN2ECEIVE3IGNAL0ATH
&REQUENCY

!NTENNA

,.! -IXER "IT $IGITAL"AND

!$# &ILTER

2X3YNTHESISER !$ 0OWER

!$ $ETECTOR
4X2X
#ABLES $IGITAL"AND
"IT
,.! -IXER !$# &ILTER

3OFTWARE
0ROCESSINGIN
$IVERSITY2ECEIVE3IGNAL0ATH &0'!OR$30

4RANSMIT3IGNAL0ATH -ODULATOR
,0& $!#
-#0! 0RE !-0 6'! —
!$
—
,0& $!#

0OWER$ETECT#ONTROL

4X3YNTHESISER

-IXER
!44%. !$#

$IGITAL0RE DISTORTION0! !$

,INEARIZATION/BSERVATION0ATH

&IGURE4YPICAL3$2TRANSCEIVERARCHITECTURE

GHFLPDWRUV QXPHULFFRQWUROOHG RVFLOODWRUV 1&2V DQG RWKHU OHYHOV RI LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKHVH FRQYHUWHUV DUH LQFUHDVLQJ QRW RQO\ WR
IXQFWLRQVWKDWDLGLQUHFHLYHDQGWUDQVPLWRSHUDWLRQV1&2VDQGGLJLWDO VLPSOLI\ GHVLJQV EXW DV D PHDQV WR LPSURYH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
¿OWHUVDLGQRWRQO\LQWKHFKDQQHOL]DWLRQRIWKHVLJQDOVEXWIDFLOLWDWH FRQYHUWHU DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH V\VWHPV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ UHVLGH 1H[W
EORFN FRQYHUVLRQ )RU H[DPSOH 1&2V LQ D '$& ZKHQ FRPELQHG JHQHUDWLRQ FRQYHUWHUV ZLOO FORVH WKH JDS LQ SHUIRUPDQFH DV ZHOO
ZLWKLQWHUSRODWLRQDOORZWKHRULJLQDOEDVHEDQGVLJQDOWREHWUDQVODWHG DVIXQFWLRQDOLW\2&$
DQ\ZKHUHLQWKH1\TXLVWEDQGRIWKHLQWHUSRODWHGVDPSOHUDWHLQVWHDG
RI EHLQJ FRQ¿QHG E\ WKH RULJLQDO VDPSOH UDWH 1HZ SURGXFWV VXFK 2EFERENCES
DVWKH$'ELW0+]'$&DUHDYDLODEOHZLWKVDPSOHUDWHV 6WDWHRIWKH$UWLQ$'&VZZZFRQYHUWHUUDGLRFRP
LQWKHJLJDKHUW]UDQJHDOORZLQJV\QWKHVLVRIYHU\KLJK,)DQGLQVRPH 0XOWLFDUULHU*605HTXLUHPHQWVZZZFRQYHUWHUUDGLRFRP
FDVHV GLUHFW5) V\QWKHVLV RI WUDQVPLWWHG VLJQDOV 6LPLODU IHDWXUHV
H[LVW RQ $'&V $Q RQFKLS 1&2 DQG GHPRGXODWRU FDQ EH XVHG
WR WUDQVODWH DQ DUELWUDU\ ,) VLJQDO WR EH GRZQVDPSOHG WR D GLJLWDO
EDVHEDQG VLJQDO %HFDXVH WKH RULJLQDO VLJQDO LV ,)VDPSOHG DQG
GLJLWDOO\FRQYHUWHGWREDVHEDQGQRTXDGUDWXUHHUURURUGFRIIVHWHUURU
LVLQWURGXFHG
$QDGGLWLRQDOEHQH¿WWRRQFKLSGHFLPDWRUVRQ$'&VDQGLQWHUSROD
WRUVRQ'$&VLVWKDWWKHH[WHUQDOLQWHUIDFHVSHHGFDQEHFRQVLGHUDEOH
ORZHUHG 7KLV DOORZV VORZHU ORJLF IDPLOLHV WR EH XVHG DQG UHGXFHV
VZLWFKLQJ VSHHG UHTXLUHPHQWV UHVXOWLQJ LQ ORZHU RYHUDOO QRLVH DQG
VSXULRXVJHQHUDWHGLQWKHGDWDFRQYHUWHUVDQGLQWKHOD\RXWVXUURXQG
!"/544(%!54(/2
LQJWKHP7KHQHWUHVXOWVDUHRIWHQEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHRYHUDOO
V\VWHP %UDG%UDQQRQLVDV\VWHPVDSSOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHUIRUWKH+LJKVSHHG
:KLOH D JHQHULF 6'5 VROXWLRQ LV QRW \HW DYDLODEOH IRU FRPSOHWH FRQYHUWHUVJURXSRI$QDORJ'HYLFHV+HKDVEHHQZLWK$',VLQFH
WUDQVFHLYHUVPDQ\RIWKHDVSHFWVDUHEHLQJDGRSWHGLQQHZWUDQVFHLYHU DQGVSHFLDOL]HVLQDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUWHUVDQGZLUHOHVV
GHVLJQV 'HVSLWH FXUUHQW ERWWOHQHFNV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH FXUYHV VKRZ V\VWHPV+HJUDGXDWHGIRU1&6WDWHZLWKD%6LQHOHFWULFDOHQJL
WKDW FRQYHUWHU SHUIRUPDQFH KDV VWHDGLO\ LPSURYHG DQG LV ZLWKLQ D QHHULQJLQ
JHQHUDWLRQRUWZRRIPHHWLQJWKHUHTXLUHGOHYHOV$WWKHVDPHWLPH

WWWRFDESIGNCOM !PRIL
19
RF Bonus Feature

TruPwr™ RMS Power Detectors

Features
Industry’s first patented RF true power detectors
Innovative line of TruPwr rms responding detectors
with frequency ranges from >dc to 6 GHz
Immune to crest factor changes enabling
modulation-independent true power detection
Single- and dual-channel rms detectors with
linear-in-volts or linear-in-dB outputs

Part RF Frequency Dynamic Output Response Temp Stability Supply Supply

Package Comments
Number (MHz) Range (dB) Response Time (dB) Voltage (V) Current (mA)

320 ns 0.25 2.9 mm 2.8 mm, Low power, low cost rms
AD8361 100 to 2500 30 Linear-in-volts 2.7 to 5.5 1
6-lead SOT-23 detector

AD8362 >0 to 3800 60 Linear-in-dB 45 ns 1.0 4.5 to 5.5 20 5 mm 6.4 mm, Wireless infrastructure
16-lead TSSOP

AD8363 >0 to 6000 >50 Linear-in-dB 0.5 4.5 to 5.5 66 4 mm 4 mm, Broadband
8 s
16-lead LFCSP

AD8364 >0 to 2700 60 Linear-in-dB 45 ns 0.5 4.5 to 5.5 70 5 mm 5 mm, Dual-channel rms detector
32-lead LFCSP

AD45102 50 to 3800 60 Linear-in-dB 45 ns 1.0 4.5 to 5.5 20 5 mm 6.4 mm, Operation to 125°C
16-lead TSSOP

6 s 2 mm 2 mm, Reduced size, improved

ADL5501 50 to 4000 30 Linear-in-volts 0.25 2.7 to 5.5 1.1
6-lead SC70 temperature stability

20
 -ICROWAVE-ILLIMETER 7AVE4ECHNOLOGY

#ALIBRATIONANDTEMPERATURE
COMPENSATION
TECHNIQUESUSINGANRMS
RESPONDING2&
DETECTOR
2&POWERDETECTORSENABLEPOWERSAVINGSINWIRELESSHANDSETSTHROUGHTRANSMIT
POWEROPTIMIZATION-ULTIPOINTCALIBRATIONOFANRMS
RESPONDING2&POWER
DETECTORIMPROVESTHEACCURACYOFTRANSMITPOWERRESULTINGINADDITIONALPOWER
SAVINGS
"Y#ARLOS#ALVO
! IHZRIWKHEHQH¿WVRIIHUHGE\5)GHWHFWRUVLQPRGHUQZLUHOHVV
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV LQFOXGH ORZHU HPLVVLRQV LPSURYHG
UHOLDELOLW\DQGORQJHUWDONWLPH,QZLUHOHVVEDVHVWDWLRQV5)SRZHU
GHWHFWRUVPRQLWRUSRZHUDPSOL¿HUVWRHQVXUHWKDWWUDQVPLWWHG5)SRZHU
LVQRWH[FHVVLYHUHGXFLQJHPLVVLRQVDQGSURWHFWLQJWKH3$IURPRYHU
KHDWLQJ,QZLUHOHVVKDQGVHWV5)GHWHFWRUVHQDEOHWUDQVPLWWHGSRZHU
WREHPLQLPL]HG7KLVFRPELQHGZLWKWKHLUORZFXUUHQWFRQVXPSWLRQ
KHOSVWRPD[LPL]HEDWWHU\OLIH
6HYHUDOGLIIHUHQWWHFKQRORJLHVDUHDYDLODEOHWRPHDVXUHDQGFRQWURO
WKHSRZHUOHYHORI5)VLJQDOV7KHVLPSOHVWDQGPRVWSULPLWLYHLVWKH
GLRGHGHWHFWRU:LWKLWVVLPSOHWRSRORJ\LWRIIHUVDG\QDPLFUDQJHWKDW
PD\EHVXLWDEOHIRUVSRWVLJQDOOHYHOPHDVXUHPHQWVEXWLWVDFFXUDF\
RYHU WHPSHUDWXUH LV JHQHUDOO\ QRW JRRG7KH GLRGH FLUFXLWU\ FDQ EH
H[SDQGHGWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUWHPSHUDWXUHEXWWKLVRQO\KHOSVRYHUD
VPDOOSRUWLRQRIWKHDOUHDG\VPDOOG\QDPLFUDQJH,QFRQWUDVWPRQR
JLYHQDG%XQFHUWDLQW\LQ5)SRZHUPHDVXUHPHQW,PSURYHPHQWV
LQGHWHFWRUWHFKQRORJ\RIIHUPDQ\VROXWLRQVIRUEHWWHUDFFXUDF\EXW
QHZ DSSOLFDWLRQV FRQWLQXH WR HPHUJH DQG SXVK WKH SHUIRUPDQFH
HQYHORSH&DOLEUDWLRQDQGWHPSHUDWXUHFRPSHQVDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVLPSOH
PHQWHGLQ5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVFDQUHGXFHWKHPHDVXUHPHQW
HUURUWROHYHOVDSSURDFKLQJG%
2&POWERMANAGEMENT
7KUHH EDUULHUV WR DFKLHYLQJ DFFXUDWH SRZHU PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH
YDULDWLRQVLQPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVWHPSHUDWXUHDQGZDYHIRUPV
$Q5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPZLOODWWHPSWWRPLWLJDWHRUHOLPLQDWH
WKHDGYHUVHHIIHFWVRIWKHVHYDULDWLRQV
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVDW\SLFDO5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPXVLQJ
DQUPVGHWHFWRU$VPDOOSRUWLRQRIWKHIRUZDUG5)SRZHUIURPWKH
3$RXWSXWLVVDPSOHGWKURXJKWKHGLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHU7KHDWWHQXDWHG
OLWKLF ORJDULWKPLF DPSOL¿HUV ORJ DPSV FDQ GHWHFW 5) SRZHU RYHU 5)VLJQDOLVLQWURGXFHGWRWKHUPVGHWHFWRUZKHUHLWLVFRQYHUWHGWR
G\QDPLFUDQJHVRIG%RUPRUH7HFKQRORJLFDODGYDQFHVDOORZORJ DGFYROWDJHWKURXJKDOLQHDULQYROWVUHVSRQVH7KHGFRXWSXWLVIHG
DPSVWRJXDUDQWHHPHDVXUHPHQWDFFXUDF\WREHWWHUWKDQ“G%DFURVV
WKHG\QDPLFUDQJHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHZLQGRZ7UX3:5UPVUHVSRQGLQJ
GHWHFWRUVRIIHUDWKLUGDOWHUQDWLYHIRU5)SRZHUPHDVXUHPHQW$GYDQFHV
LQSDFNDJLQJDQGSURFHVVWHFKQRORJ\KDYHWLJKWHQHGWKHWHPSHUDWXUH
VWDELOLW\RIUPVGHWHFWRUVDQGWKHLUG\QDPLFUDQJHVH[FHHGG%,Q
DGGLWLRQUPVGHWHFWRUVDUHLQVHQVLWLYHWRFKDQJHVLQWKHSHDNWRDYHUDJH
UDWLRVZKHUHDVGLRGHVDQGORJDPSVDUHZDYHIRUPGHSHQGHQW
$SSOLFDWLRQVUHTXLULQJKLJKSRZHUWUDQVPLVVLRQDUHGUDPDWLFDOO\
DIIHFWHGE\HYHQE\WKHVPDOOHVWPDUJLQRI5)SRZHUGHWHFWLRQHUURU)RU
H[DPSOHD:FHOOXODUWUDQVPLWWHUZRXOGH[SHQGPRUHSRZHU
!NTENNA 2&3IGNAL
0OWER )NPUT
!MPLIFIER
WRDGLJLWDOVLJQDOSURFHVVRU'63YLDDQDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUWHU
,IWKHGLJLWL]HGVLJQDOOHYHORIWKH3$LVXQDFFHSWDEOHWKH'63ZLOO
DGMXVWWKH5)SRZHUOHYHOE\FRUUHFWLQJWKHJDLQLQWKHWUDQVPLWVLJQDO
SDWK7KH V\VWHP ZLOO UHDFK VWHDG\ VWDWH RQFH WKH PHDVXUHG SRZHU
OHYHOPDWFKHVWKHGHVLUHGVLJQDOOHYHO7KLV5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQW
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ LV QRW OLPLWHG WR D SDUWLFXODU DSSOLFDWLRQ %RWK EDVH
VWDWLRQV DQG KDQGVHWV PD\ LQFRUSRUDWH YDULDWLRQV RI WKLV VDPH
5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP
$VWKHSHDNWRDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKH5)VLJQDOYDULHVWKHRXWSXW
UHVSRQVHRIDORJDPSZLOOYDU\7KLVLQWURGXFHVDQXQFHUWDLQW\WKDW
PXVWEHFRPSHQVDWHGE\WKH'63'LRGHGHWHFWRUVDOVRUHVSRQGWRSHDN
SRZHUQRWUPVSRZHUVRWKH\WRRDUHDIIHFWHGE\SHDNWRDYHUDJH
UDWLRFKDQJHV
7KH 5) GHWHFWRU XVHG LQ WKH SRZHU PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP LQ
$IRECTIONAL )LJXUHLVDPHDQSRZHUGHWHFWRUUPVGHWHFWRUZKRVHUHVSRQVHXQOLNH
#OUPLER WKDWRIGLRGHVDQGORJDPSVLVLQGHSHQGHQWRIZDYHIRUP,WDFKLHYHV
4EMPERATURE
!$#
LQGHSHQGHQFHIURPSHDNWRDYHUDJHUDWLRVE\FRPSXWLQJWKHVTXDUH
3ENSOR
PHDQDQGURRWIXQFWLRQVRIDQUPVFDOFXODWLRQ7KH5)LQSXWLVIHGWR
$IGITAL
RQHRIWZRLGHQWLFDOVTXDULQJFHOOV7KHVTXDUHGVLJQDOLVWKHQDYHUDJHG
X 4RU072$ETECTOR 3IGNAL WKURXJKDORZSDVV¿OWHUQHWZRUN7KHVLJQDOLVIHGWRDKLJKJDLQHUURU
!$, 0ROCESSOR
4RANS

CONDUCTANCE

%RROR
DPSOL¿HUWKDWKDVWKHVHFRQGVTXDULQJFHOOLQLWVIHHGEDFNSDWK7KLV
#ELLS !MP
n IHHGEDFNORRSSHUIRUPVWKHVTXDUHURRWIXQFWLRQWKXVFRPSOHWLQJWKH
X "UFFER !$#
UPVFDOFXODWLRQ7KHRXWSXWLVDOLQHDUUHVSRQGLQJGFYROWDJHZKRVH
FRQYHUVLRQJDLQKDVXQLWVRI9GF9UPV
7KHUPVUHVSRQGLQJGHWHFWRUDOORZVWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP
&IGURE!N2&POWERMANAGEMENTSYSTEMATTEMPTSTOELIMINATETHE WRPRQLWRUDQGG\QDPLFDOO\DGMXVWWKHWUDQVPLWWHU¶VRXWSXWSRZHUDVWKH
EFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREANDWAVEFORMVARIATIONS4HE4RU072RMSDETECTOR
ALLOWSTHE2&POWERMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTOMONITORANDDYNAMICALLY
SHDNWRDYHUDJHUDWLRRIWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOFKDQJHV)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHV
ADJUSTTHETRANSMITTEROUTPUTPOWEREVENASTHEPEAK
TO
AVERAGERATIOOF WKH DFFXUDF\ LQ PHDVXULQJ YDULRXV ZDYHIRUPV HDFK ZLWK D GLIIHUHQW
THETRANSMITTEDSIGNALCHANGES FUHVWIDFWRU7KHPHWKRGXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHHUURULVGLVFXVVHGODWHU

WWWRFDESIGNCOM !UGUST
21
  


 


 




 







  



  



 




 





 ((&(
!(&$
" # 




*)'*) 


 
       


         

 


&IGURE7AVEFORMINDEPENDENCEISUSEFULINCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS
THATHAVEVARYINGWAVEFORMSOVERTIME5NLIKEDIODESANDLOGAMPSRMS
DETECTORSAREINDEPENDENTOFWAVEFORMANDOFFERAROUTETOSIMPLIFYINGTHE &IGURE4HESIMPLETWO POINTCALIBRATIONTECHNIQUEEMPLOYSNOTEMPERA
COMPLEXITYOF2&POWERMEASUREMENT TURECOMPENSATION/VERTEMPERATUREANDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHE
ERRORDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESEDEVICESSTAYSWITHINÒD"ACROSSTHE
 DYNAMICRANGE-(Z 

&DOLEUDWLRQRIWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLVSHUIRUPHGRQFH

! LQSURGXFWLRQ$WWKLVWLPHDORRNXSWDEOHWKDWFRYHUVDOOFRPELQDWLRQV
 ! RI YDULDQWV LV VWRUHG LQ QRQYRODWLOH PHPRU\ 7KH V\VWHP FDQ WKHQ



 

 !


 DFFXUDWHO\ GHWHUPLQH WKH WUDQVPLWWHG VLJQDO OHYHO E\ DGMXVWLQJ LW LI
QHFHVVDU\,QJHQHUDOWKHRQHWLPHFDOLEUDWLRQLVRQO\GRQHDWDVLQJOH



WHPSHUDWXUHXVXDOO\DPELHQWGXHWRWHVWWLPHDQGFRVWFRQVWUDLQWV



7KH 5) SRZHU PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP LV WKHUHIRUH GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH
  UHSHDWDELOLW\RIWKH5)GHWHFWRU¶VWHPSHUDWXUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,IWKH
GHWHFWRU¶VUHVSRQVHLVQRWUHSHDWDEOHIURPGHYLFHWRGHYLFHWKHQWKH
 HIIHFWVRIWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVFDQQRWEHSUHGLFWHGDQGWHPSHUDWXUH


 FRPSHQVDWLRQLVQRWYLDEOH

4WO
POINTCALIBRATION
7KHVLPSOHVWPHWKRGRIFDOLEUDWLRQXVHVWZRSRLQWVDVVKRZQLQ
)LJXUH'XULQJFDOLEUDWLRQWZR5)VLJQDOOHYHOVDUHGULYHQWKURXJK
 
         WKHWUDQVPLWVLJQDOSDWKDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ5)GHWHFWRURXWSXWV





DUHUHFRUGHG,QWKHFDVHRI)LJXUHWKHWZRSRLQWVDUHKLJKOLJKWHG
DW ±G%P DQG G%P 7KH VORSH DQG LQWHUFHSW DUH FDOFXODWHG
&IGURE4HESIMPLESTMETHODOFCALIBRATIONUSESTWOPOINTSTOCALCULATE XVLQJWKHVHWZRSRLQWVDQGDUHXVHGWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHLGHDOUHVSRQVH
THESLOPEANDINTERCEPTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEDETECTORRESPONSE4HE
DETECTIONERRORIND"ISAREPRESENTATIONOFTHEVARIATIONOFTHEACTUAL
RESPONSETOTHEIDEALRESPONSELINE
7KH ZDYHIRUP LQGHSHQGHQFH LV SDUWLFXODUO\ XVHIXO LQ :&'0$
DQG:L0$;FRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHPVZKRVHZDYHIRUPVYDU\RYHU
WLPH:&'0$ZDYHIRUPVZLOOEHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPSOH[DQG
KDYHKLJKHUSHDNWRDYHUDJHUDWLRVDVDUHVXOWRILQFUHDVHGFDOOORDG
LQJ:L0$;XVHVYDULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVRI2)'0VLJQDOPRGXODWLRQV
WREDODQFHWKHLQYHUVHO\UHODWHGGDWDUDWHDQGUHFHSWLRQUHOLDELOLW\7R
RSWLPL]HWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHOLQNWKHVLJQDOPRGXODWLRQLVG\QDPLFDOO\
DGMXVWHG DV XVHUV PRYH WRZDUG RU DZD\ IURP WKH EDVH VWDWLRQ7KH
FRPSRVLWHVLJQDOHQYHORSHVRIWKHGDWDEXUVWVPD\KDYHVLJQL¿FDQW
SHDNVWKDWFDQGUDVWLFDOO\FKDQJHRYHUWLPH
$IGITALCOMPENSATIONANDSYSTEMCALIBRATION
7KHDFFXUDF\RIWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLVGHSHQGHQWRQ
WKHFDOLEUDWLRQDQGFRPSHQVDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVDGRSWHG7KH'63DFWLYHO\
DGMXVWVWKHWUDQVPLWWHGSRZHUE\DGMXVWLQJWKHJDLQRIWKHWUDQVPLWVLJQDO
SDWK,WFDQUHDFWWRHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVLILWNQRZVKRZWKH\ZLOODIIHFW
WKH5)GHWHFWRUPHDVXUHPHQW&RPSHQVDWLRQURXWLQHVLQWHJUDWHGLQWKH
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJVRIWZDUHFDQKHOSWRVLJQL¿FDQWO\UHGXFHRUHOLPLQDWHWZR
RIWKHHUURUYDULDQWV²WHPSHUDWXUHDQGZDYHIRUP)RUH[DPSOHLIDSRZHU
GHWHFWRUFRQVLVWHQWO\GULIWVLQRQHGLUHFWLRQZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHDFRPSHQ
VDWLRQDOJRULWKPFDQEHLPSOHPHQWHGWRUHPRYHWKHH[SHFWHGHUURU
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
OLQHVKRZQLQJUHHQ7KHUHVSRQVHDWƒ&LVQRWSHUIHFWO\OLQHDU
DQGYDULHVVOLJKWO\IURPWKHLGHDOUHVSRQVHOLQH7KHHUURULVJUDSKHG
RQ WKH SULPDU\ \D[LV DQG UHSUHVHQWV WKH YDULDWLRQ IURP WKH LGHDO
UHVSRQVHOLQHVFDOHGLQG%%HFDXVHSURGXFWLRQFDOLEUDWLRQLVGRQH
DW RQH WHPSHUDWXUH WKH UHVSRQVHV RI WKH GHWHFWRU DW ± ƒ& DQG
ƒ&DUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHVDPHLGHDOUHVSRQVHOLQH7KHDFFXUDF\
RIWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHSUR[LPLW\
RIWKHHUURUFXUYHVWRWKHG%HUURUD[LV
7KHVLPSOHWZRSRLQWFDOLEUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHHPSOR\VQRWHPSHUDWXUH
FRPSHQVDWLRQ7KLVPHWKRGGHSHQGVVROHO\RQWKHVWDELOLW\DQGUHSHDW
DELOLW\RIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHSHUIRUPDQFHIURPGHYLFHWRGHYLFH)LJXUH
VKRZVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIGHYLFHVGUDZQIURPPXOWLSOHPDQXIDFWXU
LQJORWVRYHUWHPSHUDWXUH7KHHUURUGLVWULEXWLRQSORWKHOSVLOOXVWUDWHWKH
H[SHFWHGDFFXUDF\RIWKHUPVGHWHFWRUXVLQJRQO\DWZRSRLQWFDOLEUDWLRQ
WHFKQLTXH2YHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSURFHVVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIGHYLFHV
VWD\VZHOOZLWKLQ“G%DFURVVWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHG\QDPLFUDQJH
7KHVWDELOLW\RIWKHGHWHFWRU¶VPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVGLFWDWHVWKHZLGWK
RIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQEDQGVDWHDFKRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHV,QWKHFDVHRI
WKLVUPVGHYLFHWKHEDQGVKDYHDVSUHDGRIDERXWG%
-ULTIPOINTCALIBRATION
7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPFDQEHLP
SURYHGE\UHFRUGLQJPRUHSRLQWVDWWKHWLPHRIFDOLEUDWLRQ,QGRLQJ
VRWKHPLQRUQRQOLQHDULWLHVDUHHOLPLQDWHGSURGXFLQJDQHDUSHUIHFW
!UGUST
22
 
 




















 
 

 




&IGURE4OACCOUNTFORTHENONLINEARITIESATAMBIENTMOREPOINTSARE
RECORDEDATTHETIMEOFCALIBRATION4HEMULTIPOINTCALIBRATIONTECHNIQUE
CANACHIEVEAÒD"DETECTIONERRORINTHEHIGHACCURACYCROSSOVER
RANGEWITHOUTTHEUSEOFTEMPERATURECOMPENSATIONDEVICEDISTRIBU
TION-(Z 





 


 






        

 

&IGURE4HETEMPERATURE COMPENSATIONSCHEMEREMOVESTHEAMBIENT
NONLINEARITIESASWELLASTHEAVERAGETEMPERATUREDRIFTOFTHEPOPULATION
/VERTEMPERATUREANDPROCESSTHETEMPERATURE COMPENSATEDDISTRIBUTION
OFDEVICESSTAYSWITHINÒD"ACROSSTHEDYNAMICRANGE-(Z 

PHDVXUHPHQWDWWKHFDOLEUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHRIƒ&)LJXUHVKRZV
WKH HUURU GLVWULEXWLRQ RI  GHYLFHV XVLQJ PXOWLSRLQW FDOLEUDWLRQ ,Q
WKLV FDVH WKH HUURU DW WKH YDULRXV WHPSHUDWXUHV LV FDOFXODWHG ZLWK
UHVSHFWWRWKHFDOLEUDWLRQPRGHOLHWKHƒ&DPELHQWUHVSRQVH
7KLVHUURUFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRGGLIIHUVIURPWKRVHXVHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV
FDVHZKHUHDQLGHDOOLQHDUPRGHODWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHZDVXVHG
%HFDXVHWKHLPSHUIHFWLRQVDWƒ&DUHFDOLEUDWHGRXWWKHHUURUDW
DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHEHFRPHVHTXDOWRG%
2YHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSURFHVVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIGHYLFHHUURUIRU
GHWHFWHG5)SRZHUVWD\VZLWKLQ“G%DFURVVWKHG\QDPLFUDQJH,Q
WKH KLJKHU SRZHU UDQJH WKH UPV GHWHFWRU KDV DQ HTXDOO\ WLJKW HUURU
GLVWULEXWLRQDWWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRUFURVVRYHUSRLQWDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
7KHKLJKDFFXUDF\UDQJHFHQWHUHGRQG%PRIIHUVDG%ZLQGRZRI
“G%GHWHFWLRQHUURURYHUWHPSHUDWXUH7KLVOHYHORIDFFXUDF\EHFRPHV
XVHIXOLQKLJKSRZHUDPSOL¿HU+3$DSSOLFDWLRQVZKHUHDFFXUDF\LV
UHTXLUHGRYHUDUHGXFHGLQSXWUDQJH,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHSUHYLRXVH[DPSOH
RIWKH:WUDQVPLWWHUH[SHQGLQJPRUHSRZHUDG%PHDVXUH
PHQWXQFHUWDLQW\ZRXOGUHVXOWLQH[SHQGLQJPRUHSRZHU
7KHWUDGHRIIWRDFKLHYLQJWKLVOHYHORIDFFXUDF\LQDQHQGDSSOLFDWLRQ

WWWRFDESIGNCOM !UGUST
23
 UHTXLUHVFDOLEUDWLRQDWPXOWLSOHSRLQWVLQWKH
GHYLFH¶VRSHUDWLQJUDQJHDQGPRUHWHVWWLPH
7KHVLPSOLFLW\RIWKLVPHWKRGGHSHQGVRQWKH
LQGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHFRQYHUJHQFHSRLQWRYHU
SURFHVVYDULDWLRQVDQGWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV
&RQVHTXHQWO\WKLVOHYHORISHUIRUPDQFHFDQEH
DFKLHYHGZLWKRXWDWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVRU
!DVANCEDCOMPENSATIONSCHEME
$GGLQJ D WHPSHUDWXUH VHQVRU WR WKH 5)
SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPDQGHQFRGLQJWKH
H[SHFWHGWHPSHUDWXUHGULIWLQDORRNXSWDEOH
HPSRZHUV WKH '63 WR FRPSHQVDWH IRU WHP
SHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVDQGWRLPSURYHWKHRYHUDOO
V\VWHPDFFXUDF\$VLQWKHFDVHRIPXOWLSRLQW
FDOLEUDWLRQ WKH FRPSHQVDWLRQ VFKHPH PXVW
UHPRYH WKH DPELHQW QRQOLQHDULWLHV ,W PXVW
DOVRUHPRYHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGULIWDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKWKHGLVWULEXWLRQ
7KHWHPSHUDWXUHGULIWRIWKHGHWHFWRUFDQ
EHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\H[DPLQLQJDGLVWULEXWLRQ
RIGHYLFHV7KHDYHUDJHHUURULQWURGXFHGE\
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
24
WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV LV GHVFULEHG DV WHP
SHUDWXUH FRHI¿FLHQW ZLWK WKH XQLWV RI 9ƒ&
$VWHPSHUDWXUHPRYHVDZD\IURPƒ&PRUH
GULIW WDNHV SODFH DQG PRUH FRPSHQVDWLRQ LV
UHTXLUHG 7KH OHYHO RI WHPSHUDWXUH GULIW LV
QRWFRQVWDQWDFURVVWKHHQWLUHG\QDPLFUDQJH
7KLVPDNHVDVLQJOHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHI¿FLHQW
LQHIIHFWLYH&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHG\QDPLFUDQJH
PXVW EH VSOLW LQWR VPDOO VXEVHFWLRQV HDFK
ZLWKLWVRZQWHPSHUDWXUHFRHI¿FLHQW7KHFRP
SOH[LW\RIWKHDOJRULWKPFDQYDU\GHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHDFFXUDF\GHVLUHG)LJXUHVKRZVWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIGHYLFHVRYHUWHPSHUDWXUH
XVLQJDFRPSHQVDWLRQVFKHPHZLWKDUHVROXWLRQ
RIVXEGLYLVLRQV
2YHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSURFHVVWKHWHPSHUD
WXUHFRPSHQVDWHGGLVWULEXWLRQRIGHYLFHVVWD\V
ZLWKLQ“G%DFURVVWKHG\QDPLFUDQJH,Q
WKLVFDVHWKH5)SRZHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP
LVDWWHPSWLQJWRHOLPLQDWHWKHDGYHUVHHIIHFWV
RIWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDQWV,IWKHPRGXODWLRQRI
WKHPHDVXUHGVLJQDOLVNQRZQWKHQDVLPLODU
FRQFHSWFDQEHDGRSWHGZKHQYDULDWLRQVIURP
ZDYHIRUPQHHGWREHUHPRYHG+RZHYHULIWKH
UHVSRQVHRIWKHGHWHFWRULVQRWUHSHDWDEOHRYHU
SURFHVVYDULDWLRQVWKHQWKHUHLVQRPHWKRGWR
SUHGLFW WKH HIIHFWV RI WKH YDULDQWV DQG FRP
SHQVDWLRQEHFRPHVLQHIIHFWLYH&RPSHQVDWLRQ
VFKHPHVDUHGHSHQGDQWRQUHSHDWDEOHGHYLFH
SHUIRUPDQFH
%RRORREPEATABILITYENABLES
COMPENSATION
'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH FDOL
EUDWLRQ DQG FRPSHQVDWLRQ PHWKRGV XVHG WKH
DFFXUDF\ RI 5) SRZHU PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV
FDQDSSURDFKG%GHWHFWLRQHUURU(YHQWKRXJK
ZDYHIRUPGHSHQGHQFHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHGULIWFDQ
EHFRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHUHLVOLWWOHWKDWFDQEHGRQH
IRUPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVYDULDWLRQV5HSHDWDEOH
WHPSHUDWXUHRUZDYHIRUPEHKDYLRURYHUSURFHVV
LVUHTXLUHGIRUDQ\FRPSHQVDWLRQWHFKQLTXH
0RUHDGYDQFHGFRPSHQVDWLRQDOJRULWKPV
FDQEHLQWURGXFHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJFRPSOH[LW\
$VPRUHYDULDQWVDUHLQWURGXFHGWKHUHTXLUHG
ORRNXSWDEOHJURZVH[SRQHQWLDOO\1HZVWDQ
GDUGV OLNH +6'3$ DQG +683$ LQWHJUDWH D
ODUJHFRPELQDWLRQRIVLJQDOZDYHIRUPV7KH
SHUPXWDWLRQVRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGWKHYDUL
RXVZDYHIRUPVGHPDQGIRUSURKLELWLYHO\ODUJH
ORRNXSWDEOHV7UX3:5UPVGHWHFWRUVRIIHUD
URXWHWRVLPSOLI\LQJWKHFRPSOH[LW\E\UHGXF
LQJDQGLQVRPHFDVHVHOLPLQDWLQJDWOHDVWRQH
GLPHQVLRQRIWKHORRNXSWDEOH 2&$
!"/544(%!54(/2
&DUORV&DOYRLVDQDSSOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHU
LQ WKH $GYDQFHG /LQHDU 3URGXFWV 'LYL
VLRQDW$QDORJ'HYLFHV+HUHFHLYHGKLV
%DFKHORURI6FLHQFHDQG0DVWHURI6FLHQFH
LQ(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJIURP:RUFHVWHU
3RO\WHFKQLF,QVWLWXWH
!UGUST

Improved DDS devices enable
advanced comm systems
Today’s DDS ICs offer drastically reduced power dissipation and size
BY VALOREE YOUNG
Analog Devices
Greensboro, NC
http://www.analog.com
D
irect digital synthesis (DDS)
has come a long way since
the days when implementa-
tions were limited to complex, cost-
ly designs that consumed large
amounts of power. Today’s DDS ICs
offer drastically reduced power dissi-
pation and size—as well as greatly
improved phase noise, spurious per-
formance, and ease of use—making
them attractive alternatives to ana-
log synthesis in many communica-
tions systems. DDS devices now of-
fer many levels of integration,
performance, packaging, and cost
benefits, allowing customized and
easy selection into new designs.
The primary advantages of using a
digital synthesizer over traditional
analog solutions are fast frequency
hopping, extremely fast switching
speeds with virtually no settling
time, finer tuning resolution, and
channel flexibility. Designers requir-
ing agile frequency sources with ex-
cellent phase noise and low spurious
performance often choose DDS.
Available DDS ICs now support in-
ternal speeds of 1 Gsample/s, pro-
vide outputs up to 400 MHz, and in-
clude a high-performance 10-, 12-,
or 14-bit DAC. With 48-bit frequen-
cy tuning, 14-bit phase tuning, and
10-bit amplitude scaling, extremely
fine resolution (1 μHz, 0.022°, and 3
mV) is attainable.
Once viewed as power-hungry
monsters, some DDS cores now
boast power consumption less than
165 mW at 400 Msamples/s. A phase
noise floor below –150 dBc/Hz at up
to 100 MHz is possible, and im-
provements in wideband SFDR (>55
dBc) and narrowband SFDR (80 to
COMMUNICATIONS SPECIAL
90 dBc) make DDS a more attractive
solution.
I/Q generation
For applications requiring in-phase
and quadrature (I and Q) generation,
DDS offers unparalleled matching of
I and Q outputs. By using DDS to
send quadrature signals to the I/Q
inputs of an analog modulator, the
redundant sideband can be attenuat-
ed significantly, relaxing the nor-
mally tight filtering requirements.
To further simplify this approach,
new two-channel DDS chips provide
inherent synchronization across
channels while maintaining excellent
isolation between them. Independent
frequency, phase, and amplitude con-
trol on each channel provides flexibil-
ity to correct imbalances between
quadrature signals. In Fig. 1, two syn-
chronous DDS channels generate digi-
tal I and Q
data which is
then upcon- Data(I)
verted using a CH0
modulator.
2-Channel
Optical
DDS
AD9958
systems
With channel CH1
bandwidth at Data(Q)
a premium in
optical net- Fig. 1. A two-channel DDS provides precise, synchronous
working sys- control for in-phase and quadrature data generation.
tems, packing
more functionality into a smaller
space is increasingly desirable and a
single-chip, four-channel DDS IC of-
fers clear benefits.
Acousto-optics, a technique often
applied in optical communication
systems, uses the relationship be-
tween vibrations and light to target
an optical wavelength. During opti-
cal transmission, devices such as the
acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)
use a slight adjustment in frequency
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS http://electronicproducts.com
25
to diffract specific wavelengths of
light from the incoming spectrum.
DDS devices are excellent RF drivers
for exciting crystals within an AOTF,
due to the high resolutions attain-
able. Precise frequency switching im-
plemented by the DDS involves very
little latency and no settling time.
An on-chip clock multiplier offers
phase noise performance sufficient
for AOTF applications, and easy syn-
chronization of additional multi-
channel chips is possible. Operating
at a maximum system rate of 500
Msamples/s, a four-channel DDS de-
vice produces output frequencies
from dc to 250 MHz in steps of about
116 mHz, with each DDS channel
consuming less than 165 mW.
Military systems application
Military communications, electronic
countermeasures, and communica-
Modular
LPF
RF out
LO 0º/90º +
LPF
AD8349
ADL537x
tions surveillance applications de-
mand exceedingly fast switching
speeds. Traditionally, the challenge
has been to achieve this without
compromising frequency resolution.
The AD9910, from Analog Devices,
is a 1-Gsample/s DDS with an inte-
grated 14-bit DAC. 32-bit frequency
tuning translates to 0.23-Hz tuning
resolution.
The incredibly fast parallel data
port, used for writing frequency tun-
SEPTEMBER 2006 69

IMPROVED DDS DEVICES ENABLE ADVANCED COMM SYSTEMS
(a) AD9779
D/A
DUC
DSP for
multiple
Digital
Filtering
carriers
D/A
Clock
Distribution
AD9857
(b)
AD9957
I ing excellent dynamic
D
DSP
E
+ Amplifier
M 0/90
U shows architecture op-
X Power
Q Ramp
Profile
Fig. 2. Upconversion schemes can use a dual TxDAC
(a) or DDS-based modulator (b).
ing word changes, allows the DDS IC
to take a 16-bit word every 4 ns. The
device offers a 14-bit phase offset
word, a 1,024-element RAM, a linear-
sweep block, and other features.
In systems needing to synthesize
specific frequencies with very low
spurious components, a recently
developed implementation uses
auxiliary DDS channels to reduce
the magnitude of harmonic spurs in
the output spectrum. This spur re-
duction approach extends the im-
plementation to designs demand-
ing better wideband SFDR (spurious
free dynamic range) performance
than was previously attainable by a
DDS.
In fact, a 12-dB improvement of a
single spur can be seen at 200 MHz.
The technique is beneficial to cur-
rent DDS users in reducing the tire-
some task of frequency planning
and in eliminating the need for a
complex filter design.
The AD9912 showcases this spur
reducing concept, and includes an
on-chip comparator for generating a
square wave output for clock genera-
tion applications. Extremely fine
tuning resolution of 3.5 μHz on out-
puts up to 400 MHz is made possible
by a 48-bit frequency tuning word.
Cellular base station benefits
In base station transmit architectures
that employ a direct-IF approach to
upconversion, DDS-based modula-
tors offer an alternative to traditional
dual-DAC direct-conversion solu-
tions. A quadrature digital upcon-
verter (QDUC) integrates a 1-Gsam-
70 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS http://electronicproducts.com SEPTEMBER 2006
26
COMMUNICATIONS SPECIAL -
Antenna
ple/s DDS core, a high
AD8349
ADL537x performance 14-bit
I
DAC, clock multiplier
0/90 + Amplifier
Components circuitry, digital filters,
and other DSP func-
Q
tions onto a single
PLL/VCO
chip.
This solution offers
cost, power, and space
Antenna
savings, while provid-
performance. Figure 2
D/A Components
tions for single analog
upconversion using
Clock
PLL/VCO
two different ap-
Distribution
proaches.
Implementing a
QDUC in the trans-
mission path avoids
quadrature phase and amplitude im-
balance issues. In addition, only one
mixer and one DAC are required, so
the overall noise will be reduced.
The QDUC supports real outputs up
to 400 MHz. A 250-MHz 18-bit-wide
data input port supports interleaved
data rates as high as 125 Msymbols/s,
and innovations in low-power DDS
cores have brought power down to
about 1 W at 1 Gsample/s.
Portable devices
Designers of portable and handheld
wireless systems should note the
drastic reduction in power consump-
tion. DDS ICs consuming less than
50 mW are typically offered at fre-
quencies of 50 MHz or lower.
Some higher-speed DDS devices
running at up to 250 Msamples/s are
now approaching 50-mW power lev-
els. These cores are even being used
as auxiliary components, performing
tasks such as multitone generation
and spur reduction within highly in-
tegrated complete DDS devices.
Other communication apps
Clock generation applications also
reap the benefits of multipurpose
DDS functionality, since the ability
to generate a clean, stable clock is vi-
tal in many systems.
As advances in SFDR performance
and power consumption continue,
DDS will expand into markets that
were previously off limits. Its role
as a standalone function will
evolve to recognize its potential as
a building block in other more
complex chips. 
 RF / MICROWAVE SPECIAL

RF standards for short-range

New standards provide optimized solutions for the differing
needs and priorities of different applications
BY MARY O’KEEFFE
Analog Devices, Norwood, MA
http://www.analog.com

T
he term “short-range device”
(SRD) refers to a device capable
of wireless communications
over a relatively short distance—
from just a few centimeters up to a
few kilometers. Several wireless stan-
dards defining the communications
processes for such devices exist, with
new standards continuing to evolve.

Constraints
Governments impose restrictions on
the use of the frequency spectrum.
Figure 1 shows the UHF (300-MHz to
3-GHz) ISM unlicensed frequency
bands available in different parts of
the world.
As the figure shows, no common
unlicensed ISM band is available be-
low 2.4 GHz, although some RF
transceivers will support operation
across several of these sub-1-GHz
bands. The Analog Devices
ADF7020/-1, for example, supports
operation from 135 to 950 MHz.
Many designs use proprietary com-
munications protocols in this fre-
quency range.
Despite the inherent range advan-
tage of the lower-frequency bands,
the global nature of the 2.4-GHz
band makes it attractive for many
SRD communications protocols such
as Bluetooth, WLAN and ZigBee. Ir-
respective of the communications
protocol used, countries apply addi-
tional constraints driven by factors
such as safety and quality of perfor-
mance; these constraints are required
to limit interference between differ-
ent equipment. Some examples rele-
vant for the 2.4-GHz band are shown
in Table 1.

Existing standards
The various communications proto-
cols each offer advantages and disad-
vantages, with the optimum choice

ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS http://electronicproducts.com NOVEMBER 2007

27
 RF STANDARDS FOR SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
wireless connectivity
depending on the application. Blue-
tooth, for example, offers data rates
up to 3 Mbits/s, whereas 802.11g en-
ables data rates as high as 54 Mbits/s
and ZigBee is limited to 250 kbits/s.
While 802.11g has the higher data
rate, it also has higher cost and high-
er power consumption. ZigBee has
the advantage of low power con-
sumption. It can also support a high
number of nodes. For example, Blue-
tooth’s maximum of 8 nodes in a net
could be a limiting factor in an in-
dustrial application.
For sensor applications, where
only a limited amount of data must
Table 1. Worldwide communication standards
Region Standard
Europe ETSI EN 300 328
ETSI EN 300 440
USA FCC CFR47 part 15
Japan ARIB STD-T66
be transferred and low power con-
sumption is of significant value, Zig-
Bee appears to have an advantage
over Bluetooth or WLAN. For appli-
cations such as wireless headsets, the
data rate offered by Bluetooth meets
the requirements while maintaining
a relatively low cost.
The Wibree standard currently in
development can operate in a stand-
alone mode or as a complement to
Bluetooth, offering a lower-power so-
lution than Bluetooth and a maxi-
mum data rate of 1 Mbit/s. This is a
higher data rate than ZigBee, but its
range would be shorter than a low-
Fig. 1. Several UHF
(300-MHz to 3-GHz)
ISM unlicensed
frequency bands are
available in different
parts of the world.
power ZigBee device. Other factors
that differentiate the various stan-
dards include latency and resilience.
Developing standards
The industrial environment is one
where resilience is of particular value.
The recently ratified Wireless Hart
standard is targeted at the industrial
space. The SP100 group is also look-
ing at a standard for industrial appli-
cations.
Both the Wireless Hart standard
and the ISA-SP100.11a standard,
which is in development, indicate
the use of an 802.15.4-compatible ra-
Relevant Link
http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/
homepage.aspx
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/
waisidx_04/47cfr15_04.html
http://www.arib.or.jp/english/
dio. The 802.15.4 radio also consti-
tutes the physical layer for the Zig-
Bee standard.
While several short-range device
standards are already in existence,
new standards are continuing to
evolve. These are driven by and tar-
geted at providing optimized solu-
tions for the differing needs and pri-
orities of different applications. N
For more on RF ICs and RF
standards, visit
www.electronicproducts.com/
linear.asp
28
 A BROADBAND
I/Q MODULATOR
FOR BROADBAND
RADIO DESIGNS

M
odern digital radio transmitter design
poses increasing challenges for
equipment designers. The ongoing
trend towards increased throughput of data is
increasing the modulation density and carrier
bandwidths of transmitted signals. Peak-to-av-
erage ratios increase with higher order modu-
lation schemes and to maintain good adjacent
channel power ratio (ACPR) while transmit-
ting the same rms power level, components
with lower intermodulation distortion and
lower noise must be used.
Fig. 1 The ADL5385 I/Q Baseband, IF and RF bandwidth must be
modulator’s basic block flat across the channel to maintain the spectral
diagram. ▼
shape of the modulated carrier.
ENBL Furthermore, if digital pre-dis-
Temperature tortion techniques are being
BIAS TEMP
IBBP Sensor used then the higher order har-
monics need to be passed
IBBN through the baseband inputs
and gain flatness must be main-
LOIP Divide-by-2
Quadrature
tained up to the higher order
VOUT
LOIN
Phase harmonics of the baseband sig-
Splitter nal. When a radio transmitter
QBBP design calls for operation over a
very wide range of RF frequen-
QBBN cies the RF gain flatness of the
overall signal chain becomes
critical. Minimizing gain variations in the sig-
nal chain over frequency eases the burden of
signal chain planning and budgeting. This arti-
cle focuses on I/Q modulators, which are a
critical component in modern transmitters.
A BROADBAND I/Q MODULATOR
I/Q modulators perform the frequency
translation that mixes the baseband signal to
the desired location in the RF spectrum. An
I/Q modulator consists of a local oscillator
(LO) input that is split into in-phase (I) and
quadrature (Q) components that are separated
by 90°. These two signals drive separate mixers
that are also driven by I and Q baseband sig-
nals. The outputs from both mixers are then
summed to provide a modulated carrier either
at RF or IF. The ADL5385 contains these ba-
sic blocks (see Figure 1) and is able to
achieve a wide tuning range that spans five oc-
taves (50 MHz to 2.2 GHz) through the use of
an active divide-by-two LO splitter instead of
the more traditional passive polyphase filter.
Its wideband performance can be seen in
ANALOG DEVICES INC.
Norwood, MA

Reprinted with permission of MICROWAVE JOURNAL® from the September 2006 issue.
©
2006 Horizon House Publications, Inc.

29

Figure 2, where the output power
has a very flat response over the en-
tire output frequency range, with a 1
dB bandwidth of 1300 MHz. This
new modulator is designed to directly
drive a 50 Ω load and also includes an
integrated temperature sensor.
GAUGING SIGNAL QUALITY
USING ERROR VECTOR
MAGNITUDE
Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a
measure of the quality of modulation
of a signal and it is directly affected by
the quadrature and amplitude errors
within the modulator. The amount of
quadrature and amplitude errors can
10
Output Power and Carrier Feedthrough (dBm)
Undesired Sideband Supression (dBc)
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
−60
0 400
▲ Fig. 2 Single-sideband performance vs.
output frequency from –40° to +85°C.
▲ Fig. 3
−40°C Output Power
+25°C Output Power
+85°C Output Power
−40°C Carrier Leakage
+25°C Carrier Leakage
+85°C Carrier Leakage
−40°C Undesired Sideband Suppression
+25°C Undesired Sideband Suppression
+85°C Undesired Sideband Suppression
800 1200 1600
Output Frequency (MHz)
The spectrum, constellation and eye-diagram of a 64QAM carrier at 350 MHz.
be gauged by observing the level of
sideband suppression in a single-side-
band spectrum. Figure 2 shows that
the native uncompensated sideband
suppression of the ADL5385 I/Q mod-
ulator is better than –38 dBc out to
900 MHz. This level of sideband sup-
pression typically yields EVM perfor-
mance that is more than acceptable for
most communication standards. If
higher performance is required, side-
band suppression can be optimized by
adjusting the relative gain and phase of
the baseband signals.
The 64QAM constellation, eye-di-
agram and spectrum, shown in Fig-
ure 3, was generated using random
data at 5.056941 MSym/s with a filter
alpha of 0.18. This closely mimics the
data rate and modulation for a typical
cable modem head end application.
It can be seen that the EVM for this
signal is 0.33 percent rms with a
quadrature error of 0.27° and a gain
error of 0.003 dB.
SIGNAL QUALITY
VS. POWER LEVEL
Figure 4 shows how ACPR varies
with output power for the same
64QAM modulated carrier. The high
OIP3 of the ADL5385 I/Q modulator
enables it to achieve high output
power levels with minimal adjacent
channel leakage. This results in less
gain required in the subsequent
stages of the radio.
2000
The displayed performance was
obtained without digital compensa-
tion of the baseband data. This,
along with the wide RF tuning
30
P RODUCT F EATURE
range, allows the modulator to be
used without factory calibration.
This can significantly reduce the
time and effort required for design
and manufacturing.
DIVIDE-BY-TWO SPLITTER
ENABLES BROADBAND
OPERATION
Systems such as cable modem head
end equipment must be able to dy-
namically place carriers anywhere in
the the 40 to 900 MHz range. Tradi-
tional modulators that use a passive re-
sistor-capacitor polyphase network to
split the LO into quadrature compo-
nents have generally been unable to
span such a wide frequency range.
This is because the resistor-capacitor
networks are tuned for a particular
center frequency and typically have a
useful range of just over two octaves.
Traditional cable modem headend
equipment designs use a two-stage up-
conversion. The baseband signal is up-
converted using an I/Q modulator to
an IF frequency above the cable band,
typically around 1100 MHz. This IF
signal is then mixed down into the ca-
ble band using a mixer. These solutions
require more components and the
complexity associated with such de-
−55
−60
ACPR (dBc)
−65
−70
−75
−80
−18 −14 −10 −6 −2 2
CHANNEL POWER (dBm)
▲ Fig. 4 64QAM ACPR vs. output power
(symbol rate = 5.056941 MSym/s with a filter
alpha of 0.18, adjacent channel bandwidth =
5.25 MHz).
D I
LO
I
D Q
I
Q
Q
▲ Fig. 5 The ADL5385 modulator’s
divide-by-two phase splitter showing the
applied LO at twice that of the desired LO
frequency in the mixer.

and its inversion. In the ADL5385
2 the inversion is achieved by crossing
FREQUENCY RESPONSE (dB)
NORMALIZED BASEBAND
1 the polarities of the inputs on one of
0 the differential D-flip-flops. The I
−1 and Q signals that drive the mixer
−2
cores shown in the ADL5385 block
diagram are generated through the
−3
alternate clocking of the D-flip-flops
−4 by the two LO input signals. Close in-
−5 spection of the timing diagram on the
6 126 246 366 486 606 726 846
BASEBAND FREQUENCY (MHz)
left of the figure will reveal that it is
imperative that the applied LO signal
be at twice the desired RF output
▲ Fig. 6 The ADL5385 baseband section’s frequency and that the duty-cycle of
normalized frequency response.
that LO signal be exactly 50 percent.
Any deviation from 50 percent will
AD9779 ADL5385 degrade the 90° split and this will in
IOUTA1 IBBP turn degrade sideband suppression.
Optional
Low Pass
IOUTB1 Filter IBBN
WIDE BASEBAND BANDWIDTH
INCREASES DATA CAPACITY
In single-channel modulation sys-
IOUTB2 QBBN
Optional tems, data capacity can be increased
Low Pass by either using a higher order modu-
IOUTA2 Filter
QBBP lation scheme or by using more band-
width. Figure 6 shows the normal-
ized baseband frequency response of
▲ Fig. 7 AD9779 and ADL5385 interface
the ADL5385. With wider carrier
schematic.
bandwidths, the challenge is to main-
signs increases the design time and ef- tain a flat gain across the bandwidth
fort. System cost and complexity can of the carrier. This ensures that the
clearly be reduced if this signal chain spectrum is not distorted by gain rip-
could be simplified to a single-stage di- ple. If the gain ripple is too great
rect launch architecture. then precompensation might be re-
The ADL5385 overcomes the two- quired in the digital domain. This
octave limitation of traditional I/Q process will require the characteriza-
modulators by utilizing a divide-by- tion of the frequency response of
two LO splitter. This architecture is every radio and will increase the
illustrated in Figure 5, where two D- complexity of the design and drive up
flip-flops are clocked by an LO signal the cost to manufacture the radio.
31
P RODUCT F EATURE
The ADL5385 offers a 0.1 dB base-
band gain flatness out to 85 MHz.
This means that for most applica-
tions, there should be no need to per-
form any sort of precompensation.
A SEAMLESS INTERFACE
TO BASEBAND I/Q DACS
The ADL5385 is designed to in-
terface seamlessly with Analog De-
vices’ family of transmit digital-to-
analog converters (TxDAC). The in-
terface between the two devices
typically involves six resistors and a
simple LC filter (see Figure 7). The
four 50 Ω resistors shunting to
ground from each of the DAC out-
puts provide the 500 mV DC bias for
the ADL5385 baseband inputs while
the 100 Ω resistor in shunt between
each differential pair sets the AC
swing of the baseband inputs. With
this simple interface the need for sin-
gle-ended-to-differential or level-
shifting amplifiers is eliminated.
PACKAGE, AVAILABILITY,
EVALUATION BOARDS
The ADL5385 is packaged in a
RoHS-compliant 24-lead LFCSP
with exposed paddle. Samples and
evaluation boards are currently avail-
able and may be ordered on the com-
pany’s web site.
Analog Devices Inc.,
Norwood, MA
(781) 329-4700,
www.analog.com.
RF Bonus Feature

RF/IF Amplifiers
Features
Broadband and narrow-band Internal active bias
RF/IF amplifiers Most amplifiers internally
High linearity and output matched to 50
power Low power consumption
Fully characterized Small footprint packages
over frequency range,
temperature and power
supply variation

Part RF Frequency Gain Output Output Noise Supply Supply Specs

Package Comments
Number (MHz) (dB) P1dB (dBm) IP3 (dBm) Figure (dB) Voltage (V) Current (mA) @ (MHz)
1
AD8353 1 to 2700 19.5 9 22.8 5.6 2.7 to 5.5 42 900 2 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Gain block

AD83541 1 to 2700 20 5 19.3 4 2.7 to 5.5 23 900 2 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Gain block

ADL5320 400 to 2700 17 25.4 45 4 4.75 to 5.25 104 880 4.25 mm 4.6 mm, Driver
3-lead SOT-89
ADL5321 2300 to 4000 14 25 40 4 4.75 to 5.25 84 2600 4.25 mm 4.6 mm, Driver
3-lead SOT-89
ADL5322 700 to 1000 20 28 45 5 4.75 to 5.25 320 880 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Matched driver

ADL5323 1700 to 2400 19.5 28 43.5 5 4.75 to 5.25 320 2140 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Matched driver

ADL55211 400 to 4000 15 22.5 35 0.82 3.0 to 5.25 65 1950 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Single LNA
1 2
ADL5523 400 to 4000 17.5 22 36 1 3.0 to 5.25 65 1950 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Single LNA

ADL55301 DC to 1000 17 22 37 3 3.0 to 5.5 110 190 3 mm 2 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Matched IF amplifier

ADL5531 20 to 500 21 20.4 41 2.5 4.75 to 5.25 100 70 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Matched IF amplifier

ADL5534 20 to 500 19.4 20 40 2.7 4.75 to 5.25 180 190 5 mm 5 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Dual ADL5531
Broadband matched
ADL5541 50 to 6000 15 20 44 3.5 4.5 to 5.5 90 500 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP gain block
Broadband matched
ADL5542 50 to 6000 19.5 20.6 46 2.8 4.5 to 5.5 93 500 3 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP gain block
1
ADL5570 2300 to 2400 29 31 — — 3.2 to 4.2 130 2350 4 mm 4 mm, 16-lead LFCSP WiMAX power amplifier

ADL55711 2500 to 2700 29 31 — — 3.2 to 4.2 130 2600 4 mm 4 mm, 16-lead LFCSP WiMAX power amplifier
1
3 V bias supported.
2
NF includes external input match.

32
 3IGNAL0ROCESSING

%VALUATINGLINEARDISTORTION
IN!$#DRIVERAMPLIlERS
)NORDERTOFULLYHARNESSTHEPOTENTIALOFHIGH PERFORMANCE!$#SFORAPPLICATIONS
SUCHASSOFTWARE DElNEDRADIO3$2 THECOMPONENTSDElNINGTHEINPUTSIGNAL
PATHWAYMUSTHAVEMATCHINGLEVELSOFPERFORMANCE7HENANAMPLIlERISUSED
SPECIALCONSIDERATIONMUSTBEGIVENTOPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONTESTING
"Y%AMON.ASH

7
KH DGYHQW RI PXOWLFDUULHU PXVW DFFRPPRGDWH D ODUJH UDQJH RI LQSXW E\ GHOLYHULQJ ORZHU GLVWRUWLRQ DQG QRLVH
UHFHLYHUVDQG6'5DSSOLFDWLRQV VLJQDOV ZKLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ JRRG GLVWRUWLRQ 7KLVSUHVHQWVDFKDOOHQJHWR,&GHVLJQHUVDQG
DUHIRUFLQJERDUGOHYHODQGLQWH DQG QRLVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV $V WKH UHVROXWLRQ WHVW HQJLQHHUV DV WKH UHTXLUHG SHUIRUPDQFH
JUDWHG FLUFXLW ,& GHVLJQHUV WR RI ,)VDPSOLQJ DQDORJWRGLJLWDO FRQYHUWHUV OHYHOVRIWHQSXVKWKHFDSDELOLWLHVRIWKHWHVW
FUHDWHV\VWHPVZLWKHYHULQFUHDV $'&LQFUHDVHVIURPELWVWRELWVWKH
LQJG\QDPLFUDQJH7KLVPHDQVWKDWUHFHLYHUV DPSOL¿HUV WKDW GULYH WKHP PXVW NHHS SDFH


 



HTXLSPHQWEH\RQGZKDWWKH\ZHUHRULJLQDOO\
GHVLJQHG WR PHDVXUH 7KLV DUWLFOH H[SORUHV
WKH FKDOOHQJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PHDVXULQJ
KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH $'& GULYHU DPSOL¿HUV
$QWLDOLDVLQJ¿OWHUVFDQLPSURYHPRVWGULYHU
LQWHUIDFHV DQG RYHUDOO ,) SHUIRUPDQFH EXW
VLQFHPXFKKDVDOUHDG\EHHQZULWWHQUHJDUGLQJ
WKLVLWZLOOQRWEHGLVFXVVHGKHUH
!CTIVEVSPASSIVE!$#DRIVE
 $OPRVWDOO,)VDPSOLQJ$'&VIHDWXUHGLI
IHUHQWLDO LQSXWV EXW PRVW 5) DQG ,) VWDJHV
  DUHVLQJOHHQGHGWKXVPDNLQJWKHFRQYHUVLRQ
IURP VLQJOHHQGHG WR GLIIHUHQWLDO HVVHQWLDO


 :KLOH WUDQVIRUPHUV FDQ SURYLGH VLQJOH
HQGHGWRGLIIHUHQWLDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQZLWKORZ
GLVWRUWLRQ VRPH DSSOLFDWLRQV UHTXLUH DGGL
WLRQDOJDLQRULVRODWLRQIURPWKHVLJQDOFKDLQ
7KH JDLQ DQG LVRODWLRQ FDQ EH SURYLGHG E\
DQ DFWLYH $'& GULYHU WKXV UHTXLULQJ DQ
DPSOL¿HU WKDW FDQ SHUIRUP VLQJOHHQGHG WR


  

 GLIIHUHQWLDO FRQYHUVLRQ ZLWK WKH ÀH[LELOLW\


RIKDYLQJDGMXVWDEOHJDLQZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJ



DJRRGWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHI¿FLHQW6SHUIRU
PDQFH IRU UHDVRQDEOH LVRODWLRQ $OVR QRWH
WKDW EDOXQV RIWHQ FDXVH SUREOHPV DW KLJKHU
IUHTXHQFLHV:KHQWKH,)IUHTXHQF\H[FHHGV


 WKH¿UVW1\TXLVW]RQHWKHHYHQRUGHUKDUPRQ
LFGLVWRUWLRQSURGXFWVFDQEHHOHYDWHGGXHWR
WKHLPEDODQFHFUHDWHGE\WKHLQWHUQDOSDUDVLWLF
FDSDFLWLYHFRXSOLQJRIWKHEDOXQ



 )NTERMODULATIONDISTORTION/)0
MEASUREMENTS


 0HDVXULQJ WKH WKLUGRUGHU LQWHUFHSW IRU


  

 KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH ORZGLVWRUWLRQ DPSOL¿HUV
 UHSUHVHQWV D FKDOOHQJH IRU DYDLODEOH WHVW


HTXLSPHQW ZLWK G\QDPLF UDQJH EHLQJ WKH

 SULPDU\ FKDOOHQJH IRU VSHFWUXP DQDO\VLV


 
)RU5)VLJQDOJHQHUDWLRQWKHVSHFWUDOSXULW\



RIWKHWZRLQSXWWRQHVUHTXLUHG H[FHHGVWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIW\SLFDOJHQHUDWRUVDWPHGLXP
DQG KLJK GULYH OHYHOV$OVR JHQHUDWRUV FDQ
FDXVH LQWHUPRGXODWLRQ ,0 LQ HDFK RWKHU
&IGURE!CTIVE!$#DRIVEVSPASSIVE!$#DRIVE LI WKHUH LV QRW VXI¿FLHQW LVRODWLRQ EHWZHHQ

WWWRFDESIGNCOM -AY
33
 
  



 !"
 $%
 
' 
$",-' 


  

 &
!
!
 !
   !# "!
# 

"
 
'

&IGURE/)0MEASUREMENTSETUPOFAHIGH PERFORMANCEAMPLIlER


 
 
 $"
%'
)"     
 
&
 %'
*")( %$

%'     

 
 %+' 

  )&&",
 

 % 
$ !  # $

  ') (
$"% "%! !
$&)(  ') (
&IGURE4YPICALHARMONICDISTORTIONSETUP

%.*'.

#$ !

1

//

& "%!
$&)(  $
%$$(%'

'(
0+ 

&, !

1
 
&, 
1 !



,)/
&,

 


#$ 

&,  &IGURE&&4SETUPUSING!$#ANALYZERHARDWAREANDSOFTWAREANDAN

1 !$!$#BOARDDRIVENBYTHE!$



 WRHQVXUHWKDWDFOHDQVLJQDOZLWKUHGXFHGKDUPRQLFVLVSUHVHQWHGWR
WKHDPSOL¿HUXQGHUWHVW,QDGGLWLRQDEURDGEDQGUHVLVWLYHFRPELQHU
 SURYLGHVDZD\WRFRPELQHWKHWZRVLJQDOVWKDWZLOOJLYHDJRRGPDWFK

  
DWDOOSRZHUOHYHOVDQGIUHTXHQFLHV


)LQDOO\WKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HUIURQWHQGPXVWKDYHWKHRSWLPDOLQSXW
"
 VLJQDOOHYHOLQRUGHUWRPLQLPL]HDGGLWLRQDOXQZDQWHG,0SURGXFWV
2SWLPL]LQJWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HULVWKHNH\WRJHWWLQJWKHEHVWG\QDPLF
 UDQJHRIWKHV\VWHPDQGFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\NHHSLQJWKHQRPLQDOLQSXW

SRZHUGRZQWR±G%P
 :LWK DFFHSWDEOH OHYHOV WR WKH DQDO\]HU WKH VHWWLQJV VKRXOG QRZ
 EH RSWLPL]HG IRU DFFXUDWH PHDVXUHPHQWV 5HGXFLQJ WKH VSDQ DQG
UHVROXWLRQ EDQGZLGWKV DQG ]HURLQJ LQ RQ WKH GLVFUHWH WRQHV WR
 PHDVXUH DEVROXWH G%P UDWKHU WKDQ UHODWLYH G%F ZLOO ORZHU WKH
  HIIHFWLYH QRLVH IORRU SURYLGLQJ LQFUHDVHG UHVROXWLRQ IRU PRUH
',/'.

1

*1
-%,

*1 DFFXUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWV7KHUHIHUHQFHOHYHODQGDWWHQXDWLRQVHWWLQJV
%/'






 PXVWDOVREHRSWLPL]HGDVKLJKHURXWSXWOHYHOVUHTXLUHPRUHG\QDPLF
UDQJH DQG KLJKHU IXQGDPHQWDO SRZHU OHYHOV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ ZKLOH
&IGURE4HIRDHARMONICCONTENTSPANNEDIN
KLJKHUIXQGDPHQWDOOHYHOVFDQRYHUGULYHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HUWRR
WKHP WKXV DGGLQJ XQZDQWHG KDUPRQLF SURGXFWV 7KLV PRGXODWLRQ PXFK DWWHQXDWLRQ FDQ OLPLW WKH G\QDPLF UDQJH WR WKH SRLQW ZKHUH
FDQ EH HIIHFWLYHO\ HOLPLQDWHG E\ XVLQJ FLUFXODWRUV WR UHGXFH WKH \RX FDQQRW VHH WKH ORZOHYHO KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ SURGXFW RI
XQZDQWHGVLJQDOIURPWKHRSSRVLQJJHQHUDWRUWKDWZRXOGRWKHUZLVH LQWHUHVW$V ZLWK PDQ\ 5) WHVW VHWXSV D WKRURXJK FDOLEUDWLRQ PXVW
FRXSOH LQWR WKH GHWHFWRU LQWHUIHUH ZLWK WKH DXWRPDWLF OHYHO FRQWURO EHFRPSOHWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHRYHUDOOFDSDELOLWLHVRIWKHWHVWV\VWHP
$/&ORRSDQGFUHDWHXQZDQWHGVLGHEDQGV)URPDSUDFWLFDOSHUVSHF 7KLVPHDVXUHPHQWEHFRPHVWKHEHQFKPDUNIRUWKHWHVWVHWXS
WLYHLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRREWDLQ,)EDQGFLUFXODWRUV0+]WR0+]
VR DQRWKHU DOWHUQDWLYH PXVW EH FKRVHQ 2QH FRXOG VLPSO\ DWWHQXDWH
WKHRXWSXWVLIVXI¿FLHQWSRZHUDQGJDLQZHUHDYDLODEOHIURPWKHVLJQDO
JHQHUDWRUV 7KLV LV QRW SUDFWLFDO KRZHYHU DV WKH PD[LPXP RXWSXW
OHYHOVDYDLODEOHIURPPRVWJHQHUDWRUVDUHLQWKHG%PUDQJH7R
DFKLHYH WKH UHTXLUHG JDLQ SRZHU DQG LVRODWLRQ D FOHDQ ORZQRLVH
(ARMONICDISTORTIONMEASUREMENTS
$V GLVFXVVHG DERYH VLJQDO JHQHUDWRUV DQG DPSOLILHUV RIWHQ
FUHDWH QRLVH DQG VSHFWUDO LPSXULWLHV WKDW FDQ DGYHUVHO\ DIIHFW
GLVWRUWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV +DUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH
QR GLIIHUHQW %DQGSDVV ¿OWHULQJ MXVW SULRU WR WKH GHYLFH XQGHU WHVW
OLQHDUSRZHUDPSOL¿HU/3$ZLWKKLJK,3DQGJRRGUHYHUVHLVRODWLRQ LV HVVHQWLDO %HIRUH KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV FDQ EH
FDQEHXVHG)LJXUH7KH/3$DOORZVWKHJHQHUDWRUWREHXVHGDW
ORZHU RXWSXW OHYHOV WKXV PLQLPL]LQJ XQZDQWHG GLVWRUWLRQ )XUWKHU
LVRODWLRQDQGEURDGEDQGPDWFKLQJFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\DGGLQJDWWHQXD
WLRQEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHDPSOL¿HU7KLVRXWSXWSDGGLQJFDQEHRSWLPL]HG
WRPDLQWDLQJRRGKDUPRQLFSHUIRUPDQFH$OWKRXJKWKLVVRXQGVOLNH
RYHUNLOOLWLVDJRRGSUDFWLFH)XUWKHUORZSDVV¿OWHULQJLVUHTXLUHG
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
34
SHUIRUPHG HQVXUH WKDW WKH GLVWRUWLRQ RI WKH VRXUFH LV DW OHDVW 
G% EHWWHU WKDQ WKH H[SHFWHG GLVWRUWLRQ RI WKH GHYLFH XQGHU WHVW 'R
QRWRYHUGULYHWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HURU$'&EHFDXVHGRLQJVRZLOO
DOVR GHJUDGH WKH GLVWRUWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW $V ZLWK WKH ,0'2,3
PHDVXUHPHQW WKH VSDQ ZLGWKV DQG UHVROXWLRQ EDQGZLGWKV PXVW EH
QDUURZHG WR ORZHU WKH HIIHFWLYH QRLVH ÀRRU DQG JHW WKH PRVW RXW
-AY
 



$
"')
 
,'/')&


'-

 
*)/%,-%,
 )"(*&
)

1


$
 


2
$#

 

2
$#



$




 
 



!
 
 











,%+.%)#0
1

&IGURE3INGLE TONEHARMONICDISTORTIONOFTHE!$!$#DRIVER
AMPLIlERINTERFACEDTOTHE!$!$#AT-(ZANDAT-(ZSAMPLE
RATEUSING!NALOG$EVICES!$#ANALYZER




 
$&

)$,$&#

$*
  
'&,!)*!)

 &%'#
&

.
&


.
 "/"

/ 
 " /"

/
 
 





 

 













)!(+!&-
.

&IGURE4WO TONEHARMONICDISTORTIONOFTHE!$!$#DRIVER
AMPLIlERINTERFACEDTOTHE!$!$#AT-(ZANDAT-(ZSAMPLE
RATEUSING!NALOG$EVICES!$#ANALYZER

RI WKH HTXLSPHQW RQ KDQG$YHUDJLQJ LV XVHIXO WR KHOS LGHQWLI\ WKH
ORZOHYHO VLJQDOV RI LQWHUHVW 7KH SORW LQ )LJXUH  VKRZV D W\SLFDO
KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ VHWXS 7KH FULWLFDO HOHPHQW LQ WKH VHWXS LV WKH
EDQGSDVV¿OWHUZKLFKVKRXOGKDYHUHMHFWLRQRIDWOHDVWG%
7KH SORW LQ )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH WKLUG KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ RI WKH
KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH DPSOL¿HU GHVFULEHG ODWHU 7KH GLVWRUWLRQ LV RQO\
DERXW  G% DERYH WKH QRLVH ÀRRU +DYLQJ WKH VLJQDO RI LQWHUHVW
WKLV FORVH WR WKH QRLVH ÀRRU PDNHV WKH PHDVXUHPHQW GLI¿FXOW DQG
WKHVHWXSFULWLFDO7KLVPHDVXUHPHQWZDVPDGHZLWKWKHIXQGDPHQWDO
,) DW  0+] 7KH WKLUG KDUPRQLF SURGXFW ZDV PHDVXUHG DW
±G%F
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVHWXSXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKH))7IRUH[DPLQLQJ
RYHUDOO$'& DQG$'&GULYHU SHUIRUPDQFH )LJXUH  ZDV SURGXFHG
XVLQJ $QDORJ 'HYLFHV¶ $'& DQDO\]HU VRIWZDUH ZKLFK XVHV DQ
$'& WR PDNH WKH ))7 PHDVXUHPHQW 7KH $'& DQDO\]HU DOVR
SURYLGHV PDQ\ RWKHU V\VWHP SHUIRUPDQFH PHWULFV VXFK DV WKH
VLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR615DQGVSXULRXVIUHHG\QDPLFUDQJH6)'5
ZKLFK DUH RI LQWHUHVW ZKHQ GULYLQJ DPSOL¿HUV DQG $'&V 7KH
PHDVXUHPHQW DV LW LV SHUIRUPHG LQ WKH WLPH GRPDLQ JUHDWO\
VLPSOLI\LQJWKHWDVN,QDGGLWLRQWRHDVHRIPHDVXUHPHQWLWSURYLGHV

WWWRFDESIGNCOM -AY
35
 


 



   UHDO ZRUOG SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUHV RI WKH
DPSOL¿HU DQG $'& SDLULQJ FKRVHQ IRU D
 


 


SDUWLFXODU DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KLV FRPELQDWLRQ

  
 
   FDQ WKXV JLYH WKH GHVLJQHU DQ DFFXUDWH
PHDVXUH RI SHUIRUPDQFH SULRU WR FRPPLW

  WLQJ WR KDUGZDUH ZKLOH DOVR VSHHGLQJ WKH
GHVLJQ F\FOH VLJQL¿FDQWO\ E\ VWDUWLQJ ZLWK
&IGURE/PTIMIZINGNARROWBANDDISTORTIONPERFORMANCE WKH DFWXDO PHDVXUHPHQW KDUGZDUH :KLOH
VLQJOHWRQH KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ LV DQ HI
IHFWLYH ZD\ WR GHWHUPLQH GULYHU DPSOL
¿HUSHUIRUPDQFHWZRWRQHVSURYLGHDPRUH
UHDOLVWLF SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUH LQ WRGD\¶V
PRGHUQGLJLWDO,)VLJQDOFKDLQV)LJXUH

(IGH SPEEDBROADBAND
!$#DRIVING
:KLOH PHDVXULQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI DQ
$'&GULYHUDPSOL¿HUE\LWVHOILVQHFHVVDU\
LW LV XOWLPDWHO\ WKH FRPELQHG SHUIRUPDQFH
RI GULYHU DQG $'& WKDW PXVW IXOILOO WKH
V\VWHP¶VUHTXLUHPHQWV)DVW)RXULHUWUDQVIRUP
))7EDVHG $'& GDWD DQDO\VLV VRIWZDUH
SURYLGHV DQ HDV\ DQG SRZHUIXO WRRO IRU
HYDOXDWLQJDVLJQDOFKDLQ)LJXUHUHSUHVHQWV
WKH EURDGEDQG SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH$'
DW0+]ZLWKD0+]VDPSOLQJUDWH

/PTIMIZINGNARROWBAND
PERFORMANCEFOR!$#DRIVING
/HYHUDJLQJ WKH EDVLF EURDGEDQG SHUIRU
PDQFH QDUURZEDQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ PD\ EH
HPSOR\HGWRIXUWKHUHQKDQFHWKHRYHUDOOFLUFXLW
SHUIRUPDQFHIRUQDUURZHUEDQGZLGWKV
 7KH $' KDV D IRUJLYLQJ KDUPRQLF
YV IUHTXHQF\ VORSH 7KLV XQLTXH DELO
LW\DORQJZLWKLWVDELOLW\WRIXUWKHUHQKDQFH
LWV KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
PDNHV LW DQ LGHDO VXEMHFW IRU PHDVXULQJ
KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ 7KH GHYLFH WXQLQJ
LV DFFRPSOLVKHG YLD FDSDFLWRU &G DQG
UHVLVWRU 5G LWV H[WHUQDO GLVWRUWLRQ WXQLQJ
FRPSRQHQWV )LJXUH  VKRZV WKHVH FRPSR
QHQWV DORQJ ZLWK WKH FLUFXLW WRSRORJ\ IRU
WKHQDUURZEDQGRSWLPL]DWLRQRIWKHDPSOL¿HU
IRU GULYLQJ WKH$'$'& IRU GLVWRUWLRQ
HYDOXDWLRQ (DFK ,) IUHTXHQF\ FDQ WKXV EH
RSWLPL]HG WR IXUWKHU HQKDQFH WKH GLVWRU
WLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH DW D JLYHQ IUHTXHQF\ RI
LQWHUHVW %\ ORZHULQJ WKH WKLUGRUGHU
KDUPRQLF GLVWRUWLRQ EHWWHU 6)'5 OHYHOV
FDQ EH DFKLHYHG 1RWH WKDW ZKLOH LPSURYHG
LQEDQG SHUIRUPDQFH FDQEH DFKLHYHG LW
PD\EHDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRXWRIEDQGWKLUG
RUGHU SURGXFWV ZKLFK PXVW EH HYDOXDWHG
GXULQJIUHTXHQF\SODQQLQJ
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHHQKDQFHGQDUURZEDQG
SHUIRUPDQFH WXQH 6XFK ORZ WKLUGRUGHU
KDUPRQLFSURGXFWVDVPHDVXUHGKHUHE\WKH
$'&DQDO\]HUFDQDOVREHPHDVXUHGGLVFUHWHO\
ZLWKDVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HUDVRXWOLQHGLQWKLV
DUWLFOH&DUHQHHGVWREHWDNHQWRPDNHVXUHWKH
LQSXWOHYHOVDUHFOHDQDQGWKHRXWSXWOHYHOVDUH
FRUUHFWO\PDWFKHGWRWKHVSHFWUXPDQDO\]HU

WWWRFDESIGNCOM -AY
36
 7KH DPSOL¿HU XVHG IRU HYDOXDWLRQ LQ WKLV
DUWLFOHZDVFKRVHQGXHWRLWVKLJK2,3DQG
LWV VLPXOWDQHRXV ORZ KDUPRQLF JHQHUDWLRQ
DW KLJK IUHTXHQFLHV 7KLV OHYHO RI SHUIRUP
DQFH LV ZKDW PRGHUQ $'& GULYHUV PXVW
GHOLYHUDQGLWLQGLFDWHVWKHOHYHORIGLI¿FXOW\
LQPHDVXULQJWKHVHSDUDPHWHUVWRGD\DQGLQWR
WKHIRUHVHHDEOHIXWXUH2&$

&IGURE2ESULTSFORNARROWBANDHARMONICDISTORTIONREDUCTIONTECHNIQUES !"/544(%!54(/2
(DPRQ 1DVK LV DSSOLFDWLRQV HQ
WKH RYHUDOO FDSDELOLW\ RI WKH V\VWHP JLQHHULQJ PDQDJHU IRU 5) VWDQGDUG
2ELEVANTFORTHEFUTURE
7KLV DUWLFOH SURYLGHV D EULHI GHVFULSWLRQ RI SURGXFWVDW$QDORJ'HYLFHV+HKROGV
$V FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WUDQVFHLYHUV PRYH
YDULRXV PHWKRGV XVHG WR HYDOXDWH FULWLFDO D %DFKHORU RI (QJLQHHULQJ GHJUHH LQ
WRZDUG KLJKHU IUHTXHQFLHV KLJKHU VSHHGV
VSHFL¿FDWLRQV RI KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH DPSOL (OHFWURQLFV IURP WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
DQG ZLGHU EDQGZLGWKV LQFOXGLQJ KLJK
¿HUV WKDW DUH LQWHQGHG IRU XVH LQ PRGHUQ /LPHULFN,UHODQG
HU UHVROXWLRQ WKH $'& GULYHU DPSOL¿HU
SOD\V DQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ LPSRUWDQW UROH RQ KLJKSHUIRUPDQFHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVV\VWHPV

WWWRFDESIGNCOM -AY
37
RF Bonus Feature

High Frequency ADC Drivers

Features
Low distortion, fully differential amplifiers
Range of adjustable and fixed gain devices
Drive high resolution (12-bit to 16-bit) analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs) at high speed (100 MHz)
Small footprint packages, single- and/or dual-supply

Distortion Noise Supply

Part Bandwidth @ Gain Output IP3 Input Noise Supply
2nd (dBc) Figure Current Package Comments
Number –3 dB (MHz) (dB) (dBm) (nV/√Hz) Voltage (V)
3rd (dBc) (dB) (mA)
–65/–66 28 3.1 mm 5.05 mm,
AD8350-15 900 15 6.8 1.7 4 to 11 28
(50 MHz) (50 MHz) 8-lead SOIC/MSOP
–66/–66 28 3.1 mm 5.05 mm,
AD8350-20 700 20 5.6 1.7 4 to 11 28
(50 MHz) (50 MHz) 8-lead SOIC/MSOP
2200 –79/–81 31 3 mm 4.9 mm, Gain adjustable with
AD8351 0 to 26 10 2.7 3 to 5.5 28
(A V = 12 dB) (70 MHz) (70 MHz) 10-lead MSOP external resistor
Gain adjustable with
–85/–85 41 3 mm 3 mm,
AD8352 2000 0 to 24 10 2.6 3 to 5.5 37 external resistor/ultralow
(100 MHz) (180 MHz) 16-lead LFCSP distortion
–85/–88 50 4 mm 4 mm, Differential input/output
AD8375 700 –4 to +20 8.5 — 4.5 to 5.5 130
(200 MHz) (70 MHz) 24-lead LFCSP digital gain amplifier
Differential input/
–85/–87 50 5 mm 5 mm,
AD8376 700 –4 to +20 8.5 — 4.5 to 5.5 260 output, dual-channel,
(200 MHz) (70 MHz) 32-lead LFCSP digital gain amplifier
Single: 3 mm 3 mm, Single-ended input/
ADA4937-1/ –84/–91 16-lead LFCSP differential output or
1900 Adjustable — 15 2.2 3.3 to 5 40
ADA4937-2 (70 MHz) differential input/output;
Dual: 4 mm 4 mm, adjustable VOCM
24-lead LFCSP
Single: 3 mm 3 mm, Single-ended input/
ADA4938-1/ –82/–82 16-lead LFCSP differential output or
1000 Adjustable — 15.8 2.6 5 to 5 37
ADA4938-2 (50 MHz) differential input/output;
Dual: 4 mm 4 mm, adjustable VOCM
24-lead LFCSP

38
 !CTIVE#OMPONENTS

)1MODULATORSADVANCERECONlGURABLERADIO
7HILETRUESOFTWARE DElNEDRADIOHASYETTOBEIMPLEMENTEDCOSTEFFECTIVELY
FORGENERALAPPLICATIONSIMPROVEMENTSINSIGNAL PROCESSINGFUNCTIONSSUCH
AS)1MODULATORSMOVETHE2&INDUSTRYEVERCLOSERTOTHATGOAL
"Y%AMON.ASH

4 KH SRSXODULW\ RI UHFRQ¿JXUDEOH UDGLRV

LV LQFUHDVLQJ DV ZLUHOHVV LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
HTXLSPHQW PDQXIDFWXUHUV WU\ WR GHVLJQ
UHFRQ¿JXUDEOHUDGLRGH¿HVDEURDGO\DJUHHG
GHILQLWLRQ $ UHFRQILJXUDEOH UDGLR PLJKW
EHGH¿QHGDVRQHRUPRUHRIWKHIROORZLQJ
D FHUWDLQ OHYHO RI ÀH[LELOLW\ VR WKDW LW FDQ
EH UHSURJUDPPHG DV WKH DLU LQWHUIDFH
FKDQJHV:KLOHWKLVIXQFWLRQFRXOGEHLPSOH
SODWIRUPV WKDW FRYHU PXOWLSOH IUHTXHQFLHV $FRPPRQ3&%WKDWFDQEHVHOHFWLYHO\ PHQWHG XVLQJ D VWDQGDUG GLJLWDO VLJQDO SUR
DQG DLU LQWHUIDFHV 7KH PDUNHW FRQWLQXHV WR SRSXODWHG GXULQJ PDQXIDFWXUH WR SURYLGH FHVVRU'63RUXVLQJD¿HOGSURJUDPPDEOH
VWULYH WR DFKLHYH WKH LGHDO RI D VRIWZDUH RSHUDWLRQ DW D SDUWLFXODU IUHTXHQF\ XVLQJ JDWH DUUD\ )3*$ WKH PDLQ FKDOOHQJH LV
GH¿QHG UDGLR 6'5 :KLOH WKLV UHVHDUFK
FRQWLQXHV LQFUHPHQWDO GHYHORSPHQWV DUH
WDNLQJ SODFH WKDW SURYLGH FRPPRQ SODWIRUP
GHVLJQV'HVLJQVDUHWKHQFRQ¿JXUHGGXULQJ
PDQXIDFWXUH SURYLGLQJ DQ RYHUDOO VDYLQJV
LQGHYHORSPHQWFRVWV
RQHRIDQXPEHURISRVVLEOHDLULQWHUIDFHV
)L[HGKDUGZDUHWKDWFDQRSHUDWHDWRQH
IUHTXHQF\XVLQJRQHRUPRUHDLULQWHUIDFHV
 )L[HG KDUGZDUH WKDW FDQ RSHUDWH DW
PXOWLSOHIUHTXHQFLHVXVLQJRQHDLULQWHUIDFH
 )L[HG KDUGZDUH WKDW FDQ RSHUDWH DW
WRSXWLQSODFHHQRXJKSURFHVVLQJSRZHUVR
WKDW WKH V\VWHP LV FDSDEOH RI HQFRGLQJ WKH
PRVW FRPSOH[ RI WKH DLU LQWHUIDFHV WR EH
VXSSRUWHG 7KH GRZQVLGH RI WKLV DSSURDFK
LVWKDWZKHQWKHSURFHVVRULVHQFRGLQJDORZ
GDWD UDWH VLJQDO LQWR D UHODWLYHO\ VLPSOH DLU
%HFDXVHRIWKHLUVLPSOLFLW\DQGWKHOLPLWHG PXOWLSOH IUHTXHQFLHV XVLQJ PXOWLSOH DLU LQWHUIDFHHJ436.SURFHVVLQJSRZHUZLOO
QXPEHURIVSXULRXVFRPSRQHQWVWKH\JHQHUDWH LQWHUIDFHV H[FHHGGHPDQG
GLUHFWFRQYHUVLRQ VLJQDO FKDLQV DUH EHFRP 0RVW V\VWHPV HQJLQHHUV ZRXOG DJUHH 2QFHWKHGDWDKDVEHHQHQFRGHGDQG¿OWHUHG
LQJ D SRSXODU DUFKLWHFWXUDO FKRLFH LQ PDQ\ WKDW WKH ODVW SRLQW DERYH GHVFULEHV D WUXH LQ WKH GLJLWDO GRPDLQ LW LV FRQYHUWHG WR DQ
UDGLRVHVSHFLDOO\LQUHFRQ¿JXUDEOHSODWIRUPV 6'5)LJXUHVKRZVDFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRI DQDORJVLJQDOWKDWFDQEHLQFRPSOH[,4RU
,4 PRGXODWRUV DQG GHPRGXODWRUV DUH NH\
FRPSRQHQWV LQ GLUHFWFRQYHUVLRQ WUDQVPLW
WHUVDQGUHFHLYHUV7KLVDUWLFOHZLOOIRFXVRQ
XVLQJ,4PRGXODWRUVLQUHFRQ¿JXUDEOHUDGLR
WUDQVPLWWHUV
$ElNITIONS
/LNHPDQ\HYROYLQJWHFKQRORJLHVWKHWHUP
D GLUHFWFRQYHUVLRQ VLJQDO FKDLQ )LUVW WKH
FKDOOHQJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK GHVLJQLQJ VXFK
D VLJQDO FKDLQ ZLOO EH FRQVLGHUHG DQG WKHQ
XSFRQYHUWHU DUFKLWHFWXUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV
ZLOOEHH[DPLQHG
7KHGDWDWREHWUDQVPLWWHGLV¿UVWHQFRGHG
LQ D GLJLWDO EDVHEDQG SURFHVVRU ,Q D UHFRQ
¿JXUDEOH UDGLR WKLV SURFHVVRU ZLOO UHTXLUH
UHDOIRUPDWORZ,),QHLWKHUFDVHWKLVVLJQDO
PXVWEH¿OWHUHGWRUHPRYH1\TXLVWVDPSOLQJ
LPDJHV DQG EURDGEDQG QRLVH 7KLV SUHVHQWV
WKH¿UVWKDUGZDUHFKDOOHQJHWRLPSOHPHQWLQJ
DFRPSOHWHVRIWZDUHUDGLRVLQFHGLIIHUHQWDLU
LQWHUIDFHV ZLOO UHTXLUH GLIIHUHQW ¿OWHU EDQG
ZLGWKV DQG VKDSHV $V D UHVXOW VRPH NLQG
RISURJUDPPDEOH¿OWHULQJZLOOEHQHFHVVDU\






  








 

  







&IGURE!RECONlGURABLERADIOTRANSMITTER

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *UNE
39
 

 

  
!


 !




&IGURE103+MODULATIONUSINGAN)1MODULATOR
7KHUH LV KRZHYHU DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKLV SURFHVVRU WKH GRZQVLGH RI WKLV DSSURDFK LV GHVLJQ RI EURDGEDQG RVFLOODWRUV LV PRUH
,I D '$& LV VHOHFWHG ZLWK KLJK UHVROXWLRQ WKDW KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH KDUGZDUH LH WKH FKDOOHQJLQJ*HQHUDOO\WKHGHVLJQLVOLPLWHG
DQGDYHU\KLJKVDPSOLQJUDWHLWVEURDGEDQG '$&¶V/6%VZLOOVRPHWLPHVJRXQXVHG E\WKHWXQLQJUDQJHRIWKHYROWDJHFRQWUROOHG
QRLVH ZLOO EH ORZ DQG 1\TXLVW LPDJHV ZLOO 7KHQH[WVWHSLVWRXSFRQYHUWWKHEDVHEDQG RVFLOODWRU9&26LQFH9&2WXQLQJUDQJHV
DSSHDUDWKLJKIUHTXHQFLHV$VDUHVXOWLWPD\ VLJQDO WR WKH UDGLR IUHTXHQF\ ,Q JHQHUDO DUH W\SLFDOO\  0+] WR  0+] IRU
EH DGHTXDWH WR LPSOHPHQW D ¿[HG EDVHEDQG
¿OWHUZKRVHFRUQHUIUHTXHQF\LVKLJKHUWKDQ
WKH EURDGHVW EDQGZLGWK WR EH WUDQVPLWWHG
EXW VWLOO ORZ HQRXJK WR UHPRYH WKH 1\TXLVW
LPDJHV $V LQ WKH FDVH RI WKH EDVHEDQG
RQH RU PRUH ORFDO RVFLOODWRUV DUH UHTXLUHG
WR PL[ WKH 5) VLJQDO ZLWK WKH EDVHEDQG
VLJQDO$OWKRXJK LW LV QRW GLI¿FXOW WR GHVLJQ
D IUHTXHQF\DJLOH RVFLOODWRU ZKLFK FDQ
RSHUDWH ZLWKLQ D SDUWLFXODU IUHTXHQF\ EDQG
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
40
9&2VRSHUDWLQJLQWKH*+]WR*+]UDQJH
DQ DOWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFK PXVW EH WDNHQ
LIWKHUDGLRLVWRRSHUDWHDFURVVDPXOWL*LJD
KHUW] UDQJH 2QH RSWLRQ LV WR RSHUDWH WKH
3//9&2DWDKLJKEDVHIUHTXHQF\DQGXVH
*UNE
 


TXDGUDWXUHSKDVHVKLIWNH\HG436.FDUULHU
%$ %$
&"

7KH,4PRGXODWRUFRQVLVWVRIWZRPXOWLSOLHUV
 

 PL[HUVZKRVHRXWSXWVDUHFRPELQHGDQGD

 
% "##
 VLJQDOVSOLWWHUZKRVHRXWSXWVDUHLQTXDGUDWXUH
  LHVHSDUDWHGE\ƒ
 6R ZH FDQ WKLQN RI WKH ,4 PRGXODWRU
  DVDSDLURIPXOWLSOLHUVWKDWDUHHDFKGULYHQ
E\ ¿[HG YHFWRUV VHSDUDWHG E\ ƒ %HFDXVH

 WKH RXWSXWV RI WKH WZR PXOWLSOLHUV DUH FRP
ELQHG WKH VLJQDOV DSSOLHG WR WKHLU VHFRQG
 LQSXWVWKH,DQG4LQSXWVJLYHXVWKHDELOLW\
WRJHQHUDWHDUELWUDU\5)YHFWRUVDQGWRFRQWURO
 WKHLULQVWDQWDQHRXVDPSOLWXGHDQGSKDVH
:HEHJLQZLWKDVLPSOHELWVWUHDPLQWKH
 
FRQWH[W RI ,4 PRGXODWLRQ LW LV VLPSOHU WR












 WKLQN RI WKH ELWVWUHDP FRQVLVWLQJ RI  DQG
 ORJLF VWDWHV LQVWHDG RI XVLQJ WKH PRUH
"!%'

( FRQYHQWLRQDO ODEHOV RI  DQG  7KLV ELW
VWUHDPLVVSOLWLQWRWZRHTXLYDOHQWELWVWUHDPV
&IGURE&IVEPIN COMPATIBLE)1MODULATORSCOMBINETOPROVIDEHIGH QUALITYBROADBANDOPERATION
UPTO'(Z
HDFKZLWKKDOIRIWKHGDWDUDWHRIWKHRULJLQDO
7KHVH ELWVWUHDPV DUH RYHUVDPSOHG DQG ORZ
SDVV¿OWHUHGLQWKHGLJLWDOGRPDLQWRUHGXFH
WKH VLGHOREHV DQG EDQGZLGWK RI WKH ¿QDO
FDUULHU 7KH WZR GLJLWDO ELWVWUHDPV DUH WKHQ
  DSSOLHG WR WZR GLJLWDOWRDQDORJ FRQYHUWHUV
'$& 7KH RXWSXW VLJQDO IURP HDFK '$&
ZLOODJDLQEHORZSDVV¿OWHUHGWRUHPRYH'$&
LPDJHV DQG SRVVLEO\ VRPH RI WKH '$&¶V

EURDGEDQGQRLVH)LQDOO\WKHWZREDVHEDQG

 
VLJQDOV DUH DSSOLHG WR WKH LQSKDVH , DQG
TXDGUDWXUH4LQSXWVRIWKH,4PRGXODWRU
$ SKDVH ORFNHG ORRS 3// GULYHV WKH
ORFDORVFLOODWRU/2LQSXWRIWKH,4PRGXODWRU
$VSUHYLRXVO\QRWHGWKLVVLJQDOLVVSOLWLQWR
WZR HTXDO FRPSRQHQWV VHSDUDWHG LQ SKDVH
  E\ ƒ :KHQ WKHVH TXDGUDWXUH /2V DUH
 PXOWLSOLHGZLWKWKH¿OWHUHGEDVHEDQGVLJQDOV
WKH FRPELQHG UHVXOW LV D PRGXODWHG FDUULHU
ZLWKIRXUSKDVHVWDWHVRUV\PEROV(DFKV\P
  EROUHSUHVHQWVWZRGDWDELWVIURPWKHRULJLQDO

  GDWDVWUHDPLHWZRELWVSHUV\PERO
 
)1MODULATOROPERATION
VSFREQUENCY


,Q DQ LGHDO UHFRQ¿JXUDEOH WUDQVPLWWHU D

&IGURE!DIGITALCIRCUITCANBEUSEDTOIMPLEMENTABROADBANDPHASESPLITTER(OWEVERA8,/ VLQJOH,4PRGXODWRUZRXOGEHXVHGWRFRYHU
MUSTBEAPPLIEDWITHAPRECISEDUTYCYCLE DOO IUHTXHQFLHV DQG DLU LQWHUIDFHV +RZHYHU
LQ SUDFWLFH PRVW ,4 PRGXODWRUV GR QRW
SURJUDPPDEOHIUHTXHQF\GLYLGHUVWRVHWWKH
IUHTXHQF\DWWKHLQSXWRIWKHXSFRQYHUWHU
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKLVUHTXLUHPHQWWKHSKDVH
QRLVH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG SKDVH ORFN WLPH RI
WKHRVFLOODWRUZLOOFKDQJHZLWKWKHDLULQWHU
IDFH 2QFH DJDLQ WKLV FDOOV IRU GHVLJQ RI DQ
LQWHUPHGLDWH IUHTXHQF\ ,) ZLOO KDYH WR
KDYHSURJUDPPDEOHEDQGZLGWKWRGHDOZLWK
WKH YDULDEOH EDQGZLGWK RI WKH VLJQDO EHLQJ
WUDQVPLWWHG
5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH
XSFRQYHUWHUDQXPEHURIXQZDQWHGFRPSR
H[KLELW EURDGEDQG SHUIRUPDQFH &RQVLGHU
WKHSKDVHVSOLWWHUWKDWJHQHUDWHVWKHTXDGUDWXUH
VLJQDOVWKDWGULYHWKHWZRPL[HUV3RO\SKDVH
¿OWHUVZKLFKDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGWRJHQHUDWH
SUHFLVH TXDGUDWXUH LQ ,4 PRGXODWRUV KDYH
OLPLWHGEDQGZLGWK,QSUDFWLFHJRRGTXDGUD
RVFLOODWRU ZKRVH SKDVH QRLVH DQG ORFN WLPH
FRQIRUP WR WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH PRVW
GHPDQGLQJDLULQWHUIDFH
,QVLGH WKH XSFRQYHUWHU UHFRQ¿JXUDELOLW\
FUHDWHV DGGLWLRQDO FKDOOHQJHV ,I D VXSHUKHW
HURG\QH XSFRQYHUWHU LV FKRVHQ FDUHIXO
IUHTXHQF\ SODQQLQJ ZLOO EH UHTXLUHG LI
EURDGEDQG IUHTXHQF\ DJLOLW\ LV UHTXLUHG ,Q
DGGLWLRQWKH¿OWHUVWKDWDUHUHTXLUHGDWHDFK
QHQWVZLOODSSHDUDWLWVRXWSXWWKHDUFKLWHFWXUH
ZLOOPHUHO\LQÀXHQFHWKHORFDWLRQDQGQXPEHU
RI WKHVH XQZDQWHG FRPSRQHQWV 7KHUH ZLOO
DOZD\VEHVRPHEURDGEDQGQRLVHWKDWPD\RU
PD\QRWUHTXLUH¿OWHULQJ
/PERATIONOFAN)1MODULATOR
)LJXUH  VKRZV D UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI KRZ
DQ ,4 PRGXODWRU JHQHUDWHV DQG WUDQVPLWV D
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
41
WXUH EDODQFH  ž LV DFKLHYDEOH RYHU 
WRRFWDYHVRIIUHTXHQF\XVLQJDSRO\SKDVH
¿OWHU 2XWVLGH RI WKLV UDQJH WKH WZR RXWSXWV
RIWKHSKDVHVSOLWWHUZLOOQRORQJHUEHžRXW
RISKDVHZLWKUHVSHFWWRHDFKRWKHU7KLVZLOO
UHVXOWLQWKHV\PEROVEHLQJPRGXODWHGDWWKH
ZURQJ SKDVH DQJOH ,Q DGGLWLRQ LI WKHUH LV
DQ\JDLQLPEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKH,DQG4DUPV
DWWKHPRGXODWRULQSXWWKHV\PEROVZLOOKDYH
*UNE
 
)LJXUHVKRZVDVLPSOL¿HGVFKHPDWLFRI
 DQ DOWHUQDWLYH SKDVH VSOLWWHU GHVLJQ WKDW LV


"!"!
#

 XVHG LQ VRPH ,4 PRGXODWRUV 7KLV LV HV
 VHQWLDOO\ D GLJLWDO FLUFXLW WKDW XVHV 'W\SH
ÀLSÀRSVDQGDQLQYHUWHUWRJHQHUDWHSUHFLVH
 TXDGUDWXUH8QOLNHDSRO\SKDVH¿OWHUFLUFXLW
ZKHUHWKHUHLVDQDWXUDOIUHTXHQF\OLPLWDWLRQ
 QR VXFK OLPLWDWLRQ H[LVWV KHUH $V D UHVXOW

" 

 H[FHOOHQWTXDGUDWXUHFDQEHDFKLHYHGRYHUD
  PXOWLRFWDYHIUHTXHQF\UDQJH+RZHYHUWKH
FLUFXLWGRHVUHTXLUHDQH[WHUQDO/2RSHUDWLQJ

 DW WZLFH WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH GHVLUHG /2
FRPPRQO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV D ;/2 ,Q
 DGGLWLRQ WKH GXW\ F\FOH RI WKH H[WHUQDOO\
DSSOLHG /2 LV FULWLFDO$Q\WKLQJ RWKHU WKDQ
 D  GXW\ F\FOH DW WKH LQSXW ZLOO UHVXOW






 LQTXDGUDWXUHHUURUVDWWKHRXWSXW
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH RXWSXW SRZHU DQG
 " ! " !
" $
% VLGHEDQG VXSSUHVVLRQ RI DQ ,4 PRGXODWRU
$'/WKDWXVHVD;/27KHDEVROXWH
&IGURE!MODULATORWITHA8,/PHASESPLITTERPROVIDESEXCELLENTQUADRATUREACROSSMULTIPLE
OCTAVES IUHTXHQF\ UDQJH RYHU ZKLFK WKLV GHYLFH
RSHUDWHV LV PXFK VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH )02'
IDPLO\ +RZHYHU LQ WHUPV RI RFWDYHV LW LV
 

-,)-,
(."*

FOHDUO\DPRUHEURDGEDQGSDUWZLWKH[FHOOHQW
!
!&

   RSHUDWLRQVLGHEDQGVXSSUHVVLRQbG%F

! 
"!*((& 


! IURP  0+] WR EH\RQG  0+] ¿YH
  "!*((& RFWDYHV 1RWLFH DOVR WKDW WKH RXWSXW SRZHU

 YV IUHTXHQF\ LV UHODWLYHO\ ÀDW 7KLV GRHV

 FRPH DW WKH FRVW RI VOLJKWO\ ORZHU RXWSXW
FRPSUHVVLRQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\  G%P
 
FRPSDUHG WR WKH QDUURZEDQG GHYLFHV DS

 SUR[LPDWHO\G%PZKLOHVWLOOPDLQWDLQLQJ

! 


%&%, DEURDGEDQGQRLVHÀRRURIG%P+]


 
%&%, 
!
*$%'


/
##+", &IXEDFREQUENCY
  
!
*$%' RECONlGURABLERADIODESIGN
    8S WR QRZ ZH KDYH FRQVLGHUHG WKH
FKDOOHQJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK RSHUDWLRQ DFURVV
PXOWLSOH IUHTXHQFLHV +RZHYHU WKH GHVLJQ

 (%+"
%&%, RI UHFRQ¿JXUDEOH V\VWHPV WKDW RSHUDWH LQ
(%+"
!&/


/
##+", D VLQJOH EDQG DOVR SUHVHQWV OHYHO SODQQLQJ


 (%+"
%&%,

!
*$%' 
/
##+", FKDOOHQJHV $V WKH DLU LQWHUIDFH FKDQJHV

(%+"
 
!
*$%'
WKH KHDGURRP EHWZHHQ VLJQDO OHYHOV DQG
 FRPSUHVVLRQ SRLQWV PXVW YDU\ VR WKDW WKH
(%+"  YDULRXVGLVWRUWLRQDQGVLJQDOWRQRLVHWDUJHWV

FDQEHDFKLHYHG
&RQVLGHUDVRIWZDUHUDGLRGHVLJQH[DPSOH
&IGURE,EVELPLANNINGANDSPECIlCATIONCOMPLIANCEFORAN)1MODULATOROPERATINGIN'3-AND LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RQ WKH
7#$-!MODES ,4 PRGXODWRU$VVXPH D FRPPRQ WUDQVPLW
WHU WKDW FDQ VZLWFK EHWZHHQ WKH *60 DQG
VOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWSRZHUOHYHOV7KHVHDPSOLWXGH )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH QRPLQDO RXWSXW SRZHU :&'0$ DLU LQWHUIDFHV RSHUDWLQJ DW 
DQGSKDVHHUURUVLQWKHPRGXODWRUZLOOFRPELQH DSSUR[LPDWHO\G%EHORZWKHG%FRPSUHV 0+] RU  0+] ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI WKLV
WRGHJUDGHWKHHUURUYHFWRUPDJQLWXGH(90
RIWKHPRGXODWHGFDUULHU6LGHEDQGVXSSUHVVLRQ
LVDFRPPRQO\XVHGPHWULFWKDWH[SUHVVHVWKH
FRPELQHGHIIHFWRILPSUHFLVHTXDGUDWXUHDQG
LPEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKH,DQG4FKDQQHOVRI
WKHPRGXODWRU
,Q JHQHUDO WKH JDLQ DQG RXWSXW SRZHU RI
DQ,4PRGXODWRUZLOODOVRYDU\ZLWKIUHTXHQF\
VLRQ SRLQW DQG VLGHEDQG VXSSUHVVLRQ IRU D
IDPLO\ RI ¿YH SLQFRPSDWLEOH ,4 PRGXODWRUV
(DFK GHYLFH KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH
RSWLPXP RXWSXW SRZHU DQG VLGHEDQG VXS
SUHVVLRQ RYHU D UHODWLYHO\ QDUURZ IUHTXHQF\
UDQJH 7KH RXWSXW SRZHU DQG VLGHEDQG VXS
SUHVVLRQ RI WKH IDPLO\ UHPDLQV UHODWLYHO\
FRQVWDQWRYHUDIUHTXHQF\UDQJHIURP0+]
GLVFXVVLRQ WKLV UDQJH FDQ VWLOO EH FRQ
VLGHUHG ³QDUURZEDQG´ )LJXUH  VKRZV D
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH SRZHU GLVWRUWLRQ DQG
QRLVH OHYHOV DW WKH RXWSXW RI WKH PRGXOD
WRU DORQJ ZLWK WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IURP WKH
*60DQG:&'0$DLULQWHUIDFHVWDQGDUGV
)RUWKLVH[DPSOHDQ,4PRGXODWRUZKLFK
LV RSWLPL]HG IRU RSHUDWLRQ LQ WKH  *+]
6LQFH WKH QRLVH ÀRRU RI DQ ,4 PRGXODWRU WR*+]1RWHWKDWWKHVHGHYLFHVHDFKGHOLYHU WR  *+] UDQJH )02' VKRXOG EH
WHQGVWRUHPDLQÀDWRYHUDEURDGIUHTXHQF\ DIUHTXHQF\LQGHSHQGHQWRXWSXWQRLVHÀRRURI FKRVHQ)RU*60RSHUDWLRQWKH¿UVWVWHSLV
UDQJHWKLVUHVXOWVLQDG\QDPLFUDQJHWKDWZLOO G%P+]UHVXOWLQJLQDG\QDPLFUDQJHWKDWLV WRFKRRVHDQRXWSXWSRZHUOHYHO$QRXWSXW
YDU\ZLWKIUHTXHQF\ UHODWLYHO\ÀDWDFURVVDEURDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJH SRZHUOHYHORIG%PZKLFKLVZHOOEHORZ

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *UNE
42
 WKH $'/¶V  G% RXWSXW FRPSUHVVLRQ SRLQW ZRXOG EH D
FRQVHUYDWLYHYDOXH([DPLQLQJWKHVSHFWUDOPDVNDW.+]RIIVHW
IURP WKH FDUULHU LW LV DSSDUHQW WKDW WKHUH LV D FRPIRUWDEOH PDUJLQ
RI  G% RQ WKH  G%F UHTXLUHPHQW 1RWH WKDW LQ SUDFWLFH WKH
PRGXODWRUFRXOGRSHUDWHTXLWHDELWFORVHUWRWKHFRPSUHVVLRQSRLQW
VLQFH WKH *06. FDUULHU KDV D FRQVWDQW HQYHORSH DQG LWV VSHFWUDO
PDVNVKRZVOLWWOHVHQVLWLYLW\WRKHDGURRP
0RUHFULWLFDOLVWKHQRLVHVSHFWUDOGHQVLW\DW0+]RIIVHWIURPWKH
FDUULHU,QDW\SLFDOG%PWUDQVPLWWHUWKHUHTXLUHPHQWDWWKHDQWHQQD
LVDQRLVHOHYHORIOHVVWKDQG%PSHDNKROGLQN+]PHDVXUH
PHQWEDQGZLGWK:LWKWKHPRGXODWRUUXQQLQJDWG%PRXWSXWSRZHU
WKLVFRUUHVSRQGVWRDQRLVHVSHFWUDOGHQVLW\RIG%P+]RU
G%F+]:LWKWKH,4PRGXODWRUGHOLYHULQJRQO\G%P+]
G%F+]WKHUHLVRQFHDJDLQSOHQW\RIPDUJLQ
)RU:&'0$RSHUDWLRQDVLJQL¿FDQWO\ORZHURXWSXWSRZHUOHYHO
PXVWEHFKRVHQWRSURYLGHPRUHKHDGURRPWRWKHPRGXODWRU¶VRXWSXW
FRPSUHVVLRQSRLQW7KLVZLOOKDYHDGLUHFWLPSDFWRQDGMDFHQWFKDQQHO
OHDNDJH UDWLR $&/5:KLOH WKH UHTXLUHPHQW IRU WKLV VSHFL¿FDWLRQ
LVG%FDWWKHDQWHQQDFRPSRQHQWVDWWKLVSRLQWLQWKHVLJQDOFKDLQ
DUH JHQHUDOO\ H[SHFWHG WR GUDPDWLFDOO\ H[FHHG WKLV UHTXLUHPHQW ,Q
WKLVFDVHDVLQJOHFDUULHURXWSXWSRZHUOHYHORIG%PLVFKRVHQ
UHVXOWLQJLQDQ$&/5RIG%F
7KH PD[LPXP EURDGEDQG QRLVH WKDW WKH:&'0$ VWDQGDUG ZLOO
WROHUDWHDWWKHDQWHQQDLVG%PPHDVXUHGLQD0+]EDQGZLGWK
$VVXPLQJWKDWWKHV\VWHPRSHUDWHVDWDQRXWSXWSRZHURIG%PDQG
WKHPRGXODWRULVUXQQLQJDWG%PWKLVFRUUHVSRQGVWRDQRLVHSRZHU
OHYHO DW WKH PRGXODWRU RXWSXW RI  G%P LQ  0+] EDQGZLGWK RU
G%P+]$WG%P+]ZHKDYHG%PDUJLQ
,QWKH*60DQG:&'0$FDVHWKHEURDGEDQGQRLVHKDVVLJQL¿FDQW
PDUJLQRQWKHRYHUDOOUHTXLUHPHQWDWWKHDQWHQQDHYHQZLWKWKHFDU
ULHUVJHQHURXVO\EDFNHGRIIIURPWKHPRGXODWRU¶VFRPSUHVVLRQSRLQW
7KHUHIRUHLWLVDUJXDEOHWKDWDWUDQVPLWWHUFRXOGEHEXLOWZLWKOLPLWHG
QRLVH¿OWHULQJ$VQRWHGEHIRUHVRPHEDVHEDQG¿OWHULQJZLOODOZD\V
EH UHTXLUHG WR ¿OWHU RXW '$& VDPSOLQJ LPDJHV $W WKH PRGXODWRU
RXWSXW KRZHYHU RQO\ WKH KDUPRQLFV RI WKH /2 DQG UHFHLYHEDQG
QRLVH UHTXLUH ¿OWHULQJ EHFDXVH WKH XQ¿OWHUHG EURDGEDQG QRLVH LV
DOUHDG\ZHOOEHORZWKHUHTXLUHGOLPLW

!DVANCINGTOWARDTRUE3$2
6LJQL¿FDQW REVWDFOHV VWLOO VWDQG LQ WKH ZD\ RI PDVV PDQXIDF
WXUH DQG GHSOR\PHQW RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUHJUDGH VRIWZDUHGHILQHG
UDGLRV +RZHYHU DGYDQFHVLQ ,4 PRGXODWRUVDUH EULQJLQJ WKLV JRDO
FORVHU 7KH LQFUHDVHG G\QDPLF UDQJH RI PRGHUQ ,4 PRGXODWRUV
DOORZ IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQ RI YDULRXV DLU LQWHUIDFHV DW GLIIHUHQW SRZHU
OHYHOV ZKLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ DGHTXDWH QRLVH DQG GLVWRUWLRQ PDUJLQ
%URDGEDQGIUHTXHQF\DJLOLW\FDQEHDFKLHYHGE\FKRRVLQJRQHRID
IDPLO\RISLQFRPSDWLEOHGHYLFHVGXULQJPDQXIDFWXUH$OWHUQDWLYHO\
E\ FKRRVLQJ DQ ,4 PRGXODWRU ZLWK D ;/2 EURDGEDQG RSHUDWLRQ
FDQEHDFKLHYHGDFURVVPXOWLSOHRFWDYHVZLWKDVLQJOHGHYLFHEULQJLQJ
WKHJRDORIDWUXH6'5FORVHUWRUHDOLW\2&$

!"/544(%!54(/2
(DPRQ1DVKLVDSSOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHULQJPDQDJHUIRU5)VWDQGDUG
SURGXFWVDW$QDORJ'HYLFHV+HKDVZRUNHGDW$QDORJ'HYLFHVIRU
\HDUV¿UVWDVD¿HOGDSSOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHUEDVHGLQ*HUPDQ\
FRYHULQJPL[HGVLJQDODQG'63SURGXFWVWKHQDVSURGXFWOLQHDS
SOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHUVSHFLDOL]LQJLQ5)EXLOGLQJEORFNFRPSRQHQWV
IRU ZLUHOHVV DSSOLFDWLRQV +H KROGV D %DFKHORU RI (QJLQHHULQJ
GHJUHHLQHOHFWURQLFVIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI/LPHULFN,UHODQG+H
FDQUHDFKHGDWRUHDPRQQDVK#DQDORJFRP

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *UNE
43
RF Bonus Feature

Splitters
Features
Ideal for distribution of CATV signals
Differential inputs and outputs
1 dB gain flatness to 865 MHz
5
25 dB isolation between channels

Part Number I/O Configuration Input:Outputs 1 dB Bandwidth (MHz) Max Gain (dB) CSO (dBc) CTB (dBc) Noise Figure (dB) Package

ADA4302-4 Differential 1:4 900 5.7 –73 –66 4.4 3 mm 3 mm, 20-lead LFCSP

ADA4303-2 Single-ended 1:2 1200 4 –62 –72 4.4 3 mm 3 mm, 12-lead LFCSP

ADA4304-2 Single-ended 1:2 1000 3 –62 –72 4.6 3 mm 3 mm, 16-lead LFCSP

ADA4304-3 Single-ended 1:3 1000 3 –62 –72 4.6 3 mm 3 mm, 16-lead LFCSP

ADA4304-4 Single-ended 1:4 1000 3 –62 –72 4.6 3 mm 3 mm, 16-lead LFCSP

Demodulators
Features
Wide frequency range from 50 MHz to 2.7 GHz
On-chip RF and baseband amplifiers
Wide demodulation bandwidth enables most high
order modulation formats, including QAM, QPSK,
and 8 PSK
Small footprint packages, single supply

Part RF Frequency VGA Range I/Q Frequency Phase Error Amplitude Noise P1dB Input IP3 Supply Supply Current
Package
Number (MHz) (dB) (MHz) (deg) Error (dB) Figure (dB) (dBm) (dBm) Voltage (V) (mA)
5 mm 5 mm,
AD8333 DC to 50 N/A N/A 0.1 0.05 7.8 14.5 30 5.0 +44/–20
32-lead LFCSP
9.8 mm 6.5 mm,
AD8347 800 to 2700 69.5 65 1 0.3 11 –2 11.5 2.7 to 5.5 64
28-lead TSSOP
9.8 mm 6.4 mm,
AD8348 50 to 1000 45 75 0.5 0.25 11 13 28 2.7 to 5.5 48
28-lead TSSOP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5382 700 to 2700 N/A 500 0.5 0.25 14 13 30 4.75 to 5.25 195
24-lead LFCSP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5387 50 to 2000 — 240 0.5 0.25 15 14 30 4.75 to 5.25 180
24-lead LFCSP

44
 !CTIVE#OMPONENTS

(OWTODETERMINEANEFFECTIVEDAMPING
FACTORFORATHIRD ORDER0,,
!CLEVERMEANSFORCALCULATING]E WITHOUTUSINGCIRCUITSIMULATIONSISPRESENTED
4HEADVANTAGEISTHATARELATIVELYDENSEPLOTPOINTS OF]E VSPHASEMARGIN
CANBEPRODUCEDINAMATTEROFSECONDS
"Y+EN'ENTILE

5 VHRIWKHGDPSLQJIDFWRUZSDUDPHWHUDVDJDXJHRIWKHWUDQVLHQW
UHVSRQVHRIDVHFRQGRUGHUIHHGEDFNORRSLVFRPPRQLQFRQWURO
WKHRU\$VVXFKLWLVDFRPPRQSUDFWLFHWRGH¿QHWKHWUDQVLHQWFKDU


DFWHULVWLFVRIDVHFRQGRUGHUSKDVHORFNHGORRS3//LQWHUPVRIZ 

7KHGDPSLQJIDFWRUDSSHDUVLQWKHFORVHGORRSUHVSRQVHRIDVHFRQG
RUGHU3//ZKLFKPD\EHGHULYHGIURPWKHRSHQORRSUHVSRQVH,QWKH 

)UHTXHQF\QRUPDOL]HG
VGRPDLQWKHRSHQORRSUHVSRQVHKDVWKHIRUP
S  A 
( /,  S  + S 
 

:KHUHVLVWKHFRPSOH[IUHTXHQF\YDULDEOHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH/D
SODFHWUDQVIRUPAGH¿QHVWKH]HURRIWKHRSHQORRSUHVSRQVHDQG.LV  F 
WKHRSHQORRSJDLQ7KLVOHDGVWRDFORVHGORRSUHVSRQVHRIWKHIRUP F 
 ¥ W ´
  F 
 + ¦ S N µ 
( /,  S + S  A § Z ¶
( #,  S   ( /,  S  S   +S  + A
 S   ZW N S  W N
 

1RWHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWZRQHZYDULDEOHVZWKHGDPSLQJIDF 
WRUDQGWQWKHQDWXUDOIUHTXHQF\RIWKHORRS%RWKDUHH[SUHVVHG       
LQWHUPVRI.DQGAZKHUH DQG 7KHYDOXHRIZ 7LPHQRUPDOL]HG
FRUUHODWHVGLUHFWO\WRWKHVHWWOLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWUDQVLHQWUHVSRQVH
&IGURE4RANSIENTRESPONSEOFATHIRD ORDER0,,
RI D VHFRQGRUGHU 3// ZKLFK LV ZKDW PDNHV LW DQ DWWUDFWLYH ORRS
FRQWUROSDUDPHWHU
$WKLUGRUGHU3//RQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDVDQRSHQORRSUHVSRQVH 
ZKLFKKDVWKHIRUP
+ S  A 
( /,  S  S  S  B 

,QHTXDWLRQAGH¿QHVWKH]HURDQGBWKHSROHRIWKHRSHQORRS
)UHTXHQF\QRUPDOL]HG

UHVSRQVH7KLVOHDGVWRDFORVHGORRSUHVSRQVHRI 
( /,  S + S  A
( #,  S   ( /,  S  S   B S   +S  + A
 

%HFDXVHWKHGHQRPLQDWRUWDNHVWKHIRUPRIDFXELFSRO\QRPLDOLQV  F 
WKHFRQFHSWRIDGDPSLQJIDFWRUQRORQJHUPDNHVVHQVH7KLVLVEHFDXVH F 
DFXELFKDVWKUHHIDFWRUVZKLFKLQJHQHUDOZRXOGUHTXLUHWKUHHQHZ  F 
YDULDEOHVGH¿QHGLQWHUPVRI.ADQGB:LWKWKUHHYDULDEOHVGH¿Q
LQJWKHORRSUHVSRQVHWKHWUDQVLHQWEHKDYLRUZRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHGE\ 
WKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIDWOHDVWWZRRIWKHYDULDEOHV7KLVSUHFOXGHVWKHXVH
RIDVLQJOHYDULDEOHDVDJDXJHIRUWKHWUDQVLHQWEHKDYLRURIWKHORRS 
+HQFHWKLUGRUGHU3//VDUHGH¿QHGLQWHUPVRISKDVHPDUJLQFDQG       
RSHQORRSEDQGZLGWKWFZKLFKDUHUHODWHGWRADQGBDVJLYHQLQ 7LPHQRUPDOL]HG
HTXDWLRQVDQG
(YHQWKRXJKWKLUGRUGHUORRSVGRQRWOHQGWKHPVHOYHVWRDGDPSLQJ &IGURE4RANSIENTFREQUENCYERRORASAFUNCTIONOFTIME
IDFWRUSDUDPHWHU9DXFKHU>@VKRZHGWKDWIRUDJLYHQYDOXHRIFDQHI
IHFWLYHGDPSLQJIDFWRUZHFDQEHREWDLQHGLIRQHVSHFL¿HVDPD[LPXP %FFECTIVEDAMPINGFACTOR
DPRXQWRIIUDFWLRQDOVHWWOLQJHUURUE7KDWLVEFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQ )LJXUHVKRZVWKHWUDQVLHQWEHKDYLRURIDWKLUGRUGHU3//IRUWKUHH
WHUPVRIDVSHFL¿HGWUDQVLHQWIUHTXHQF\VWHSVL]HI75$1DQGDVSHFL¿HG GLIIHUHQWYDOXHVRIF7KHSORWLVQRUPDOL]HGWRWKHIUHTXHQF\WUDQVLHQW
PD[LPXPIUHTXHQF\HUURUIEZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH¿QDOVHWWOLQJSRLQW VWHSVL]HI75$1RQWKHYHUWLFDODQGWRIFRUPWFRQWKHKRUL]RQWDO
VXFKWKDW ZKHUHIEI75$1 7KHPRVWQRWDEOHDVSHFWRIWKHVHFXUYHVLVWKDWFKDVDGLUHFWLPSDFW

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *UNE
45
  
 
.ORMALIZEDFREQUENCYERRORNEPERS

.ORMALIZEDFREQUENCYERRORNEPERS
 F  F
F F
 
F F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                 
4IMENORMALIZED 4IMENORMALIZED

&IGURE,OGARITHMICTRANSIENTFREQUENCYERRORASAFUNCTIONOFTIME &IGURE!PPROXIMATINGTHESLOPEOFTHEENVELOPE

RQWKHRYHUVKRRWDQGVHWWOLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHORRS6RLWZRXOG
VHHPUHDVRQDEOHWKDWVRPHFRUROODU\FRXOGEHGUDZQEHWZHHQFLQD
WKLUGRUGHUV\VWHPDQGZLQDVHFRQGRUGHUV\VWHP7KLVZDVVKRZQ
WREHWUXHDFFRUGLQJWR9DXFKHU>@
,WLVJHQHUDOO\XQGHUVWRRGWKDWZLVDSDUDPHWHUUHODWHGWRWKHWLPH
UHTXLUHGIRUDVHFRQGRUGHU3//WRVHWWOHWRVRPHDFFHSWDEOHOHYHORI
IUHTXHQF\HUURUIROORZLQJDWUDQVLHQWIUHTXHQF\VWHS6LQFHRXUJRDOLV
WRUHODWHFWRDQ³HIIHFWLYH´ZLWPDNHVVHQVHWRYLHZWKHWUDQVLHQWVWHS
UHVSRQVHLQWHUPVRIIUHTXHQF\HUURUUHODWLYHWRWKH¿QDOVWHDG\VWDWH
YDOXH7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHIRUWKHVDPHWKUHHYDOXHVRIF1RWH
WKDWWKHVWHDG\VWDWHYDOXHFRUUHVSRQGVWRRQWKHYHUWLFDOVFDOHDQGWKH
WUDFHVQRZGLVSOD\GHYLDWLRQIURPVWHDG\VWDWHDVDIXQFWLRQRIWLPH
$OWKRXJKKHOSIXOLQYLVXDOL]LQJWKHWUDQVLHQWHUURU)LJXUHGRHV
QRWSURYLGHPXFKLQVLJKWLQWRDQDQDO\WLFDOVROXWLRQIRUUHODWLQJZWRF
+RZHYHULIWKHWUDQVLHQWHUURULVSORWWHGRQDORJVFDOHDQLQWHUHVWLQJ
REVHUYDWLRQFDQEHPDGH7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
1RWHWKDWWKHKRUL]RQWDOD[LVKDVEHHQH[WHQGHGEHFDXVHSORWWLQJ
WKH WUDQVLHQW HUURU ORJDULWKPLFDOO\ PDNHV LW HDVLHU WR YLHZ D PXFK
ZLGHUG\QDPLFUDQJHRIIUHTXHQF\HUURU$OVRGDVKHGOLQHVKDYHEHHQ
DGGHGWKDWLQGLFDWHWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHRIHDFKRIWKHWUDFHV7KH
VWUDLJKWOLQHQDWXUHRIWKHWUDFHHQYHORSHVLVDQLPSRUWDQWREVHUYDWLRQ
1RWLFHWKDWWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHSURYLGHVDOLQHDUUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHORJDULWKPLFIUHTXHQF\HUURUDQGWLPH7KDWLVJLYHQDYDOXH
JHQHUDWLQJWKHWUDQVLHQWHUURUGDWDLVUHODWLYHO\VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGEXWD
FRPSXWDWLRQDOPHWKRGIRULGHQWLI\LQJWKHHQYHORSHLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQH
WKHVORSHLVQRWWULYLDO
0\VROXWLRQWRWKHODWWHUSUREOHPLVEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJREVHU
YDWLRQ *LYHQ D SDUWLFXODU YDOXH RI F DQG VSHFL¿HG IUHTXHQF\ HUURU
WKUHVKROGOHYHOGUDZDOLQHIURPWKHRULJLQWRWKHSRLQWRQWKHIUHTXHQF\
HUURUWUDFHZKHUHWKHIUHTXHQF\HUURU¿UVWIDOOVEHORZWKHWKUHVKROGOHYHO
7KLVOLQHLVDIDLUO\JRRGDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSH
7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
,QNHHSLQJZLWK)LJXUHDGDVKHGOLQHLQGLFDWHVWKHVORSHRIHDFK
WUDFHHQYHORSH7KHDUURZWLSSHGOLQHVLQGLFDWHWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
DSSUR[LPDWLRQ )RU WKLV H[DPSOH DQ DUELWUDU\ WKUHVKROG OHYHO RI
QHSHUVZDVFKRVHQ1RWLFHWKDWWKHVORSHRIHDFKDUURZHGOLQHLV
DUHDVRQDEOHDSSUR[LPDWLRQWRWKHVORSHRIWKHDVVRFLDWHGHQYHORSH
+HQFHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHWKDWWKHVORSHRIWKHDUURZHGOLQHFDQEHXVHGWR
DSSUR[LPDWHZHLQVWHDGRIWKHDFWXDOVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSH7KHUHDVRQ
IRUXVLQJWKLVDSSUR[LPDWLRQLVWKDWGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHVORSHRIWKH
DUURZHGOLQHLVDPXFKPRUHWUDFWDEOHSUREOHPWKDQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
RIWKHDFWXDOVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSH8VLQJWKLVPHWKRGIRUHVWLPDWLQJ
WKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHWKHGHWDLOVRIWKHZHFRPSXWDWLRQDOSURFHVV
PD\EHDGGUHVVHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
7KH LQSXW SDUDPHWHUV DUH SKDVH PDUJLQ QRUPDOL]HG ORJDULWKPLF
WKUHVKROGOHYHODQGORFNWLPH2QO\WKH¿UVWWZRSDUDPHWHUVDUHUHTXLUHG
RIFZKLFKGH¿QHVDSDUWLFXODUWUDFHDQGVRPHVSHFL¿HGPD[LPXP WRGHWHUPLQHZH7KHORFNWLPHLVRQO\UHTXLUHGLIDFDOFXODWLRQRIWKH
DFFHSWDEOHUHODWLYHHUURUWKUHVKROGLQQHSHUVZHVHHWKDWWKHWLPH
UHTXLUHGWRUHDFKWKHWKUHVKROGOHYHOPD\EHGHULYHGIURPWKHVORSH
RIWKHWUDFHHQYHORSH,WDSSHDUVWKDWWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHLVWKH
FRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQFDQGDQ³HIIHFWLYHGDPSLQJIDFWRU´ZH,QIDFW
9DXFKHU>@PDNHVWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWZHFDQEHGH¿QHGDVWKHLQYHUVHRI
PLQLPXPQHFHVVDU\ORRSEDQGZLGWKLVGHVLUHG
7KHSKDVHPDUJLQLVXVHGDVWKHSDUDPHWHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKH.A
DQGBFRHI¿FLHQWVLQWKHFORVHGORRSIUHTXHQF\UHVSRQVHDVJLYHQE\
HTXDWLRQ7KHFRHI¿FLHQWVDUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQWKHPHWKRGRORJ\
JLYHQLQUHIHUHQFHVDQG1RUPDOO\LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHGHVLUHGSKDVH
WKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHZKHUHWKHHQYHORSHLVGH¿QHGE\REVHUYLQJ PDUJLQ WKH RSHQORRS EDQGZLGWK WF LV UHTXLUHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH
WKHQRUPDOL]HGORJDULWKPLFIUHTXHQF\HUURUDVDIXQFWLRQRIWLPH FRHI¿FLHQWV+RZHYHUWKHRSHQORRSEDQGZLGWKVLPSO\VFDOHVDOORI
,WLVDOVRLQWHUHVWLQJWRREVHUYHWKDWDVFLQFUHDVHVIURPWR WKHFRPSXWDWLRQVVRWKHDQDO\VLVFDQEHDFFRPSOLVKHGE\QRUPDOL]LQJ
WKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHEHFRPHVVWHHSHU+RZHYHUDVFLQFUHDVHV WKHEDQGZLGWKWRXQLW\IF +]DQGVFDOLQJWKHEDQGZLGWKGHSHQGHQW
IURPWRWKHVORSHEHFRPHVVKDOORZHU7KLVZRXOGLPSO\WKDW UHVXOWVE\IF7KHQRUPDOL]HGYDOXHVRI.ADQGBDVDIXQFWLRQRI
WKHUHPD\EHVRPHRSWLPDOYDOXHRIFWKDW\LHOGVWKHTXLFNHVWWLPHWR FDUHJLYHQE\
VHWWOHWRDJLYHQHUURUWKUHVKROGOHYHO,QIDFWWKLVLVVKRZQWREHWUXH
   VLQ F
DQGLVGHPRQVWUDWHGDWWKHFRQFOXVLRQRIWKLVDUWLFOH .  P

VLQ F
#OMPUTATIONALALGORITHM
7RP\NQRZOHGJHQRZKHUHLQWKHSXEOLVKHGOLWHUDWXUHRQWKLVVXE ¥ 
VLQ F ´
A  P ¦
MHFWLVWKHUHDFORVHGIRUPVROXWLRQIRUUHODWLQJFWRZH+HQFHVRPH § FRV F µ¶
PHWKRGPXVWEHHPSOR\HGWKDWFDQJHQHUDWHWUDQVLHQWHUURUGDWDIRUD
JLYHQF2QFHWKHWUDQVLHQWHUURUGDWDLVDYDLODEOHDPHWKRGIRUGHWHU ¥ FRV F ´
PLQLQJWKHVORSHRIWKHORJDULWKPLFHUURUHQYHORSHPXVWEHUHVROYHG B  P ¦
DVZHLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSH7KHPHWKRGIRU § 
VLQ F µ¶

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *UNE
46
 .ORMALIZED .ORMALIZED .ORMALIZED .ORMALIZED
FREQUENCY IMPULSE STEP ERROR
RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE

#ALCULATE
LOOP
F COEFFICIENTS (S )&&4 #ONVOLVE ,/' .ORMALIZED
LOGARITHMIC
+AB ERROR
RESPONSE

3TEP
FUNCTION
.ORMALIZED #ALCULATE
SLOPE
LOGARITHMIC
TIMETO ZE
THRESHOLD
THRESHOLD


44(2%3(

$ESIRED #ALCULATE
,OCK MINIMUM &#?-).
4IME LOOP
BANDWIDTH

&IGURE#OMPUTATIONALPROCESSTODETERMINEZE

7KHSUHYLRXVHTXDWLRQVVKRZWKDWFLVDQDUJXPHQWWRVHYHUDOWULJR +RZHYHUVLQFHWKHHUURUUHVSRQVHFRQWDLQVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHYDOXHV
QRPHWULFIXQFWLRQV1RUPDOO\FLVVSHFL¿HGLQGHJUHHVEXWLWVKRXOGEH WKHORJDULWKPLFHUURUUHVSRQVHLVFRPSXWHGXVLQJWKHDEVROXWHYDOXH
QRWHGWKDWPRVWSURJUDPPLQJODQJXDJHVZLOOUHTXLUHWKDWFEHFRQYHUWHG RIWKHHUURUUHVSRQVH7KHUHVXOWLVDGDWDVHWVLPLODUWRWKDWVKRZQ
WRUDGLDQXQLWVWRSURSHUO\FRPSXWHWKHWULJRQRPHWULFIXQFWLRQV LQ )LJXUH  EXW FRQWDLQLQJ RQO\ D VLQJOH WUDFH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH
7KH FORVHGORRS UHVSRQVH +V LV FRPSXWHG SHU HTXDWLRQ  XV VSHFL¿HGYDOXHRIF
LQJWKHDERYHFRHI¿FLHQWV)RUFRPSXWDWLRQDOSXUSRVHVWKH/DSODFH )LQDOO\WKHQRUPDOL]HGORJDULWKPLFHUURUUHVSRQVHLVDQDO\]HGWR
YDULDEOHVLVUHSODFHGE\MWRUMPI7KHUHDVRQIRUJHQHUDWLQJWKH ¿QG WKH SRLQW DW ZKLFK WKH GDWD UHPDLQV EHORZ WKH WKUHVKROG OHYHO
FORVHGORRS UHVSRQVH LV WR XOWLPDWHO\ GHULYH WKH WUDQVLHQW UHVSRQVH 7KHQRUPDOL]HGORJDULWKPLFWKUHVKROGOHYHOLVVSHFL¿HGLQQHSHUV,W
IURPZKLFKIROORZVWKHHUURUUHVSRQVHDQGLWVDVVRFLDWHGHQYHORSHDV UHSUHVHQWV WKH UDWLR RI WKH DEVROXWH PD[LPXP DOORZDEOH IUHTXHQF\
GHPRQVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH,QRUGHUWRSURGXFHDQHUURUUHVSRQVHZLWK HUURU WR WKH PDJQLWXGH RI WKH LQLWLDO IUHTXHQF\ VWHS WUDQVLHQW )RU
VXI¿FLHQWUHVROXWLRQRYHUDEURDGUDQJHRISKDVHPDUJLQYDOXHVLWLV H[DPSOHLIWKHLQLWLDOIUHTXHQF\VWHSWUDQVLHQWLVN+]DQGPD[LPXP
QHFHVVDU\WRFRPSXWHWKHFORVHGORRSUHVSRQVHRYHUDVXI¿FLHQWO\ZLGH DOORZDEOHIUHTXHQF\HUURUIRUGHFODULQJIUHTXHQF\ORFNLV+]WKHQ
IUHTXHQF\UDQJH,WZDVIRXQGWKDWDIUHTXHQF\VSDQFRYHULQJWLPHV WKHWKUHVKROGOHYHOLVFDOFXODWHGDVOQ QHSHUV*LYHQ
WKHFORVHGORRSEDQGZLGWKLVVXI¿FLHQWIRUPRVWFDVHV:LWKWKHFORVHG WKHQRUPDOL]HGORJDULWKPLFWKUHVKROGOHYHO17+5(6+LQQHSHUVLWLV
ORRSEDQGZLGWKQRUPDOL]HGWR+]WKLVHTXDWHVWR”I” SRVVLEOHWR¿QGWKHQRUPDOL]HGWLPHSRLQWW7+5(6+DWZKLFKWKHGDWD
7KHFORVHGORRSUHVSRQVHLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRWKHWLPHGRPDLQE\ FURVVHVSHUPDQHQWO\WKURXJK17+5(6+7KHQWKHVORSHRIRQHRIWKH
PHDQVRIDQLQYHUVH))77KHUHVXOWLVWKHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVHRIWKH DUURZWLSSHGOLQHVLQ)LJXUHLVFDOFXODWHGDV
FORVHGORRSUHVSRQVH+RZHYHUDQLQYHUVH))7DSSOLHGGLUHFWO\WR+V
ZLWKRXWPRGL¿FDWLRQZLOOUHVXOWLQDFRPSOH[LPSXOVHUHVSRQVH7KLVLV
GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW+VLVXVXDOO\H[SUHVVHGIRUSRVLWLYHIUHTXHQFLHV
6LQFHZHNQRZWKDWWKHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVHPXVWEHUHDOLHQRLPDJLQDU\
QXPEHUV+VPXVWEHPRGL¿HGWRLQFOXGHWKHDSSURSULDWHQHJDWLYH 6LQFHWKHHIIHFWLYHGDPSLQJIDFWRUZHPD\EHDSSUR[LPDWHGDVWKH
IUHTXHQFLHVDVZHOO'RLQJVRZLOOFDXVHWKHLQYHUVH))7WRSURGXFH LQYHUVHRIWKHVORSHRIWKHDUURZWLSSHGOLQHWKHQ
DQLPSXOVHUHVSRQVHWKDWFRQWDLQVRQO\UHDOYDOXHV)XUWKHUPRUHLQ
RUGHUWRSURGXFHDQLPSXOVHUHVSRQVHZLWKDGHTXDWHWLPHUHVROXWLRQ
LWLVQHFHVVDU\WRHQVXUHWKDW+VFRQWDLQVHQRXJKIUHTXHQF\VDPSOHV ,IRQHZLVKHVWRNQRZWKHPLQLPXPORRSEDQGZLGWKIFBPLQUHTXLUHG
EHIRUHLQYRNLQJWKHLQYHUVH))7,WZDVIRXQGWKDWFRPSXWLQJ+VZLWK IRUDVSHFL¿HGORFNWLPHWKHQWKHGHVLUHGORFNWLPHW/2&.PXVWEH
IUHTXHQF\SRLQWVRYHUWKHUDQJH”I”\LHOGVVDWLVIDFWRU\ SURYLGHG:LWKW/2&.VSHFL¿HGLQXQLWVRIVHFRQGVWKHPLQLPXPORRS
UHVXOWV7KHUHVXOWLVWKDWWKHWLPHUHVROXWLRQIRUWKHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVH EDQGZLGWKLQKHUW]LVH[SUHVVHGDV
LV  LQ QRUPDOL]HG XQLWV ,Q XQLWV RI VHFRQGV WKLV HTXDWHV WR
IFZKHUHIFLVWKHRSHQORRSUHVSRQVHLQ+]
7KHVWHSUHVSRQVHLVFRPSXWHGE\FRQYROYLQJWKHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVH
ZLWKDVWHSIXQFWLRQ7KHVWHSIXQFWLRQLVQRWKLQJPRUHWKDQDYHFWRU
RIRQHVWKDWLVWKHVDPHOHQJWKDVWKHLPSXOVHUHVSRQVH7KLV\LHOGV
DVWHSUHVSRQVHWKDWLVQRUPDOL]HGWRXQLW\EXWLWVFDOHVOLQHDUO\ZLWK
DQ\DUELWUDU\WUDQVLHQWVWHSVL]H
7KHHUURUUHVSRQVHLVFDOFXODWHGE\VXEWUDFWLQJIURPQRUPDOL]HG
VWHSUHVSRQVH
7KHORJDULWKPLFHUURUUHVSRQVHLVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHHUURUUHVSRQVH
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
47
%FFECTIVEDAMPINGFACTORASAFUNCTIONOFPHASE
MARGIN
:LWKWKHPHWKRGRORJ\RXWOLQHGDERYHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRPSXWHZH
RYHUDUDQJHRIFYDOXHVIRUDVSHFL¿HGWKUHVKROGOHYHO7KLVSURYLGHVD
PHDQVWREXLOGDSORWRIZHYVFWKDWFDQVHUYHDVDWRROIRULGHQWLI\LQJ
WKHHIIHFWLYHGDPSLQJIDFWRUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSDUWLFXODUSKDVHPDUJLQ
*UNE
  





%FFECTIVEDAMPINGFACTOR



3ETTINGTIMEFC
 

 






      
0HASEMARGINDEGREES 
      
0HASEMARGINDEGREES
&IGURE%FFECTIVEDAMPINGFACTORVSPHASEMARGIN
&IGURE3ETTLINGTIMEVSPHASEMARGIN
YDOXHEDVHGRQDVSHFL¿FWKUHVKROGOHYHO6LQFHWKHDERYHSURFHGXUH
\LHOGVW7+5(6+DQGIFBPLQWKHQLWLVDVLPSOHPDWWHUWRDOVRJHQHUDWHSORWV X
IRUW7+5(6+YVFDQGIFBPLQYVF 
)LJXUH  WKURXJK )LJXUH  DUH SORWV WKDW ZHUH JHQHUDWHG XVLQJ
0$7/$%WRH[HFXWHWKHSURFHGXUHRXWOLQHGDERYH7KHGDVKHGWUDFH 
LQGLFDWHV WKH UDZ GDWD JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH SURFHGXUH 7KH VROLG WUDFH
LVGDWDDIWHUVPRRWKLQJ7KHULSSOHWKDWDSSHDUVLQWKHUDZGDWDFDQ
EHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHVORSHRIWKHHQYHORSHWKH 
DUURZHGOLQHVLQ)LJXUHUDWKHUWKDQWKHWUXHVORSHWKHGDVKHGOLQHV
LQ)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWVDJUHHUHDVRQDEO\ZHOOZLWKWKRVHSUHVHQWHG 
FC(Z

LQUHIHUHQFH7KHVOLJKWGHYLDWLRQLQWKHYDOXHVVKRZQLQWKHSORWV
KHUHZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKRVHVKRZQLQUHIHUHQFHFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWR 
WKHVDPHVORSHDSSUR[LPDWLRQHUURUPHQWLRQHGDERYH
7KHSORWVKHUHZHUHJHQHUDWHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV
FPLQ ž 

FPD[ ž

$F ž
17+5(6+ QHSHUV 
      
W/2&. MV 0HASEMARGINDEGREES

&IGURE-INIMUMOPEN
LOOPBANDWIDTHVSPHASEMARGIN
#ONCLUSION
7KH UHVXOWV JLYHQ LQ UHIHUHQFH  GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW DQ ³HIIHFWLYH´ 2EFERENCES
GDPSLQJIDFWRUZHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIRUDWKLUGRUGHU3//WKDWLV 9DXFKHU&6³$Q$GDSWLYH3//7XQLQJ6\VWHP$UFKLWHFWXUH
VRPHZKDWDQDORJRXVWRWKHFRPPRQO\XVHGGDPSLQJIDFWRUSDUDPHWHU &RPELQLQJ+LJK6SHFWUDO3XULW\DQG)DVW6HWWOLQJ7LPH´,(((-RXUQDO
ZLQVHFRQGRUGHU3//V,QUHIHUHQFHFLUFXLWVLPXODWLRQVZHUHXVHG RI6ROLG6WDWH&LUFXLWVYRO1R$SULO
WRJHQHUDWHWKHGDWDIRUWKHWLPHGRPDLQWUDQVLHQWZDYHIRUPVUHTXLUHG  +DZNLQV ' : ³'LJLWDO 3KDVH/RFNHG /RRS 3//%DVHG
WRGHWHUPLQHZH)RUDJLYHQSKDVHPDUJLQFPXOWLSOHVLPXODWLRQV )UHTXHQF\6\QWKHVL]HUV7KHRU\DQG$QDO\VLV´-XQH:RUOG
ZHUH H[HFXWHG ZLWK YDULRXV FRPELQDWLRQV RI WKH WUDQVLHQW VWHS VL]H :LGH:HE
DQGFORVHGORRSEDQGZLGWKWFDQGWKHUHVXOWVDYHUDJHGWRDUULYHDWD
PHDQYDOXHRIZHIRUWKHVSHFL¿HGF7KHWHFKQLTXHGHVFULEHGEXLOGVRQ
WKHZRUNJLYHQLQUHIHUHQFHE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKHQHHGWRUXQPXOWLSOH
FLUFXLWVLPXODWLRQV,QVWHDGWKHWLPHGRPDLQZDYHIRUPVDUHJHQHUDWHG
IURPWKHFORVHGORRSWUDQVIHUIXQFWLRQDIWHUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHQHFHVVDU\
FRHI¿FLHQWVDVGHVFULEHGLQUHIHUHQFHVDQG7KLVWHFKQLTXHDOORZV
WKHDQDO\VLVWREHQRUPDOL]HGWRWKHFORVHGORRSEDQGZLGWKDQGWKH
WUDQVLHQWIUHTXHQF\VWHSVL]HZKLFKHOLPLQDWHVWKHQHHGIRUPXOWLSOH
VLPXODWLRQVDQGDYHUDJLQJ7KHFDYHDWLVWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKHVPDOO
HUURUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSSUR[LPDWLQJWKHVORSHRIWKHORJDULWKPLFHUURU
HQYHORSHUDWKHUWKDQXVLQJWKHDFWXDOVORSH+RZHYHUWKHUHODWLYHO\
VPDOOHUURULQWURGXFHGE\WKLVDSSUR[LPDWLRQLVZRUWKWKHGUDPDWLF
UHGXFWLRQ LQ SURFHVVLQJ WLPH FRPSDUHG WR WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG
LQ UHIHUHQFH  ,Q IDFW WKH SURFHGXUH RXWOLQHG DERYH WKDW SURGXFHG
)LJXUHWKURXJK)LJXUHZDVH[HFXWHGLQOHVVWKDQVHFRQGVXVLQJ
D3&ZLWKD*+]GXDOFRUHSURFHVVRU2&$
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
48
.HHVH:2³$Q$QDO\VLVDQG3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRID
3DVVLYH )LOWHU 'HVLJQ 7HFKQLTXH IRU &KDUJH 3XPS 3KDVH/RFNHG
/RRSV´1DWLRQDO6HPLFRQGXFWRU$SSOLFDWLRQ1RWH0D\
 :RODYHU ' + 3KDVH/RFNHG /RRS &LUFXLW 'HVLJQ 3UHQWLFH
+DOO
!"/544(%!54(/2
.HQ*HQWLOHLVDV\VWHPGHVLJQHQJLQHHUIRUWKH&ORFNDQG6LJQDO
6\QWKHVLV3URGXFWV*URXSDW$QDORJ'HYLFHV*UHHQVERUR1&
+LV VSHFLDOWLHV DUH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI GLJLWDO VLJQDOSURFHVV
LQJ WHFKQLTXHV LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQV V\VWHPV DQG DQDORJ ¿OWHU
GHVLJQ+HKROGVD%6((GHJUHHIURP1RUWK&DUROLQD6WDWH
8QLYHUVLW\
*UNE
!MPLIlERS

,OGAMPSANDDIRECTIONALCOUPLERSENABLE
6372DETECTION
)NADDITIONTOSIGNALDISTORTIONSINEFlCIENCYANDSTANDINGWAVES2&ENERGY
REmECTEDBYIMPEDANCEMISMATCHINGBETWEENATRANSMISSIONLINEANDITSLOAD
CANALSODAMAGETHESIGNALSOURCESUCHASAPOWERAMPLIlER0! (OWEVER
ACIRCUITBASEDONLOGAMPSANDADIRECTIONALCOUPLERTHATDETECTSTHEVOLTAGE
STANDING WAVERATIO6372 OFTHERESULTINGSTANDINGWAVECANBEUSEDTO
TRIGGERPROTECTIONOFTHE0!FROMEXCESSIVE6372VALUES
"Y!NIL2ACHAKONDAAND,ARRY(AWKINS

6 6:5LVDPHDVXUHRILPSHGDQFHPLVPDWFKHVLQDFLUFXLW$ODUJH
96:5FDQFDXVHPDQ\SUREOHPVLQ5)FLUFXLWV:RUVWFDVHHIIHFWV
LQFOXGHSHUPDQHQWGDPDJHWR5)PLFURZDYHKLJKSRZHUDPSOL¿HUV
WUDQVIHUZKLOHKHDYLO\PLVPDWFKHGLPSHGDQFHVKLJK96:5UHVXOWLQ
UHGXFHGSRZHUWUDQVIHUWRWKHORDG$KLJK96:5FDQFDXVHSUREOHPV
DQ\ZKHUHLQWKHV\VWHPEXWLWLVWKH3$SUHFHGLQJWKHDQWHQQDWKDWLV
+3$FRPPRQO\WHUPHGDV96:5IDLOXUH,WLVHVVHQWLDOWRSURWHFW
WKH+3$IURPVXFKFDWDVWURSKHV7KLVDUWLFOHGHPRQVWUDWHVDVFKHPH
WRGHWHFWD96:5FRQGLWLRQDQGSURWHFWWKH+3$IURPVXFKIDLOXUHV
XVLQJ GLUHFWLRQDO FRXSOHUV DQG KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH 5) ORJDULWKPLF
DPSOL¿HUV$SURWRW\SHRIWKH96:5GHWHFWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQVFKHPH
ZDVGHVLJQHGDQGWHVWHG$VSHFL¿F+3$GHVLJQWKDWJHWVGDPDJHGIRU
96:5!ZDVIXQFWLRQDOHYHQDIWHUVXEMHFWHGWRD96:5!
ZKHQHTXLSSHGZLWKWKHSURSRVHGSURWHFWLRQVFKHPH
7KHYROWDJHDQGWKHFXUUHQWDORQJDWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHDUHUHODWHG
WKHPRVWVHQVLWLYHWRWKHVHHYHQWV$QH[FHVVLYH96:5FDQUHGXFHWKH
RSHUDWLQJUDQJHRIWKHUDGLRFDXVHWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOWRVDWXUDWHWKH
UHFHLYHVHFWLRQRUFDXVHWKHUDGLRWRKHDWXS0RUHVHYHUHHIIHFWVZRXOG
GDPDJHWKHWUDQVPLWWHUDQGEUHDNGRZQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHGLHOHFWULF
WKURXJKVRPHFDWDVWURSKLFIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVXFKDVFRPEXVWLRQ
+LJK96:5FDQDOVRFDXVHVKDGRZLQJLQD79EURDGFDVWV\VWHPDVWKH
VLJQDOUHÀHFWHGRIIWKHDQWHQQDUHÀHFWVDJDLQRIIWKHSRZHUDPSOL¿HU
DQGLVWKHQUHEURDGFDVWUHVXOWLQJLQPXOWLSDWKOLNHSKHQRPHQRQ
E\DVSHFL¿FUDWLRNQRZQDVWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFH=2:KHQ 6372DETECTION
FRQGXFWHG5)HQHUJ\WUDYHOLQJDORQJWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHHQFRXQWHUV (TXDWLRQDQG)LJXUHVKRZWKDW96:5FDQEHFDOFXODWHGLIWKH
DORDGHTXDOWRWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHDOORIWKHDYDLODEOHSRZHU UHÀHFWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWLVNQRZQ
LVGHOLYHUHGWRWKHORDG$Q\GLVFRQWLQXLW\PLVPDWFKDORQJWKHWUDQV
PLVVLRQOLQHWKDWFKDQJHVWKHORDGLPSHGDQFHFDXVHVUHÀHFWHGFXUUHQWV 6MAX  6I  6R  6I
  ' HT
DQGYROWDJHVDORQJWKHOLQHFUHDWLQJDVWDQGLQJZDYH,QFLGHQWDQG 6MIN  6I
6R  6I

'
UHÀHFWHGZDYHVLQWHUIHUHFRQVWUXFWLYHO\DQGGHVWUXFWLYHO\UHVXOWLQJLQ
PD[LPXP9PD[DQGPLQLPXP9PLQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH9ROWDJH 6MAX 6I
  '   '
VWDQGLQJZDYHUDWLR96:5DPHDVXUHRIWKLVPLVPDWFKLVGH¿QHG 6372   
6MIN 6I

' 
'
DVDUDWLRRI9PD[9PLQ
3HUIHFWO\PDWFKHGLPSHGDQFHV96:5 UHVXOWLQLGHDOSRZHU ZKHUH
9L LQFLGHQWZDYH9U UHÀHFWHGZDYH= FKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHG
!MPLITUDE DQFH=/ ORDG
6R :,
:O
2EFLECTIONCOEFFICIENT '  
6I :,
:O
)LJXUHVKRZVDGLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHUSODFHGEHWZHHQWKHVRXUFHDQG
WKHORDGWRLVRODWHDQGVDPSOHWKHLQFLGHQWDQGUHÀHFWHGZDYHVIURP
6-!8
6-).
2EFLECTED7AVE
,INE :,  :/
,ENGTH )NCIDENT7AVE :,  :/
!NTINODE .ODE !NTINODE :,  :/
6-).
63/52#% $IRECTIONAL
6-!8 :/ #OUPLER :/
0ORT#

0ORT$

:,

6R

6I

&IGURE4HESTANDINGWAVEONATRANSMISSIONLINEUNDERMISMATCHISA &IGURE!DIRECTIONALCOUPLERISOLATESANDSAMPLESTHEINCIDENTAND
SUPERPOSITIONOFTHEINCIDENTANDREmECTEDWAVES REmECTEDPOWERSFROMTHEMISMATCHEDLOAD

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY
49
  

 
  
 
  

%22D"
6/546

,VRODWLRQG%
 
  
 
  
 
 

      
0).D"M 
        
6/54!? C 6/54!?C 6/54!?C 6/54!?C
6/54"? C 6/54"?C 6/54"?C 6/54"?C )UHTXHQF\0+]
%22!? C %22?!?C %22!?C %22!?C
%222"? C %22?"?C %22"?C %22"?C &IGURE)SOLATIONFROMONE2&CHANNELSINPUTTOTHEOTHER2&CHANNELS
INPUTFORTHE!$,

&IGURE!$,SLOGCONFORMANCEAT-(ZISWITHINÒD"WITHA
DRIFTD"OVERTEMPERATURE

WKHORDG:LWKKLJKGLUHFWLYLW\WKHUDWLRRILQFLGHQWZDYHWRUHÀHFWHG 
ZDYHLVHTXDOWRWKHUHÀHFWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWDVVKRZQLQ(TXDWLRQ7KXV
ZLWKWKHKHOSRIDGLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHUDQGGHWHFWRUVWKHUHÀHFWHGDQG 
LQFLGHQWZDYHVFDQEHGHWHFWHGDQGSRVWSURFHVVHGSHUIRUPLQJGLYLVLRQ

,VRODWLRQG%

RIUHÀHFWHGDQGLQFLGHQWZDYHVWRPHDVXUHWKHUHÀHFWLRQFRHI¿FLHQW
# 
6$ #  ' EXP  JQ
 $ 
6# # HT
 # ' EXP  JF 
$
 
6$ 'p
 $  ' 
'         
6# MAX
MIN B )UHTXHQF\0+]
$
&IGURE)SOLATIONFROMONE2&CHANNELSINPUTTOTHEOTHER2&CHANNELS
FOR $ 
OUTPUTFORTHE!$,

ZKHUH SRZHUOHYHOVIRUDPLQLPDOGLIIHUHQFHDWWKHLQSXWVLQRUGHUWRUHGXFH
FRXSOLQJ&RXSOLQJRQWKH3&ERDUGDOVRDIIHFWVLVRODWLRQ&DUHVKRXOG
& FRXSOLQJFRHI¿FLHQW' GLUHFWLYLW\ EHWDNHQLQWKHOD\RXWWRLVRODWHWKH5)LQSXWVIURPHDFKRWKHU
5DQGF XQNQRZQSKDVHGHOD\VWKURXJKWKHFRXSOHU 7KH GHWHFWLRQ UDQJH IRU WKH LQFLGHQW VLJQDO LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH
9F YROWDJHRQWKHFRXSOHGSRUW3RUW&RIWKHFRXSOHUDVDPSOH WUDQVPLWWHU¶VRXWSXWSRZHUUDQJHEXWGHWHFWLRQRIWKHUHYHUVHSURSR
RIWKHLQFLGHQWZDYH JDWLQJVLJQDOVWKDWKDYHEHHQUHÀHFWHGIURPWKHLQWHUIDFHQHHGVWREH
9' YROWDJHRQWKHUHÀHFWHGSRUW3RUW'RIWKHFRXSOHUD JUHDWHU7KHUHÀHFWHGSRZHUOHYHOFDQUDQJHIURPDYHU\VPDOOVLJQDO
VDPSOHRIWKHUHIHOFWHGZDYH OHYHO ZKHQ WKHUH LV D JRRG LPSHGDQFH PDWFK EHWZHHQ WKH 3$ DQG
WKHDQWHQQDWRDVLJQDOOHYHODVODUJHDVWKHPD[LPXPOHYHORIWKH
2QFHWKHLQFLGHQWDQGUHÀHFWHGVLJQDOVKDYHEHHQVDPSOHGDQGLVRODW LQFLGHQWVLJQDOZKHQWKHUHLVDQRSHQRUVKRUWRQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
HGWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHVHVLJQDOVQHHGVWREHGHWHFWHGZKLFKUHTXLUHV
GXDOGHWHFWRUV7KHEHVWGHWHFWLRQPHWKRGLVGHWHUPLQHGE\FRQVLGHULQJ
PHDVXUHPHQWDFFXUDF\DQGGHWHFWLRQUDQJHRYHUWHPSHUDWXUH
$FFXUDF\RIWKHGHWHFWLRQPHWKRGZLOOGHWHUPLQHWKHDFFXUDF\RI
WKH96:5PHDVXUHPHQW7KHDFFXUDF\RIWKHRXWSXWXVHGWRGHWHFWWKH
LQFLGHQWDQGUHÀHFWHGZDYHVLVGHJUDGHGGXHWRWKHFRXSOLQJEHWZHHQ
WKH WZR FKDQQHOV HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ WKH WZR FKDQQHOV DUH RSHUDWLQJ
DW GLIIHUHQW SRZHU OHYHOV 7KLV LPSOLHV WKDW LVRODWLRQ LV RQH RI WKH
SULPDU\FULWHULDLQGHWHFWRUVHOHFWLRQ7KLVLVRODWLRQFULWHULRQLVWZR
IROGLVRODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZR5)FKDQQHOLQSXWVDQGLVRODWLRQIURP
RQH 5) FKDQQHO¶V LQSXW WR WKH RWKHU 5) FKDQQHO¶V RXWSXW ,VRODWLRQ
EHWZHHQWKHWZRLQSXWVFDQEHHDVLO\PHDVXUHGXVLQJDQHWZRUNDQD
O\]HUEXWLQSXWWRRXWSXWLVRODWLRQLVPRUHLPSRUWDQW,QSXWWRRXWSXW
LVRODWLRQLVPHDVXUHGE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHSRZHUOHYHORQRQHFKDQQHO
XQWLOLWVWDUWVWRDIIHFWWKHSRZHUGHWHFWLRQDFFXUDF\RIWKHRWKHUFKDQQHO
OLQHUHTXLULQJGHWHFWRUVZLWKKLJKG\QDPLFUDQJH
7KHIDFWWKDWORJDULWKPLFVXEWUDFWLRQLVHTXLYDOHQWWRGLYLVLRQPDNHV
LWHDV\WRSHUIRUPWKHFRPSOLFDWHGPDWKRIVLJQDOGLYLVLRQRQHLPSRU
WDQWUHDVRQIRUVHOHFWLQJORJDPSVIRU96:5GHWHFWLRQ)RU96:5
PHDVXUHPHQWVXVLQJORJDPSVERWKGHWHFWRUVVKRXOGEHRQWKHVDPH
FKLSWRSURYLGHJRRGPDWFKLQJIRUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSURFHVVYDULDWLRQV
/RJDPSVDOVRKDYHJUHDWHUG\QDPLFUDQJHWKDQRWKHUGHWHFWRUW\SHV
$OO RI WKLV VKRZV WKDW WKH EHVW GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRG WR XVH IRU96:5
DSSOLFDWLRQV LV D GXDO ORJ DPS ZLWK KLJK G\QDPLF UDQJH DQG JRRG
DFFXUDF\RYHUWHPSHUDWXUH
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHRXWSXWVLWLVSUHIHUDEOHWRKDYHDFFHVV
WRWKHLQGLYLGXDOORJDPSRXWSXWVVLQFHPRVW5)GHVLJQHUVXVHWKLV
LQIRUPDWLRQWRVLPXOWDQHRXVO\GHWHUPLQHWKHRXWSXWSRZHURIWKH7[
VHFWLRQ7KH$'/LVDJRRGH[DPSOHRIDGXDOORJGHWHFWRUWKDW
KDV LQGLYLGXDO FKDQQHO RXWSXWV DQG DOVR WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH
DWDPXFKORZHUSRZHUOHYHOZLWKLQLWVG\QDPLFUDQJHE\G%7KH WZR FKDQQHOV$V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  WKH$'/ RIIHUV D  G%
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRSRZHUOHYHOVLVWKHLQSXWWRRXWSXWLVRODWLRQ G\QDPLFUDQJHIURPORZIUHTXHQF\WR*+]ZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHGULIW
'LIIHUHQWYDOXHGFRXSOHUVDQGDWWHQXDWRUVFDQEHXVHGWRSRVLWLRQWKH OHVVWKDQpG%PDNLQJLWDQLGHDOVROXWLRQIRUGHWHFWLQJWKHLQFLGHQW

 WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY

50
 0). #OUPLER 0/54
(0!

0ORT$ 0ORT#
REFLECTED COUPLED
6!0# :,/!$

6$)&&ISPROPORTIONALTO
THEREFLECTEDPOWER0$
6!0#
0$ 0#
6372 6$)&& 6372 6372
62%& 6372
0$

6$)&& 0$
6$)&& /NCE6$)&&
#LAMP EXCEEDS
6!0# 62%&6$)&&IS
6#0, 0# PULLEDPOWER

6#0, $UAL,OG$ETECTOR 63%4

6372    
6372

&IGURE6372DETECTIONANDPROTECTIONAPPARATUSUSINGDIRECTIONALCOUPLERSANDDUALLOGDETECTOR

DQGUHÀHFWHGZDYHVDQGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\FRQWUROOLQJWKHRXWSXWSRZHU7KH
H[FHOOHQWLQSXWWRLQSXWDQGLQSXWWRRXWSXWFKDQQHOLVRODWLRQVSHFVRI 
WKH$'/!G%VKRZQLQ)LJXUHDQG)LJXUHPDNHWKLV
SDUWVXLWDEOHIRUGXDO5)FKDQQHOV\VWHPV7KH$'FDQEHXVHG 
ZKHUHWKHUHLVQRQHHGIRULQGLYLGXDOORJRXWSXWV
7KHUHDUHPDQ\ZD\VWRSURWHFWDQDPSOL¿HUIURPSRWHQWLDOO\GDP 
DJLQJKLJK96:5+LJK96:5FRQGLWLRQVDUHJHQHUDOO\FDWDVWURSKLF
0/54D"M

DW KLJK RXWSXW SRZHUV VR WKH JRDO RI WKH SURWHFWLRQ FLUFXLW VKRXOG 0!FAILSFOR6372
 6372
EHWRORZHUWKHRXWSXWSRZHUWKHUHE\SODFLQJWKHDPSOL¿HULQDVDIH
RSHUDWLQJPRGH7KH96:5GHWHFWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\LVLQGHSHQGHQW 6372
RIWKHDPSOL¿HU¶VDUFKLWHFWXUHEXWWKHSRZHUFRQWUROVFKHPHRIWKH  6372
DUFKLWHFWXUH GRHV LQÀXHQFH WKH FKRLFH RI WKH DPSOL¿HU¶V SURWHFWLRQ 6372
PHFKDQLVP 
)RUWKHFDVHZKHUHWKHDPSOL¿HU¶VSRZHULVFRQWUROOHGE\DQH[WHU
QDOSLQWKHRXWSXWSRZHUFDQEHHDVLO\UHGXFHGZKHQD96:5HYHQW 
      
H[FHHGV D SUHGHWHUPLQHG UHIHUHQFH OHYHO 7KH SURSRVHG SURWHFWLRQ
0HASEDEGREES
VFKHPHKDVWKHFDSDELOLW\RIDOWHULQJWKLVUHIHUHQFHOHYHOH[WHQGLQJ
96:5SURWHFWLRQWRVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQW3$DUFKLWHFWXUHV &IGURE!'3-0!AT-(ZISDESTROYEDUPONEXPOSURETOA6372

6372PROTECTIONPROTOTYPERESULTS VXEWUDFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRVLJQDOVUHVXOWLQJLQDGLIIHUHQFHRXWSXW9',))
7KLV 96:5 SURWHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVP ZDV XVHG WR SURWHFW D *60 SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHUDWLRRIWKHUHÀHFWHGDQGFRXSOHGVLJQDOVWKDWLV
3$XQGHUKHDY\PLVPDWFK$GLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHUDQGDGXDOGHWHFWRU HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH UHÀHFWLRQ FRHI¿FLHQW 7KH HTXDWLRQV DUH YDOLG IRU
ZHUH XVHG WR GHWHFW WKH UHÀHFWLRQ FRHI¿FLHQW :KHQ WKH 96:5 LV
PRUHWKDQWKHVDIHOLPLWWKHSURWHFWLRQFLUFXLWJHWVWULJJHUHGORZHULQJ
WKHDPSOL¿HU¶VRXWSXWSRZHUE\DGMXVWLQJWKHYROWDJHRQLWVSRZHU
FRQWUROSLQ
7KH96:5GHWHFWLRQFLUFXLWVKRZQLQ)LJXUHFRQVLVWVRIDGLUHF
FRXSOHUVZLWKKLJKGLUHFWLYLW\!G%:LWKORZHUGLUHFWLYLWLHVWKH
PHDVXUHG9',))RXWSXWZLOOEHDIXQFWLRQRIWKHSKDVHRIWKH96:5
$GLUHFWLYLW\RIG%ZDVIRXQGWREHVXI¿FLHQWIRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJ
EHWZHHQWKH96:5RIDQGZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRZRUU\DERXWWKH
SKDVHRIWKH96:5
WLRQDOFRXSOHUDGXDOORJGHWHFWRUDQGDFODPSFLUFXLW7KHGLUHFWLRQDO  HT

6$ 6 6$
FRXSOHUEHWZHHQWKH+3$DQGWKHORDGFRXSOHVDVDPSOHRILQFLGHQW 0$  : ).
 0#  #
: ).

6#  '
DQGUHÀHFWHGZDYHVRQWRWKHFRXSOHGDQGUHÀHFWHGSRUWVZKLFKDUH
WKHQIHGWRDGXDOORJGHWHFWRUVXFKDVWKH$'/RU$'$
GLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHUZLWKG%FRXSOLQJIDFWRUDQGJUHDWHUWKDQG%
 
6$)&&  63,0
LOG 0$ 0).4
LOG 0# 0).4  6,6, 
GLUHFWLYLW\DW0+]ZDVXVHGWRSRVLWLRQWKHFRXSOHGDQGUHÀHFWHG  
 6$ 6#  6,6,
 63,0
LOG
VLJQDOVZLWKLQWKHGHWHFWLRQUDQJHRIWKHGHWHFWRU  63,0
LOG '  6,6,
7KH SRZHU IURP WKH UHÀHFWHG SRUW 3' RI WKH GLUHFWLRQDO FRX
SOHUZKLFKLVSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKH96:5LVIHGWRRQHRIWKHLQSXW ZKHUH
FKDQQHOVRIWKHGHWHFWRU7KHSRZHUIURPWKHFRXSOHGSRUW3&ZKLFK 9',))LVWKHGLIIHUHQFHRXWSXW9RIWKHGXDOORJDPSGHWHFWRU
LV LQGHSHQGHQW RI WKH96:5 LV IHG WR WKH RWKHU LQSXW FKDQQHO$V 96/3LVWKHVORSHP9G%RIWKHORJDPSGHWHFWRU
VKRZQLQ(TXDWLRQWKHGXDOORJGHWHFWRUFRPSXWHVWKHORJDULWKPLF 3,17 LV WKH ;D[LV LQWHUFHSW G%P RI WKH 9287  YV 3,1  FXUYH

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY
51
 4HE0! 6372 6372 6372
 FUNCTIONSEVENAFTER 6372 6372 6372
A6372


RIWKH3$VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZKLOHGHFLGLQJRQWKH95()OHYHO,Q
WKLVZRUNLQJPRGHOWKH95()OHYHOZDVVHWWRWULJJHUWKHFODPSFLUFXLW

IRUYDOXHVRI96:5!
0/54D"M

7KH *60 3$ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  JHWV LUUHYHUVLEO\ GDPDJHG

 ZKHQ H[SRVHG WR 96:5 !  DW 3287   G%P DW  0+]
,Q DQ H[SHULPHQWDO WHVW RI WKH GHWHFWRU FLUFXLW FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ
 WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV D VLPLODU *60 3$ ZDV IXQFWLRQDO HYHQ DIWHU
ZLWKVWDQGLQJ D96:5 !  DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 7KHVH UHVXOWV
 LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DSSDUDWXV ZDV DEOH WR SURWHFW D SRZHU DPSOL¿HU
XQGHUVHYHUHPLVPDWFKFRQGLWLRQV2&$

         
0HASEDEG

&IGURE!'3-0!AT-(ZISFUNCTIONALEVENAFTEREXPOSURETOA
6372WHENEQUIPPEDWITHA6372DETECTIONANDPROTECTION !"/544(%!54(/23
APPARATUSUSINGDIRECTIONALCOUPLERSANDDUALLOGDETECTOR
$QLO5DFKDNRQGDLVD5),&GHVLJQHQJLQHHULQWKH$GYDQFHG
VHH)LJXUH /LQHDU3URGXFWVGLYLVLRQRI$QDORJ'HYLFHV,QF+HREWDLQHG
KLV PDVWHUV GHJUHH LQ HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ IURP $UL]RQD
9/9/LVDFRQVWDQWFRPPRQPRGHYROWDJHOHYHO9 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\7HPSH$=+HFDQEHUHDFKHGYLDHPDLODW
=,1LVWKHLQSXWLPSHGDQFHRIWKHGHWHFWRU DQLOUDFKDNRQGD#DQDORJFRP
/DUU\ +DZNLQV LV D VHQLRU 5) DSSOLFDWLRQV HQJLQHHU LQ WKH
7KHRSDPSEDVHGFODPSFLUFXLWWULJJHUVZKHQWKHGLIIHUHQFHRXWSXW $GYDQFHG /LQHDU 3URGXFWV GLYLVLRQ RI $QDORJ 'HYLFHV ,QF
9',))RIWKHORJGHWHFWRULQFUHDVHVE\DSUHGH¿QHGYROWDJHOHYHO95() +H REWDLQHG KLV EDFKHORU¶V GHJUHH LQ HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ
LQGLFDWLQJDKLJK96:5FRQGLWLRQ2QFHDKLJK96:5FRQGLWLRQLV IURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI8WDK+HFDQEHUHDFKHGYLDHPDLODW
GHWHFWHGWKH+3$LVSRZHUHGGRZQLQWRDVDIHRSHUDWLQJPRGHXV ODUU\KDZNLQV#DQDORJFRP
LQJLWVSRZHUFRQWUROYROWDJHSRUW9$3&3287YV9$3&FKDUDFWHULVWLF

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY
52
 4IME&REQUENCY

$IRECTDIGITALSYNTHESISENABLESDIGITAL0,,S
$IRECTDIGITALSYNTHESISTOGETHERWITHA$!#ANDAHIGH PERFORMANCEDIGITAL
PHASEDETECTOROVERCOMESEVERALFUNDAMENTALDRAWBACKSINANALOG0,,SSUCH
ASASYMMETRYINTHEPHASEDETECTORORBANDWIDTHLIMITATIONSANDPHASENOISEIN
THE6#/&URTHERMOREBECAUSETHECIRCUITRYISDIGITALFEEDBACK LOOPPARAMETERS
AREADJUSTEDBYCHANGINGNUMERICALCOEFlCIENTSINDEVICEREGISTERSRATHERTHAN
CHANGINGELECTRICALPARAMETERSINPHYSICALCOMPONENTSTHELATTERPROCESSBEING
ESPECIALLYDIFlCULTFOR!3)#DESIGNS
"Y0AUL+ERN

4 KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQDORJ3//VKDVVWHDGL
O\LPSURYHGZLWKRSHUDWLQJIUHTXHQFLHV
H[WHQGLQJXSWR*+]DQGEH\RQG,QGXVWU\
2EF 2EFERENCE ,OOPFILTER
INPUT DIVIDER 0HASE #HARGE 6#/ /UTPUT
PDLQVWD\VIRUPDQ\\HDUVWKHVH3//VDUHZHOO DETECTOR PUMP
XQGHUVWRRG DQG RIIHU LQH[SHQVLYH VROXWLRQV
2
IRU IUHTXHQF\ V\QWKHVLV DQG MLWWHU FOHDQ XS #
5HFHQWO\GLJLWDO3//VEDVHGRQGLUHFWGLJLWDO
#
V\QWKHVLV''6KDYHHPHUJHGDVDWWUDFWLYH
DOWHUQDWLYHVLQFHUWDLQDSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVDUWLFOH
H[SORUHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQDQDORJ3//V &EEDBACK
DQG''6EDVHGGLJLWDO3//VDQGKRZWKHVH DIVIDER
GLIIHUHQFHVFDQEHXVHGWRJXLGHWKHGHVLJQHU
WRZDUGWKHEHVWRSWLRQ &IGURE"LOCKDIAGRAMOFBASICANALOG0,,
$GLJLWDO3//LPSOHPHQWVWUDGLWLRQDO3//
EXLOGLQJEORFNVXVLQJGLJLWDOORJLF:KLOHWKHUH
DUHPDQ\ZD\VWRLPSOHPHQWDGLJLWDO3// 2EFERENCE %XTERNAL
WKLVDUWLFOHZLOOIRFXVRQ''6EDVHGGLJLWDO MONITORS SYSTEM
CLOCK
3//DUFKLWHFWXUHV
)LJXUHVKRZVDW\SLFDODQDORJ3//7KH 2EFERENCE 2EFERENCE 0HASE
UHIHUHQFH GLYLGHU ZKLFK LV WKH ¿UVW EORFN INPUTS DIVIDER DETECTOR $IGITAL
HQFRXQWHUHG E\ DQ LQFRPLQJ VLJQDO LV QR TIME TO LOOP $$3
DIGITAL FILTER
GLIIHUHQW IURP WKDW RI DQ DQDORJ 3// 7KH &EEDBACK CONVERTER
UHIHUHQFHGLYLGHUUHGXFHVWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKH DIVIDER
LQFRPLQJ VLJQDO EHIRUH LW JRHV WR WKH SKDVH
GHWHFWRU7KHUHIHUHQFHGLYLGHUVHWWLQJSOD\V %XTERNAL$!#
&ANOUT RECONSTRUCTION
D NH\ UROH LQ 3// EHKDYLRU ,I WKH GHVLJQHU BUFFER FILTER
PXVWXVHDODUJHUHIHUHQFHGLYLGHUDQGDORZ
SKDVHGHWHFWRU IUHTXHQF\ WR JHQHUDWH WKH #LOCK
GHVLUHGRXWSXWWKHPD[LPXPORRSEDQGZLGWK OUTPUT
ZLOOEHFRQVWUDLQHG
&IGURE"LOCKDIAGRAMOF$$3 BASEDDIGITAL0,,
4HEDIGITALPHASEDETECTOR
,QDQDQDORJ3//WKHSKDVHGHWHFWRUJHQ QRSUDFWLFDOOLPLWWRKRZODUJHWKH\FDQEH 4HEDIGITAL6#/$$3PLUS$!#
HUDWHV FKDUJHSXPS FXUUHQW SXOVHV ZKRVH ,QDGGLWLRQWKHGLJLWDOSKDVHGHWHFWRUGRHVQ¶W ,QD''6EDVHGGLJLWDO3//VXFKDVWKH
GXUDWLRQ LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH SKDVH GLIIHU VXIIHUIURPWKHUPDOQRLVHDJLQJRUGULIWDQG RQH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  WKH ''6 EORFN DQG
HQFH EHWZHHQ WKH UHIHUHQFH DQG IHHGEDFN FKDUJH SXPS PLVPDWFK RU OHDNDJH &KDUJH '$&UHSODFHWKHWUDGLWLRQDO9&27KH''6
VLJQDO ,Q D GLJLWDO 3// RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG SXPSOHDNDJHRFFXUVZKHQWKHWUDQVLVWRUVLQ LQSXWLVDGLJLWDOWXQLQJZRUGZKRVHYDOXHLV
WKHSKDVHGHWHFWRU¶VRXWSXWLVDGLJLWDOQXPEHU WKHFKDUJHSXPSGRQRWFRPSOHWHO\WXUQRIIRU SURSRUWLRQDOWRLWVRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\7KLVLV
SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH WLPH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DQRWKHUOHDNDJHSDWKFDXVHVXQZDQWHGYROWDJH VLPLODUWRDFRQYHQWLRQDO9&2LQZKLFKWKH
WKH HGJHV RI WKH LQFRPLQJ UHIHUHQFH VLJQDO YDULDWLRQDWWKH9&27KHODVWDGYDQWDJHLV RXWSXW IUHTXHQF\ LV XVXDOO\ SURSRUWLRQDO WR
DQGWKHIHHGEDFNVLJQDO7KHVHGLJLWDOZRUGV SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWDVFKDUJHSXPSOHDNDJH DQDORJLQSXWWXQLQJYROWDJH$W\SLFDO''6
DUHVHQWWRWKHGLJLWDOORRS¿OWHUZKLFK¿OWHUV DQGGULYHUXSGRZQFXUUHQWPLVPDWFKDUHNH\ WKDWUXQVDW*+]ZLOOKDYHDIXQGDPHQWDO
DQG LQWHJUDWHV WKH SKDVH GHWHFWRU RXWSXW FRQWULEXWRUVWRVSXUVWKDWDSSHDULQWKHRXWSXW WXQLQJUDQJHIURPGFWRDERXW0+]7KLV
%HFDXVHWKHORRS¿OWHUSDUDPHWHUVDUHQXPHUL VSHFWUXP DW WKH SKDVH GHWHFWRU IUHTXHQF\ UDQJHFDQEHH[WHQGHGE\XVLQJD'$&LPDJH
FDOFRHI¿FLHQWVKRZHYHUWKH\FDQEHHDVLO\ 7KHGLJLWDO3//DYRLGVWKLVE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKH DERYHWKH1\TXLVWIUHTXHQF\RQHKDOIRIWKH
FKDQJHGDQGXQOLNHDQDQDORJ3//WKHUHLV FKDUJHSXPSV '$&VDPSOHUDWH7KH'$&RXWSXWLVVHQW

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ULY
53
 -AGNITUDED"
)MAGE )MAGE )MAGE )MAGE )MAGE


 PRIMARY WKDQLQDQDQDORJ3//7KLVLVDNH\DGYDQWDJH

 SIGNAL FILTER LQSKDVHPRGXODWHGV\VWHPV
RESPONSE SINX X
ENVELOPE ,QDQ\3//UHIHUHQFHQRLVHZLWKLQWKH3//


ORRSEDQGZLGWKLVSDVVHGWRWKHRXWSXWDQG

 SPURS UHIHUHQFH QRLVH RXWVLGH WKH 3// ORRS EDQG

 ZLGWK LV DWWHQXDWHG$ NH\ DGYDQWDJH WR WKH
F3  F3 F3  F3 F3  GXDOORRS''6EDVHGGLJLWDO3//DUFKLWHFWXUH
BASEBAND .ORMALIZEDFREQUENCYF3 LV WKDW WKH RXWSXW SKDVH QRLVH LV GHSHQGHQW
RQWKH'$&V\VWHPFORFNDVRSSRVHGWRWKH
&IGURE$!#SPECTRUMVSRECONSTRUCTIONlLTERRESPONSE DQDORJ9&27KLVDOORZVGHVLJQHUVWRFKRRVH
D V\VWHP FORFN VRXUFH WKDW LV WDLORUHG IRU
WR DQ H[WHUQDO ORZSDVV UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ ¿OWHU DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKHVH GLJLWDO HOHPHQWV EH VSHFL¿FMLWWHUUHTXLUHPHQWV,QDQDQDORJ3//
WR UHPRYH XQGHVLUHG KDUPRQLF FRQWHQW DQG FRPHDSSDUHQW)RUH[DPSOHWKHGLJLWDO3// UHSODFLQJRQH9&2ZLWKDQRWKHUZLOOUHTXLUH
WKHQ EDFN WR WKH RQFKLS IHHGEDFN GLYLGHU H[FHOVLQIUHTXHQF\WUDQVODWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQV PDWFKLQJWKHVXSSO\YROWDJHJDLQIUHTXHQF\
WKXVFORVLQJWKHIHHGEDFNORRS VXFKDVWUDQVODWLQJWKHFRPPRQ0+] UDQJHDQGRWKHU9&2SDUDPHWHUVZKLFKFDQ
7KHH[WHUQDO'$&UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ¿OWHULV QHWZRUNLQJFORFNIUHTXHQF\WR0+] EHTXLWHGLI¿FXOW$QRWKHUGLI¿FXOW\ZLWKWKH
RQH LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQW QRW IRXQG RQ DQ 7KLVQHFHVVLWDWHVGLYLGLQJWKHLQFRPLQJVLJQDO DQDORJ3//LVWKDWWKHGHVLJQHUPXVWWUDGHRII
DQDORJ 3// 7KLV ORZSDVV ¿OWHU UHPRYHV E\  DQG UXQQLQJ WKH SKDVH GHWHFWRU DW 9&2WXQLQJUDQJHIRU9&2SKDVHQRLVHZLWK
IUHTXHQF\ FRQWHQW DERYH WKH IXQGDPHQWDO N+],QRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQORRSVWDELOLW\WKH 9&2QRLVHJRLQJXSDVWKH9&2IUHTXHQF\
RXWSXW IUHTXHQF\ OHDYLQJ RQO\ WKH GHVLUHG PD[LPXP 3// ORRS EDQGZLGWK LV W\SLFDOO\ UDQJH LV LQFUHDVHG 7KH ''6 GLJLWDO 3//
VLQHZDYH$¿IWKRUVHYHQWKRUGHUORZSDVV FRQVWUDLQHGWRDERXWRIWKHSKDVHGHWHFWRU UHPRYHV WKHVH FRQVWUDLQWV %\ SURYLGLQJ D
¿OWHULVFRPPRQGHSHQGLQJRQWKH¿OWHULQJ
UHTXLUHPHQW DQG KRZ FORVH WKH RXWSXW IUH
TXHQF\LVWRWKH1\TXLVWIUHTXHQF\7KLVVLQH
ZDYHFDQWKHQEHIHGLQWRDIDQRXWEXIIHUWR
SURGXFHDVTXDUHZDYHFORFNRXWSXW$EDQG
SDVV¿OWHUFDQEHXVHGLQVWHDGRIDORZSDVV
¿OWHU IRU DGGLWLRQDO QRLVH ¿OWHULQJ RU WR
DOORZWKH3//WRRSHUDWHDWIUHTXHQFLHVZHOO
DERYHWKH1\TXLVWIUHTXHQF\,WLVSRVVLEOHWR
JHWDQXQ¿OWHUHGVSXUDWRUEHORZWKHRXWSXW
IUHTXHQF\VRWKHGHVLJQHUPXVWEHFDUHIXOWR
GRIUHTXHQF\SODQQLQJDQGUXQWKH'$&DWD
IUHTXHQF\ZKHUHWKLVLVQRWDQLVVXH
IUHTXHQF\RUN+]LQWKLVFDVH)UDFWLRQDO1
DQDORJ3//VFDQHQKDQFHORRSÀH[LELOLW\E\
NHHSLQJ WKH SKDVHGHWHFWRU IUHTXHQF\ KLJK
EXWWKLVDUFKLWHFWXUHFDQLQWURGXFHLWVRZQVHW
RISUREOHPV
)XUWKHUPRUHLQDQDQDORJ3//ORZORRS
EDQGZLGWKVUHTXLUHEXON\ORRS¿OWHUFRPSR
QHQWV ZKLFK QRW RQO\ WDNH XS ERDUG VSDFH
EXWOHDGWRVHOIUHVRQDQFHDQGPLFURSKRQLFV
ZKHQ FHUDPLF FDSDFLWRUV DUH XVHG :KLOH
GLJLWDO3//FDQDOVRKDYHDUHIHUHQFHVSXUGXH
WR ¿QLWH VWHSV RI SKDVH FRUUHFWLRQ WKLV VSXU
FDQ EH VXSSUHVVHG PRUH HDVLO\ EHFDXVH WKH
GLJLWDOORRS¿OWHUPDNHVLWHDV\WRLPSOHPHQW
FOHDQ '$& V\VWHP FORFN WKH GHVLJQHU ZLOO
KDYHWKHHTXLYDOHQWRIDTXLHWZLGHEDQGORZ
QRLVH9&27KLVDOORZVWKHGHVLJQHUWRVHOHFW
DORZ3//ORRSEDQGZLGWKIRUMLWWHUFOHDQXS
%HFDXVHWKHSKDVHGHWHFWRUJDLQORRSEDQG
ZLGWKDQGSKDVHPDUJLQDUHSURJUDPPDEOHLQ
DGLJLWDO3//WKHXVHUFDQPDLQWDLQWKHVDPH
ORRSWUDQVIHUIXQFWLRQIRUYDULRXVFRQGLWLRQV
)RUH[DPSOHWKHXVHUPD\QHHGWRV\QFKURQL]H
WRDQN+]%,76FORFNRQRQHUHIHUHQFHLQSXW
DQGD0+]621(76'+UHIHUHQFHFORFN
RQWKHRWKHULQSXWWRJHQHUDWHD0+]UHIHU
HQFHFORFNIRUJLJDELW(WKHUQHW,QDGLJLWDO3//
WKHORRS¿OWHUFDQEHRSWLPL]HGIRUFRQVWDQWORRS
$IGITAL0,,PERFORMANCE YHU\QDUURZORRSEDQGZLGWKV+]0RUH EDQGZLGWK DQG SKDVH PDUJLQ IRU ERWK FDVHV
ADVANTAGES LPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKHORRSFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUH 0RUH LPSRUWDQW WKH ORRS SDUDPHWHUV FDQ EH
2QFH WKH FRPSRQHQW EORFNV XVHG LQ D GHWHUPLQHG E\ GLJLWDO FRHI¿FLHQWV WKH ORRS DGMXVWHGDVFRQGLWLRQVZDUUDQWE\SURJUDPPLQJ
GLJLWDO 3// DUH XQGHUVWRRG WKH EHQHILWV G\QDPLFV DUH PXFK PRUH WLJKWO\ FRQWUROOHG UHJLVWHUVLQVWHDGRIFKDQJLQJFRPSRQHQWV

!$$IGITAL0,, !$!NALOG0,,
X,60%#,
2EFERENCE
$IFF DIVIDER ¿TO¿ /UT
OUTPUT /UT"

X,60%#,
)NPUT!
2EFERENCE 0HASE &EEDBACK 0HASE &EEDBACK ¿TO¿ /UT
DIVIDER DETECTOR DIVIDER DETECTOR DIVIDER /UT"
MONITORS
)NPUT" !NALOG
X,60%#,
0,,LOOP 6#/
$IGITAL $$3  FILTER ¿TO¿ /UT
LOOP /UT"
$!#
FILTER
X,6$3#-/3

3YSTEM 6#/ ¿TO¿ /UT

CLOCK $T
DIVIDER /UT"

X,6$3#-/3

,OW PASS ¿TO¿ /UT

RECONSTRUCTION $T
39.#" /UT"
FILTER

&IGURE#ASCADEDARCHITECTUREWHEREDIGITAL0,,FEEDSANALOG0,,

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ULY
54
 $ ''6EDVHG GLJLWDO 3// KDV DQRWKHU
NH\DGYDQWDJHE\KDYLQJDKLJKVSHHG'$&
V\VWHPFORFNDYDLODEOHIRUUHIHUHQFHPRQLWRU
LQJ7KLVFORFNFDQEHXVHGWRRYHUVDPSOHWKH
UHIHUHQFHLQSXWVDQGDOORZVIRUUDSLGGHWHFWLRQ
RIUHIHUHQFHFORFNGULIWRUIDLOXUH2QFHDIDLO
XUHLVGHWHFWHGWKHGHYLFHFDQDXWRPDWLFDOO\
VZLWFKLQSXWVRUJRLQWRKROGRYHUPRGH+LW
OHVVFORFNVZLWFKLQJLVHDVLO\LPSOHPHQWHGLQ
WKHGLJLWDOORJLF&ORFNKROGRYHURFFXUVZKHQ
ERWKUHIHUHQFHFORFNVIDLODQGWKHGLJLWDO3//
QRLVHRIWKHRQERDUG3//PXVWEHIDFWRUHGLQ
WRDQ\MLWWHUFDOFXODWLRQV
:KHQ FKRRVLQJ D FU\VWDO RVFLOODWRU WKH
GHVLJQHU VKRXOG FRQVLGHU WKH GHVLUHG RXWSXW
SKDVH QRLVH DQG VWDELOLW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV )RU
LQVWDQFH LI 6WUDWXP FORFN VWDELOLW\ LV UH
TXLUHGZKLOHLQKROGRYHUWKHQD6WUDWXP
FRPSOLDQW RVFLOODWRU VKRXOG EH XVHG IRU WKH
V\VWHPFORFN2XWSXWSKDVHQRLVHLVQRWRQO\D
IXQFWLRQRIWKHSKDVHQRLVHRIWKHRVFLOODWRUEXW
DOVRWKHDPRXQWRIIUHTXHQF\PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ
ZLOOWKHQDFWOLNHD''6IUHTXHQF\V\QWKHVL]HU
DQGFRQWLQXHWRRXWSXWWKHVDPHIUHTXHQF\IRU
DVORQJDVQHFHVVDU\7KHVWDELOLW\RIWKHRXWSXW
FORFN LQ KROGRYHU PRGH LV WKH VDPH DV WKH
VWDELOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPFORFN$FFRPSOLVKLQJ
WKLVZLWKDQDQDORJ3//ZRXOGUHTXLUHHLWKHU
DQH[WHUQDORVFLOODWRUWKDWLVDPXOWLSOHRIWKH
UHIHUHQFHLQSXWRUDYROWDJHRQWKH9&2WKDWLV
VWDEOHWRVXEPLFURYROWOHYHOVRYHUWHPSHUDWXUH
IRU ORQJ SHULRGV RI WLPH :KLOH WKH IRUPHU
PLJKWEHSUDFWLFDOWKHODWWHULVQRW
$IGITAL0,,DRAWBACKS
(YHQ DQ LGHDO '$& ZLOO KDYH KDUPRQLFV
DQG XQZDQWHG VSHFWUDO HQHUJ\ DFURVV WKH
HQWLUH EDQG DQG WKHVH DUH H[DFHUEDWHG E\
'$&QRQOLQHDULWLHV7KHVWDQGDUG¿JXUHRI
PHULWIRU'$&SHUIRUPDQFHLVVSXULRXVIUHH
VXSSOLHGE\WKHV\VWHPFORFN3//LIXVHG
8VLQJ D WKLUGRYHUWRQH FU\VWDO RVFLOODWRU DW
0+]WRGULYHWKHV\VWHPFORFN3//ZLOO
GHOLYHUEHWWHURYHUDOOSKDVHQRLVHWKDQXVLQJD
0+]RVFLOODWRUIRUWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQ
$QRWKHUIXQGDPHQWDOGUDZEDFNVKDUHGE\
DOO GLJLWDO 3//V LV WKDW WKH RXWSXW IUHTXHQ
FLHVDYDLODEOHDUHJHQHUDOO\ORZHUWKDQWKRVH
SRVVLEOHZKHQXVLQJDQDORJ3//V
$IGITALVSANALOG0,,DESIGN
OPTIONS
2I FRXUVH ZKHWKHU DQ DQDORJ RU GLJLWDO
3//LVWKHEHVWRSWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHDSSOL
FDWLRQ,QV\VWHPVZKHUHKROGRYHUUHIHUHQFH
VZLWFKLQJ DQG ORRS UHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ DUHQ¶W
QHFHVVDU\WKHDQDORJ3//SUHVHQWVDQDWWUDF
WLYH RSWLRQ DQG RQH WKDW DOORZV IRU KLJKHU
G\QDPLFUDQJH6)'5PHDVXUHGZLWKRXWD
UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ ¿OWHU 6)'5 LV D PHDVXUH RI
WKHSRZHURIWKHODUJHVWVSXUUHODWLYHWRWKH
FDUULHUIURPGFWRRQHKDOIRIWKH'$&VDPSOH
UDWH)RUDELW'$&ZLGHEDQG6)'5RI
±G%FWR±G%FLVFRPPRQ:KLOHLWLV
FHUWDLQO\SRVVLEOHWRKDYHKLJKHURUGHU'$&
VSXUVDWRUEHORZWKHGHVLUHGRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\
WKHVHVSXUVRIWHQKDYHPXFKORZHUDPSOLWXGH
RXWSXW IUHTXHQFLHV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH
GLJLWDO3//H[FHOVLQUHGXQGDQWFORFNLQJDS
SOLFDWLRQVZKHUHVPRRWKVZLWFKLQJKROGRYHU
DQGZHOOFRQWUROOHGORRSG\QDPLFVDUHQHHGHG
7KHLUÀH[LELOLW\DQGG\QDPLFUHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ
DOORZGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQFLHVRQWKHUHIHUHQFH
LQSXWVDQGD''6EDVHGGLJLWDO3//KDQGOHV
ORZUHIHUHQFHIUHTXHQFLHVH[FHSWLRQDOO\ZHOO
7KHUHIRUH''6EDVHGGLJLWDO3//VFDQRIIHU
EHORZ G%F 7KH SULPDU\ PHDQV IRU
DWWHQXDWLQJ'$&VSXUVLVZLWKWKHUHFRQVWUXF
WLRQ¿OWHUDQGDVHYHQWKRUGHUORZSDVV¿OWHU
ZLOOTXLFNO\DWWHQXDWHVSXUV)LJXUHVKRZVD
W\SLFDO'$&RXWSXWVSHFWUXPDQGUHFRQVWUXF
WLRQ¿OWHU IUHTXHQF\ UHVSRQVH7KH GHVLJQHU
VKRXOG EH FDUHIXO WR FKRRVH D V\VWHP FORFN
IUHTXHQF\ VR WKDW ORZHURUGHU VSXUV DUH QRW
FORVHWRWKHGHVLUHGRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\DOORZLQJ
WKHPWREHHIIHFWLYHO\¿OWHUHG
&KRRVLQJWKHFRUUHFW'$&V\VWHPFORFNLV
DQLPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQXVLQJDGLJLWDO
3// ,Q WKH PRVW GHPDQGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV D
KLJKIUHTXHQF\RVFLOODWRUFDQEHXVHGWRSURYLGH
WKH0+]WR0+]'$&V\VWHPFORFN
GLUHFWO\+RZHYHUWKH\FDQEHH[SHQVLYHDQG
IHZDSSOLFDWLRQVGHPDQGWKHP0DQ\GLJLWDO
3//VIHDWXUHDQDQDORJ3//FORFNPXOWLSOLHU
WKDW SURGXFHV SKDVH QRLVH QXPEHUV DFFHSW
DEOHIRUPDQ\DSSOLFDWLRQV,QWKHVHFDVHVWKH
GHVLJQHUFDQGULYHWKH'$&V\VWHPFORFN3//
ZLWKDFRPPRQ0+]RU0+]FU\VWDORU
ZLWKFU\VWDORVFLOODWRUVLQWKH0+]WR
0+]UDQJHWKXVDOORZLQJWKHRQERDUG3//WR
JHQHUDWHD*+]V\VWHPFORFN+RZHYHUWKH
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
55
VROXWLRQV WKDW WUDGLWLRQDO DQDORJ 3//V FDQ
QRWSURYLGH%HFDXVHGLJLWDOORJLFLVXVHGWR
LPSOHPHQW WKH GLJLWDO 3// EXLOGLQJ EORFNV
DQHZOHYHORISHUIRUPDQFHDQGÀH[LELOLW\LV
DFKLHYHG JLYLQJ GHVLJQHUV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR
DQDORJ3//V
+RZHYHU WR RYHUFRPH WKH OLPLWDWLRQV RI
HLWKHU3//GHVLJQDSRZHUIXOFRPELQDWLRQLV
DGLJLWDO3//IROORZHGE\DQDQDORJ3//DV
VKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHGLJLWDO3//FDQKDQGOH
FORFNVZLWFKLQJDQGGLI¿FXOWIUHTXHQF\UDWLRV
ZKLOH WKH DQDORJ 3// FDQ IXUWKHU DWWHQXDWH
VSXUV PXOWLSO\ WR KLJKHU IUHTXHQFLHV DQG
SHUIRUPFORFNGLVWULEXWLRQ2&$
!"/544(%!54(/2
3DXO.HUQLVDFORFNDSSOLFDWLRQVHQJLQHHU
LQWKH&ORFNDQG6LJQDO6\QWKHVLV*URXS
DW$QDORJ'HYLFHV.HUQHDUQHGD%6((
DQG06((IURP6DQWD&ODUD8QLYHUVLW\
6DQWD &ODUD &DOLI DQG KDV  \HDUV RI
LQGXVWU\H[SHULHQFH+HFDQEHUHDFKHGDW
SDXONHUQ#DQDORJFRP
*ULY
RF Bonus Feature

Mobile TV Tuners
Features
RFCMOS mobile TV Tuners and Covers worldwide mobile TV
receivers standards:
Low power, low NF, good sensitivity CMMB/DTMB (China): UHF band
Smaller package sizes (SoC and ISDB-T 1seg (Japan, Brazil)
SiP solutions)
DAB/DAB-IP/T-DMB (Europe,
Suitable for mobile/portable
China, Korea)
applications
S-DMB (Korea)
DVB-H (Europe and U.S.)

Part Noise Figure Sensitivity Power Consumption

Mobile TV Configuration Frequency (MHz) Package
Number (dB)1 (dBm)1 (mW)
88 to 108 (FM),
70/70/78
ADMTV300 RF 168 to 245 (Band-III), 2 5 mm 5 mm, 32-lead LFCSP
(FM/band-III/L-band)
1450 to 1492 (L-Band)
88 to 108 (FM),
RF+Demod 90/90/100 7 mm 7 mm, 144-lead FBGA;
ADMTV315 168 to 245 (Band-III), –102
SoC (FM/band-III/L-band) 5 mm 5 mm, 75-lead WLCSP (optional)
1450 to 1490 (L-Band)
T-DMB/DAB/FM RF+Demod 88 to 108 (FM), 90/180
ADMTV316 –103 9 mm 9 mm, 192-lead FBGA
Dual SoC 174 to 245 (Band-III) (FM/T-DMB dual)
88 to 108 (FM),
2.5/3.5 100/100/160
ITD3020 RF 174 to 245 (Band-III), 6 mm 6 mm, 40-lead LFCSP
(Band-III/L-Band) (FM/band-III/L-band)
1450 to 1592 (L-Band)
88 to 108 (FM), 100/100
ITD3010 RF 2.5 6 mm 6 mm, 40-lead LFCSP
174 to 245 (Band-III) (FM/band-III)
88 to 108 (FM),
2.5/3.5 100/100/140
MTV330 S-/T-DMB/FM Dual RF 174 to 245 (Band-III), 6 mm 6 mm, 48-lead LFCSP
(T-DMB/S-DMB) (FM/T-DMB/S-DMB)
2605 to 2655 (S-Band)
MTV320 S-DMB RF 2605 to 2655 (S-Band) 3.5 140 5 mm 5 mm, 36-lead LFCSP
ADMTV340 CMMB RF 2635 to 2660 (S-Band) 6.7 150 5 mm 5 mm, 32-lead LFCSP
DVB-H/DVB-T 171 to 245 (VHF), 180/200
ADMTV102 RF 2.8 5 mm 5 mm, 32-lead LFCSP
CMMB/DTMB 470 to 862 (UHF) (VHF/UHF)
ADMTV202 RF 470 to 806 (UHF) 2.5 75 2.1 mm 2.1 mm, 23-lead WLCSP
90 to 222 (VHF),
ADMTV203 RF 2.5 75 2.1 mm 2.1 mm, 23-lead WLCSP
470 to 806 (UHF)
ISDB-T 90 to 222 (VHF),
ITD2010 RF 4 100 6 mm 6 mm, 40-lead LFCSP
470 to 770 (UHF)
RF + Demod
MTV211 470 to 806 (UHF) –109 140 9 mm 9 mm, 46-lead LGA
SiP
1
Numbers for typical value in center frequency.

56
 !NALOG2&&RONT%ND

!DIRECT CONVERSIONTRANSMITTERFOR7I-!8
AND7I"ROAPPLICATIONS
4HEUSEOFHIGHDATARATE/&$-MODULATIONTRANSLATESINTOCHALLENGING
REQUIREMENTSFORTHETRANSMITTERINTERMSOFSPECTRALQUALITYAND%6-4HISCALLS
FORLOWDISTORTIONGOODSIGNALBALANCEANDLOWPHASEERROR4HISARTICLEWILL
FOCUSONTHECHALLENGESANDADVANTAGESASSOCIATEDWITHIMPLEMENTINGADIRECT
CONVERSIONTRANSMITTER!COMPLETEMIXED SIGNALIMPLEMENTATIONTHATINLCUDES
ADUALDIGITAL TO ANALOGCONVERTER$!# ANTI ALIASlLTERS)1MODULATOR,/
SYNTHESIZERVARIABLEGAINAMPLIlERAND2&POWERDETECTORWILLBEPRESENTED
ALONGWITHSYSTEM LEVELTESTRESULTS
"Y#ECILE-ASSE

7 LWK :/$1  DQG QRZ :L0$;  WKHUH KDV EHHQ
DJURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWDOORZGHOLYHU\RIKLJKHU
GDWD UDWHV RYHU ODUJH JHRJUDSKLFDO DUHDV 7KH ,(((  IDPLO\
DQGUHFHLYHU,Q4$02)'0WKHOLPLWHGV\PEROGHFLVLRQDUHD
GLFWDWHVDQ615RIDWOHDVWG%7KLV615UHTXLUHPHQWFDQHDVLO\
EH WUDQVODWHG LQWR DQ HUURU YHFWRU PDJQLWXGH (90 VSHFL¿FDWLRQ
RI VWDQGDUGV  DQG H DUH LQWHQGHG WR SUR HTXLYDOHQWWRWKHWRWDODPRXQWRIDPSOLWXGHDQGSKDVHGLVWRUWLRQ)RU
YLGH KLJK EDQGZLGWK ZLUHOHVV YRLFH DQG GDWD IRU UHVLGHQWLDO DQG  4$0 WKH HTXLYDOHQW (90 VSHFL¿FDWLRQ LV ± G% RU 
HQWHUSULVHXVH7KHPRGXODWLRQXVHGWRDFKLHYHWKHVHKLJKGDWDUDWHV 7KLV FKDOOHQJLQJ VSHFL¿FDWLRQ LPSRVHV YHU\ ORZ SKDVH QRLVH IRU
LV RUWKRJRQDO IUHTXHQF\GLYLVLRQ PXOWLSOH[LQJ 2)'0 :L0$;
2)'0IHDWXUHVDPLQLPXPRIVXEFDUULHUVXSWRVXEFDUULHUV
HDFK PRGXODWHG ZLWK HLWKHU %36. 436.  4$0 RU  4$0
PRGXODWLRQ+DYLQJWKHVHFDUULHUVRUWKRJRQDOWRHDFKRWKHUPLQLPL]HV
VHOILQWHUIHUHQFH7KLVVWDQGDUGDOVRVXSSRUWVGLIIHUHQWVLJQDOEDQG
ZLGWKV IURP  0+] WR  0+] WR IDFLOLWDWH WUDQVPLVVLRQ RYHU
ORQJHUUDQJHVDQGWRDFFRPPRGDWHGLIIHUHQWPXOWLSDWKHQYLURQPHQWV
7KLV UHSUHVHQWV D VLJQL¿FDQW LQFUHDVH LQ V\VWHP SUR¿OH FRPSOH[LW\
DV FRPSDUHG WR WKH :L)L  VWDQGDUG PRVWO\ WR JXDUDQWHH D
ZLGHU PRUH HI¿FLHQW PRUH UREXVW QHWZRUN 0RUH VXEFDUULHUV DQG
YDULDEOHOHQJWKJXDUGLQWHUYDOVFRQWULEXWHWRWKLVHQKDQFHPHQW
7KH FRPSRVLWH VLJQDO HQYHORSH DPSOLWXGH RI WKH 2)'0 VLJQDO
FDQ H[KLELW VLJQL¿FDQW SHDNV DQG YDOOH\V VR WKHRUHWLFDOO\ WKHUH LV
D SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW WKH VLJQDOV RQ HDFK LQGLYLGXDO FDUULHU UHDFK WKHLU
WKH ORFDO RVFLOODWRU /2 DV ZHOO DV WLJKW , DQG 4 PDWFKLQJ EHIRUH
WKHXSFRQYHUVLRQ
0DQ\ OLFHQVHG RU XQOLFHQVHG 5) EDQGV UDQJLQJ IURP  *+]
WR*+]KDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGIRU:L0$;DSSOLFDWLRQV%XWPRVW
RIWKHLQLWLDOGHVLJQVDUHWDUJHWLQJIUHTXHQF\EDQGVDW*+]DQG
*+]:L%URLVWKH.RUHDQ:L0$;PRELOHVWDQGDUGLQWKH*+]
WR*+]EDQG7KLVDUWLFOHSURSRVHVDGLUHFWFRQYHUVLRQWUDQVPLW
VLJQDOFKDLQIRUWKLVSDUWLFXODUEDQGRILQWHUHVW0HDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWV
DUH DOVR SUHVHQWHG WKDW GHPRQVWUDWH V\VWHP OHYHO SHUIRUPDQFH IRU
:L0$;DSSOLFDWLRQV
4HEARCHITECTURE
7R DGGUHVV WKH FKDOOHQJLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH  VWDQGDUG
WKH WUDQVPLW VLJQDO FKDLQ PD\ EH EDVHG RQ UDGLR DUFKLWHFWXUHV OLNH
SHDNVDWWKHVDPHWLPHFRQWULEXWLQJWRDSHDNWRDYHUDJHUDWLR3$5 VXSHUKHWHURG\QH ,) VDPSOLQJ RU ]HUR,) $W  *+] D GLUHFW
RI
ORJ G%,QSUDFWLFH:L0$;2)'0H[KLELWV XSFRQYHUVLRQ DUFKLWHFWXUH LV DWWUDFWLYH IRU WKH IROORZLQJ UHDVRQV
D 3$5 RI DERXW  G% 6WLOO WKLV LPSRVHV VLJQL¿FDQW FRQVWUDLQWV VWDWHRIWKHDUW V\QWKHVL]HUV DQG ,4 PRGXODWRUV VWLOO SHUIRUP ZHOO
RQ WKH WUDQVPLWWHU¶V OLQHDULW\ DQG UHTXLUHV ODUJH SRZHU EDFNRII DW WKLV IUHTXHQF\ :L0$; 2)'0 KDV QR DFWLYH VXEFDUULHU DW WKH
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHKLJKHUWKHWUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOGDWDUDWHWKHKLJKHU RULJLQ GLUHFW XSFRQYHUVLRQ SURGXFHV OHVV PL[LQJ SURGXFW VSXUV
WKH VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLR 615 UHTXLUHPHQW IRU WKH WUDQVPLWWHU LWUHTXLUHVIHZHU¿OWHUVZKLFKLVLPSRUWDQWZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKZLGH
EDQG VLJQDOV DQG WKH ORZHU QXPEHU RI SDUWV KHOSV PLQLPL]H WKH
FXUUHQW FRQVXPSWLRQ )LQDOO\ LQ PXOWLFDUULHU PRGXODWLRQ VFKHPHV
&

$


OLNH:L0$;2)'0UHGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURI/2PL[HVLVFULWLFDO

"& %"# 7KHKLJKQXPEHURIVXEFDUULHUVZLWKLQWKH2)'0VLJQDODFWXDOO\PDNHV

 WKLV PRGXODWLRQ TXLWH VHQVLWLYH WR SKDVH QRLVH DV HDFK RI WKH 1

 










*
*


"'#
%%"# #%"!
 

  (!%$)#


&IGURE"LOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEARCHITECTURE &IGURE,/PHASENOISEMODULATIONOFTHE/&$-SUBCARRIERS

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY
57
  !
!
"

%
   


 !
!
%





   



 
 
 










































































 #$
% 

&IGURE#LOSEDLOOPPHASENOISESIMULATIONAT'(Z
&IGURE!NRMSPOWERDETECTIONTECHNIQUE
VXEFDUULHUVZLOOEHPRGXODWHGE\WKHSKDVHQRLVHRIWKH/2 0+]EULQJLQJWKHVDPSOLQJLPDJHVGRZQWRG%F
)LJXUH  VKRZV D EORFN GLDJUDP RI WKH SURSRVHG WUDQVPLW 7;
VLJQDO FKDLQ DUFKLWHFWXUH7KH , DQG 4 DQDORJ EDVHEDQG VLJQDOV DUH
JHQHUDWHG E\ D GXDO ELW '$& 7KH GLUHFW 5) XSFRQYHUVLRQ LV
GRQH XVLQJ DQ ,4 PRGXODWRU /RZSDVV ¿OWHUV DUH UHTXLUHG DW WKH
'$& RXWSXW WR UHPRYH WKH DOLDV DW WKH VDPSOLQJ IUHTXHQF\ EHIRUH
WKHXSFRQYHUVLRQ7KH/2LVJHQHUDWHGE\DQH[WHUQDOIUDFWLRQDO1
V\QWKHVL]HUZKLFKSURYLGHVDFRQWLQXRXVZDYHVLJQDOZLWKPLQLPDO
SKDVHHUURU)LQDOO\WKHFRPSRVLWH5)RXWSXWVLJQDOLVDPSOL¿HGRU
7KHXSFRQYHUWHU7KHXSFRQYHUWHULVD¿[HGJDLQVLOLFRQPRQR
OLWKLF5)TXDGUDWXUHPRGXODWRU7KH3$5RIWKH)'0:L0$;
PRGXODWLRQ FDQ UHDFK G% )RU RSWLPXP VSHFWUXP TXDOLW\ RXW
RI WKH PRGXODWRU WKH DSSURSULDWH SHDN YROWDJH IRU WKH , DQG 4
VLJQDOV QHHGV WR EH GHWHUPLQHG 7KH PRGXODWRU XVHG LQ WKLV VLJQDO
FKDLQSURYLGHVG%PRIUPVRXWSXWSRZHUIRU9SSRI,DQG4
LQSXWGULYHOHYHO%HVLGHVWKH23G%RIWKHPRGXODWRULVG%P
$ G% EDFNRII SURYLGHV RSWLPXP VSHFWUXP SHUIRUPDQFH IRU
DWWHQXDWHGWKURXJKDYDULDEOHJDLQDPSOL¿HU9*$ZLWKDG%RI
JDLQ FRQWURO UDQJH$Q UPV SRZHU GHWHFWRU HQVXUHV SUHFLVH FRQWURO
RIWKHRXWSXWSRZHU
4HETRANSMITTERIMPLEMENTATION
%DVHEDQG VLJQDO JHQHUDWLRQ 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH '$& LV
FULWLFDO ZKHQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH ZLGHEDQG 2)'0 VLJQDO 7KH 615
DQG VDPSOLQJ UDWH GH¿QH WKH VSHFWUDO SXULW\ DQG VLJQDO TXDOLW\ RI
WKHPRGXODWHGVLJQDOGULYLQJWKH,4PRGXODWRU7KH'$&UHVROXWLRQ
VKRXOG SURYLGH VXI¿FLHQW G\QDPLF UDQJH WR PHHW WKH VSHFWUDO PDVN
DW PD[LPXP RXWSXW SRZHU DQG (90 DW WKH ORZHVW SRZHU OHYHOV
)RULQVWDQFHD615RIG%PDUJLQLVUHTXLUHGIRU4$0ô
2)'0HYHQDWWKHPLQLPXPRXWSXWSRZHUDWWKHDQWHQQD7KHWDUJHW
615IRUWKLVGHVLJQLVG%RUEHWWHUDQGWKHFKRVHQELW'$&
SURYLGHVEHWWHUWKDQG%615
7KHPD[LPXPPRGXODWLRQEDQGZLGWKDGGUHVVHGLQWKHVH:L0$;
DSSOLFDWLRQVDOVRGLFWDWHVWKHDSSURSULDWHVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\,QWKLV
GHVLJQD0+]FRPSOH[2)'0VLJQDOUHTXLUHVDVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\
RIDWOHDVW0+]%XWDOOVDPSOLQJLPDJHVZRXOGEHDW1
0+] 7KHORFDORVFLOODWRU%HFDXVHWKHWUDQVPLWWHUXVHVD]HUR,)WRSRO
WKH :L0$; 2)'0 VLJQDO HTXLYDOHQW WR DQ DF LQSXW OHYHO IRU WKH
,4PRGXODWRURIDERXWP9SSGLIIHUHQWLDO
:LWKPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVVXFKDV:L0$;2)'0LWLVLPSRUWDQW
WR FRUUHFW IRU WKH PRGXODWRU PLVPDWFKHV WKDW GLUHFWO\ LPSDFW (90
SHUIRUPDQFH $PSOLWXGH DQG SKDVH PLVPDWFKHV EHWZHHQ , DQG 4
VLJQDOVDQGDQLPSUHFLVHq/2SKDVHVKLIWZLWKLQWKH,4PRGXODWRU
ZLOOUHVXOWLQDQXQZDQWHGXSSHUVLGHEDQGLPDJHDW/2%%ZKHQ
WKHZDQWHGVLJQDOLVDW/2±%%:KHQWKH7;'$&VDUHFRQ¿JXUHG
IRU FRPSOH[ RXWSXWV JRRG LPDJH UHMHFWLRQDW WKH PRGXODWRU RXWSXW
LV FULWLFDO EHFDXVH WKLV VSXU IDOOV LQVLGH WKH ZDQWHG FKDQQHO 3KDVH
PLVPDWFKHV FDQQRW HDVLO\ EH FRPSHQVDWHG IRU EXW DPSOLWXGH
PDWFKLQJ FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK LQGHSHQGHQW JDLQ FRUUHFWLRQ DW
WKH'$&OHYHO,QWKLVGHVLJQWKH'$&LQWHJUDWHVDJDLQFDOLEUDWLRQ
IXQFWLRQWKDWDOORZVWKHRXWSXWFXUUHQWRQHLWKHU,RU4FKDQQHOVWREH
FKDQJHGE\XSWRG%ZLWKD¿QHUHVROXWLRQRI“$WRWDOLPDJH
UHMHFWLRQ RI  G%F PLQLPXP LV UHTXLUHG WR JXDUDQWHH JRRG (90
SHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKLVJDLQFRUUHFWLRQFLUFXLWPHHWVWKHUHTXLUHPHQW
ZLWKPDUJLQ
1!ZKLFKZRXOGIDOOLQEDQGIRUDQ5)V\VWHPZLWKEDQGZLGWK RJ\WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHV\QWKHVL]HUDUFKLWHFWXUHIRU/2JHQHUDWLRQ
KLJKHUWKDQ0+] LVDIUDFWLRQDO1SKDVHORFNHGORRS3//3HUIRUPDQFHVXFKDVSKDVH
&KRRVLQJD'$&ZLWKDQLQWHJUDWHGLQWHUSRODWLRQ¿OWHUKHOSVUHOD[ QRLVHDW*+]IUHTXHQF\UHVROXWLRQDQGVHWWOLQJWLPHGULYHWKH
WKHGHVLJQRIWKHRIIFKLSUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ¿OWHU)RUWKLVDUFKLWHFWXUH FKRLFHRIWKHV\QWKHVL]HUDUFKLWHFWXUH
ZKLOH WKH 7; GLJLWDO GDWD LV XSGDWHG DW D UDWH RI  0+] WKH î ,Q WKH XSFRQYHUVLRQ SKDVH QRLVH LV VXSHULPSRVHG RQ HDFK RI
LQWHUSRODWLRQ¿OWHUHIIHFWLYHO\LQFUHDVHVWKHRYHUDOOVDPSOLQJUDWHWR
0+]2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHODWLYHOHYHORIWKHLPDJHVDW1
)V
DOVRGURSVDVDUHVXOWRIWKLVLQFUHDVHLQVDPSOLQJUDWH7KHVHDPSOLWXGH

OHYHOVDUHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHVLQ[[UROORIIIURPWKHVDPSOHDQGKROG  
DFWLRQRIWKH'$&
!""
 


 



!

§ SINS F4 ·
6OUT  F 6SAMPLED  F  ¨ ¸ 

© S F4 ¹

7KHRIIFKLSDQWLDOLDVORZSDVV¿OWHUFDQWKHQEHGHVLJQHGZLWK 

D UHODWLYHO\ ORZ RUGHU %HVVHO ¿OWHUV DUH LGHDO IRU WKHLU ÀDW LQEDQG 
JURXSGHOD\ÀDWSDVVEDQGUHVSRQVHDQGOLPLWHGLQEDQGGLVWRUWLRQ 

7KHRUGHULVFKRVHQGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\)VDQG
WKHUHTXLUHGUHMHFWLRQDWQ )V  

$W D VDPSOLQJ IUHTXHQF\ RI  0+] WKH PHDVXUHG OHYHOV RI 















 



 



















WKHVDPSOLQJLPDJHVZHUH±G%FIRUWKH¿UVWLPDJHDQG±G%F "
#"#"
$

IRUWKHVHFRQGLPDJH$WKLUGRUGHUDQWLDOLDVORZSDVV¿OWHUZLWKD
 G% FXWRII IUHTXHQF\ RI  0+] SURYLGHV  G% RI UHMHFWLRQ DW &IGURE%6-FUNCTIONOFGAINCONTROL

WWWRFDESIGNCOM *ANUARY
58
 -AXLINEAROUTPUTPOWERLEVEL
D"M
0OWERCONTROLRANGE D"
' AINmATNESS D"-(Z
OLPLWHGVLJQDOGLVWRUWLRQDQGQRLVH,QPRVWFDVHVWKH9*$JDLQFRQWURO
/0D" D"M LV DFKLHYHG WKURXJK D FORVHG ORRS V\VWHP LQFOXGLQJ D OLQHDU SRZHU
/)0 D"M GHWHFWRU 7KLV KHOSV UHOD[ WKH 9*$ OLQHDULW\ RI WKH JDLQ UHVSRQVH
$VLQJOH9*$LQWKHWUDQVPLWFKDLQFDQDFKLHYHWKHUHTXLUHGUDQJH
/UTPUTNOISEATMAXGAIN
D"M(Z
RIJDLQFRQWURO7KHSDUWFKRVHQIRUWKLVSXUSRVHFDQPDLQWDLQG%
/UTPUTNOISEATMINGAIN
D"M(Z RIJDLQUDQJHIURP±G%WRG%
4OTAL%6-
D"M 
)RU DFFXUDWH DQG IDVW SRZHU FRQWURO DQ UPV SRZHU GHWHFWRU LV
WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH IXQFWLRQ WR H[WUDFW WKH UPV SRZHU OHYHO RI D
2-3POWERDETECTIONRANGE3% D" QRQFRQVWDQWHQYHORSHPRGXODWLRQVLJQDOZLWKDYDULDEOHSHDNWRDY
$ETECTORRESPONSETIME US HUDJHUDWLR,WXVXDOO\PHDVXUHVWKHRXWSXWVLJQDOOHYHORIWKHSRZHU
DPSOL¿HU WKURXJK D ORZ ORVV GLUHFWLRQDO FRXSOHU7KH GHWHFWRU XVHG
4ABLE-EASUREDPERFORMANCE
KHUH LV D KLJK DFFXUDF\ ZLGHEDQG UPVWRGF VTXDUH ODZ GHWHFWRU
WKH1VXEFDUULHUVRIWKH:L0$;2)'0VLJQDOZKHQPL[HGWRWKH ,W DFKLHYHV  G% GULYHQ VLQJOHHQGHG WR  G% GULYHQ GLIIHUHQ
ORFDORVFLOODWRU)LJXUH
&RPSDUHG WR  :L)L V\VWHPV WKH FDUULHU VSDFLQJ LV DOVR
PXFKQDUURZHUEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKHUQXPEHURIVXEFDUULHUVZLWKLQ
DJLYHQFKDQQHOEDQGZLGWK$VDQH[DPSOHIRUD0+]FKDQQHO
EDQGZLGWK WKH FDUULHU VSDFLQJ LQ  LV N+] FRPSDUHG WR
 N+] LQ G ,QWHJUDWHG SKDVH HUURU ZLWKLQ WKH 2)'0 VLJ
QDO WKHQ EHFRPHV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ KLJKHU ZKLFK GLUHFWO\ FRQWULEXWHV
WR WKH GHJUDGDWLRQ RI (90$OWKRXJK WKH 2)'0 V\PERO FRQWDLQV
HLJKW SLORW WRQHV WKDW KHOS D UHFHLYHU WUDFN DQG UHPRYH PRVW RI
WKH FORVHLQ SKDVH QRLVH JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH /2 WKH VWDQGDUG VWLOO
UHTXLUHV VWULQJHQW (90 WR EH PHW DW WKH DQWHQQD )RU D  4$0
PRGXODWHG2)'0WKH(90VSHFL¿FDWLRQDWWKHWUDQVPLWWHURXWSXWLV
UPV7KH3//ORRSEDQGZLGWKDQGWRWDOLQWHJUDWHGSKDVHHUURU
DUHWKXVFULWLFDOWRWKHGHVLJQRIWKLV3//$WRWDOSKDVHHUURUORZHU
WKDQUPVKDVEHHQXVHGDVDFULWHULDIRUFKRRVLQJDQGGHVLJQLQJ
WKH/2V\QWKHVL]HU
$IUDFWLRQDO1V\QWKHVL]HULQKHUHQWO\KDVYHU\JRRGSKDVHQRLVH
WLDOO\RIGHWHFWLRQUDQJH)LJXUHVKRZVDQUPVSRZHUPHDVXUHPHQW
WHFKQLTXHWKURXJKDGLUHFWLRQDOFRXSOHU
-EASUREDSYSTEMPERFORMANCE
7KH RYHUDOO V\VWHP SHUIRUPDQFH KDV EHHQ HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ
LQGLYLGXDO $QDORJ 'HYLFHV ,&V IRU HDFK RI WKH PDLQ IXQFWLRQV
LGHQWL¿HG LQ WKLV SDSHU WKH '$&V DUH IURP WKH $' ELW
PL[HGVLJQDOIURQWHQGSURFHVVRUWKH$'0+]WR*+]
XSFRQYHUVLRQ TXDGUDWXUH PRGXODWRU WKH $') 3// IUHTXHQF\
V\QWKHVL]HUWKH$'/0+]WR*+]9*$DQGWKH$'
 +] WR  *+] SRZHU GHWHFWRU ,W ZDV LQWHQGHG IRU  9 EDVH
VWDWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQV
7KH2)'0 VLJQDOKDVEHHQJHQHUDWHGXVLQJ$'6 V\VWHPFLUFXLW
VLPXODWLRQ VRIWZDUH IURP $JLOHQW 2QO\ G 2)'0 VLJQDO
JHQHUDWLRQDQGGHPRGXODWLRQFDSDELOLWLHVZHUHDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPH
RI WKH HYDOXDWLRQ (90 SHUIRUPDQFH KDV EHHQ PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKH
$JLOHQW96$VRIWZDUH7KHHTXDOL]DWLRQZDVGRQHXVLQJWKH
FRPSDUHGWRDQLQWHJHU1DUFKLWHFWXUH9HU\KLJKIUHTXHQF\UHVROXWLRQ
FDQEHDFKLHYHGZKLOHXVLQJDKLJKHUFRPSDULVRQIUHTXHQF\WKHUHIRUH
KHOSLQJUHGXFHWKHWRWDOSKDVHQRLVH)RUDIUHTXHQF\UHVROXWLRQRI
N+]DQRXWSXWIUHTXHQF\RI0+]FRXOGEHV\QWKHVL]HG
ZLWKD0+]UHIHUHQFHIUHTXHQF\
§ ·
¨ + ¸ § K(Z ·
&OUT ¨ .  &0&$ ¸ X&0&$ ¨    ¸ -(Z -(Z
¨¨ ¸¸ ©  -(Z ¹
© &2%3 ¹
7KH W\SLFDO SKDVH QRLVH HUURU IRU WKHVH IUDFWLRQDO1 V\QWKHVL]
HUV FDQ EH OHVV RU HTXDO WR   UPV ZKLFK LV DSSURSULDWH IRU WKLV
DSSOLFDWLRQ
,QWKLVSDUWLFXODUV\VWHPWKH3//KDVEHHQGHVLJQHGZLWKDFORVHG
ORRS EDQGZLGWK RI DERXW  N+] )RU D  0+] :L0$; 2)'0
VLJQDO WKH V\PERO GXUDWLRQ LV  ȝV ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQGV WR D
VXEFDUULHU VSDFLQJ RI  N+]7KH 3// ORRS KDV GHOLEHUDWHO\ EHHQ
GHVLJQHGVORZHUWKDQWKHV\PEROGXUDWLRQVRWKDWPRVWRILWVSKDVH
QRLVH FDQ EH WUDFNHG DQG UHPRYHG E\ WKH SLORWWUDFNLQJ DOJRULWKP
ZLWKLQWKHGHPRGXODWRU
)RU QRQ IUHTXHQF\KRSSLQJ7'' DSSOLFDWLRQV 3// ORFN WLPH LV
QRWWKDWFULWLFDODVERWKWUDQVPLWWHUDQGUHFHLYHURSHUDWHDWWKHVDPH
FKDQQHOIUHTXHQF\7KHUHIRUHGHVLJQLQJDIDVWZLGHEDQG3//ORRSLV
QRWQHFHVVDULO\UHTXLUHG)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVLPXODWHGFORVHGORRS
SKDVHQRLVHSHUIRUPDQFH
7KH 3// FORVHGORRS LQEDQG SKDVH QRLVH LV ± G%F+] DQG
WKH UPV SKDVH HUURU LV RQO\   UPV HTXLYDOHQW WR DQ (90
FRQWULEXWLRQRI
3RZHU FRQWURO DQG UPV SRZHU GHWHFWLRQ %HFDXVH :L0$;
V\VWHPVFDQEHXVHGIRUQRQOLQHRIVLJKWDSSOLFDWLRQVJDLQFRQWURO
RIWKHWUDQVPLWWHULVQHFHVVDU\WRDGMXVWWKHRXWSXW7;OHYHOGHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHFKDQQHOTXDOLW\
7KH 9*$ VKRXOG SURYLGH OLQHDU KLJK JDLQ FRQWURO UDQJH ZLWK
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
59
FKDQQHOHVWLPDWLRQVHTXHQFHRQO\WKHSUHDPEOHDQGWKH(90UHVXOWV
VKRZQDUHKLJKHUWKDQZKDWWKH\ZRXOGDFWXDOO\EHZLWKHTXDOL]DWLRQ
WUDLQLQJRQERWKSUHDPEOHDQGGDWDVHTXHQFH7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKH
PHDVXUHGSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHFRPSOHWHVLJQDOFKDLQIRU D  0+]
4$02)'0VLJQDO
7KH FRPSOHWH VLJQDO FKDLQ (90 SHUIRUPDQFH DV D IXQFWLRQ RI
WKH9*$JDLQRUWRWDORXWSXWSRZHUOHYHOLVJLYHQLQ)LJXUH
7KH IUDFWLRQDO1 3// XVHG IRU WKLV UHIHUHQFH GHVLJQ KDV D WRWDO
SKDVH HUURU GXH WR SKDVH QRLVH RI  7KLV GHJUDGHV WKH RYHUDOO
V\VWHP (90 E\  6SHFWUDO TXDOLW\ LV TXLWH JRRG IRU RXWSXW
SRZHU OHYHOV XS WR  G%P  $V D UHIHUHQFH WKH :L%UR PDVN LV
PHW ZLWK EHWWHU WKDQ  G% PDUJLQ DW ± G%P 7KH TXDOLW\ RI
WKHVH PHDVXUHG UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWHV WKDW WKLV GLUHFW FRQYHUVLRQ
DUFKLWHFWXUH LV YLDEOH WR DGGUHVV WKH  *+] :L0$; V\VWHPV
UHTXLUHPHQWV2&$
!"/544(%!54(/2
&HFLOH 0DVVH LV DQ 5) V\VWHPV HQJLQHHU DW $QDORJ 'HYLFHV
,QF :LOPLQJWRQ 0DVV 6KH MRLQHG WKH 5) 'LYLVLRQ DW $',
LQ$XJXVW  DQG KDV EHHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ V\VWHPV GHVLJQ IRU
ZLUHOHVV DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU PRUH WKDQ VL[ \HDUV 0DVVH KROGV D
PDVWHU¶VGHJUHHIURP(6,((HQJLQHHULQJVFKRROLQ3DULV)UDQFH6KH
FDQEHFRQWDFWHGDWFHFLOHPDVVH#DQDORJFRP
6ISITOURWEBSITEAT
WWWRFDESIGNCOM
*ANUARY
RF Bonus Feature

Logarithmic Amplifiers
Features
Wide frequency range from dc to 10 GHz
Superior accuracy, better than 0.2 dB and wide
dynamic range up to 100 dB
Available with both log and limiter outputs, single and
dual channel
Wide range of package options to save board space in
RF designs

Part RF Frequency Dynamic Temp Response Supply Supply

Package Comments
Number (MHz) Range (dB) Stability (dB) Time (ns) Voltage (V) Current (mA)
Dual-channel gain and
AD8302 >0 to 2700 60 1.0 60 2.7 to 5.5 19 5 mm 6.4 mm, 14-lead TSSOP
phase detector
AD8306 5 to 400 100 1.0 73 2.7 to 5.5 16 10 mm 6.2 mm, 16-lead SOP Military-specified part available

AD8307 DC to 500 92 1.0 400 2.7 to 5.5 8 5 mm 6.2 mm, 8-lead SOIC/DIP High dynamic range

AD8309 5 to 500 100 1.0 67 2.7 to 6.5 16 5.1 mm 6.5 mm, 16-lead TSSOP Amplitude and limiter outputs

AD8310 DC to 440 100 1.0 15 2.7 to 5.5 8 3.1 mm 4.9 mm, 8-lead SOIC Low cost, high dynamic range

AD8313 100 to 2500 70 1.25 40 2.7 to 5.5 14 3 mm 4.9 mm, 8-lead SOIC Industry standard

AD8314 100 to 2700 45 1.0 70 2.7 to 5.5 4.5 2 mm 3 mm, 8-lead SOIC/LFCSP Industry standard
Smaller package, lower cost
AD8317 1 to 10,000 55 0.5 6 3.0 to 5.5 22 2 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP
version of the AD8318
AD8318 1 to 8000 70 0.5 10 4.5 to 5.5 68 4 mm 4 mm, 16-lead LFCSP High accuracy, fast responding

AD8319 1 to 10,000 45 0.5 6 3.0 to 5.5 22 2 mm 3 mm, 8-lead LFCSP Pin-compatible with AD8317

ADL5513 1 to 4000 75 0.5 <20 3.0 to 5.5 30 3 mm 3 mm, 16-lead LFCSP Next-generation AD8313
Dual-channel version of
ADL5519 1 to 10,000 62 0.5 6 3.3 to 5.5 56 5 mm 5 mm, 24-lead LFCSP
the AD8317

60
 FEATURE
Converters for 3G are optimized
for cost, size and power
b y C h r i s C l o n i n g e r, Analog Devices
Industry demand The transition from 2G to 3G standards also means that ADC power and
performance specifications have changed as well.
for lower-cost
A
s communications systems have
systems and an evolved from second-generation (2G)
standards to third-generation (3G)
ever-increasing standards, the performance requirements of
the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and
array of features digital-to-analog converters (DACs) used have
also evolved. In original 2G basestations,
have caused designers often selected the highest-perform-
ance converters available to provide as much
designers to shift system margin as possible and improve man-
ufacturability. This also allowed the manufac-
their priorities. turer to differentiate its basestation with a
performance advantage over its competitors—
for example, a higher receive sensitivity.
Focus on cost
This is not usually the case with 3G designs,
however. Industry demand for lower-cost
systems and an ever-increasing array of fea-
tures have caused designers to shift their
priorities. Instead of focusing solely on per-
formance, they are now focusing first on
other system-enhancing elements, such as
cost, power, size and integration, and sec-
ondarily on performance. This article will
explore the transition from the highest-per-
formance converters in 2G systems to the
small, low-cost, low-power, highly integrated
converters needed for 3G platforms.
As early 2G/2.5G systems were designed
Figure 1: ADC power
consumption has
decreased
dramatically during
the last decade.
14 • www.PlanetAnalog.com March 27, 2006
61
and deployed in the late '90s and early
2000s, many designers needed state-of-the-
art converters to address the performance
requirements for these systems. At that time,
the highest available performance was found
in the AD6645 14-bit, 80-MSPS pipelined
ADC, which was designed on a bipolar
process and consumed 1.5 watts. Similarly,
the best-performing 14-bit, 100-MSPS DACs
were based on bipolar or BiCMOS technolo-
gies and consumed more than 500 mW.
Although this level of performance was
required for early-generation systems, the
devices represented leading-edge technology,
so they tended to be somewhat costly.
As time has passed, the cost of the con-
verter technology has decreased. Since that
time, there are at least three 14-bit, 125-
MSPS ADCs that dissipate less than 800 mW.
With the introduction of these new competi-
tive devices, the price of high-performance
has decreased by at least 50 percent.
Although these new devices do not equal the
performance of the higher-power ADCs, they
do offer extremely good performance at less
than half the power of the first-generation
device. The latest CMOS DACs, such as the
AD9707, dissipate a mere 60 mW at 175
MSPS and outperform their BiCMOS cousins.
The first-generation ADCs were designed
on a bipolar process, and the
first-generation DACs were
designed using 0.6-micron
BiCMOS technologies. The
current generation of convert-
ers is designed using 0.18-
micron CMOS technology.
This allows for much smaller
die size, increased feature sets
and lower power dissipation,
all of which allow semiconduc-
tor manufacturers to support
an overall lower cost struc-
ture. This benefit gets passed
on to the end customer.
Power dissipation
At first glance, power dissipa-
 FEATURE
tion would seem somewhat insignificant in a
cellular basestation, especially when consid-
ering that the power amplifiers (PAs) can
output 40 watts. As basestation OEMs are
looking to reduce cost, however, they are
looking everywhere. In particular, some
basestation deployments are now occurring
at the top of towers directly connected to the
PA itself. The advantage to this type of
basestation is that it does not need to com-
pensate for the cabling losses normally asso-
ciated with putting the transceiver at the
bottom of the cellular tower.
However, when a system is mounted at
the top of the tower, no active cooling is pos-
sible, while the temperature must be kept as
low as possible because there is a log-linear
relationship between temperature and MTBF
(mean time between failures). In addition to
Figure 2a: Traditional
superheterodyne
architecture
the cost of active cooling, OEMs are attempt-
ing to save money in the mechanicals of the
basestation. Higher-power converters with-
out active cooling require the mechanical
unit in which the transceiver is housed to be
more complex and more expensive in order
to dissipate the heat efficiently.
Converter manufacturers have addressed
power concerns through advances in process
technology and architectural changes. As
mentioned previously, the latest ADCs and
DACs are being designed in fine-line CMOS
technologies. This greatly reduces switching
transients in the logic cells. In some cases,
16 • www.PlanetAnalog.com March 27, 2006
62
dynamic logic elements are employed, fur-
ther reducing switching transients by using
a parasitic capacitance to store the logic
state. In the case of ADCs, the architecture
has transitioned from pure flash to pipelined
single- and multibit converters, greatly
reducing the number of comparators
required and hence the overall power. The
data in Figure 1 demonstrates the dramatic
decrease in power consumption for 12-bit
and 14-bit ADCs during the last decade.
Size
Like power dissipation, size has become a
major factor in determining the best convert-
er for an application. In deployments such
as the tower-mounted system mentioned
above, OEMs are not only limited on power,
but are also trying to implement more carri-
ers on the same form factor that orig-
inally supported a single sector of a
basestation. This increased density
allows operators to deploy more car-
riers and thus support more users in
heavily populated areas.
In addition to simply reducing
the actual size of the converters,
another trend is increasing integra-
tion. Digital-to-analog converters now
include extensive digital signal pro-
cessing, such as interpolating filters,
complex modulation, inverse sinc
filters and numerically controlled
oscillators (NCOs). For ADCs, integra-
tion has included adding NCOs and
decimating filters to improve per-
formance. Both interpolating filters
for DACs and decimating filters for
ADCs have the added benefit of
reducing the high-speed switching
noise between the converter and the
digital logic.
While it may not be obvious, new-
generation converters have also
reduced size by enabling simpler architec-
tures. In particular, new low-power, high-
performance DACs now make direct-conver-
sion architectures feasible. In early genera-
tions, a low intermediate frequency (IF) was
used, and then multiple mixer stages were
used to achieve the proper RF signal, Figure
2a. By removing multiple mixers and ampli-
fiers from this signal chain, as shown in
Figure 2b, a significant size and cost
advantage can be realized.
Although direct conversion has not yet
been realized for basestation receivers, the
IF-sampling capability of many A/D convert-
 FEATURE
Figure 2b: A direct-
conversion architec-
ture reduces compo-
nent count and cost
compared with a tra-
ditional superhetero-
dyne architecture.
ers has been greatly improved. It is now pos-
sible to IF sample at up to 450 MHz and
maintain very good performance. That will
allow the removal of a single mixer stage and
again reduce overall system cost.
Performance
Although performance is still an important
factor, it is no longer the first priority for
most designers. As the number of competi-
tors in the converter space has increased
over the last five to seven years, the number
of basestation suppliers has also increased.
This, in conjunction with the high price paid
by operators for 3G licenses, has led to
increased cost pressure for all basestation
OEMs. It is this cost pressure that has
forced many designers to look at converters
that just meet the system requirements
instead of paying the price premium for the
highest performance converters. The good
news for many designers, though, is that it
is easier to meet many of the 3G (W-CDMA)
converter requirements for the 2,100-MHz
band than those of the GSM 900-MHz band.
For example, a 12-bit, 65-MSPS ADC and
14-bit, 65-MSPS DAC can meet the require-
ments for a two-carrier W-CDMA system,
and a 14-bit, 65-MSPS ADC and 14-bit, 125-
MSPS DAC can meet the requirements of a
three- to four-carrier system. On the other
hand, only a small number of ADCs and
DACs can meet the requirements for the
multicarrier GSM 900-MHz band. These, as
noted, represent leading-edge technology
and thus carry a price premium. Multicarrier
and multistandard architectures utilizing
18 • www.PlanetAnalog.com March 27, 2006
63
leading-edge converters can lower overall
development and manufacturing costs by
reducing the number of design variants
required, but that must be weighed against
the higher bill-of-materials cost.
Conclusion
It's clear that the driving force behind choos-
ing a converter for a basestation design is to
remove cost from the system. Cost is mani-
fested in many subtle ways, including power
dissipation, size and performance. These
attributes affect choices such as system
architectures, number of carriers and even
deployment locations. This shift in thinking
is driving many converter manufacturers to
introduce parts that meet as many of these
dimensions as possible. Since it's very diffi-
cult to meet every attribute with a single
device, a broad product portfolio offers the
best chance of providing the right converter
for the specific radio architecture and per-
formance requirements. ■
Chris Cloninger joined Analog Devices Inc. in 1995 after receiving
a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering from Clemson
University. He is a mixed-signal marketing/systems engineer for
high-speed analog/digital converters for wireless infrastructure
and can be reached at chris.cloninger@analog.com.
ON THE WEB
For more information
Planet Analog: monthly in print, plus much
more on the Web at www.planetanalog.com,
covering all things "analog" (including
power, too)
RF Bonus Feature

Variable Gain Amplifiers

Features
Wide selection of VGAs with Analog or digital, choice of
frequencies ranging from dc gain control suited for your
to 3 GHz applications
Wide dynamic range up to Differential or single-ended I/O
60 dB

Gain Output Noise Input Supply Supply

Part Control Bandwidth Gain
Accuracy IP3 Figure Noise Voltage Current Package Comments
Number Type (MHz) (dB)
(dB) (dBm) (dB) (nV/√Hz) (V) (mA)
–11 to +31, 15 4.75 to 5 mm 6.2 mm,
AD603 Analog DC to 90 0.5 8.8 1.3 12.5 Single-ended input/output
+9 to +51 (40 MHz) 6.3 8-lead SOIC/DIP
0 to +48, 35 8.2 mm 7.8 mm,
AD604 Analog DC to 40 0.3 8.4 1.8 5 64 Single-ended input/output
+6 to +54 (10 MHz) 24-lead SSOP/SOIC/DIP
–14 to +34, 33 10 mm 6.2 mm,
AD605 Analog LF to 40 0.2 8.4 1.8 5 36 Single-ended input/output
0 to +48 (10 MHz) 16-lead SOIC/DIP
42 3.3 to 5 mm 5 mm,
AD8260 Digital LF to 180 –6 to +24 1.25 — 2.4 28.2 Single-channel transceiver
(10 MHz) 5 32-lead LFCSP
27 3 mm 3 mm,
AD8330 Analog DC to 150 0 to +50 0.5 — 5.0 2.7 to 6 20 Differential input/output
(10 MHz) 16-lead LFCSP/QSOP
–5 to +43, 33 9 mm 8.75 mm, Single-ended input LNA/
AD8331 Analog LF to 120 0.3 4.2 0.8 4.5 to 5.5 25
+7 to +55 (10 MHz) 20-lead QSOP differential output
–5 to +43, 32 5 mm 5 mm, 28-lead Single-ended input LNA/
AD8332 Analog LF to 100 0.3 4.2 0.8 4.5 to 5.5 58
+7 to +55 (10 MHz) TSSOP, 32-lead LFCSP differential output
–5 to +43, 32 9 mm 9 mm, Single-ended input LNA/
AD8334 Analog LF to 100 0.3 4.2 0.8 4.5 to 5.5 116
+7 to +55 (10 MHz) 64-lead LFCSP differential output
–10 to +38, 31 9 mm 9 mm, Single-ended input/
AD8335 Analog DC to 85 0.2 7.0 1.3 4.5 to 5.5 76
–2 to +46 (10 MHz) 64-lead LFCSP differential output
–14 to +46, 3 to 4 mm 4 mm,
AD8336 Analog DC to 100 0.3 — — 3.1 150 Single-ended input/output
0 to +60 12 16-lead LFCSP
28 2.5 to 3 mm 3 mm,
AD8337 Analog DC to 280 0 to +24 0.25 14 2.2 15 Single-ended input/output
(45 MHz) 5 8-lead LFCSP
–2.5 to 36.5 5.1 mm 6.5 mm, Single-ended input/output
AD8367 Analog DC to 500 0.2 6.2 1.9 2.7 to 5.5 26
+42.5 (70 MHz) 14-lead TSSOP VGA/AGC operation
33.7 4 mm 4 mm, Single-ended input/output
AD8368 Analog LF to 800 –12 to +22 0.4 9.5 1.3 4.5 to 5.5 60
(70 MHz) 24-lead LFCSP VGA/AGC operation
0.001 19.5 5.1 mm 6.4 mm,
AD8369 Digital –5 to +40 0.5 7.0 2.0 3 to 5.5 37 Differential input/output
to 600 (70 MHz) 16-lead TSSOP
0.001 –11 to +17, 31 5.1 mm 6.4 mm,
AD8370 Digital 0.5 7.4 2.1 2.7 to 5.5 78 Differential input/output
to 700 +6 to +34 (70 MHz) 16-lead TSSOP
35 5 mm 5 mm, Differential input/output,
AD8372 Digital 1 to 130 –9 to +32 — 7.9 1.7 4.5 to 5.5 106
(65 MHz) 32-lead LFCSP dual-channel
50 4 mm 4 mm,
AD8375 Digital 700 –4 to +20 — 8.5 1.9 4.5 to 5.5 130 Differential input/output
(70 MHz) 24-lead LFCSP
50 5 mm 5 mm,
AD8376 Digital 700 –4 to +20 — 8.5 2.0 4.5 to 5.5 260 Dual-channel AD8375
(70 MHz) 32-lead LFCSP
31 4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5330 Analog 1 to 3000 –34 to +22 1.5 7.8 1.3 4.75 to 6 240 Differential input/output
(900 MHz) 24-lead LFCSP
30.5 4.75 to 6 mm 6 mm, Single-ended dual 30 dB
ADL5334 Digital 150 to 2400 60 0.25 5.7 — 250
(1900 MHz) 5.25 40-lead LFCSP attenuators

64
RF POWER DETECTION:
MEASURING WIMAX
SIGNALS
W
iMAX, which offers high speed data
access to large geographical areas —
covering distances up to 30 km — is
defined by the IEEE 802.16 family of stan-
dards. It uses orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) to attain the high data
rates. Consequently, the composite signal en-
velopes of the data bursts have significant
peaks, which cause large modulation crest fac-
tors. Accurate measurement and control of
WiMAX signals is challenging, due to the typi-
cally high WiMAX crest factors of 12 dB and
to its susceptibility to the varying modulation
patterns. As WiMAX users move towards or
away from the base station, the transmitter
changes the waveform composition (or modu-
lation) to optimize data speed and reception
reliability. As the waveform changes, the cor-
responding crest factor variation introduces
RF power measurement errors.
This article describes several methods to
accurately measure and control the power of
WiMAX transmitters. WiMAX transmit signal
paths can employ high dynamic range loga-
rithmic amplifiers and accurate rms detectors
to ensure accurate control of the transmitted
signal across changing modulation types and
over temperature. Some of the highlighted
topics will cover the difficulties in dealing with
changing crest factors and rapid envelope
changes.
Reprinted with permission of MICROWAVE JOURNAL® from the September 2006 issue.
©
2006 Horizon House Publications, Inc.
65
WIMAX STANDARDS
IEEE 802.16, the formal specification of
WiMAX, is targeted at providing broadband
wireless access beyond that which is currently
available using IEEE 802.11x (WLAN).
802.16-2004 (sometimes called 802.16d), the
latest full revision of the WiMAX standard, fo-
cuses primarily on fixed position point-to-
point or point-to-multipoint networks. The
standard defines OFDM modulation, a fre-
quency range of 2 to 11 GHz, and data rates
up to 70 Mbps. OFDM modulation in 802.16d
utilizes up to 256 subcarriers with bandwidths
from 1.25 to 28 MHz. The subcarriers are
spaced such that they are orthogonal to each
other, thus reducing signal interference. The
choice of signal bandwidth can be determined
in multiple ways. The base station can change
the signal bandwidth based on transmission
distance and signal environment, or network
providers may determine the bandwidth avail-
able to a user, based on various pricing plans.
Figure 1 shows a basic diagram of the signal
structure for an 802.16d network.
CARLOS CALVO
AND MATTHEW PILOTTE
Analog Devices Inc.
Norwood, MA
 T ECHNICAL F EATURE
carrier will add together is very low. A
Frame Control
Preamble Header Data Burst #1 Data Burst #2 Data Burst #N crest factor of 12 dB still poses signifi-
cant design considerations with regards
to the selection of high linearity devices
Burst bandwidth=1.25 to 28 MHz (mixers, modulators, power amplifiers,
200 Subcarriers-5.6 to 90 kHz spacing etc.) in the RF signal chain. Because
WiMAX systems can be used for non-
line-of-sight applications, gain control
8 Fixed Position of the transmitter is necessary to adjust
BPSK Pilots the output TX level depending on the
channel quality. It is also necessary to
accurately control the power amplifier’s
output in order to avoid signal clipping
Modulated Subcarriers and increased distortion. Some systems
BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM employ crest factor reduction schemes,
▲ Fig. 1 806.16d OFDM data burst and signal spectrum. typically in the digital baseband pro-
cessing, to minimize these effects.
Symbol Number broadband access, was introduced in
February 2002 when the Korean gov- RF POWER DETECTION IN THE
FCH
Uplink Map

Downlink Burst #4 ernment allocated 100 MHz of spec- TRANSMIT SIGNAL CHAIN
trum from 2.3 to 2.4 GHz. This band Figure 3 shows the block diagram
Subchannel Number

Downlink Burst #5 was then standardized by the Korean of a typical WiMAX transmit signal
Downlink Map

Telecommunications Technology As- chain. The transmit signal path con-

Preamble

▲ Fig. 2
A recent amendment to 802.16-
2004 focuses on the OFDMA physi-
cal layer. This updated standard,
802.16e-2005 (or Mobile WiMAX),
introduces specifications that allow
for mobility in a WiMAX network at
speeds up to 75 MPH (120 kPH). In
order to accomplish this, 802.16e in-
creases the number of available carri-
ers from 256 to 2048, with the BPSK
pilot tones no longer at fixed intervals
during each data burst. The band-
width for each data burst includes
1.25, 5, 10 and 20 MHz. It is also pos-
sible that additional bands at 3.5, 5.5
and 7 MHz will be made available for
use in Europe. While the 802.16d
standard includes specifications for
the entire 2 to 11 GHz band, 802.16e
focuses on licensed bands below 4
GHz. Figure 2 shows how the data
bursts for an OFDMA network over-
lap in time, as opposed to the individ-
ual bursts of OFDM. This added
complexity allows for a larger number
of users and handles the necessary
complexity for a multi-path mobile
environment. 802.16e also merges
WiBro under this IEEE standard.
WiBro, a Korean system for wireless
Downlink Burst #1
Downlink Burst #2
Downlink Burst #3
Time
806.16e OFDMA data burst.
sociation (TTA) in late 2004. WiBro sists of three consecutive stages: digi-
Downlink base stations offer a theoretical data tal baseband processor or digital sig-
Burst #6
rate up to 50 Mbps and cover a radius nal processor, radio and power ampli-
of 1 to 5 km, allowing the use of fier. A portion of the transmitted
Downlink portable and mobile Internet devices signal is sampled by the directional
Burst #7
within the range of a base station. coupler before it reaches the anten-
Under 802.16e, WiBro is defined as na. The sampled RF power is deliv-
one of the available system profiles ered to the power detector where it is
and consists of 1024 subcarriers with- converted to a DC voltage. The out-
in an 8.75 MHz bandwidth. put voltage of the power detector is
As shown in the figures, WiMAX is digitized and fed to the digital signal
transmitted using OFDM and is made processor (DSP). Once the power
up of 256 to 2048 subcarriers, each of measurement is available as a digital
which is modulated using BPSK, level, a decision is made based on the
QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM. The com- measured output power versus the
bination of all these subcarriers and dif- desired output power. The DSP will
ferent modulation schemes results in adjust the output power using a digi-
the potential for large peaks and tal-to-analog converter to drive the
troughs during each signal burst. In signal path power control, either at
theory, it is possible for these extremes the baseband, radio or power amplifi-
to fall on top of each other causing a er. The RF power management loop
large peak-to-average ratio (PAR) or will reach a steady-state once the
crest factor (CF). Variations in data rate measured output power and the de-
and burst length will affect the overall sired output power are balanced. A
signal crest factor. This can cause issues temperature sensor can also be intro-
even in the simplest
of WiMAX systems. ANTENNA
For example, a sys-
tem which utilizes PA Radio
256 subcarriers will
have a theoretical DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
crest factor of 10
DSP
log(256) = 24 dB. In RF Detector
practice, it is more (Log Amp or
likely to only have a TruPWR)
peak crest factor of
Temp
12 dB because the Sensor
probability that the
phase of every sub- ▲ Fig. 3 WiMAX transit signal chain with RF power management.

66
 T ECHNICAL F EATURE
noise or AC-resid- fiers. Each amplifier has a gain of 5 to
V I SETPOINT ual on the detector’s 20 dB. The combination of gain and
DC output. To miti- number of amplifiers determines the
Σ I V OUTPUT gate this effect, detection range of the log amp. The
DET DET DET DET multiple measure- output of each amplifier stage is fed
INHI ment points can be into a full wave rectifier (marked
INLO
taken throughout DET). The outputs of each rectifier
the burst to average are summed together, and the sum-
▲ Fig. 4 Basic block diagram of a logarithmic amplifier. out the AC-residual mer’s output is applied to a low pass
error. filter to remove the ripple of the rec-
CW QPSK 1/2 tified signal. This yields the logarith-
16QAM 1/2 64QAM 2/3 DETECTOR BACKGROUND mic output (often referred to as the
BPSK QPSK 3/4
16QAM 3/4 64QAM 3/4
Historically, diode detectors have “video” output), which will be a
2.0 5 been used in RF power control cir- steady-state DC output for a steady-
cuitry to regulate transmitted power. state AC input signal. It is the band-
LINEARITY ERROR (dB)

1.6 3 The simple diode circuitry offers a width of this video output that is par-
OUTPUT (V)

1.2 1
small dynamic range with poor tem- ticularly important in a WiMAX sys-
perature stability. Even with tempera- tem. The wider the video bandwidth,
0.8 −1 ture compensation circuitry, a diode the faster the log amp is able to re-
detector can only offer a small detec- spond to changes in the peak voltage,
0.4 −3 tion range with worsening tempera- or amplitude, of the input signal. This

−060 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0

−5 ture performance at low input powers.
A popular alternative to the diode
makes the log amp particularly suited
to accurately keep up with the enve-
INPUT (dBm)
detector is the demodulating logarith- lope of the WiMAX burst. With re-
▲ Fig. 5 Log amp output voltage and
mic amplifier (log amp). The log amp sponse times as low as 8 ns, log amps
linearity error at various 2.35 GHz OFDM
modulations. offers an easy to use linear-in-dB RF can easily keep up and measure small
power detection response, a wide dy- periods of the RF burst, such as the
duced as an input to the DSP to add namic range, temperature stability and preamble, which last about 26 μs.
temperature compensation capabili- nanosecond response times. The Using a peak-detecting device like
ties. This RF power management newest RF power measurement alter- a log amp is advantageous when mea-
configuration is not limited to a par- native is the TruPWR rms-responding suring the signal power of a waveform
ticular application. Both base stations detector, which offers wide dynamic at an exact point in time. Because the
and subscriber stations alike may in- ranges and temperature stability. In log amp is able to track the envelope
corporate variations of this same RF addition, rms detectors are insensitive of its input, provided the modulation
power control system. to changes in the peak-to-average ra- rate is lower than the video band-
There are two basic methods by tios, whereas diodes and log amps are width of the log amp, the DC output
which the RF power detector and the both waveform dependent. will be an instant-by-instant measure-
DSP can interact to control the pow- Each WiMAX application has di- ment of the peak amplitude of the in-
er of the WiMAX burst. The first verse power control and RF detec- put signal. This kind of measurement
method, which is similar to the tech- tion needs. Subscriber stations can be is useful in a WiMAX system to detect
nique used in envelope ramping in designed with dynamic ranges as high crest factor signals during a burst
GSM applications, shapes the RF small as 30 dB, but are susceptible to and make the appropriate adjust-
burst instantaneously. It uses the supply power consumption. Base sta- ments in power amplifier biasing or
feedback of the detector to shape the tions have more allowance for power implement a crest factor reduction
envelope of the RF burst, made up of consumption, but need to control dy- scheme in the next burst. Figure 5
the preamble, frame control header namic ranges of up to 60 dB. Both, shows the output voltage and linearity
and data. This envelope shaping similarly, require temperature stabili- error of a log amp at various 2.35
method requires high speed detec- ty for improved accuracy. Only log GHz OFDM modulations, 256 sub-
tors and fast feedback paths. A more amps and rms detectors are able to carrier signals with 10 MHz band-
commonly adopted method is that of meet those needs. width. The error, normalized to
output power monitoring. This QPSK with 3/4 encoding rate, is
method takes a power measurement LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS graphed on the secondary y-axis,
during a burst and adjusts the RF The first detection method to be scaled in dB. While the log amp is
power accordingly during the subse- looked at is a peak-detecting device, able to maintain approximately 50 dB
quent burst. The power adjustments the logarithmic amplifier. A wide va- of measurement range within ±1 dB
are highly dependent on the linearity riety of log amps is available with de- or error for each modulation, there is
of the radio components to scale and tection ranges from 40 to 100 dB, and an obvious shift in the intercept of the
shape the RF burst. A single mea- frequencies from DC to 10 GHz. A transfer function. The intercept is the
surement of RF output power can be typical block diagram of a log amp is point on the x-axis through which the
affected by the high frequency com- shown in Figure 4. transfer function would pass if the
ponents in the measured signal, The core architecture of a log amp output voltage could go to 0 V. This
which can manifest themselves as is a cascaded chain of linear ampli- intercept shift is a byproduct of the

67

successive detection architecture of a to-average ratio of the RF signal varies,
log amp. The amount of intercept the output response of a log amp will
shift is based on the crest factor of the also vary. This introduces an uncertain-
signal. Because the log amp behavior ty that in many cases must be compen-
is repeatable over manufacturing sated for by the DSP.
process variations, the intercept shift
of the log amp for a sine wave versus a RMS-RESPONDING DETECTORS
modulated input signal can be easily Unlike diodes and log amps, mean
characterized. The DSP can then use power detectors (or rms detectors)
an offset correction to compensate for have responses which are indepen-
the detector’s output voltage and yield dent of waveform. The waveform-in-
accurate RF power measurement. dependence is particularly useful as
The low power consumption, of the WiMAX systems optimize the quality
order of 15 to 30 mA, makes log amps of the link by dynamically adjusting
viable in both base stations and sub- the signal modulation. The composite
scriber stations alike. The well-estab- signal envelopes of the data bursts
lished log amp architecture offers ex- may have significant peaks that can
cellent temperature stability across drastically change over time and
large dynamic ranges as well as fast re- throw off measurement accuracy. Us-
sponse times for burst tracking and ing log amps in the RF power control
peak sampling. However, as the peak- system require some method of com-
pensation; however,
RFIN X 2 i rms detectors sim-
plify the complexity
TRANS-
CONDUCTANCE
+
Error
of the system by re-
ducing and in some
CELLS
2 i
−
Amp
cases eliminating
X Buffer OUTPUT
compensation
schemes.
▲ Fig. 6 Block diagram of a TruPWR rms detector with 3 dB Figure 6 shows
linear-in-volts response. the block diagram
of a 30 dB rms de-
tector. It achieves independence
BPSK QPSK 3/4 from peak-to-average ratios by com-
16QAM 1/2 64QAM 3/4
QPSK 1/2 16QAM 3/4 puting the square, mean and root
64QAM 2/3 functions of an rms calculation. The
3 10
RF input is fed to one of two identi-
LINEARITY ERROR (dB)
2 cal squaring-cells. The squared signal
is then averaged through a low pass
OUTPUT (V)
1 1
filter network. The signal is fed to a
0 high gain error amplifier that has the
−1 0.1 second squaring-cell in its feedback
path. This feedback loop performs
−2 the square-root function, thus com-
−−325 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 100.01 pleting the rms calculation. The out-
INPUT (dBm) put is a linear-responding DC voltage
▲ Fig. 7 Linear-in-volts rms detector whose conversion gain has units of
output voltage and linearity error at various VDC/Vrms. The linear-in-volts rms de-
2.35 GHz OFDM modulations. tector is able to operate at frequen-
cies as high as 6
INHI GHz. The rms-re-
X2 sponding detector
+
INLO
allows the RF pow-
− Σ OUTPUT
er control system to
monitor and dy-
namically adjust the
X2
VTGT
transmitter’s output
power even as the
SETPOINT peak-to-average ra-
tio of the transmit-
▲ Fig. 8 Block diagram of a linear-in-dB TruPWR rms detector with ted signal changes.
60 dB dynamic range. Figure 7 illustrates
68
T ECHNICAL F EATURE
the accuracy in measuring various
OFDM waveform types. The method
used to calculate the error is similar
in nature to that used in the log amp
error calculation. The linearity error
of the detector is within ±0.5 dB
across the dynamic range of the de-
vice. The various waveforms lie on
top of each other with a deviation of a
couple tenths of a dB. This 30 dB dy-
namic range and low 1 mA power
consumption is useful for subscriber
applications. The slower response
time, in the range of 25 μs, limits the
rms detector use to output power
monitoring. Figure 8 shows the
block diagram of a 60 dB rms detec-
tor, which is appropriate for wider dy-
namic range base station applications.
The input signal is applied to a 12-
step, continuously variable gain am-
plifier, which is controlled by the set-
point, a logarithmic control voltage.
The output of the VGA is fed to an
accurate squaring-cell. The fluctuat-
ing output is filtered and compared
with the output of an identical squar-
er. At this point, the square and mean
operations of the rms calculation are
complete. The output is fed back to
the VGA setpoint, making the output
proportional to the logarithm of the
rms value of the input. The detector
response is linear-in-dB, allowing the
device to measure RF signals in a 60
dB dynamic range. The final step of
performing the square-root function
is not needed for accurate rms detec-
tion. Figure 9 shows the perfor-
mance of the 60 dB rms detector
when measuring various OFDM
modulated input signals. Again, the
various waveforms lie on top of each
other with negligible deviation. The
CW QPSK 1/2
16QAM 3/4 64QAM 2/3
BPSK QPSK 3/4
16QAM 1/2 64QAM 3/4
2.0 4.0
LINEARITY ERROR (dB)
1.5 3.5
1.0 3.0
OUTPUT (V)
0.5 2.5
0 2.0
−0.5 1.5
−1.0 1.0
−1.5
0.5
−2.0−60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10
0
INPUT (dBm)
▲ Fig. 9 Linear-in-dB rms detector output
voltage and linearity error at various 2.35
GHz OFDM modulations.

humps in the linearity error curve
correspond to the steps of the loga-
rithmic VGA. Still, the linearity error
across the dynamic range stays well
within ±0.5 dB. As in the case of the
linear-in-volts detector, the 70 μs re-
sponse time of this 60 dB detector
also limits this detector application to
output power monitoring.
CONCLUSION
The emerging WiMAX standard
has great potential to offer wide area
coverage and mobile access to high
speed networks. The large crest fac-
tors associated with the OFDM mod-
ulation scheme require accurate trans-
mit power measurements for PA con-
trol and the implementation of crest
factor reduction algorithms. Designs
requiring fast response to the OFDM
envelope should consider the accuracy
of log amps. The waveform-indepen-
dence provided by rms detectors can
reduce, or even eliminate, the need
for compensation schemes in these
networks, simplifying the overall de-
sign of the transmit chain. ■
69
T ECHNICAL F EATURE
Carlos Calvo received his BS and MS degrees
in electrical engineering from Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. He is an applications
engineer in the Advanced Linear Products
Division at Analog Devices Inc.
Matthew Pilotte received his BS degree in
electrical engineering from Worcester
Polytechnic Institute. He is an applications
engineer in the Advanced Linear Products
Division at Analog Devices Inc.
RF Bonus Feature

Mixers/Multipliers
Features
High linearity active mixers provide conversion gain
Broadband family portfolio with operation up to 4 GHz
Integrated LO driver on-chip
Small footprint packages, single supply

LO LO Noise Supply Supply

Part RF Frequency IF Frequency Conversion IP3 P1dB
Frequency Drive Figure Voltage Current Package Comments
Number (MHz) (MHz) Gain (dB) (dBm) (dBm)
(MHz) (dBm) (dB) (V) (mA)

AD831 400 200 400 0 0 24 10 10 5 100 10.02 mm 8.38 mm, IF active mixer
20-lead PLCC
4.75 to 3 mm 3 mm, RF/IF active
AD8342 LF to 500 DC to 350 LF to 850 0 3 24 8.5 12 97
5.25 16-lead LFCSP mixer
5.1 mm 6.5 mm, RF/IF active
AD8343 DC to 2500 DC to 2500 DC to 2500 –10 7 16.5 2.8 14 5 50
14-lead TSSOP mixer

4.75 to 3 mm 3 mm, RF/IF active

AD8344 400 to 1200 70 to 400 470 to 1600 0 4 24 8.0 11 90
5.25 16-lead LFCSP mixer

3 mm 2 mm, RF/IF passive

ADL5350 LF to 4000 LF to 4000 LF to 4000 4 –6 26 20 6 2.7 to 3.5 16
8-lead LFCSP mixer
4.75 to 4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5390 20 to 2400 20 to 2400 DC to 230 N/A 5 24 11 21 135 Vector multiplier
5.25 24-lead LFCSP

ADL5391 DC to 2000 DC to 2000 DC to 2000 N/A Variable 29 15.1 — 4.5 to 5.5 130 3 mm 3 mm, RF/IF multiplier
16-lead LFCSP

70
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Measuring VSWR
and Gain in Wireless
Systems
EAMON NASH
Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA
easurement and control of gain and
M reflected power in wireless trans-
mitters are critical auxiliary func-
tions that are often overlooked. The power
reflected back from an antenna is speci-
fied using either the voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR) or the reflection coeffi-
cient (also referred to as return loss). Poor
VSWR can cause shadowing in a TV
broadcast system as the signal reflected
off the antenna reflects again off the pow-
er amplifier and is then rebroadcast. In
wireless communications systems, shad-
owing will produce multi-path-like phe-
nomena. While poor VSWR can degrade
transmission quality, the catastrophic
VSWR that results from damage to coaxial
cable or to an antenna can, at its worst,
destroy the transmitter. The gain of a sig-
nal chain is measured and controlled as
part of the overall effort to regulate the
transmitted power level. If too much or
too little power is transmitted, the result
will be either violation of emissions regu-
lations or a poor quality link. The reflec-
tion coefficient is calculated by measuring
the ratio between forward and reverse
power. Gain, on the other hand, is calcu-
lated by measuring input and output pow-
er. The high commonality of hardware
Reprinted with permission of MICROWAVE JOURNAL® from the November 2005 issue.
©
2005 Horizon House Publications, Inc.
71
used to measure gain and VSWR can re-
duce overall component count. This article
will focus on techniques that can be used
to perform these in-situ measurements in
wireless transmitters.
A TYPICAL WIRELESS TRANSMITTER
Figure 1 shows a typical wireless
transmitter. It consists of mixed-signal
base band circuitry, an up-converter
(which generally includes one or more
intermediate frequencies or IFs), ampli-
fiers, filters and a power amplifier. These
components may be located on different
PCBs or may even be physically separat-
ed. In the example shown, an indoor unit
is connected to an outdoor unit with a ca-
ble. In such a configuration, both units
may be expected to have well defined,
temperature-stable gains. Alternatively,
each unit might be expected to deliver a
well-defined output power. There are two
different approaches to the ultimate goal
of delivering a known power level to the
antenna: power control or gain control.
With power control, the system relies on
being able to precisely measure the output
power (using detector D in this example).
Once the output power has been mea-
sured, the gain of some component in the
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
range (typically 20 to 30 dB). As a
INDOOR UNIT OUTDOOR UNIT
result, the relationship between
output voltage and input power
IF in dBm is exponential (see Fig-
VGA
SAW BPF ure 2). While the temperature
IF RF
DAC AMP AMP HPA stability of a temperature-com-
pensated diode detector is excel-
lent at high input powers (+10 to
DET
A
DET
B
DET
C Σ
DET
D +15 dBm), it degrades significant-
ly as the input drive is reduced. A
log detector, on the other hand,
Mixed Signal (ADCs/DACs) and μProcessor/DSP delivers an output voltage pro-
portional to the log of the input
▲ Fig. 1 Power control versus gain control. signal over a large dynamic
range (up to 100 dB). The temper-
system (in this case, it might be the would be made using the IF VGA.
ature stability is usually constant
IF VGA) is varied until the correct Gain control, on the other hand,
over the complete dynamic
output power is measured at the may make more sense in a recon-
range. A log-responding device
antenna. It is not necessary to figurable system whose compo-
offers a key advantage in gain
know the gain of the circuit or the nents come from different vendors.
and VSWR measurement applica-
exact input signal amplitude; it is In the example, the input power
tions. In order to compute the
just a matter of varying the gain or and output power of the HPA are
gain or the reflection loss, the ra-
input signal until the output power being measured (using detectors C
tio of the two signal powers
is correct. This approach is often and D) so the gain can be regulat-
(either OUTPUT/INPUT or
(incorrectly) referred to as auto- ed independent of the other blocks
REVERSE/FORWARD) must be
matic gain control or AGC. To be in the circuit. Note that the pow-
calculated (see Figure 3). An
correct, it should be referred to as er/gain control loops can be all
analog divider must be used to
automatic power control or APC analog or microprocessor based.
perform this calculation with a
since it is power not gain that is be- Gain control would be less practi-
linear-responding diode detector,
ing precisely regulated. cal in the example since the two re-
but only simple subtraction is re-
Gain control takes a different quired detector signals (detectors
quired when using a log-
approach. Here, at least two power A and D) are physically remote
responding detector (since log
detectors are used to precisely reg- from one another. A more practical
(A/B) = log (A) – log (B)). A dual
ulate the gain of the complete sig- approach would be to indepen-
RF detector has an additional ad-
nal chain or a part thereof. A pre- dently control the gain of the in-
vantage compared to a discrete
cise input signal is then applied to door and outdoor units.
implementation. There is a natur-
the signal chain. A number of fac-
RF DETECTORS al tendency for two devices (RF
tors ultimately determine which
detectors in this case) to behave
approach is used. Power control Until recently, most RF power
similarly when they are fabricat-
requires only one power detector detectors were built using a tem-
ed on the same silicon wafer.
and makes sense in a non-config- perature-compensated half-wave
Both devices will have similar
urable transmitter whose compo- rectifying diode circuit. These de-
temperature drift characteristics,
nents are fixed. For example, pow- vices deliver an output voltage
for example. At the summing
er could be measured at the output that is proportional to the input
node, this drift will cancel to yield
of the RF HPA but adjustments voltage over a limited dynamic
a more temperature-stable result.
DIODE DETECTOR
GAIN MEASUREMENT
Diode Detector
Pin A Pin B
EXAMPLE
Log Detector
Figure 4 shows a transmitter
2.5 whose gain is regulated using a
dual power detector. The simplified
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

2.0 Vout = Vin A/Vin B

= Gain(V/V) transmit signal chain shown con-
1.5 sists of a high performance IF-syn-
LOG DETECTOR
thesizing DAC, a VGA, a mixer/up-
1.0 + -
Pin A ᏸ Σ ᏸ Pin B
converter and a high power ampli-
0.5
fier. High performance DACs, such
as the AD9786 and AD9779 that
0 Vout = log(Pin A) - log(Pin B) run at sampling frequencies up to
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 500 MSPS and beyond, are capable
= log(Pin A/Pin B)
INPUT POWER (dBm)
= Gain(dB) of synthesizing intermediate fre-
▲ Fig. 2 Transfer functions of diode ▲ Fig. 3 Calculating the gain using quency outputs (100 MHz in this
and log detectors. diode and log detectors. example). The output of the DAC is

72
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Nyquist filtered using a bandpass
filter before being applied to an
ADL5330 variable gain amplifier.
Conveniently, the amplifier accepts
a differential input that can be tied
directly to the output of the differ-
ential filter. This, in turn, is tied to
the DAC output. The VGA output
is converted from differential to
single-ended using a balun trans-
former, and is then applied to the
ADL5350 mixer. After appropriate
filtering (not shown), the signal is
amplified and transmitted at a
maximum output power level of
30 W (approximately +45 dBm).
The gain of the signal chain is
measured by detecting the power
at the DAC output and at the out-
put of the HPA. The gain is then
regulated by adjusting the gain of a
VGA. At the DAC and PA outputs,
a sample of the signal is taken and
fed to the detectors. At the HPA
output, a directional coupler is
used to tap off some of the power
going to the antenna. The transfer
function of the AD8364 dual detec-
tor (see Figure 5) shows that at the
output frequency used (2140 MHz
in this case), the detector has the
best linearity and the most stable
temperature drift at power levels
100 MHz
-10 dBm
50Ω
1nF
IF
Synthesizing 50Ω 60dB
VGA
DAC
100 1nF
MHz
50Ω
1:4
VGA Control
0.1uF 0.1uF INHA
Channel A
INLA TruPwrTM
ADJA
VREF
Vref
-16 dBm(max)
ADJB
0.1uF INLB
Channel B
INHB
TruPwrTM
0.1uF
VGA Control
▲ Fig. 4 Gain control using a dual rms-responding log detector.
below –10 dBm. Thus, the power precision is required, care must be
coming from the directional cou- paid to the temperature stability of
pler (+25 dBm max) must be atten- the power detectors. This issue is
uated before being applied to the further complicated if the tempera-
detector. If maximizing the detec- ture drift characteristics of the de-
tor dynamic range is not critical to tectors change with frequency. The
the application, the attenuation can dual detector shown provides tem-
be conservatively set at 41 dB so perature compensation nodes. The
that the detector sees a maximum temperature compensation is acti-
input power of –16 dBm. This still vated by connecting a voltage to
leaves about 34 dB of useful dy- the ADJ pins of each detector (this
namic range over which the gain voltage can be conveniently de-
can be controlled. To detect the in- rived using a resistor divider from
put power level at the DAC output, the 2.5 V on-chip reference). No
a directional coupler is impractical compensation is required for the
at this low frequency. In addition, low frequency input (ADJB is
directional coupling is not neces- grounded), while a 1 V compensa-
sary since there will be little or no tion voltage is required at ADJA to
reflected signal at this point in the minimize temperature drift at 2.1
circuit. Furthermore, the power GHz. While the focus of the appli-
being delivered to the VGA is –10 cation circuit is gain measurement,
dBm, so the power to be delivered it should be noted that input power
to the detector is only 6 dB lower. and output power can also be mea-
Since the detector has an input im- sured. The outputs of the individ-
pedance of 200 Ω and the VGA has ual detectors are available and can
an input impedance of 50 Ω, it be separately sampled. Because
quickly becomes clear that the two the detectors are log responding,
devices can simply be connected in their outputs can be simply sub-
parallel. With the same voltage tracted to yield gain. This subtrac-
present at both inputs, the 50 to tion is performed on chip and the
200 Ω impedance ratio will result in gain result is delivered as a differ-
a convenient 6 dB power differ- ential voltage. The full-scale differ-
ence. Where high measurement ential voltage is approximately ±4
V (biased up to 2.5 V) with a slope
LO of 100 mV/dB. Digitizing with a 10-
bit ADC with an LSB size of ~10
+45dBm
Directional
mV (±5 V full scale), 0.1 dB mea-
1nF 1.1
Coupler surement resolution is achievable.
HPA
20dB
1nF
Mixer
VSWR MEASUREMENT
41dB
EXAMPLE
A dual log detector can also be
used to measure the reflection co-
DAC efficient of an antenna. In Figure
CLPF
6, two directional couplers are
Output
used, one to measure the forward
IERR Power
VSTA
ISIG2 OUTA
ADC +85° +25° -40°
ITGT2
μProcessor/DSP
5
FBKA 2.5
Gain 4
OUTP 2.0
OUTA
GAIN ERROR (dB)
3
GAIN OUTPUT (V)
OUTB
OUTN ADC 1.5
FBKB 2 1.0
1 0.5
0 0
-1 -0.5
ISIG2 -2 -1.0
OUTB
ITGT2 ADC -3
-1.5
VSTB -4 -2.0
Input
Power -5 -2.5
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
CHANNEL A INPUT POWER (dBm)
CLPF (CHANNEL B = -25 dBm)
▲ Fig. 5 Gain transfer function of a
dual rms-responding log detector.
73
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
a natural by product. These lim-
Pout = +20 to +50 dBm iter outputs are multiplied togeth-
er to yield a phase-detected out-
HPA put with a range of 180° centered
20 dB 20 dB
around an ideal operating point
of 90°. In a VSWR application, this
40 dB 40 dB
information constitutes the phase
MFLT Forward
angle of the reflected signal (with
Log AMP A + +
Power respect to the incident signal) and
0.1μF Σ
-
Σ
- VMAG
ADC may be of use in optimizing the

Pin = -10 to -40 dBm
Pin = -10 to -60 dBm
▲ Fig. 6 Return loss measurement using a dual log detector.
power and one to measure the re-
verse power. As in the previous ex-
ample, additional attenuation is re-
quired before applying these sig-
nals to the detectors. The AD8302
dual detector has a measurement
range of ±30 dB. The level planning
used in this example is graphically
depicted in Figure 7. In this exam-
ple, the expected output power
range from the HPA is 30 dB, from
+20 to +50 dBm. Over this power
range, reflection coefficients from
0 dB (short or open load) up to –20
dB should be able to be accurately
measured. Each of the AD8302’s
detectors has a nominal input
range from 0 to –60 dBm. In this
example, the maximum forward
power of +50 dBm is padded down
to –10 dBm at the detector input.
When the HPA is transmitting at its
lowest power level of +20 dBm, the
detector sees a power of –40 dBm,
still well within its input range.
+50
+40 Forward
Power
+30 Range
+20
60 dB
Attenuation
POWER (dBm)
60dB Log Amps
INPA (7 Detectors)
0.1μF 60dB Log Amps
Σ
- VPHS
(7 Detectors)
INPB
+ PFLT
Log AMP B
The power from the reverse
path is padded down by the same
amount. This means that the sys-
tem is capable of measuring re-
flected power up to 0 dB. This
may not be necessary if the sys-
tem is designed to shut down
when the reflection coefficient
degrades below a certain mini-
mum (such as 10 dB), but it is
permissible because the detector
has so much dynamic range. For
example, when the HPA is trans-
mitting +20 dBm, the reverse
path detector will see an input
power of –60 dBm if the antenna
has a return loss of 20 dB. The
application circuit provides a di-
rect reading of return loss, but no
information is provided about the
absolute forward or reverse pow-
er. If this information is required,
the dual detector used in the gain
control would be more useful be-
cause it would provide a measure
of absolute for-
ward and reflect-
ed power along
Reverse with the reflec-
Power
Range tion coefficient.
The dual log de-
tector used in the
μProcessor/DSP
MSET power delivered to the antenna.
PSET Reverse AMPLIFIER GAIN
Power
ADC
MEASUREMENT USING A
SINGLE LOG DETECTOR AND
AN RF SWITCH
Figure 8 shows an alternative
approach to gain measurement,
which is also applicable to VSWR
measurement. In this application,
measuring and controlling the
gain of a PA is desired. The PA in
the example is running at 8 GHz
and has an output power range
from +20 to +50 dBm. This is a
fixed-gain PA, so the output pow-
er is adjusted by changing input
power. Two directional couplers
are used to detect input and out-
put power. However, there is only
a single log detector so the two
signals are alternately connected
to the detector using a single-
pole, double-throw RF switch.
The AD8317 detector has a 0 to
–50 dBm input range at this fre-
quency. To measure the gain, the
input and output powers are al-
ternately measured and digitized.
The results are then simply sub-
tracted to yield gain. Once the
gain is known, the digital control
loop is completed by making any
necessary adjustments to the gain
of the PA via a bias adjustment.
The level planning for this exam-
ple is shown in Figure 9. Attenu-
ation is used so that the two input
power levels at the RF switch are
close together and within the in-

Detector A/B
+10 Input
Range
return loss mea- put range of the detector.
0 60 dB
Attenuation surement also
-10 provides a phase PRECISE GAIN MEASUREMENT
-20 output. Because WITHOUT FACTORY
Power
at Input A Power of the large gain CALIBRATION
-30
at Input B
in the main signal In addition to reducing compo-
-40
path of a progres- nent count, this gain measure-
-50 sive compression ment method has a number of in-
-60 log amp, a limited teresting features. Because the
(amplitude satu- same circuit is being used to
▲ Fig. 7 Level planning for VSWR measurement using a dual rated) version of measure input and output power,
log detector. the input signal is it is possible to make precise,

74
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
VOUT1 = SLOPE
Pout = +20 to +50 dBm
@ 8 GHz • (PIN1 – INTERCEPT)
+5V To figure out the unknown, PIN, the
Pin = -20 to +10 dBm 100pF 0.1uF equation can be rewritten as
HPA 500R
20 dB
40 dB
20 dB VPOS PIN1 = (VOUT1/SLOPE) – INTERCEPT
V 1
Since gain is the difference in the

μProcessor/DSP
PA Slope Gain Bias VSET
BIAS 40 dB
CONTROL
ADC
measured input powers (the differ-
Σ
DET DET DET DET VOUT ent attenuation levels of the two
B 1nF INHI CLPF
0.7 220pF
paths still have to be factored in), it
A
1nF INLO
pF can be written as
GAIN = (VOUT1 – VOUT2)/SLOPE
COMM Select
Input/Output
DAC
Therefore, the intercept of the detec-
tor is not required to calculate the
▲ Fig. 8 Gain measurement using a single log detector. gain. Even though the slope of a de-
tector will change from device to de-
vice and over temperature, if Vout1 and Vout2 are close
+50 to each other (it can be done with good level plan-
+40 PA ning and because of the finite input range of the de-
Output
+30 Power tector), a typical value for the slope can be taken di-
Range
+20
rectly from the datasheet and used in the above cal-
culation.
POWER (dBm)

+10 Detector
Input 20 dB
0 PA
Input
Range Coupler
+ OUTPUT POWER MONITORING
40 dB
-10 Power
Range
Attenuation In the gain measurement using a single log detec-
-20 Power Power
tor, the power is measured in order to calculate gain,
-30 20 dB
at Switch at Switch so the system shown can also be used to monitor the
Input A Input B
Directional
Coupler output power. However, this cannot be done pre-
-40
cisely without factory calibration. To calibrate the
-50 circuit, the antenna must be temporarily replaced by
▲ Fig. 9 Level planning for gain measurement using a single a power meter. The output power and detector volt-
log detector. ages are then measured at two points within the lin-
ear range of the detector. These numbers would
-40°C +25°C +85°C then be used to calculate the slope and intercept of
Vout = Slope x (Pin-Intercept) the detector. For optimum precision, the detector in-
Slope (mV/dB) = (Vout2-Vout1)/(Pin2-Pin1) cludes a temperature compensation pin. A resistor is
Intercept (dBm) = Pin1- (Vout1/Slope)
2.00 2.0
connected between this pin and ground to reduce
the temperature drift to approximately ±0.5 dB at the
1.75 1.5 frequency of operation (8 GHz in the example
shown). As a result, it is not necessary to do any ad-
1.50 1.0 ditional calibration over temperature.
Vout2
1.25 0.5
CONCLUSION
Error (dB)
Vout (V)

1.00 0 Because of their linear-in-dB transfer function, log

amplifiers can be easily used to measure gain and re-
0.75 -0.5
Vout1 turn loss. When dual devices are used, very high mea-
0.50 -1.0 surement precision is achievable. In some cases, this
can be achieved without factory calibration. In all cas-
0.25 -1.5 es, careful power level planning is necessary so that
the power detectors are driven at power levels that of-
0
-65 -55 -45 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 fer good linearity and temperature stability. ■
Pin (dBm) P Intercept
Pin2 in1

▲ Fig. 10 Calibrating a log detector. Eamon Nash holds a BEng degree in electronics from the
University of Limerick, Ireland. He has worked at Analog Devices for
15 years, first as a field applications engineer, based in Germany,
temperature-stable gain measurements without covering mixed signal and DSP products, then as a product line
ever calibrating the circuit. A look at the nominal applications engineer specializing in RF building block components
transfer function of a log detector will help in un- for wireless applications. He is now applications engineering
derstanding why (see Figure 10). manager for RF Standard Products at Analog Devices.

75
RF Bonus Feature

Analog I/Q and Vector Modulators

Features
Wide range of modulators covering frequencies of operation
from 20 MHz to 4 GHz
Vector modulators provide simultaneous control of both gain
and phase within a single IC
Pin compatibility to cover all cellular frequency bands
High dynamic range direct conversion

RF I/Q 3 dB Phase Amplitude Carrier Sideband Output Supply

Part Noise Floor P1dB Supply
Frequency Bandwidth Error Error Suppress Suppress IP3 Current Package
Number (dBm/Hz) (dBm) Voltage (V)
(MHz) (MHz) (deg) (dB) (dBm) (dBc) (dBm) (mA)
4 mm 4 mm,
AD8340 700 to 1000 230 — — –30 –32 –148 11 24 4.75 to 5.25 130
24-lead LFCSP
1500 to 4 mm 4 mm,
AD8341 230 — — –25 –34 –150.5 9 18 4.75 to 5.25 125
2400 24-lead LFCSP
5.1 mm 6.5 mm,
AD8345 140 to 1000 80 0.5 0.2 –42 –42 –155 2.5 25 2.7 to 5.5 65
16-lead TSSOP
6.5 mm 5.1 mm,
AD8346 800 to 2500 70 1 0.2 –42 –36 –147 –3 20 2.7 to 5.5 45
16-lead TSSOP
5.1 mm 6.4 mm,
AD8349 700 to 2700 160 0.3 0.1 –42 –43 –156 6 19 4.75 to 5.5 135
16-lead TSSOP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5370 300 to 1000 >500 0.76 0.03 –50 –41 –160 11 24 4.75 to 5.25 205
24-lead LFCSP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5371 500 to 1500 >500 0.1 0.03 –50 –55 –158.6 14 27 4.75 to 5.25 175
24-lead LFCSP
1500 to 4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5372 >500 0.21 0.09 –45 –45 –158 14 27 4.75 to 5.25 165
2500 24-lead LFCSP
2300 to 4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5373 >500 1 0.13 –39 –39 –157 14 25 4.75 to 5.25 166
3000 24-lead LFCSP
2800 to 4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5374 >500 0.2 0.02 –32 –50 –158 12 22 4.75 to 5.25 175
4000 24-lead LFCSP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5375 400 to 6000 >500 –0.05 –0.07 –46 –50 –160 9.4 23 4.75 to 5.25 131
24-lead LFCSP
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5385 50 to 2200 >500 0.39 0.03 –46 –50 –159 11 26 4.75 to 5.25 215
24-lead LFCSP_VQ
4 mm 4 mm,
ADL5390 20 to 2400 230 N/A 0.5 N/A N/A –148 11 24 4.75 to 5.25 135
24-lead LFCSP

76
77
78
 10
CARRIER = 399MHz
0 SFDR WITHOUT SPURKILLER = –63.7dBc
SFDR WITH SPURKILLER = –69.3dBc
–10 FREQUENCY SPAN = 500MHz
RESOLUTION BW = 3kHz
–20 VIDEO BW = 30kHz
SIGNAL POWER (dBm)

–30

–40

–50 CANCELLED CANCELLED

SPUR SPUR
–60

–70

–80

–90

–100
0 100 200 300 400 500
FREQUENCY (MHz)

Figure 1. The plot shows the synthesizer’s output spectrum for a 399 MHz sine wave, with a 1 GHz sampling rate.

AD9549
AD9514
DIGITAL PLL
R, S DIVIDERS /1...../32 LVPECL
REF A HOLDOVER
REF MONITORS
AND SWITCHING
REF B DDS/ LOW-PASS /1...../32 LVPECL
DAC FILTER

/1...../32 Δt LVDS/CMOS
SYSTEM CLOCK
MULTIPLIER

Figure 2. Shown is a complete clock synchronization, generation, jitter clean-up, and distribution circuit with the DDS at the heart of the system.

79
RF Bonus Feature

Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS)

Features
AD9913: 250 MSPS DDS consumes only 50 mW power
Low power DDS moves into portable/handheld markets
Low cost DDS with integrated DAC replaces standalone DAC
required after FPGA
Programmable modulus mode available for exact rational
frequency synthesis

Narrow-Band
Master Tuning DAC SFDR Power Supply
Part SFDR (dB)/ REFCLK On-Board
Clock Word Width Resolution (dBc) to Dissipation Package Voltage I/O Interface Comments
Number AOUT (MHz)/ Multiplier Comparator
(MHz) (Bits) (Bits) Nyquist (mW) (V)
Window (MHz)
3.3 to Serial or
AD9850 125 32 10 54 80/40.1/0.5 480 28-lead SSOP
5.0 parallel
3.3 to Serial or
AD9851 180 32 10 53 85/40.1/0.5 650 28-lead SSOP
5.0 parallel
80-lead Serial or
AD9852 300 48 12 48 83/10/1 2200 3.3 Chirp function
LQFP/TQFP_EP parallel
80-lead Serial or Quadrature outputs,
AD9854 300 48 12 48 83/10/1 2200 3.3
LQFP/TQFP_EP parallel chirp function
Integrated charge
100-lead Serial or
AD9858 1000 32 10 58 80/40/1 1900 3.3 pump, phase detector,
TQFP_EP parallel
analog multiplier
AD9859 400 32 10 56 80/160/0.1 200 48-lead TQFP_EP 1.8 Serial
AD9951 400 32 14 56 80/160/0.1 200 48-lead TQFP_EP 1.8 Serial
AD9952 400 32 14 56 80/160/0.1 200 48-lead TQFP_EP 1.8 Serial
Programmable RAM
AD9953 400 32 14 56 80/160/0.1 200 48-lead TQFP_EP 1.8 Serial
LUT
Programmable RAM
AD9954 400 32 14 56 80/160/0.1 200 48-lead TQFP_EP 1.8 Serial LUT, automatic
frequency sweep
AD9956 400 48 14 56 80/160/0.1 400 48-lead LFCSP 1.8 Serial On-board 2.7 GHz PLL
AD9958 500 32 10 53 81/200/1 420 56-lead LFCSP 3.3/1.8 Serial 2 complete channels
AD9959 500 32 10 53 81/200/1 680 56-lead LFCSP 3.3/1.8 Serial 4 complete channels
RAM, polar
100-lead Serial or
AD9910 1000 32 14 53 86/300/0.5 800 3.3/1.8 modulation, phase/
TQFP_EP 16-bit parallel
frequency/amp ramp
Multimode modula-
56-lead
AD9911 500 32 10 53 81/200/1 275 3.3/1.8 Serial tion, targeted spur
LFCSP
reduction
64-lead
AD9912 1000 48 14 58 86/398.7/0.5 800 3.3/1.8 Serial Spur reduction
LFCSP
Serial or
AD9913 250 32 10 58 88/99.7/0.03 50 32-lead LFCSP 1.8
parallel

80
 Analog Devices, Inc.
Worldwide Headquarters
Analog Devices, Inc.
One Technology Way
P.O. Box 9106
Norwood, MA 02062-9106
U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
(800.262.5643,
U.S.A. only)
Fax: 781.461.3113

Analog Devices, Inc.

Europe Headquarters
Analog Devices, Inc.
Wilhelm-Wagenfeld-Str. 6
80807 Munich
Germany
Tel: 49.89.76903.0
Fax: 49.89.76903.157

Analog Devices, Inc.

Japan Headquarters
Analog Devices, KK
New Pier Takeshiba
South Tower Building
1-16-1 Kaigan, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, 105-6891
Japan
Tel: 813.5402.8200
Fax: 813.5402.1064

Analog Devices, Inc.

Southeast Asia
Headquarters
Analog Devices
22/F One Corporate Avenue
222 Hu Bin Road
Shanghai, 200021
China
Tel: 86.21.2320.8000
Fax: 86.21.2320.8222

©2008 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property
of their respective owners.
Printed in the U.S.A. G07603-.55-8/08 www.analog.com/RF