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ECEN 2060
Batteries for HEV, PHEV and EV
• Battery
B tt types
t
NiMH
Li-Ion (many variations)
• Technology
Chemistry
Electrical characteristics
• Key parameters
Energy density [Wh/kg] and [Wh/l], and power density [W/kg]
Life: # of charge/discharge cycles as a function of depth of discharge
discharge,
i.e. the SOC window (SOCmax SOCmin)
Safety
Cost [$/kWh]
• Other topics (not covered here)
Construction of battery packs, the need for cell or module balancing
Battery charging from the AC grid (for PHEV or EV)
ECEN2060 2
Reminder:
Deep-discharge Lead-Acid batteries for stand-alone PV systems
Sulfuric acid
0.356 eV H2SO4 + H2O 1.685 eV
ECEN2060 3
Battery cycle life comparison
ECEN2060 4
Nickel-Metal Hydride: NiMH
Metal alloy Nickel oxyhydroxide
MH NiOOH
+
MH + OH > M + H2O + e- Potassium NiOOH + H2O + e > Ni(OH)2 + OH
0.83 eV hydroxide 0.52 eV
KOH + H2O
ECEN2060 5
Example: Prius battery
19.6mm(W)×106mm(H)×285mm(L)
NiMH Module
6-cell ((7.2 V)) NiMH modules, 6.5 Ah at C/2
46 Wh/kg
1.3 kW/kg
http://www.peve.jp/e/hevjyusi.html
Battery pack
28 modules
VDC = 201.6 V
Ebat = 1.3 kWh
Pack weight: 30 kg
SOCmin = 35%
SOCmax = 75%
$3K retail replacement cost
ECEN2060 6
Lithium-Ion: Li-Ion
Carbon compound Lithium
graphite cobalt oxide
+
ECEN2060 7
Lithium-Ion Chemistry
A. Pesaran (NREL), “Battery Choices for Different Plug-in HEV Configurations,” Plug-in HEV Forum, July 12, 2006
ECEN2060 8
Comparison of Battery Technologies
_ _
$18 000
$18,000
charger/plug $663
$16,000 battery
motor/inverter
$14,000 transmission
$663
engine
i
$12,000 $8,433
$10,000 $5,117
$8,000 $2,433
$2,000 $4,005
$2,865 $2,919 $3,002
$-
CV HEV PHEV20 PHEV40
Vehicle Cost Analysis (NREL)
Cumulative Vehicle plus Energy (Fuel/Elec.) Costs
$60,000
CV
HEV
$50,000
PHEV20
PHEV40
Cumulative cost (2006 $)
$40,000
$ ,
$30,000
$2 00/
$3
A
$2.41/gal.
$3.00/gal.
Assumption:
41/ til (t
(2005
(today)
$4
$4.00/gal.
d 00/
)avg)) l
$20,000
$10,000
$-
0 5 10 15
Time after purchase (years)