Technical Abstract Summaries

Connecting minds for global solutions

The premier meeting for the Asia-Pacific remote sensing industry

Conferences: 11–14 October 2010 Summaries

Songdo Convensia Remote Sensing and Modeling of the
Incheon, Republic of Korea Atmosphere, Oceans, and Interactions III . . . 2

Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral

www.spie.org/ae Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques,
and Applications III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land,

and Atmosphere Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and

Clouds III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental

Monitoring XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

Technical Development, Operation, and
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:

Development, Implementation, and
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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 Thank you to the organizers
of Asia-Pacific Remote
Sensing 2010
Conferences: 11–14 October 2010
Organizing Committee
Songdo Convensia
Symposium Chairs
Incheon, Republic of Korea
Upendra N. Singh, NASA Langley Research Center (USA)
Yu-Hwan Ahn, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (KORDI) (Republic of Korea)

Symposium General Co-Chairs

Dr. Toshio Iguchi, National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (Japan)
Sponsored by Mr. A. S. Kiran Kumar, Space Applications Ctr. (India)
Dr. Delu Pan, State Oceanic Administration (China)

Symposium Honorary Chairs

Prof. Michael Freilich, NASA Headquarters (United States)
Ms. Mary E. Kicza, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States)
Dr. Takashi Moriyama, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(Japan)
Co-sponsored by Dr. Ranganath R. Navalgund, Space Applications Ctr. (India)
Dr. Shailesh Nayak, Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)

Symposium Technical Program Chairs

Dr. Robert J. Frouin, Univ. of California, San Diego (United
States)
Dr. Vaddadi Jayaraman, Indian Space Research Organisation
(India)
Dr. Kohei Mizutani, National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (Japan)

Symposium Steering Committee

Chair: Dr. Upendra N. Singh, NASA Langley Research Ctr.
(United States)
Co-Chair: Mr. George Komar, NASA Goddard Space Flight
Ctr. (United States)
Dr. Kazuhiro Asai, Tohoku Institute of Technology (Japan)
Dr. Robert J. Frouin, Univ. of California, San Diego (United
States)
Dr. Jack A. Kaye, NASA Headquarters (United States)
Mr. A. S. Kiran Kumar, Space Applications Ctr. (India)
Dr. Delu Pan, State Oceanic Administration (China)
Dr. Jinxue Wang, Raytheon Co. (United States)

Symposium International Organizing Committee

Dr. Yu-Hwan Ahn, Korea Ocean Research and Development
Institute (Republic of Korea)
Prof. Jinyu Cheng, Chinese Society of Oceanography (China)
Dr. Adarsh Deepak, Science and Technology Corp. (United
States)
Dr. Ramesh K. Kakar, NASA Headquarters (United States)
Prof. Teruyuki Nakajima, The Univ. of Tokyo, AORI (Japan)
Prof. Haruhisa Shimoda, Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (Japan)
Ms. Lelia B. Vann, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United
States)

2 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010 · www.spie.org/ae

Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the
Atmosphere, Oceans, and Interactions III
Wednesday-Thursday 13-14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7856 Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere, Oceans, and
Interactions III
7856-01, Session 1
GRIP field experiment
R. K. Kakar, NASA Headquarters (United States)
No abstract available
7856-02, Session 1
Diurnal variation of Indian summer
monsoon rainfall as perceived from TRMM
observations
R. S. Nanjundiah, Indian Institute of Science (India); S. Sahany,
Indian Institute of Science (India) and Univ. of California, Los
Angeles (United States); V. Venugopal, Indian Institute of Science
(India)
We have studied the diurnal variation of rainfall during the June-
September season over the Indian region using TRMM 3B42v6
dataset for the period 1999-2007. Using harmonic analysis, modified
to remove Gibbs oscillations, we have extracted the diurnal signal
and identified the 3-hour time-interval over which maximum rainfall
tends to occur (referred to as “Peak Octet”). We find that peak octet
over Bay of Bengal varies from about noon over the northern part to
early evening over the southern region.
In contrast diurnal cycle of rainfall over Arabian Sea shows a
single coherent peak at 1430 IST over a region where it rains for
atleast 30% of time during JJAS. Over the Gangetic plain the peak
octet is also around 1430 IST while over the Himalayan region the
peak occurs during late night/early morning. Interestingly coastal
orography such as the Western Ghats and Burmese mountains show
a peak during late afternoon/early evening, implying that diurnal
cycle over land-locked Himalayas are different from that of coastal
orographic regions.
We have conducted extended integrations of about a month with a
regional model (WRF) to study its ability to simulate the diurnal cycle.
Results from this study will also be presented.
7856-03, Session 1
A daily precipitation analysis by using
TRMM/PR and a dense network of rain-
gauge over South Asia
A. Yatagai, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Japan)
There are increasing demands for accurate high resolution
precipitation products over the land areas. Indirect precipitation
estimates must be verified or calibrated by direct observations,
so that gauge-based products are useful for this purpose. Some
satellite-based products have incorporated gauge data, however,
the gauges used in such products are attributed to the Global
Telecommunication System (GTS) archive. This affects underestimate
of precipitation estimates over most part of Asian monsoon regions.
Hence, APHRODITE project is developing daily gridded precipitation
datasets for the whole of Asia (http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip/) by
collecting, quality control of the original database, and analyze them.
Further, we compared TRMM3B42 with APHRODITE product over
Iran and China in detail and found that 3B42 performs generally well
except for estimation of rainfall around the coastal areas and for
reproducing extreme events.
In spite of the importance due to high population, coastal area is
one of the challenging areas to estimate precipitation. Hence, we
use TRMM/PR, which detects the rainfall peaks/maxima along the
coastal lines.
Now, according to Yatagai and Kawamoto (2008), a 12-year PR2A25
data and APHRODITE’s rain-gauge data are used to make 0.05
degree monthly precipitation climatology over South Asia. Then,
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using APHRODITE’s analysis system and this PR-RG climatology, we
analyze daily grid precipitation over South Asia. PR-RG climatology
shows reasonable precipitation patterns over rain-gauge sparse
areas, such as the Himalayas, west Tibet and desert areas, which
helps interpolating daily precipitation patterns over those areas.
Improvements for the coastal areas are also shown.
7856-04, Session 1
Instantaneous vertical profiling of
precipitation using passive microwave
radiometers
Z. S. Haddad, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States); K. Park, Joint
Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering
(United States)
Several methods have been proposed to train microwave
radiometers to retrieve precipitation rates estimated by a radar
which observed the same location at the same time. These radar-
trained passive-microwave algorithms differ in the quantities that
are estimated: some estimate the vertically-integrated liquid water,
while others estimate the near-surface precipitation. Since it is
no more or less credible to estimate the rain rate at the surface
than it is to estimate the rain rate at any discrete altitude, it is
particularly interesting to quantify the accuracy with which vertical
profiles of precipitation can be estimated from a passive microwave
radiometer, what the obstacles are, and what vertical resolution
would be achievable. To that end, we conducted several studies
to 1) establish that the main impediment to the vertical profiling is
the unknown signature of the sea surface in the non-precipitating
portions of the field of view, and 2) use surface-insensitive principal
components of the brightness temperatures to retrieve the vertical
principal components of the precipitation. We report on the results
of our studies in the case of mid-latitudes regions, in the case of the
Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone during May 2009 where
we produced unique estimates that quantify the vertical structure
of the convection in which flight AF447 disappeared, and in the
case of polar precipitation where the dearth of instruments and the
radiometrically cold frozen surface present additional challenges.
7856-05, Session 1
A principal component-based radiative
transfer forward model (PCRTM) for
vertically inhomogeneous cloud
H. Li, X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
P. Yang, Texas A&M Univ. (United States); D. P. Kratz, NASA
Langley Research Ctr. (United States)
A principal-component based radiative transfer model (PCRTM)
is developed for simulating the infrared spectral radiance at the
top of the atmosphere (TOA). The PCRTM approach removes the
redundancy in radiative transfer calculation in high-resolution infrared
spectra, and saves significant amount of computational time with
great accuracy.
In PCRTM, both ice and water clouds are treated as effective
transmissivity and reflectivity stored in a pre-calculated lookup
tables. These quantities are calculated using cloud single scattering
properties such as cloud optical depth, cloud particle size, cloud
phase, etc. The cloud can be inserted into any pressure layer in the
PCRTM model (up to 100 layers). The effective temperature of each
cloud layer is treated as a function of its optical depth.
To test the accuracy of this approximation, the results are
compared with the more rigorous DISORT model, which treats cloud
as a plane parallel layer. The root-mean-square error of PCRTM, with
respect to DISORT results, is generally less than 0.5 K in brightness
temperature. However, the CPU time required by PCRTM was
approximately two orders of magnitude less than that required by
DISORT.
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Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Interactions III
7856-06, Session 1
Detection of Cirrus based on the refractive
index retrieval using MODIS data
S. Hong, I. Shin, W. Yun, Korea Meteorological Administration
(Korea, Republic of)
Cirrus plays an important role in the energy balance of the Earth-
atmosphere system through their interactions with solar and
terrestrial radiation. Many previous researches are based on the
forward models, which require a priori information on the clouds.
Physically, the refractive index information is crucial to determine
the characteristics of objects and discriminate between them. In this
study, we propose a simple inversion method to detect the cirrus
using the characteristics of the refractive index of ice and water
at 1.375 μm channel. We use data from the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) to study the spatial distribution and
occurrence frequency of thin cirrus. In addition, we also validate the
findings, and seek a systematic procedure for estimating cirrus.
7856-08, Session 2
Dissecting the satellite observed
aerosol indirect effect: implication to
parameterizing aerosol indirect effect in
GCMs
G. Liu, G. Shaheen, H. Shao, The Florida State Univ. (United
States)
It is commonly known that the increase of anthropogenic aerosols
enhances clouds’ reflectance to solar radiation by increasing cloud
drop number concentration while decreasing cloud drop size. While
this aerosol first indirect effect has long since been realized by
observational facts such as the bright ship tracks or the systematic
smaller drop size of over-land than over-ocean clouds, the
magnitude of this effect in terms of radiative forcing on global climate
still remains unclear. In fact, this effect is considered to be a main
uncertain element of the anthropogenic climate forcing according
to the IPCC 2007 report. One example illustrating this uncertainty
is the disparity reported between the global climate model (GCM)
estimates of the aerosol indirect forcing from “forward” calculations
based on the “state-of-the-art” physics of aerosol-cloud interactions
and “inverse” calculations in which aerosol indirect forcing is derived
as the missing forcing to match GCM simulations with observed
temperature changes. The former is much stronger and its values
span a range twice larger than the latter. Satellite determination of
this effect has so far been inconclusive as well, primarily due to
the entangling factors associated with satellite data. By analyzing
satellite data from multiple platforms, we noticed that the satellite
observed so-called aerosol first indirect effect is temporally/spatially
very variable, and we attributed the variability to the influences
by several competing factors that are not only the drop number
effect (i.e., Twomey effect), but also temporal/spatial variability of
adiabaticity among clouds studied, variation of the activation ability
of aerosols with aerosol type, the differences in updraft velocity
among clouds studied, etc. In this talk, we will describe our recent
works on this subject, including (1) developing a method to assess
the magnitude of the identified factors using available data from
satellite observations; (2) studying the seasonal/regional variability of
these factors; and (3) making recommendations how to include the
effects of these factors in climate models.
7856-09, Session 2
Validation of the dust layer structure
over the Taklimakan Desert, China by the
CALIOP space-borne lidar using ground-
based lidar
Y. Jin, K. Kai, T. Shibata, Nagoya Univ. (Japan); K. Zhang, Cold
and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research
Institute (China); H. Zhou, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and
Geography (China)
4 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
A ground-based lidar observation was carried out in the northwest
of China to validate the space-borne lidar CALIOP on 23 March
2009. Combining backscatter profiles of the ground-based lidar
and CALIOP, lidar ratio (extinction to backscattering ratio) was
retrieved for 532nm and 1064nm wavelengths by using performance
function that minimizing the difference between the ground-based
lidar and CALIOP for backscattering coefficient. The correlation
coefficients between them were 0.98 for 532nm and 0.95 1064nm,
respectively. Using the retrieved lidar ratio, the color ratio and aerosol
optical depth (AOD) were calculated. The observed aerosols and
clouds were classified into three groups (boundary layer dust, free
tropospheric aerosol and cirrus cloud) according to a relationship
between color ratio and 532nm-backscattering coefficient.
7856-10, Session 2
Spatio-temporal structure of SST in El Niño
regions and its relationships with zonal
displacement anomaly of western Pacific
warm pool
C. Xue, Q. Dong, Ctr. for Earth Observation and Digital Earth
(China); J. Xie, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Resources Research (China)
Using the monthly averaged NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature
data from January 1985 to December 2008, this paper adopted
the empirical orthogonal function and power spectral density to
analyzing the SST fields’ spatial-temporal structure of El Niño1, El
Niño2, El Niño3 and El Niño4, respectively. The first modal analysis
has shown that: (1) time coefficients of El Niño1, El Niño2 and El
Niño3 are well associated with zonal displacement anomalies at
eastern edge of western Pacific warm pool, and the main cycle
time of the coefficients are almost same as ENSO with about 44.5
months. But the time coefficient of El Niño4 does not show this
characteristic in term of time cycle; (2) the corresponding spatial
structure of SST fields of El Niño1 and El Niño2 distributes along
the Northwest 45° with the positive center at Southwest and the
negative center at Northeast, and the spatial structure of El Niño3
region distributes longitudinally along 0.75°S with the positive center
at (0.75°S, 107°W).
Considering the El Niño sensitive regions, we calculated the ENSO
index jointedly with Niño1.2 and Niño3 regions, and constructed the
zonal displacement anomalies at eastern edge of western Pacific
warm pool along the equatorial Pacific. The correlation analysis
between zonal displacement anomalies at eastern edge of western
Pacific warm pool and ENSO indices has shown that the former is
ahead of about a 2-month leading of El Niño indices in the duration
of El Niño, while during the La Niña, the former lags behind about a
4/5-month of La Niña indices.
7856-11, Session 2
Red tide detection by means of peak
shift of remote sensing reflectance and
possibility of red tide detection with
polarized radiance measurements
K. Arai, Y. Terayama, Saga Univ. (Japan)
A method for detection of red tide by means of remote sensing
reflectance peak shift is proposed together with suspended solid
influence eliminations. Although remote sensing reflectance peak
is situated at around 550nm for sea water without contaminated
with red tide, the peak is shifted to the longer wavelength when sea
water is contaminated with red tide. Based on this fact, it is capable
to detect red tide using high wavelength resolution of spectral-
radiometers. The proposed system uses web camera with sharp-cut
filter on the optics surface. Acquired imagery data can be transmitted
through wireless LAN to Internet terminal and can be archived
in server through Internet. Validity of the proposed method is
confirmed with the system deployed in Ariake sea which is situated
in northern Kyushu, Japan.Also a method for red tide detection with
satellite imagery data is attempted with suspended solid influence
eliminations. Furthermore, a possibility of red tide detection with
polarized radiance measurements is discussed through polarization
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Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Interactions III
camera derived sue surface imagery data, in particular, for non-
spherical shape of red tide.
7856-13, Session 2
Development of a cloud-top height
estimation method by geostationary
satellite split-window measurements
trained with CloudSat data
A. Hamada, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Japan);
N. Nishi, Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
Look-up tables for estimating the cloud-top height and visible optical
thickness of upper-tropospheric clouds by the infrared brightness
temperature (TB) at 10.8 um (T11) and its difference from TB at
12 um (DT) measured by a geostationary satellite are presented.
These look-up tables were constructed by regressing the cloud
radar measurements by the CloudSat satellite over the infrared
measurements by the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT-1R.
Standard deviations of measurements around the estimates were
also displayed as an indicator of the ambiguity in the estimates.
For the upper-tropospheric clouds with T11 < 240 K, the standard
deviations of the height estimations were less than 1 km.
The dependences of the estimates of cloud-top height at each point
in T11-DT space on latitude, season, satellite zenith angle, day-night,
and land-sea differences were examined. It was shown that these
dependences were considered as being uniform in tropics, except
for the region with large satellite zenith angle.
The presented look-up tables can provide hourly estimates of cloud-
top height and optical thickness at a specified location, and are fairly
useful in comparing them with ground-based observations such as
vertical profiles of humidity and/or wind.
7856-14, Session 2
Impact of carbonaceous aerosols on
Indian monsoon rainfall
O. P. Sharma, H. Fatima, H. C. Upadhyaya, Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi (India)
Model simulated aerosol optical depth at 550 nm has been validated
with satellite data (MODIS). The simulation results show that BC
aerosol induces a positive radiative forcing, while organic matter
show negative radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and
a negative radiative forcing at the surface in this region. However,
the impact of BC and OM over rainfall is different and complex
over different regions. The sensitivity studies with carbonaceous
aerosols have been carried out for 21 monsoon seasons (1987-
2007), and the rainfall amounts have been compared with GPCP
(Global Precipitation Climatology Project) with the help of principal
component analysis.
7856-16, Session 3
Downscaled multi-model superensemble
and probabilistic forecasts of seasonal
rains over the Asian monsoon belt
T. N. Krishnamurti, V. Kumar, The Florida State Univ. (United
States)
The FSU multimodel superensemble carries a suite of 16 global
coupled models with monthly to seasonal forecasts of precipitation
datasets covers 15 years of forecasts. There are some new features
that are presently being included in our modeling. A special monsoon
raingauge based precipitation data base, prepared by NOAA and
Kyoto University. This merged daily data base provides precipitation
estimates at a horizontal resolution of 0.25 degrees latitude/
longitude covering several decades. A first component of modeling
is to use the forecasts of the 16 models and to prepare ensemble
forecasts at a large scale resolution of 25km. The next step in our
exercise includes downscaled precipitation forecasts for each of
the member model’s forecasts, following our recent papers. This is
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followed up with the construction of monthly and seasonal forecasts
of precipitation anomalies over a greater Asian Monsoon belt using
the downscaled superensemble. We include both deterministic and
probabilistic measures of skill score estimations for our forecasts.
The downscaling, training and forecast validations make use of the
high resolution observed estimates of rains. Prediction of the rainfall
anomalies over various parts of the Asian monsoon region is the
main strength of this work. Our results show that we can improve the
results of seasonal forecasts from these tools much above those that
are possible from just the model results of the large scale models.
7856-17, Session 3
Improving estimation technique of typhoon
wind radius using satellite remote sensor
data
J. Park, J. Hwang, J. Shim, J. S. Park, National Meteorological
Satellite Ctr. (Korea, Republic of)
Typhoon warnings to the public typically include forecasts
may threaten lives or cause substantial damage to houses and
infrastructures. Satellite-based remote sensor data is important
to give a better operational forecast and typhoon warning efforts
and a better understanding ocean surface wind distribution around
typhoon. In this report, the technique will be introduced and explain
for the practical uses might consider and use the typhoon wind radii
on near-real time. The system has been created to use forecast and
validation of gale-force wind radii of 15 and 25 m/s (around 30 and
50 kts) over the ocean using satellite data. Korea Meteorological
Center (KMA) National Meteorological Satellite Center (NMSC) is
receiving MTSAT-1R/2 data directly, yet will be replaced with Korean
first meteorological geostationary satellite COMS (Communication,
Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) and process the estimated
wind radius using cloud top temperature. The system will calculate
the radius of 15 m/s and also plot the each directional wind speed
according to the distance from the center of the typhoon. However,
this estimated wind radius accuracy is depends on the type of the
eye scene. With this system, 2009 typhoon cases are processed for
the wind radius errors. This will give a chance to improve the ability
of forecasters to diagnose and early public warning of typhoon wind
distribution including gale-wind radii, and the typhoon movement.
This system will give KMA to forecast more accurate and consist of
the typhoon advisory.
7856-18, Session 3
Using water vapor measurements from
hyperspectral advanced IR sounder for
tropical cyclone forecast
J. Li, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States); H. Liu,
National Ctr. for Atmospheric Research (United States); J. Li, T. J.
Schmit, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
Hyperspectral InfraRed (IR) Sounders such as Atmospheric InfraRed
Sounder (AIRS) onboard NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua
platform and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)
onboard the Europe’s METOP-A satellite provide unprecedented
global atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings with
high accuracy and vertical resolution. The AIRS and IASI radiance
measurements have been used in the global Numerical Weather
Prediction (NWP) models with positive impact on weather forecasts.
We also applied the full spatial resolution soundings retrieved with
CIMSS Hyperspectral IR Sounding Retrieval (CHISR) algorithm from
AIRS to hurricane track and intensity forecasts within a regional
model - WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting). The AIRS full
spatial resolution soundings were derived with a one dimension
variational (1DVAR) algorithm and most of the AIRS channels were
used in the sounding retrieval process. The advantages on using
soundings are that (1) soundings are the physical compression of
radiances, (2) currently global models use very limited water vapor
channels, use of soundings may enhance the use of moisture
information from advanced sounders, (3) soundings are from all
channels and represent the whole AIRS/IASI information, currently
global models only use ~10% of channels, and (4) for future GEO
advanced sounders, it is even more important to use soundings due
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Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Interactions III
to large volume of data and small data latencies.
NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) WRF/DART
(Data Assimilation Research Testbed) ensemble assimilation was
performed at 36 km resolution during September 6 - 8 00UTC, 2008.
NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) 1 degree
global analysis was used as the initial conditions. The control run
contains radiosonde, satellite atmospheric vector winds, aircraft
data, ship, and land surface data, while the AIRS assimilation
run was the control run plus the AIRS single field-of-view (SFOV)
temperature and moisture soundings (13.5 km at Nadir). The
ensemble analysis was generated every 6 hours. The study shows
that the track error for Hurricane Ike is reduced by half when AIRS
data were used. The hurricane intensity forecast is also improved
by 10 - 15 hPa when AIRS data were included. The 4-day forecasts
show significant improvement on hurricane track when AIRS SFOV
soundings are included. The AIRS full spatial resolution soundings
also improved the forecast of rapid intensification of Typhoon Sinlaku
(2008). This study demonstrates the importance of hyperspectral IR
data in forecasting hurricanes.
7856-20, Session 3
Recent trend in surface vegetation and
dust frequency over Mongolia
E. Lee, B. Sohn, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Remarkable decrease in the growing season mean NDVI is found
concurrently with the reduced annual precipitation amount over
Mongolia and the adjacent regions since the late 1990s. The
maximum NDVI reduction over 0.01 per year over eastern Mongolia
for the period of 1994-2006, and decreasing rate in annual
precipitation of 23 mm per year is found over the region. In the mean
time, significant increases in dust storm frequency over Mongolia are
found from SYNOP dust report data for recent ten years from 1998
to 2007 and frequency ratio of the visibility showing less than 5 km
has increased since 1994 over the region. As a result, dust frequency
in East Asia since the late 1970s appears to be reversed after the late
1990s for Mongolia region. Considering that any noticeable changes
are not found in temperature and wind speed, it is suggested
that dust increase over Mongolia has been affected by surface
vegetation reduction which is associated with the recent decrease in
precipitation amount.
7856-23, Session 4
Algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical
properties over the ocean from the
geostationary ocean color imager
J. Kim, J. Lee, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of) and Jet
Propulsion Lab. (United States) and Univ. of California, Los
Angeles (United States); C. H. Song, Gwangju Institute of
Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of); J. Ryu, Y. Ahn,
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (Korea, Republic
of); C. Song, National Institute of Environmental Research (Korea,
Republic of)
An aerosol retrieval algorithm for the first Geostationary Ocean
Color Imager (GOCI) to be launched in June 2010 onboard the
Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) is
presented. The algorithm retrieves aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine-
mode fraction (FMF), and aerosol type in 500 m×500 m resolution.
All the products are retrieved over clear water which is defined by
surface reflectance ratio between 640 nm and 860 nm (SRR) less or
equal to 2.5, while only AOD is retrieved over turbid water (SRR>2.5)
due to high surface reflectance. To develop optimized algorithm
for the target area of GOCI, optical properties of aerosol are
analyzed from extensive observation of AERONET sunphotometers
to generate lookup table. Surface reflectance of turbid water is
determined from 30-day composite of Rayleigh and gas corrected
reflectance. By applying the present algorithm to MODIS top-of-the
atmosphere reflectance, three different aerosol cases dominated by
anthropogenic aerosol contains black carbon (BC), dust, and non-
absorbing aerosol are analyzed to test the algorithm. The algorithm
retrieves AOD, and size information together with aerosol type which
are consistent with results inferred by RGB image in a qualitative
6 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
way. The comparison of the retrieved AOD with those of MODIS
collection 5 and AERONET sunphotometer observations shows
reliable results. Especially, the application of turbid water algorithm
significantly increases the accuracy in retrieving AOD at Anmyon
station. The sensitivity study between MODIS and GOCI instruments
in terms of relative sensitivity and scattering angle shows promising
applicability of the present algorithm to future GOCI measurements.
7856-24, Session 4
Sensitivity of target size, pixel selection,
and height assignment in satellite-derived
atmospheric motion vectors
J. Park, S. Kim, M. Ou, Korea Meteorological Administration
(Korea, Republic of); H. Cho, Seoul National Univ. (Korea,
Republic of); H. Shin, Korea Meteorological Administration
(Korea, Republic of)
Atmospheric motions in troposphere can be derived from
geostationary satellites by tracking clouds and water vapor in
sequential imagery. These atmospheric motion vectors (AMV)
processing is geared toward the identification of synoptic-scale
motions in geostrophic balance, which has been utilized effectively in
data assimilation system.
Recently, Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has switched
an operational numerical model to Unified Model originated from the
UK Met Office. The UM has capability to ingest a bunch of satellite
measurements and the products for data assimilation.
This study conducts several sensitivity tests and optimizes AMV
height assignment (HA) methods in KMA’s algorithm. Targets size,
pixel selection and HA methods are most important for the AMV’s
accuracy and the parameters are investigated. AMVs are retrieved
by identifying and tracking targets dynamically through the use of
advanced pattern-matching techniques based on cross-correlation
statistics. In tracking targets, the optimal target size and grid box
size should be determined for detecting cloud structure. When
investigated from 8 pixels to 32 pixels with 4 pixels intervals for
infrared channel images, wind speed bias and vector RMS with
rawinsonde observations are smallest at target size of 8 and grid
size of 8. The pixel selection method for the representative cloudy
radiance on HA is also investigated. The current operational
algorithm uses 15% coldest pixel temperature for infrared and water
vapor channels and the method will be modified through sensitivity
tests for each channel. In addition, the correction method for cloud
base height is optimized for each channel data.
7856-25, Session 4
Dual-frequency radar (DPR) and the global
precipitation measurement (GPM) in Japan
K. Nakamura, Nagoya Univ. (Japan); R. Oki, Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (Japan); T. Iguchi, National Institute of
Information and Communications Technology (Japan)
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a successor of the
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) which has opened a new
era for precipitation system measurement from space including much
better global rain maps. The scope of GPM is much wider than that
of TRMM. GPM will provide three hourly precipitation measurement
over the globe, that is, much higher temporal resolution with wider
coverage than TRMM. Current precipitation measurement is far
from enough for the water resources management which requires
very high spatial and temporal resolution. The three hourly global
precipitation measurement with GPM will greatly contribute not only
to the precipitation sciences but to real-world applications. The
GPM core satellite will be equipped with a dual-wavelength radar
(DPR) and a microwave radiometer, and will work as a reference
standard for the GPM constellation radiometers. The development
of the space segment is going well, and the core satellite launch is
scheduled in the middle of 2013.
The DPR is a 14/35 GHz radar system. The 14 GHz radar is similar to
the TRMM precipitation radar but the 35 GHz radar is a new one with
scanning ability. The rain retrieval algorithms using DPR is underway.
The basic idea is to use the difference of rain attenuation at two
frequencies in the liquid layer, and the deviation from the Rayleigh
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Interactions III
scattering in the solid precipitation layer. Field experiments for the which shows the moment IW distribution on time and space. The
DPR algorithm development are also designed. A dual Ka-band radar distance from the brightest to darkest for single IW image can be
system which is now being developed will be a powerful tool for exactly estimated by the wavelet decomposition technology from the
the field experiments. The dual Ka-radar system can measure both normalized radar cross section (NRCS) variations. The half amplitude
the specific attenuation and the equivalent radar reflectivity at Ka- width of IW can be calculated from the distance with a constant
band. Using the dual Ka-radar system along with other instruments, factor. The other IW parameters are difficult to measure from the
such as a polarimetric precipitation radar, a windprofiler radar, former literatures like the depth of IW generates, phase velocity,
ground-based rain measurement systems, the uncertainties of the group velocity etc.. In this paper, we try to estimate these parameters
parameters in the DPR algorithm can be reduced. The verification of depending on the IW radar imaging model and the hydrodynamic
improvement of rain retrieval with the DPR algorithm is also included. characteristics. Firstly, we use the theory of radar images of IW
developed by Alpers to describe the relation between the variations
of relative NRCS and the variable sea surface velocity generated due
7856-27, Poster Session to the IW. Then based on the empirical relation and other satellite
data, the ocean depth of research region can be obtained from the
topography data, the density of sea water can be estimated from
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth and the Levitus data, which includes a process of sea water equation of
surface reflectance from geostationary state and pressure correction and the synchronous wind field can be
satellite data with MODIS BRDF extracted from mixed data of Quick and NCEP. Finally, the equation
about the relative theoretic and real NRCS is created. Based on the
M. Kim, J. Kim, J. Yoon, J. Lee, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of) equation and the estimated parameters, these unknown parameters
can be obtained one by one.
Aerosol floating atmosphere has significant role in climate change,
and AOD retrieval from satellite measurement data is crucial to
understand aerosol influence on the earth climate system. In this
study, AODs at 0.55 μm are retrieved over East Asia by using
both single visible reflectances from MTSAT-1R and MODIS BRDF
parameters. MTSAT-1R is one of the Japan’s GMS series of satellites
in geostationary orbit and it has 1 visible channel and 4 IR-channels
Surface reflectance estimation is one of essential part of AOD
retrieval algorithm. Single visible channel algorithm, however, has
relatively larger error on estimation of surface information than other
multi-channel algorithm due to the limitation in characterizing surface
properties. To overcome this limitation, both clear sky composite
method and correcting process that utilize BRDF parameter are used
to obtain surface reflectance.
The retrieved results are compared with the values of AERONET
in 2006. The obtained correlation coefficients during 2006 with
AERONET have the varying range from 0.4 to 0.8 with aerosol model
and there is several noise caused by cloud.

7856-28, Poster Session

Study on X-band polarization ratio with
TerraSAR-X images
Y. Ren, Ocean Univ. of China (China); S. Lehner, Deutsches
Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany); M. He, Ocean
Univ. of China (China)
A new X-band wind field algorithm (XMOD) based on a linear
approach is discussed in another paper to describe the relationship
between normalized radar cross section (NRCS), wind speed, wind
direction and incidence angle. But XMOD could only be applied with
VV polarization SAR data. To be use the HH polarization SAR data,
two C-band polarization ratio models PR(M) and PR(T) were analysed
and modified to X-band. To demonstrate the applicability of the two
models, 10m height wind speeds were computed with XMOD from
several VV/HH TerraSAR-X images and validated by QuikScat and
DWD model results. In addition, the wind speeds were retrieved and
compared to each other from the HH and VV polarization TerraSAR-X
images of the same scene at the same time.The results show that
PR(M) is better than PR(T). The wind speed from HH polarization
TerraSAR-X images using PR(M) are also compared to QuikScat and
DWD model results. The RMS between PR(M) and QuikScat results
is 2.50m/s and DWD results is 2.24m/s bigger than PR(M) results.

7856-29, Poster Session

Internal wave location and parameters
estimation from ENVISAT SAR images
R. Lin, P. Delu, X. He, D. Wang, The Second Institute of
Oceanography, SOA (China)
The manifestation of internal waves (IW) in synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) ocean images has always been of considerable interest to
oceanographers. In this paper, the location of IW is carried out by
the edge extraction algorithm based on wavelet module maxima,

customerservice@spie.org · +1 360 676 3290 7

Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
Wednesday-Thursday 13-14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7857 Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology,
Techniques, and Applications III
7857-01, Session 1
Eight years of AIRS on Aqua
S. Lee, T. S. Pagano, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua
Spacecraft was launched in May of 2002. The AIRS is a grating
spectrometer covering the 3.7-15.4 μm region with spectral resolving
power better than 1200, but with some spectral gaps. The AIRS
Sounding Suit, AIRS along with AMSU-A and HSB, were designed
to measure the atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles,
the surface and the cloud parameters for climate research and for
improvement in weather forecast. Over the last 8+ years AIRS has
been operating extremely stable, far surpassing original design life
of 4-5 years. All engineering parameters related to the health of
AIRS are still excellent and show little effect of harsh environment in
space. Many more years of this excellent data are expected.
Currently the AIRS Level 1B Radiance Products are assimilated
by most NWP centers and have shown considerable improvement
in forecast skill. Many researchers have also demonstrated
considerable forecast impact assimilating the cloud cleared
radiances and the Level 2 (L2) geophysical products. Many
researches have been performed using AIRS data to study the
performance of other space borne infrared instruments. AIRS
Level 1/2/3 products are widely used for studying critical climate
processes related to water vapor feedback, atmospheric 3
dimensional transport and cloud microphysics. In addition to these
original purposes, AIRS data have been used to study atmospheric
gases like CO, CO2, CH4, SO2, atmospheric dust and OLR. In this
paper, we will also discuss current research activities as well as
planned upgrade to the operational software.
7857-02, Session 1
IR ultraspectral remote sensing: an
efficient physical-statistical nonlinear
sounding retrieval algorithm
W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States) and Univ. of
Wisconsin-Madison (United States); S. V. Kireev, Hampton Univ.
(United States); E. Weisz, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United
States); A. M. Larar, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
H. E. Revercomb, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
A non-linear solution to the radiative transfer equation for profiling
the atmosphere using ultraspectral infrared radiance measurements
is described. The physical-statistical solution is very efficient,
requiring only one radiative transfer spectrum computation per
iteration. Time-consuming Jacobian computations are avoided.
Climate trend and mesoscale meteorological results from satellite
(AIRS/IASI), airborne (NAST-I), and groundbased (AERI/ASSIST)
measurements are presented to illustrate the accuracy and vertical
resolution characteristics of products derived using the non-linear
physical-statistical solution.
7857-03, Session 1
How well can infrared sounders observe
the atmosphere and surface through
clouds?
D. K. Zhou, A. M. Larar, X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr.
(United States); W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States);
L. Strow, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County (United States); P.
Yang, Texas A&M Univ. (United States)
Infrared sounders such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS),
the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and the
Cross-track Infrared sounder (CrIS) have a cloud-impenetrable
disadvantage in observing the atmosphere and surface under
8 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
opaque cloudy conditions. However, recent studies indicate that
hyperspectral infrared sounders have the ability to detect cloud
effective optical and microphysical properties and to penetrate
optically thin clouds in observing the atmosphere and surface to
a certain degree. We have developed a retrieval scheme dealing
with atmospheric conditions with cloud presence. This scheme
can be used to analyze the retrieval accuracy of atmospheric and
surface parameters under clear and cloudy conditions. In this
paper, we present the surface emissivity results derived from IASI
global measurements under both clear and cloudy conditions. The
accuracy of surface emissivity derived under cloudy conditions is
statistically estimated in comparison with those derived under clear
sky conditions. The retrieval error caused by the clouds is shown
as a function of cloud optical depth, which helps us to understand
how well infrared sounders can observe the atmosphere and surface
through clouds.
7857-04, Session 1
Testing NPOESS CrIMSS EDR performance
using proxy data from IASI and AMSU
X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States); S. Kizer,
Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (United States); A. M.
Larar, D. K. Zhou, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States); C. Barnet, M. G.
Divakarla, G. Guo, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service (United States); W. J. Blackwell, V. Leslie,
L. Jairam, MIT Lincoln Lab. (United States); K. St. Germain,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United
States); R. J. Lynch, Atmospheric and Environmental Research,
Inc. (United States)
The MetOp-A satellite was successfully launched on 19 October
2006 and has been providing excellent data for more than 3 years.
The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) aboard of
MetOP-A is a Fourier Transform ultraspectral instrument with 8461
channels covering the spectral range from 645 to 2760 cm-1. The
IASI spectra can be converted into proxy data for the NPOESS
Crosstrack Infrared Sounder (CrIS) through a rigorous mathematical
transformation by taking into account of instrument characteristics
of both the IASI and the CrIS. The 15-channel AMSU temperature
sounder, and the 5-channel and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS)
aboard of MetOP-A can be used to generate proxy data for the
NPOESS Advanced Technology Mircrowave Sounder (ATMS). The
CrIS and ATMS make up the Cross-track Infrared and Microwave
Sounder Suite (CrIMSS). CrIMSS will primarily provide global
temperature, moisture, and pressure profiles. We will describe the
method used in generating the proxy data and show results of using
the proxy data for evaluation of the NPOESS CrIMSS Environmental
Data Record (EDR) retrieval algorithm.
7857-05, Session 1
Spectral resolution and coverage impact
on advanced sounder information content
A. M. Larar, X. Liu, D. K. Zhou, NASA Langley Research Ctr.
(United States); W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States)
Advanced satellite sensors are tasked with improving global
measurements of the Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, and surface to
enable enhancements in weather prediction, climate monitoring
capability, and environmental change detection. Achieving
such measurement improvements requires instrument system
advancements. This presentation focuses on the impact of spectral
resolution and coverage changes on remote sensing system
information content, with a specific emphasis on thermodynamic
state and trace species variables obtainable from advanced
atmospheric sounders such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer (IASI) and Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) systems
on the MetOp and NPP/NPOESS series of satellites.
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
7857-06, Session 1
Expanded use of the information content
of ultraspectral observations in NWP
J. F. Le Marshall, Bureau of Meteorology/Victoria (Australia); J. A.
Jung, Joint Ctr. for Satellite Data Assimilation (United States); W.
L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States)
The volume of observational data available from ultraspectral
sounders such as AIRS and IASI has resulted in carefully selected
subsets of the data being used for numerical weather prediction.
While use of these subsets has provided considerable improvement
in analysis and numerical weather prediction capability, significant
additional improvements have been demonstrated from increased
use of the spatial and spectral content of the observations available
from these instruments. Results from a theoretical study which
demonstrate the improved accuracy of derived temperature and
moisture fields, which come from the use of increased channel
numbers, are noted. Also noted are assimilation results which are
consistent with that study. In addition we have also summarised
the considerable improvement in forecast skill potentially available
from using cloudy radiances. Other important information which is
contained in the ultraspectral observations, but is not transmitted
currently in the limited channel BUFR messages available to NWP
centres is noted. This information can for instance be used, to
calculate accurate skin temperatures, surface emissivity, cloud
emissivity and can also be used for other important functions such
as cloud detection. Overall it is shown that although considerable
benefits to numerical weather prediction had been demonstrated
from the use of ultra-spectral infrared observations, there is still the
potential for improvements in performance of most NWP systems
through an increased use of the information content of these data.
7857-07, Session 1
Retrieval of minor constituents from
thermal infrared spectra observed by
GOSAT TANSO-FTS sensor
R. Imasu, Y. Hayashi, A. Inagoya, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan);
N. Saitoh, Chiba Univ. (Japan); K. Shiomi, Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (Japan)
The main sensor of the greenhouse gas observing satellite (GOSAT)
is the “thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation
Fourier transform spectrometer (TANSO-FTS)”. It has been
functioning normally after the launch of the satellite on 23 January
2009. The thermal infrared band (Band 4) of the sensor, which
was designed to dedicate to observe CO2 concentration in the
upper troposphere, covers a wide range spectrum from 5.5 um to
14.0 um. It was found that the spectra have a systematical bias
through the comparison with AIRS spectra and synthesized ones
based on the meteorological analysis data. It can not be removed
only through the normal calibration process but can be reduced
by using interferograms which were produced considering the
temperature variation of the optics during the duration between
calibrations carried out six times on one orbital cycle. Atmospheric
minor constituents such as O3, CH4, CO2, SO2, as well as water
vapor are retrieved from the calibrated spectra. These results are
validated using the data obtained by ozone sondes, airplane (JAL-
CONTRAIL), and other satellites. Also detected are signals from
Chlorofluorocarbons such as CFC-12 and Hydrofluorocarbons.
These data are analyzed and concentrations obtained are compared
with data provided from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse
Gases (WDCGG).
7857-08, Session 1
Aerosol optical properties derived from
solar spectrum measurements and their
application to atmospheric correction of
satellite data
N. Manago, S. Miyazawa, K. Masuda, H. Kuze, Chiba Univ.
(Japan)
customerservice@spie.org
We have developed a method to retrieve optical properties of
tropospheric aerosols as well as column amount of molecular
constituents of the atmosphere, such as water vapor, from ground-
based spectral measurements of direct solar radiation (DSR) and
scattered solar radiation (SSR). Scattered solar radiation just around
the sun, so-called aureole (AUR) is also used for the aerosol retrieval.
The measured spectra are compared with spectra calculated with
a radiative transfer code (MODTRAN4), and the input parameters
(aerosol optical parameters such as optical depth, extinction
coefficients, single scattering albedo, phase function, etc. and
column amount of water vapor) are optimized using a software tool
to find the minimum value of a multi-parameter function (MINUIT).
To reduce the multiplicity of the aerosol optical parameters, we
assume the three component aerosol model (TCAM) based on water
soluble, sea salt, and soot aerosols, each having complex refractive
index depending on wavelength and monomodal lognormal size
distribution.
We observed DSR, SSR, and AUR under clear-sky conditions from
Aug, 2007 to May, 2009 at the Center for Environmental Remote
Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Japan. The analysis has led to
the derivation of the seasonal trend of aerosol characteristics around
the site including strong effects of the spring haze and humidity-
related aerosol growth during the summer months.
In addition we show the use of these aerosol optical parameters
for atmospheric correction of Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data.
7857-09, Session 2
Recent progress in ultraspectral and
multispectral data processing and real-
time applications
A. H. L. Huang, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
Infrared ultraspectral and multispectral imaging and sounding
measurements, collected by geosynchronous and sun synchronous
environmental satellites, provide prodigious amounts of information
about Earth and its atmosphere. More than 99% of the input data
required for sophisticated numerical weather prediction models
are collected by such satellite systems. The so called “Tsunami”
of data to be generated by the next generation of satellite systems
has forced scientists and engineers scramble to find appropriate
technologies and architectures to process and fully utilize such huge
amounts of invaluable data.
In this paper we will use an end-to-end direct broadcast processing
and application system to illustrate the recent process in using
high performance computing technology, streamline processing
architecture, and intelligent science algorithms to demonstrate
various real-time applications in weather forecasting, air pollution
monitoring, and resource management. Case studies using products
derived from infrared ultraspectral and multispectral imaging and
sounding observations will be the centerpiece of this invited talk.
7857-10, Session 2
Preprocessing of hyperspectral imagery
with consideration of smile and keystone
properties
N. Yokoya, N. Miyamura, A. Iwasaki, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Satellite hyperspectral imaging sensors suffer from “smile” and
“keystone” properties, which appear as distortions of spectrum
image. The smile property is the center wavelength shift and
the keystone property is the band-to-band misregistration.
These distortions degrade the spectrum information and reduce
classification accuracies. Furthermore, these properties may
change after the launch. Therefore, in the preprocessing of satellite
hyperspectral image, the onboard correction of the smile and
keystone properties only from the observed images is important
issue as well as the radiometric and geometric correction.
The main objective of this work is to build up the prototype of the
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
preprocessing of hyperspectral image with consideration of the smile
and keystone properties. An image registration based on phase
correlation is proposed to detect the smile and keystone properties.
By estimating the distortion of the atmospheric absorption line,
the smile property is detected, and by estimating band-to-band
misregistration, the keystone property is detected. Cubic spline
interpolation is adopted to modify the spectrum because of its good
trade-off between the smoothness and shape preservation. The
smile and keystone correction is build into the preprocessing of the
radiometric and geometric correction.
The Hyperion visible near-infrared (VNIR) is used as a simulation
data. It is proved that the smile and keystone distortions are modified
on the analysis of maximum noise fraction (MNF) transformation.
The precise detection and correction of the smile and keystone
properties make it possible to maximize the spectral performance of
the hyperspectral imagery. The proposed method is the prototype of
the preprocessing of the future satellite hyperspectral sensors.
7857-12, Session 2
Fast compression implementation for
hyperspectral sensor
H. Hihara, J. Yoshida, J. Ishida, NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems,
Ltd. (Japan); J. Takada, NEC Informatec Systems Ltd. (Japan);
Y. Senda, NEC Corp. (Japan); M. Suzuki, T. Seki, Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan); S. Ichikawa, Japan
Aerospace Exploratoin Agency (Japan); N. Ohgi, Japan Resource
Observation System and Space Utilization Organization (Japan)
Fast and small foot print lossless image compressors aiming at
hyper-spectral sensor for the earth observation satellite have been
developed.
Since more than one hundred channels are required for hyper-
spectral sensors on optical observation satellites, fast compression
algorithm with small foot print implementation is essential for
reducing encoder size and weight resulting in realizing light-weight
and small-size sensor system. The image compression method
should have low complexity in order to reduce size and weight of the
sensor signal processing unit, power consumption and fabrication
cost. In addition to that, coding efficiency and compression speed
enables enlargement of the capacity of signal compression channels,
which resulted in reducing signal compression channels onboard
by multiplexing sensor signal channels into reduced number of
compression channels.
Although conventional lossless image compression methods such
as JPEG2000 has high coding efficiency, insufficient compression
speed and large footprint with high complexity prevent size, weight
and power consumption of compression circuitry embedded into
sensor data formatter in its electronics.
The employed method is based on FELICS, which is a simple,
hierarchical predictive coding method with resolution scaling. To
improve FELICS’s performance of image decorrelation and entropy
coding, we applied two-dimensional interpolation prediction
and adaptive Golomb-Rice coding, which enables low footprint
implementation. Moreover, unlike JPEG-LS, it supports additional
features such as progressive decompression using resolution
scaling, whilst still delivering superior performance as measured
by speed and complexity. The low footprint compression encoder
eliminates independent compression unit, and the compression
channels are embedded into sensor data formatting circuitry.
7857-13, Session 2
A novel satellite mass-data compression
algorithm based on fractal theory
Y. Zhou, P. Liu, J. Ma, Y. Huang, China Academy of Space
Technology (China)
As to the multispectral, hyperspectral, and ultraspectral remote
sensing systems, effective mass-data compression, which requires
high compression ratio and simple calculating structure, is on of the
most key technique.
In contrast with other compression algorithms, fractal image
compression technique is a promising technique to improve the
10 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
storage efficiency for the mass-data of satellite remote sensing, and
it could obtain high-resolution reconstructed images at very high
compression ratio. Although the baseline algorithm is charming, a
great deal of encoding time cost limits it to satellite practical
applications. In this paper, a novel improved algorithm based on a
special image subblock feature is proposed, which has following
advantages:
1) The image subblock feature defined in this paper is a real number
which has rotation invariant performance with the eight symmetrical
transformations, therefore, the domain pool needs not to be
extended with the eight symmetrical transformations during the
first-step matching search and the encoding time can be reduced
effectively.
2) The image subblock feature may construct an approximate
necessary condition to maintain the quality of the reconstructed
images.
3) The image subblock feature may reveal the edge and texture
information in the images.
The proposed algorithm can greatly accelerate fractal coding
process with simple calculating process. Experimental results show
that the compression process can be improved obviously. In detail,
by using the test images of 256*256, the new algorithm can speed
up compression process by about 33 times with just about 3 dB of
PSNR lost, and compression ratio is higher than 8.
7857-14, Session 3
Development of natural biogenic volatile
organic compounds (BVOC) emission
model using remote sensing and GIS
techniques: an example in Hong Kong
M. S. Wong, J. E. Nichol, The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
(Hong Kong, China)
This paper describes an innovative model to relate Biogenic Volatile
Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions to ecosystem type, as well
as environmental drivers such as regional climate and land cover
database. Biogenic volatile organic compounds have significant
impacts on global tropospheric chemistry, global carbon budgets,
atmospheric organic acid production, and ozone formation. Although
this emission is difficult to map than anthropogenic gases, data and
techniques have recently become available which can permit new
improved estimates of BVOC emissions over the Hong Kong territory.
These emission rates are mapped over Hong Kong at a resolution
of 100m using land cover databases, biomass density map, air
temperature measurements and leaf area index. This approach
assigns emission rates directly to ecosystem types not to individual
species, since unlike in temperate regions where one or two single
species may dominate over large regions, Hong Kong’s vegetation
is extremely diverse with up to 300 different species in one hectare.
The spatial distribution of inherent BVOC flux derived from the model
is then validated with the field measurements. The field measurement
of emissions is based on bag enclosure technique, to obtain a range
of ambient emissions according to different climatic conditions for
Hong Kong’s main ecosystem types in both urban and rural areas.
Results suggest the derived inherent BVOC flux distributions are
found to be consistent with the observations and literature.
7857-15, Session 3
Application of THEOS for PM10 mapping
over Penang Island, Malaysia
H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, K. Abdullah, Univ. Sains Malaysia
(Malaysia)
We had explored the relationship between particulate matters of
size less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5 derived from the THEOS using
regression technique over Penang Island, Malaysia. The objective
of this study was to evaluate the high spatial resolution satellite
data for air quality mapping. The development of the algorithm
was based on the optical aerosol characteristic in the atmosphere.
PM2.5 measurements were collected simultaneously with the image
acquisition using a DustTrak Aerosol Monitor 8520. The station
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
locations of the PM2.5 measurements were determined using a
handheld GPS. The retrieval of surface reflectance is important to
obtain the atmospheric reflectance in remotely sensed data and later
used for algorithm calibration. In this study, ACTOR3 was used to
retrieve the surface reflectance values from remotely sensed data.
The surface reflectance values for the visible wavelengths of THEOS
data was determined based on the Landsat TM data that acquired
same date, nearly same time with the THEOS data. The relationship
between the image reflectance values and the corresponding air
quality data was determined using regression analysis. Various forms
of algorithms were tested and their accuracies were noted. The
algorithm that produced the highest correlation coefficient (R) and
lowest root-mean-square error (RMS) was used for further analysis.
Results show that the digital camera imageries can be used for
estimating PM2.5 accurately. This study shows the potential of using
the THEOS data for air quality mapping.
7857-16, Session 3
Performance of satellite regional biooptical
algorithms depending on relationships
between chlorophyll-a and dissolved
organic matter concentrations
O. A. Bukin, Maritime State Univ. (Russian Federation); P. A.
Salyuk, V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (Russian
Federation); A. N. Pavlov, Institute for Automation and Control
Processes (Russian Federation); I. Stepochkin, Maritime State
Univ. (Russian Federation)
Estimations of accuracy of standard bio-optical algorithms were
made by different authors. Their researches showed that the
algorithms were valid for reliable calculation of biooptical properties
in the open parts of oceans. Some scientists found out standard bio-
optical algorithms didn’t work with high amount of dissolved organic
matters (DOM) or suspended matters which were in the coastal
waters, in the river plumes and sometimes in the open ocean.
The “blue” spectral peak of phytoplankton absorption becomes
indistinguishable due to huge absorption of “yellow” matter in many
coastal waters. General regressions are hard to be established for
all water cases. This problem could be solved by the developing
of regional algorithms and taking into account the different
factors influencing on the biooptical water properties. Simple
tuning of global algorithm through redefinition of the regression
coefficients adopts the method to regional conditions and reduces
the systematic errors to adequate ones. The validity of a regional
algorithm depends on variability of optical properties of coastal
waters and especially on relationships between concentrations of
chlorophyll-a (chlA) and DOM. At this case we face with the next
question. What is the role of characteristics of clusters in chlA
- CDOM scatter plot while developing of the regional biooptical
algorithm? This question is still open and it is the subject of the
current researches. Regular undersatellite shipboard measurements
of chlorophyll-a and DOM concentrations by means of contemporary
laser fluorometer obtained in the various regions of Oceans from
1997 to 2010 were used for the analysis.
7857-17, Session 3
Tuning of hyperspectral biooptical
algorithms in the Peter the Great Bay
P. A. Salyuk, V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (Russian
Federation); O. A. Bukin, I. Stepochkin, Maritime State Univ.
named after G.I. Nevelskoi (Russian Federation); A. N. Pavlov,
Institute for Automation and Control Processes (Russian
Federation)
Ship-based remotely sensed hyperspectral data of sea surface
reflectance (Rrs) obtained in the Peter the Great Bay in 2009 and
2010 during different seasons were used in the work. Data were
measured by FieldSpec® HandHeld ASD spectrometer in spectral
range 400-850 nm with 1 nm resolution. Procedure of Rrs spectra
retrieving were based on NASA protocols. Sum total more than 150
Rrs spectra were obtained. Every spectrum was fitted by analytical
biooptical algorithm with five unknown variables: C - chlorophyll-a
concentration, ag(440) - absorption coefficient by detritus and
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dissolved organic matters at 440 nm, S - exponential slope
coefficient of ag spectral distribution, X and Y - spectral constants.
The task of “true solution” finding is very unstable, so it is important
to choose correct values of initial and boundary conditions. Setup
of various initial conditions was used for each spectrum fitting
procedure. Then “good solutions” with r-square > 0.99 were selected
for further analysis. “True solutions” were determined by comparison
procedure of all “good solutions” with optically weighted values of
chlorophyll-a and dissolved organic matter concentrations obtained
by SeaBird SBE 19plus profiler with calibrated WetLabs fluorometers.
Optimal values of initial and boundary conditions for Peter the Great
Bay were obtained by the analysis of initial and boundary conditions
which have led to “true solutions”. Also relationships between
various unknown variables were established for Peter the Great Bay
in order to simplify the biooptical algorithm and to optimize chooses
of initial conditions.
7857-18, Session 4
The CLARREO benchmark climate mission:
achieving high accuracy with high spectral
resolution IR observations
H. E. Revercomb, F. A. Best, R. O. Knuteson, D. C. Tobin, J. K.
Taylor, R. E. Holz, P. J. Gero, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United
States)
The NASA CLimate Absolute Radiance and REfractivity Observatory
(CLARREO) mission, recommended by the US National Research
Council Decadal Survey in 2007, includes extremely high accuracy
measurements of spectrally resolved infrared radiance as a key
element. To serve as a climate benchmark and to minimize the time
to detect and evaluate climate change mechanisms, a measurement
uncertainty that is lower than the natural variability (standard
deviation of the annual global average) is required. Therefore, the
goal is to cover most of the earth-emitted spectrum (3-50 microns)
with an accuracy of 0.1 K 3-sigma in brightness temperature over the
full range of earth scene brightness temperatures. This high accuracy
will allow CLARREO to also serve as a cross-calibration reference for
the high spectral resolution sounders in sun-synchronous orbit (AIRS
on NASA Aqua, IASI on EUMETSAT MetOp, and CrIS on JPSS).
We present results and uncertainty analyses as evidence that this
demanding level of accuracy is achievable through the application of
careful instrument design, existing calibration techniques, and new
on-orbit test and validation technologies. Requiring on-orbit test and
validation capability is a new paradigm for CLARREO that is crucial
to support use of the data for setting societal climate change policy.
In addition to accuracy, the CLARREO mission must also emphasize
simplicity and affordability. This will help make it possible for
CLARREO or CLARREO-like benchmark measurements to be
adopted as a key part of US operational plans and of the Global
Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) throughout the next
century.
7857-19, Session 4
On-orbit absolute temperature
calibration using multiple phase change
materials: overview of recent technology
advancements
F. A. Best, D. P. Adler, C. Pettersen, H. E. Revercomb, J. H.
Perepezko, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
NASA’s anticipated plan for a mission dedicated to Climate
(CLARREO) will hinge upon the ability to fly SI traceable standards
that provide irrefutable absolute measurement accuracy. As an
example, instrumentation designed to measure spectrally resolved
infrared radiances will require high-emissivity calibration blackbodies
that have absolute temperature uncertainties of better than 0.045K
(3 sigma). A novel scheme to provide absolute calibration of
temperature sensors on-orbit, that uses the transient melt signatures
from multiple phase change materials, has been demonstrated in
the laboratory at the University of Wisconsin and is now undergoing
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
technology advancement under NASA Instrument Incubator Program
funding. Using small quantities of phase change material (less
than half of a percent of the mass of the cavity), melt temperature
accuracies of better than 10 mK have been demonstrated for
mercury, water, and gallium (providing calibration from 233K to
303K). Refinements currently underway focus on ensuring that the
melt materials in their sealed confinement housings perform as
expected in the thermal and microgravity environment of a multi-year
spaceflight mission. Thermal soak and cycling tests are underway
to demonstrate that there is no dissolution from the housings into
the melt materials that could alter melt temperature, and that there
is no liquid metal embrittlement of the housings from the metal melt
materials. In addition, NASA funding has been recently secured
to conduct a demonstration of this scheme in the microgravity
environment of the International Space Station.
7857-20, Session 4
The University of Wisconsin Space Science
and Engineering Center absolute radiance
interferometer (ARI)
J. K. Taylor, H. E. Revercomb, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
(United States); H. L. Buijs, F. J. Grandmont, ABB-Bomem Inc.
(Canada); P. J. Gero, F. A. Best, D. C. Tobin, R. O. Knuteson, D.
D. LaPorte, R. Cline, M. Schwarz, J. Wong, Univ. of Wisconsin-
Madison (United States)
NASA has selected CLARREO, a climate mission recommended by
the 2007 Decadal Survey of the US National Research Council, as a
potential new start in 2010. CLARREO stands for Climate Absolute
Radiance and Refractivity Observatory, conveying that it will measure
spectrally resolved radiance from the earth and atmospheric bending
of GPS signals related to atmospheric structure (refractivity) as
benchmark measurements of long-term climate change trends.
To reduce the time to unequivocally resolve climate trends, IR
radiance spectra and GPS refractivity were selected as quantities
with high information content that can be measured with high
calibration accuracy referenced to international standards provided
on orbit (SI-traceable measurements). For the infrared radiance
spectra, a brightness temperature accuracy of 0.1 K 3-sigma,
confirmed on orbit is practical.
The challenge in the IR FTS sensor development for CLARREO is to
achieve ultra-high accuracy (0.1 K 3-sigma) with a design that can
be flight qualified, has long design life, and is reasonably small and
affordable. In this area, our approach is to make use of components
with strong spaceflight heritage (direct analogs with high TRL)
combined into a functional package for detailed performance testing.
A summary of the development of the Absolute Radiance
Interferometer (ARI) at the University of Wisconsin Space Science
and Engineering Center (UW-SSEC) will be presented. At the heart
of the sensor is the ABB CLARREO Interferometer Test-Bed (CITB),
based directly on the ABB Generic Flight Interferometer (GFI). This
effort is funded under the NASA Instrument Incubator Program (IIP).
7857-21, Session 4
On-orbit absolute blackbody emissivity
determination using the heated halo
method
P. J. Gero, J. K. Taylor, F. A. Best, H. E. Revercomb, R. O.
Knuteson, D. C. Tobin, D. P. Adler, N. N. Ciganovich, S. T.
Dutcher, R. K. Garcia, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United
States)
In order to establish a global benchmark climate record and to
test interdecadal climate forecasts, satellite measurements of
high spectral resolution infrared radiance must be made with high
accuracy and with uncertainty estimates that can be proven beyond
a doubt. Meeting this stringent requirement is the purview of the
Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO),
a high priority recommendation of the US National Research
Council’s Decadal Survey, which is currently being implemented by
NASA. The infrared component of CLARREO will measure the Earth’s
outgoing spectral radiance with accuracy better than 0.1 K (3-sigma)
12 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
in radiance temperature. In support of achieving this high level
accuracy on a spaceborne instrument, a new blackbody calibration
standard is being developed at the University of Wisconsin.
Blackbody cavities impart the most accurate calibration for
spaceborne infrared sensors, provided that their temperature
and emissivity is traceably determined on-orbit. The Heated Halo
provides a robust and compact method to measure the spectral
emissivity of a blackbody in situ. A carefully baffled heated cylinder
is placed in front of a blackbody in an infrared spectrometer system,
and the combined radiance of the blackbody and Heated Halo
reflection is observed. Knowledge of key temperatures and the
viewing geometry allow the blackbody cavity spectral emissivity
to be calculated. This allows the determination of blackbody
radiance with high accuracy and known uncertainty. We present
the results from the laboratory implementation of this methodology,
and we compare our findings to Monte Carlo models and alternate
experimental methods of emissivity determination.
7857-22, Session 4
The functional evaluation model for the on-
board hyperspectral radiometer
T. Kawashima, Y. Narimatsu, H. Inada, NEC Corp. (Japan); J.
Ishida, NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems, Ltd. (Japan); K. Hamada,
NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems Ltd. (Japan); Y. Ito, NEC Corp.
(Japan); J. Yoshida, NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems, Ltd. (Japan);
N. Ohgi, K. Tatsumi, H. Harada, T. Kawanishi, F. Sakuma,
Japan Resource Observation System and Space Utilization
Organization (Japan); A. Iwasaki, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
The hyperspectral radiometer mission is the next Japanese earth
observation project that will be on board ALOS-3 satellite. This
project is the follow up mission of the Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER) that is
composed of hyperspectral radiometer with higher spectral
resolution and multi-spectral radiometer with higher spatial
resolution. The hyperspectral radiometer covers the spectral range
of VNIR (400nm-970nm) and SWIR (900nm-2500nm) region by 185
bands with 30m ground sampling distance and 30km swath width.
The spectral sampling intervals are 10nm for VNIR and 12.5nm
for SWIR, and the requirement for on-board calibration accuracy
for spectral performance is less than 0.2nm for VNIR and less
than 0.625nm for SWIR. To satisfy these requirements and the
spectral sampling uniformity, the two sets of the reflective grating
type spectrometer for VNIR and SWIR were adopted. The high
spectroscopic performance of small smile and keystone distortion is
essential for the precise spectral and geometrical processing.
The functional evaluation model is under development to confirm
the spectral and radiometric performance prior to the flight model
manufacture phase. This model contains the VNIR and SWIR
spectrometers, the VNIR and SWIR detector assemblies with a
mechanical cooler for SWIR, signal processing circuit and on-board
calibration mechanism. For the spectral performance, the smile and
keystone distortion, the central wavelength and the spectral profile
of each band will be estimated with the measured data. For the
radiometric performance, the sensibility, signal to noise ratio and the
non-linearity will be estimated. The on-board calibration activity for
the spectral and the radiometric performances is described using the
estimation algorithm of parameters.
7857-23, Session 4
Design and applications of space-borne
imaging spectrometer based on acousto-
optic tunable filter (AOTF)
J. Wang, Z. He, R. Shu, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
(China)
Acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) based imaging spectrometer has
features of staring imaging, electronic tunable spectral selection and
its simple structure. It is a useful high-spectral technology, especially
in deep space exploration applications. This paper introduces the
design, development and applications of AOTF based imaging
spectrometer.
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
1. The paper introduces the optical principles and characteristics
of AOTF. The paper also gives detail analyses on the relations and
trade-offs between key specification parameters including spectral
range, the ability of AOTF in spectral and spectral resolution,
aperture angle, optical aperture and spectral efficiency, wavelength
tuning and spectral bending.
2. Based on the application specifications, AOTF based imaging
spectrometer is systematically designed to fulfill requirements
including spectral resolution, system sensitivity, spatial resolution
and image quality.
3. The paper analyzes the feasibility of instrument’s space
applications and reports the simulation results of AOTF under
different space environments of mechanics, temperature, vacuum
and radiation.
4. The paper also describes two applications of AOTF imaging
spectrometer. One is for the airship and the other works as the
inspection device for the moon.
7857-24, Session 4
Remote sensing sensors, hyperspectral
and multispectral, new techniques for
lower cost, compact and high performance
image sensing using advanced CCD and
CMOS
D. R. Cochrane, DALSA Corp. (Canada)
Remote Hyperspectral and Multispectral sensors have been
developed and are possible using modern CCD and CMOS
fabrication techniques. The resulting sensors are more cost effective
while maintaining the high performance needed in remote sensing
applications.
A single device can contain multiple imaging areas tailored to
different multispectral bandwidths in a highly cost effective and
reliable package. By placing advanced dichroic filters applied
directly in the imaging path a highly efficient multispectral sensor is
achieved.
Sensors are able to combine advanced filter technology with the high
resolution sensors, available 12,000 pixel linear arrays are proposed.
Each imaging area on the device can be designed to have its own
pixel size and clocking to enable optimal imaging performance for
the individual spectral bands. Individual elements are also based
on high resolution Time Delay and Integration technology (TDI) to
maximize sensitivity and throughput. For high sensitivity back side
illuminated (BSI) processes can achieve nearly 100% quantum
efficiency thereby achieving signal to noise ratios that at the
theoretical maximum.
7857-27, Session 5
Remotely based monitoring of the
mangroves over Penang Island, Malaysia
B. C. Beh, M. Z. Mat Jafri, H. S. Lim, Univ. Sains Malaysia
(Malaysia)
Mangrove vegetation is characteristically present in river estuaries
and along the coast where the land meets the sea. Remote
sensing can be used to obtain mangrove distribution information.
The objective of this study was to detect, assess and monitor the
changes in the mangrove ecosystem using remote sensing over
Penang Island, Malaysia. An attempt has been made based on
onscreen visual interpretation techniques various land use and land
cover classes have been mapped and classified. A RGB-NDVI was
used to display and quantify mangrove forest distribution using three
dates THEOS satellite imagery. Reference data was based on ground
truth and visual verification of very high resolution autopilot images..
High accuracy was obtained in mapping of mangrove cover.
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7857-28, Session 5
Research on land use and land cover
change in Changqing based on RS
Q. Man, East China Normal Univ. (China)
In order to discuss the land use type transformation process and its
driving forces, this paper takes Changqing as an example, selects
Land sat images in 1995, 2000 as major data sources. Based on the
RS, GIS, social and economic data, it is carried out with RS thematic
information extraction and spatial overlay techniques. Using the two
classified maps, we do statistic analysis and get the transfer matrix.
Finally we find its driving forces. Results showed that: During the
last five years, the areas of forest lands, grasslands, water and urban
lands were enlarged especially the water, it had increased by 6.54%,
whereas the areas of arable lands were reduced, it had decreased
by 1.56%. Parts of other types had become water, and almost about
6.87% of the arable lands transferred into it. The decreased arable
lands mainly transferred to water. We also conclude that among the
driving forces, socioeconomic factors and government policies have
play an important role.
7857-33, Session 5
Spectral characteristics of mine vegetation
in the press of heavy metal
F. Yang, Shandong Univ. of Science and Technology (China)
Vegetation reflectance spectra curve in field with spectrometer to
be tested in this study, used eight kinds of spectral parameters
to analysis spectral curve of vegetation, six kinds of heavy metal
content in plant leaves to be measured, then the regression model
from the spectral characteristic parameters to the heavy metal
content can be built, according to this can inverse heavy metal
content with spectral parameters, further analysis the pollution
extent of mine vegetation. Sampling areas were polluted by Cr more
seriously, secondly was Ni. The 4 point was polluted most seriously
by the heavy metal. The regression equations of Pb, Cu, Zn heavy
metals had high correlation coefficient. The red valley area and the
water absorption area with the Zn content in leaves had a high linear
correlation, the red valley depth and the water absorption depth with
the Cu content in leaves had a high linear correlation.
7857-35, Session 5
Performances of frequency-based
contextual classifier in land use/cover
classification using high resolution satellte
images
M. R. Mustapha, H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, F. M. Hassan, Univ.
Sains Malaysia (Malaysia)
Remote sensing sensors are now able to deliver greatly increased
amount of information with the used of high resolution sensor.
But high or very high resolution sensors lead to noise in generally
homogeneous classes as the data contains increased information
with more internal variability. Conventional classification methods
commonly cannot handle the complex landscape environment in
the image. The result of each method has often “a salt and pepper
appearances” which is a main characteristic of misclassification. It
seems clear that information from neighboring pixels should increase
the discrimination capabilities of the pixel based measured, and thus,
improve the classification accuracy and the interpretation efficiency.
This information is referred to as the spatial contextual information.
In this paper, we shall present a contextual classification method
based on a frequency-based approach for the purpose of land cover
mapping. Additionally, classification maps are produced which have
significantly less speckle error.
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
7857-31, Poster Session
Enhancing remote sensing images by
adjusting histogram globally and locally
F. Chen, X. Li, F. Li, J. Liu, J. Yang, Ctr. for Earth Observation and
Digital Earth (China)
Contrast enhancement is essentially needed before mapping due to
low average brightness and low contrast of original remote sensing
images. Methods based on mathematical transformations (linear
stretch, logarithm, exponential, power and histogram equalization)
improves the visual quality of remote sensing images while
compresses gray ranges of some region into black and white. As
a result, shape and texture of these saturated regions are missing.
This can not meet the need of mapping. This paper proposed a new
method named GL-Enhancing which do enhance the contrast of
remote sensing image and keep shape and texture. The principle
of GL-Enhancing is recovering shape and texture of saturated
regions after adjusting the whole image using linear stretch at two
percent. For single band image, firstly, it is stretched at two percent
linearly; then, saturated regions were selected as ROI, and ROI are
enlarged by adding neighborhood pixels in eight directions until the
ratio of gray range to pixel number achieved its maximum; finally,
apply histogram equalization adjustment to the enlarged ROI. For
false color remote sensing images, GL-Enhancing can be applied
to three channels separately or to L channel in LAB color space. It
is found that GL-Enhancing performs better than other methods in
CBERS-02B CCD image experiment. The main advantage of GL-
Enhancing is improving the visual quality of remote sensing images
by enhancing the contrast of images and keeping shape and texture.
7857-32, Poster Session
Pixel discontinuity handling of ortho-
rectification image for airborne pushbroom
imager
J. Lai, M. Chen, T. Wei, C. Chan, T. Huang, Instrument
Technology Research Ctr. (Taiwan)
Because of aircraft vibration, pixel discontinuity (no pixel value
allocated) occurs frequently in ortho-images using Top-down
approach and Nearest Neighboring resampling method for
pushbroom images. Here we propose a scheme to handle the pixel
discontinuity in this article.
Pixel discontinuity is induced by attitude variation in pitch and
heading of airplane. The deviation of pixel location needs to be
analyzed first to check if the proposed scheme is applicable. We
use a linear CCD imager installed on a stabilizer to filter out the high
frequency noise in an airplane for image acquisition. Since angular
rate of pitch and heading are both within ±0.7°/sec statistically, we
find the deviation of pixel location is less than 1.0 pixel, and the
scheme is suitable.
The proposed scheme includes the following steps: (1) Derive the
pixel location of ortho-image using Top-down approach. Then
allocate the pixel value to its 4 neighboring grids by inverse bilinear
interpolation based on their weighted factors in ortho-image. (2) After
completing ortho-rectification for full image, perform the dynamic
range adjustment on ortho-image according to maximum pixel value
of raw image and ortho-image. Applying the proposed scheme,
we find the pixel discontinuity is removed and the image quality is
improved substantially. The difference of pixel value between raw
image and ortho-image is also presented at regions with low, middle
and high radiance to evaluate the proposed scheme quantitatively.
7857-34, Poster Session
Extracting method for alteration
information of remote sensing geology and
effect evaluation
H. Xin, F. Yang, Shandong Univ. of Science and Technology
(China)
The alteration Information of remote sensing geology is remote
sensing information of geologic phenomena including geological
14 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
structure, Ore-bearing geological objects, rock alteration about
mineral and so on which are reflected in kinds of remote sensing
data source. But the alteration Information is often heavily
contaminated by a lot of background information, particularly in the
areas dominated by sandstone. The single image processing method
is hard to discern among them, so we should adopt many kinds of
image processing methods to strip the interference information layer
by layer and finally extract the mineralized alteration information in
the thematic information extraction.
7857-36, Poster Session
Defective CCDs detection and image
restoration based on inter-band radiance
interpolation for hyperspectral imager
M. Chen, J. Lai, L. Lee, T. Huang, Instrument Technology
Research Ctr. (Taiwan)
a 2D detector array is used popularly to acquire image in spatial and
spectral dimension simultaneously for hyperspectral imager. The
detector will be malfunctioned gradually and partially after long-
term operations. These defective CCDs will cause vertical stripes in
images. But it’s not cost effective to replace the detector due to a
few of defects. In this article, we propose an algorithm including two
parts for hyperspectral image restoration. One is the defective CCDs
detection according to their radiance deviation, and another is the
image restoration based on inter-band radiance interpolation using
Lagrange polynomial.
The detection process of defective CCDs for an imager needs to
be conducted periodically to update the CCDs health status. HOPE
images with simulated defective CCDs of various performance
decay level are applied for validation. We found there’s higher
detection accuracy for images with homogeneous ground feature
than the ones with non-homogeneous feature. And defect CCDs with
performance decay of 10% still can be designated precisely.
Restoration accuracy of pixel radiance is presented for various
spectral bands using proposed algorithm. We also perform the
image reconstruction using interpolation of spatial neighboring
pixels. Radiance deviation for restored pixels is compared for both
methods. Proposed algorithm can handle the images taken by
hyperspectral imager with adjoining defective CCDs both in spatial
and spectral. However, the method using interpolation of neighboring
pixels can’t. Applying the purposed algorithm on hyperspectral
images, the imager can keep operating like a good one though there
are a few of defects in detector.
7857-37, Poster Session
Simulation of spectral effects of Asian
dusts on the AIRS infrared radiances and
its application to retrieve dust properties
H. Han, B. Sohn, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of); A. H.
L. Huang, E. Weisz, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
In order to examine the effect of Asian dusts and apply to retrieval
of dust properties, radiances measured by AIRS were simulated
using the RTTOV-9 model. The model has been implemented with
new optical properties for Asian dusts; refractive indices of mineral
dust in the OPAC library and size distribution of Asian dusts retrieved
from 10 years of skyradiometer measurements at Dunhuang, China.
The simulations were performed using the implemented model,
but with specification of AOT and height of dust layers obtained
from CALIPSO measurements. In the simulations, surface and
atmospheric temperatures are from AIRS level 2 products while
surface emissivity is specified with UW/CIMSS monthly mean
global infrared surface emissivity data. Results show that effect of
Asian dusts on AIRS spectra is substantial over infrared window
regions (i.e.: 3.7 - 4.1 μm, 8.8 - 9.3 μm, 10 - 13 μm) for moderate
and strong dust cases (AOT ≥ 0.5), while surface effect is dominant
for weak dust cases (AOT < 0.5). Over 10 - 13 μm and 3.6 - 4.1 μm
ranges, the simulation performances are improved when the dust
effect is added. However, on the spectral range of 8.8 - 9.3 μm,
the simulation overestimates radiances in comparison with AIRS
measurements, probably because the mineral dust composition of
OPAC does not coincide with the Asian dust. The comparison of
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
simulated radiances with AIRS measurements shows a comparable
quality for both clear and dusty conditions on the 10 - 13 μm and
3.6 - 4.1 μm ranges, suggesting that results can be incorporated for
developing dust retrieval algorithm from hyperspectral images such
as AIRS and IASI.
7857-38, Poster Session
Remote sensing image classification
method based on evidence theory and
decision tree
X. Li, Graduate Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China)
and Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China); P. Shi, Q.
Xing, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China); L. Kang,
Graduate Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) and
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China)
Remote sensing image classification is an important and complex
problem. Conventional remote sensing image classification methods
are mostly based on Bayesian subjective probability theory, but there
are many defects for its uncertainty. This paper firstly introduces
evidence theory and decision tree method. Then it emphatically
introduces the function of support degree that evidence theory is
used on pattern recognition. Combining the D-S evidence theory
with the decision tree algorithm, a D-S evidence theory decision
tree method is proposed, where the support degree function is
the tie. The method is used to classify the classes, such as water,
urban land and green land with the exclusive spectral feature
parameters as input values, and produce three classification images
of support degree. Then proper threshold value is chosen and
according image is handled with the method of binarization. Then
overlay handling is done with these images according to the type
of classifications, finally the initial result is obtained. Then further
accuracy assessment will be done. If initial classification accuracy
is unfit for the requirement, reclassification for images with support
degree of less than threshold is conducted until final classification
meets the accuracy requirements. Compared to Bayesian
classification, main advantages of this method are that it can perform
reclassification and reach a very high accuracy. This method is finally
used to classify the land use of Yantai Economic and Technological
Development Zone to four classes such as urban land, green land
and water, and effectively support the classification.
7857-41, Poster Session
Effects of N fertilization on the relationship
between photosynthetic light use
efficiency and photochemical reflectance
index of wetland vegetation
Q. Cheng, X. Wu, Zhejiang Gongshang Univ. (China)
Monitoring of light use efficient (LUE) over space and time is a
critical component of climate change research as it is a major
determinant of the amount of carbon accumulated by terrestrial
ecosystems. PRI (Photochemical reflectance index) has provide
a fast and reliable method for estimating photosynthetic light use
efficiency across species. The aim of this study was to evaluate
the use of ground-based canopy reflectance measurements to
detect changes in physiology of wetland vegetation in response to
experimental nitrogen treatment. In this paper, Bulrush with different
nitrogen fertilization were selected to research the influence of
varied fertilization levels on the relationship between PRI and LUE.
The results proved that leaf chlorophyll contents as well as canopy
PRI increased with the increase in nitrogen fertilization. For different
nitrogen fertilization of Bulrush, the regression coefficients R2 are
0.7233 and 0.8561 respectively. Therefore, PRI not only can be a
reliable indicator of LUE but also can reflect the growing situation of
Bulrush with different precisions of LUE assessment.
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7857-43, Poster Session
Key technologies of land use information
extraction based upon multisource remote
sensing data: a case study of hilly-plain
transition region in the middle and lower
reaches of the Yellow River
H. Lu, G. Liu, Henan Univ. (China)
It was a trend that image was classified under combining multi-
source remote sensing data with non-remote sensing data by GIS
technology. This was because that multi-source data can overcome
the lost or error of series data. Meanwhile land use classification
accuracy could be effectively improved using background database
or expert knowledge database based upon quantitative data
of natural and human factors processed by GIS. In this paper,
technological framework of land use information extraction was
established using multi-source remote sensing data (TM and
CBERS-02B), DEM, slope data, land use map and other geographic
auxiliary data.
The result showed:
(1) It was possible to combine TM and CBERS-02B as land use
series data because of their similar spatial resolution and spectral
resolution. In this research the method of multi-level supervised
classification was adopted. First urban building and water were
extracted on TM 1-4-5 image. Then TM 3-4-5 image was masked
by above classified land for remnant land use information extraction.
As to CBERS it was 1-2-4 and 2-3-4 respectively. Finally above each
classification was overlapped by ERDAS in order to obtain overall
land use map.
(2) Interpretation accuracy was improved by establishing background
database through GIS technology. First, non-remote sensing
information, such as topographic map, soil map, land-use map,
transportation map, etc, was integrated as background database.
Then land use classifications were overlapped with above database.
The results showed that uncertainty could reduce by 23.2%.
(3) In the study area dry land spectrums in plain area, hilly area and
the Yellow River flood plain were very different and spectrums of
habitation in plain and the Yellow River land wash were the same. As
for above phenomenon of “same object with different spectrums”
and “different objects with same spectrum”, expert knowledge
database was established based upon correlation between remote
sensing image and geographical environment. As a result average
classification accuracy was improved by 12.1%
7857-44, Poster Session
Pose parameter extraction of corn canopy
remote sensing images based on parallel
multi-ocular imaging
X. Li, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture Univ. (China); Y. Zhang, China
Agricultural Univ. (China); J. Zhu, Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture
Univ. (China); R. Zhao, M. Li, China Agricultural Univ. (China)
A 3-dimensional reconstruction model and pose parameter
extracting method of parallel multi-ocular image is proposed. The
multi-spectral camera is arranged as a rectangle with four channels
of R, G, B and NIR. The corn canopy images in field are captured
by the camera, and the distance from the camera to the corn
canopy is about 0.5m. A novel matching method of feature point is
proposed. Channel NIR is taken as the source, and the others are
taken as destination. And then the edge of the corn leaf in source
image is taken as the source feature points. Feature vector of each
point is composed by its 18 directional derivatives. After that, the
destination feature point is searched in destination image. First,
the local area is estimated where the feature points may lie on.
Then, if the intersection angle of two edges, formed by local points
and source points, is smaller than a threshold, and the Euclidean
distance between feature vectors of local points and source
points is minimum among all of them, the local points is thought
to match destination feature points, and the feature points pair set
is constructed. The edge direction and distance are used as the
principle to divide the different area of the image, so that the different
leaf regions of canopy image are segmented. The 3-dimensional
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coordinate of each point in the region can be calculated. From four
channel images, at least three 3-dimensional coordinates can be
attained for each point, and the center of gravity of those is the
more accurate 3-dimensional coordinate. The interpolation is used
to reconstruct corn leaf in space, and the pose parameters such as
inclination of leaf are estimated.
7857-45, Poster Session
Evaluation of land use classification
accuracy based upon TM and CBERS-02B
HR data fusion
G. Liu, H. Lu, Henan Univ. (China)
Data fusions from SAR and TM, SPOT and TM, ASTER and TM,
MODIS and ETM, etc are the common methods. But that from TM
and CBERS-02B is rare. With HR camera working in September 19th
2007, Chinese-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 02B (CBERS-02B)
became the first civilian high-resolution satellite in China. It could
provide 2.36m panchromatic image which is better to Landsat TM.
Meanwhile the spectral resolution of TM is better than CBERS-02B.
So it’s a good idea to take advantage of benefits from CBERS-02B
HR and TM through data fusion. In this study, images of TM and
CBERS-02B HR in 2007 were used as data sources. After image
registration and noiseremoval process, data fusion methods of
IHS and PCA were adopted. Then unsupervised classification and
supervised classification were used for land use classification.
Finally, classification accuracy between original image and fusion
image was compared and evaluated. The result shows: (1) Compared
with original TM or CBERS-02B HR image, the fusion image not only
retains abundance spectrum but also enhances the object details.
Residential texture, lake morphological, the relative position between
roads, industrial and mining sites, etc, was identified easily. (2)
Results from IHS and PCA are different. IHS image had higher spatial
resolution but more spectral distortion. Spectral differences between
some objects became smaller and classification accuracy was lower.
Supervised classification accuracy assessment shows that overall
Kappa index and overall land use classification accuracy decreased
by 0.237 and 11% respectively. Meanwhile PCA image not only had
high spatial resolution, but also smaller spectral distortion. Different
land use / cover types can be better distinguished. (3) Disadvantages
of low spatial resolution in TM and single color in CBERS-02B HR
image are overcome in PCA fusion image to a certain extent. In
this research under supervised classification in PCA image Kappa
index of farm land, forest land and bare land increased by 0.097,
0.176 and 0.242 respectively. Overall Kappa index and overall land
use classification accuracy were improved by 0.092 and 7.24%
respectively
7857-46, Poster Session
Predicting chlorophyll concentration of
greenhouse tomato with ground-based
remote sensing
Y. Ding, M. Li, S. Li, D. An, X. Li, China Agricultural Univ. (China)
Tomato is the second most consumed vegetable in the world,
which is now cultivated all around the year in greenhouse. The
chlorophyll concentration provides important information about
tomato nutritional status. Prediction of chlorophyll concentration of
greenhouse tomato is conducted with ground-based remote sensing.
Tradition measurement takes a lot of labor, time and money, and
damages samples. The spectral absorbance properties of chlorophyll
are manifested in the reflectance spectra of the leaf level. This offers
the opportunity of using measurements of reflected radiation as a
non-destructive method for analyzing nutritional status in tomato. A
spectroradiometer, ASD FieldSpec HH (Analytical Spectral Devices
Inc., USA), is used to measure reflectance spectra of canopy and
leaves at four different nutrition treatments in a greenhouse, and a
spectrophotometer were used to measure chlorophyll content. The
best spectral characteristics to predict chlorophyll concentration
are obtained from the results of Vegetation Index and absorption
analysis, Finally a linear model is established based on the
comparison of four algorithms (PLS,PCA, stepwise regression, and
ridge regression)
16 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
7857-47, Poster Session
Study on the spectral characteristics of the
damaged rice plant by brown Planthopper,
Nilaparvata lugens
X. Wu, Q. Cheng, Zhejiang Gongshang Univ. (China)
The spectra of healthy leaves and leaves damaged by the rice
brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) were measured using
a Spectroradiometer with spectral range of 350-1050 nm and
resolution of 3 nm. The data was analyzed using the method of
continuum removal and red edge methods. In the range of 430-530
nm and 560-730cnm, the band depth and slope were calculated.
The damage degrees of rice plants caused by the BPH nymphae
with different numbers or at different instars, and by the oviposition
behaviour of adult were expressed well by the spectral reflectance
in the near-infrared wavelengths. The reflectance was negatively
correlated with the number of BPHs, and the correlation coefficients
were significance at the range of wavelengths of 520-580nm and
690-1000nm. The red edge slope and edge area of the reflectance
also significance correlated with the number of nymphae. The
estimation model of the occurrence number of BPHs were
constructed using the spectral reflectance at the wavelengths of 550
nm and 760 nm and the red edge index. The results showed that
accuracy of the estimation models were 66-81% and the factor of
R755 was efficient for estimating the number of BPHs.
7857-48, Poster Session
Mixed-spectrum generation mechanism
analysis of dispersive hyperspectral
imaging caused by scanning error for
improving coastal waters monitoring
F. Xie, G. Xiao, H. Qi, Q. Du, R. Shu, Y. Xue, Shanghai Institute of
Technical Physics (China)
At present, most part of coast zone in China belong to Case II
waters with a large volume of shallow waters. Through theories and
experiences of ocean water color remote sensing has a prominent
improvement, there still exist many problems mainly as follows: (a)
there is not a special sensor for heat pollution of coast water remote
sensing up to now; (b) though many scholars have developed many
water quality parameter retrieval models in the open ocean, there still
exists a large gap from practical applications in turbid coastal waters.
It is much more difficult due to the presence of high concentrations
of suspended sediments and dissolved organic material, which
overwhelm the spectral signal of sea water. Hyperspectral remote
sensing allows a sensor on a moving platform to gather emitted
radiation from the Earth’s surface, which opens a way to reach a
better analysis and understanding of coast water. Operative Modular
Imaging Spectrometer (OMIS) is a type of representative imaging
spectrometer developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. OMIS
collects reflective and radiation light from ground by RC telescope
with the scanning mirror cross track and flight of plane along track. In
this paper, we explore the use of OMIS as the airborne sensor for the
heat pollution monitoring in coast water, on the basis of an analysis
on the mixed-spectrum arising from the image correcting process for
geometric distortion. An airborne experiment was conducted in the
winter of 2009 on the coast of the East Sea in China.
7857-49, Poster Session
Study on soil erosion in Zuli River basin
based on RS and GIS
H. Han, Lanzhou Jiaotong Univ. (China)
As the minimum branch of Yellow River, Zuli River which is located
in the west of Loess Plateau has amazing sediment discharge.
In Zuli River basin, which is our study area, land over cultivation
and deforestation has changed the surface features, enlarged the
soil erosion area and influences the balance of the ecosystem. By
changing Land Use and Land Cover (LUCC) human has interfered
the substance and energy circulation of the basin.
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
In this paper soil erosion in Zuli river basin has evaluated by remote
sensing and ground observation data from different years since 1978
and the change of its distribution pattern is discussed. Firstly we try
to get more accurate information about LUCC of this area using the
bands combination such as PCA, NDVI and Temperature and the
three main classes in the area are expressed by forest, grass and
agriculture. Universal Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) is selected as
soil erosion model and the elements in the model are determined by
observation data and remote sensing, then the soil erosion amount is
calculated finally.
Using RS and GIS, the three types of information about soil erosion
is concluded: the area of soil erosion, the modulus of soil erosion
and the spatial distribution of soil erosion. The result shows soil
erosion has significant changes during the research period which is
influenced by the changes of LUCC and the trend of soil erosion is
good for the ecological recover in this region.
7857-50, Poster Session
Variable rate fertilization based on spectral
index and remote sensing
S. Li, M. Li, Y. Ding, R. Zhao, China Agricultural Univ. (China)
Three ways of variable rate fertilization are compared base on
spectral index to increase the output. Nitrogen is one of the
main nutrition elements to influence the crop growth. However
inappropriate fertilization will lead to pollution of environment. Thus
appropriate fertilization becomes a problem faced by all of us.
Information of crop is acquired base on spectral index obtained by
GreenSeeker, an instrument used to detect crop’s nitrogen content.
The field test is conducted in a wheat field in Beijing Precision
Agriculture Demonstration Base in Xiaotangshan Town. The wheat
field contained three plots devided to 100 independent districts in
all. The size of each district is about 16 meter length and 1.2 meter
width. The experiment uses two GreenSeekers assembled on a
trolley, which detects the Normal Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)
of each independent district once. The map of GIS (Geographic
Information System) will be created by combining of information
of NDVI and position of each district. There is traditional way of
fertilization: the amount of fertilization increase with high NDVI and
vise versa. Besides of this way, another way is proposed to increase
the output while each district has average output. And third plot will
be fertilized by farmer with many years of experience growing wheat.
The optimal way will be found to increase output and make output
averaged of each plot. The optimal spectral bands will be determined
and the new formula will be esrablished to make a strategic decision
on fertilization by comparing three strategy of fertilization.
7857-51, Poster Session
Study on spaceborne LWIR FPA imaging
system
C. Li, Y. Liu, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (China); J.
Wang, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences (China)
Space-borne LWIR FPA imaging system is an earth observation
camera with wavelength band being 8.0~12.5μm, which uses 256 x
2 LWIR FPA detector, 60K cryogenic Stirling cryocooler and on-axis
two reflections RC primary optical system. The imaging system
has obtained good temperature sensitivity and acquired long-wave
infrared image with good image quality by configuring detector
cold shield and using -30°C cryogenic optical system and high
performance information processing circuit.
7857-52, Poster Session
Aerosol optical thickness retrieval by
using a handheld spectroradiometer over
Penang Island, Malaysia
H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, K. Abdullah, N. Mohd. Saleh, Univ.
Sains Malaysia (Malaysia)
Atmospheric components (aerosol and molecules) scatter and
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absorb solar radiation. This study investigated the used of a
handheld spectroradiometer for the retrieval of atmospheric
optical thickness (AOT) values over Penang Island derives this
period. The objective of this study is to introduce a new technique
for retrieval of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) for air quality
determination. Measured spectroradiometer data was used to
calculate the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) values at the earth
surface. The transmittance values were measured using a handheld
spectroradiometer over Penang Island. Particulate matters of size
less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5) were collected simultaneously with
the acquisition of the transmittance measurements. The results of
the calculated AOT were used to retrieve the air quality at Penang,
Malaysia. The retrieved AOT data were linearly correlated with the
particulate matter of less than 2.5 micro meter (PM2.5). An AOT
map and PM10 map were generated using interpolation technique.
The relationship between AOT and PM10 was investigated and we
obtained a linear relationship between these two parameters. Finally,
an interpolating technique was used to generate a PM10 map over
Penang Island.
7857-53, Poster Session
Land-use/land cover change analysis
with Landsat TM and ETM+ data in the
Huangshui River basin, northwestern
China
X. Gao, J. Kang, Qinghai Normal Univ. (China)
Economic reform launched since 1978 and Grain for Green policy
implemented since 1999 have led to the conversion of land use type
over past two decades years from 1987 to 2007 in the Huangshui
River basin, northwestern China.
The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze the spatial
and temporal changes characteristic of land use/ land cover in the
study area with three dates Landsat TM and ETM+ images. Firstly,
with the help of ERDAS IMAGINE and Arc/GIS 9.1., geometrically
registered and mosaic of all images were conducted. Land use /land
cover data for 1987, 2000 and 2007 were acquired by artificial visual
interpretation. Secondly, a land use field investigation was carried
out in order to validate the accuracy of interpretation data. Thirdly,
the transition matrix of land use change was calculated and the
relative change rate model was introduced and calculated.
The results showed that during the period of 1987 and 2000, the
areas of cultivated land, built-up land, forest land and water bodies
increased while those of grassland and unused decreased. The
increase area in built-up land and cultivated land was mainly from
the conversation of grassland. From 2000 to 2007, the areas of
cultivated land and unused land decreased while those of other land
use types increased. The lost cultivated land was mainly converted
to built-up land and returned to forest land and grassland, and the
decreased unused land was reforested in the loess hilly regions.
Relative change rate model revealed that there were significant
regional differences in quantitative change of land use in every sub-
region.
7857-54, Poster Session
Computation of electrical conductivity over
large area by remote sensing
Y. Rusuli, A. Kasimu, Xinjiang Normal Univ. (China)
Several approaches exist to compute soil salinity. A common way
is calculating soil salinity with surface and ground water balance.
As it is possible to obtain the required input data for the surface
and ground water balance using satellite imagery data, the spatial
distribution of water can be evaluated sufficiently. Due to high
standard errors and insufficient input data of the methods used,
the absolute value of soil salinity calculated by this method is
unreliable sometimes, especially over large areas. Another indicator
for soil salinity is the Electrical conductivity. It corresponds with the
chloride input by wet and dry deposition and the lateral groundwater
movement. Recharge rates calculated with the chloride mass
balance only give information on a small spatial scale. If a correlation
between recharge rates calculated by the surface water balance and
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recharge calculated by the Chloride mass balance can be found, the
small scale recharge rates depending on the Chloride concentration
can be transformed to similar recharge zones obtained by remote
sensing.
The aim of this study is to map the electrical conductivity of the soil
over large areas with a new method, combination of un-calibrated
salinity maps calculated from space borne multispectral images and
field data which consist of measurements of electrical conductivity
and are obtained by the combination of geophysical methods and
the analysis of field soil samples. Uncelebrated salinity maps were
calculated with spectral correlation mapping, using image based
reference spectra of saline areas. As an alternative indicator for soil
salinity, the NDVI was used. Correlations between field data and the
uncalibrated salinity maps were found over non-irrigated sites for
all images. Good correlations (R2 up to 0.84) resulted for images
collected during the winter months. The high correlation coefficients
allow scaling the uncalibrated salinity maps to electrical conductivity
maps.
7857-55, Poster Session
Research on the sequential images
registration of the temporally and spatially
modulated Fourier transform imaging
spectrometer
X. Zhang, Y. Yuan, Q. Wang, BeiHang Univ. (China); Z. Zhou,
Univ. of Science and Technology of China (China); C. Sun,
BeiHang Univ. (China)
Temporally and Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Imaging
Spectrometer (TSMFTIS) is a new imaging spectrometer without
moving mirror and slit. Through scanning, it can acquire sequential
images superposed with interference fringes. The interferogram
can be acquired by orderly arranging the extracted interference
information of the same spatial point from the sequential images,
and the spectrum can be recovered by using FFT. Therefore, the
attitude of bearing platform will affect the images so as to reduce
the accuracy of the recovered spectrums. Since current attitude
measurement accuracy can not meet the needs of error correction,
in this paper, the image registration method is applied to acquire
the accurate translations for the future correction between two
sequential images. The single-step DFT registration method is
applied to register the selected window areas away from the
null optical path difference position in sequential images. That is
full utilizing of common information meanwhile reducing impact
of interference fringes and improving registration accuracy and
efficiency. In the simulation experiment, a common large remote
sensing image is used as ground object. The Fourier shift theorem
is applied to acquire simulation scanning images with sub-pixel
displacement. Artificial spectral data cube produced with the RGB
values of each image is utilized as the input data of the TSMFTIS,
and sequential images superposed with interference fringes are
acquired. Registration according to the method mentioned above is
performed and the results are compared with the accurate values.
It shows that the method is feasible and can achieve sub-pixel level
accuracy.
7857-56, Poster Session
Land cover mapping based on a frequency
based contextual classifier from remote
sensing data over Penang Island, Malaysia
H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, K. Abdullah, Univ. Sains Malaysia
(Malaysia)
Remote sensing data have been widely used for land cover mapping
using supervised and unsupervised methods. The produced land
cover maps are useful for various applications. This paper presents
a technique for land use/cover mapping using THEOS data of the
Penang Island, Malaysia. The objective is to assess the capability of
a THEOS image to provide useful remotely sensed images for land
cover mapping. The land cover information was extracted from the
visible digital spectral bands using PCI Geomatica 10.3 software
package. A frequency based contextual classifier was applied to the
18 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
imagery to extract the spectral information from the acquired scene.
Contextual classification is employed when neighbouring pixels are
taken into account. The accuracy of each classification map was
assessed using the reference data set consisted of a large number
of samples collected per category. The study revealed that the
frequency based contextual classifier produced superior result and
achieved a high degree of accuracy. The preliminary result indicates
that THEOS image can be provided useful data for remote sensing to
retrieve land cover information at local scale.
7857-57, Poster Session
Winter wheat nutrition diagnosis under
different N treatments based on multi-
spectral images and remote sensing
R. Zhao, M. Li, S. Li, Y. Ding, China Agricultural Univ. (China)
In order to rapidly and accurately acquire crop growing information
and nitrogen content, crop growing and nutrition state was evaluated
with multi-spectral imaging technique and imaging processing
technology. Firstly, a 2-CCD multi-spectral image collecting
platform was developed to acquire visible image and NIR image
synchronously and then get the reflectance information and the
nitrogen content of the crop leaves. Secondly, using calibration
panels the experiential linear calibration model was established
between image gray value and spectral reflectance. Thirdly, NIR
image was processed to segment crop canopy from soil and then
gray value of crop leaves was achieved by image processing of Red,
Green, and Blue channels. Finally, the gray value of crop leaves was
transformed into spectral reflectance by aforementioned experiential
linear model, and the reflectance was used to calculate vegetation
index and color features which could be used to research the crop
growing state and nitrogen content. Test results showed that it was
reasonable to diagnose nitrogen content of crop based on multi-
spectral imaging system and experiential linear model, and there
existed remarkable correlation of vegetation index(NDVI, GNDVI, RVI)
to nitrogen content of crop leaves, R2 were all more than 0.7. G/R
and B/(R+G+B) had positive correlation with nitrogen content, and
R/(R+G+B) and G/(R+G+B) had negative correlation with nitrogen
content, R2 are around 0.6.
7857-58, Poster Session
Land cover/land use mapping in, Malaysia
using radar and optical data
C. K. Sim, K. Abdullah, M. Z. Mat Jafri, H. S. Lim, Univ. Sains
Malaysia (Malaysia)
This study aims to create a land cover/use map using combination
radar and optical data. The primary methodology was standard
image processing, consist spectral signature extraction and
application of a statistical decision rule to identify the surface
features. Relative accuracy of the classifications was determined
by comparison to ground-truth data from field visitation. Standard
supervised classification was chosen for land cover mapping. The
land cover information was extracted from the digital data using
PCI Geomatica 10.3 software package. Speckle filtering was an
improvement over the poor results achieved with the unfiltered
original radar data but still not adequate for accurate land cover
classification. Combinations of radar and SPOT consistently
provided excellent classification accuracies. This study indicates that
the land cover/use can be mapped accurately.
7857-60, Poster Session
Monitoring growth status and nutritional
condition of spring maize based on
hyperspectra and wavelet packet analysis
L. Zheng, M. Li, Y. Zhang, China Agricultural Univ. (China); Y. Hu,
Jiangsu Univ. (China); R. Zhao, Y. Ding, China Agricultural Univ.
(China)
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Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
It is a fast, automatical and non-destructive way to monitor the
crop growth condition using spectroscopy. However it is the key to
improve the diagnostic accuracy to meet the requirements of the
practical production. The wavelet packet analysis is used to process
the hyperspectra of growing spring maize at different stages, and
higher diagnostic accuracy is obtained to detect the TN (Total
Nitrogen) content and chlorophyll content. In the process of spring
maize growth, the experiment field is partitioned and the nitrogen
and potassium nutrient stress were conducted. In all key stages of
maize growth, eight times of experiments are carried out. First, the
canopy hyperspectra and images of the maize crop are obtained
on-site by an ASD Spectrometer, and then the representative leaves
are sampled and the water content, TN content and chlorophyll
content are analyzed in the laboratory. Secondly, the comparison
and analysis of spectral characteristics at different nutrient levels are
carried out to each target parameter, and the decomposition and
reconstruction are performed based on wavelet packet specific to
original maize spectrum at each stage. Characteristic spectra are
extracted according to each parameter at specific stage. Finally,
based on the extracted spectra, PLS (Partial Least Square) prediction
models are established for each parameter at specific stage. The R2
data of moisture prediction models are above 0.9 based db2 wavelet
function, and the R2 data for chlorophyll prediction models are
above 0.877, and the R2 data for TN prediction models are above
0.781. The results show that it is feasible to obtain high forecasting
accuracy by using the appropriate spectral processing method. The
results can be used to guide variable rate fertilization and irrigation
decisions.
7857-61, Poster Session
A hyperspectral imager with adjustable
spectral selectivity based on AOTF
J. Liu, Y. Ma, R. Shu, J. Wang, Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics (China)
One of the advantages of acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is its
spectral selectivity, not only central wavelength, but also bandwidth
and passband form, can be controlled by RF signals, which provides
us the opportunity to develop a more flexible hyper-spectral imager.
Traditional hyper-spectral imagers collect hyper-spectral images
with certain spectral resolutions and spectral sampling intervals,
which means a huge amount of data and low data efficiency. So, a
more flexible device to meet different applications with less but more
effective data is an attractive idea. The idea is brought out this year
in SITP, CAS. A custom-made AOTF which can endure higher power
is adopted to realize such a hyper-spectral imager. A RF generating
system is designed to produce and control 12 channels of RF signals
independently, and a PC is used to control the system and record
the digital images obtained by a CCD camera. If the controlling
RF frequencies are close enough to each other, the consecutive
output passbands will combine into one wider band, and the
programmable spectral resolution and passband form are available.
If the RF signals are discrete, the image of several discrete spectral
bands combination which can simply be treated as a fused image
is available. In this paper, the theory and structure of the system is
set out, some important details of design principle are introduced,
some of the original test results and a few of experimental images
are showed.
7857-62, Poster Session
E-AERI calibration performance
certification
R. O. Knuteson, F. A. Best, R. K. Garcia, D. Hackel, H. E.
Revercomb, W. L. Smith, Sr., W. F. Feltz, D. D. Turner, Univ. of
Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
The University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and
Engineering Center (UW-SSEC) is certifying the calibration
performance of a new generation of instruments for the
measurement of downwelling atmospheric infrared spectra at
the surface. The E-AERI instrument series is a follow-on to the
successful Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)
which was developed at UW-SSEC in the early 1990s with support
from the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement
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(ARM) program. This presentation will discuss the specifications of
the certification tests, the methods used, and an overview of results
obtained to date. The E-AERI instrument is a commercially available
product of ABB/Bomem of Quebec, Canada using technology
licensed by the UW-SSEC. The E-AERI meets the same specification
as the original AERI instrument in a fully automated system for use in
both research and operational profiling networks.
7857-63, Poster Session
Spectral feature extraction and modeling
of soil total nitrogen content based on NIR
spectroscopy and wavelet packet analysis
L. Zheng, M. Li, X. An, R. Zhao, S. Li, China Agricultural Univ.
(China)
It is a non-destructive and real-time method to detect the soil
nutrient content by using NIR spectroscopy. And it is the actual
demand of agricultural production to develop the soil total nitrogen
(TN) estimation model with higher accuracy. It becomes the key
to achieving high-precision prediction that how to eliminate the
interference of the soil background and noise, sequentially extract
the effective characteristic components form the original spectra.
In order to isolate the effective spectral for TN content from the
soil spectra effectively, the NIR model predicting TN is developed
based on wavelet packet analysis. 100 soil samples are collected for
calibration and validation from a field. First, using the high-precision
NIR detecting instrument to scan the samples and obtaining the
continuous spectra of soil samples in the laboratory. Secondly, with
three different orthogonal wavelets (bior4.4, db4, sym4) as the basis
function, the original signal of each soil sample is decomposed and
reconstructed based on the respective wavelet packet. Then the
characteristic spectrum corresponding to each wavelet packet is
drawn form the original signal, and the partial least square (PLS)
model for TN is established based on each drawn characteristic
spectrum, which includes different bands as the independent
variables corresponding to each wavelet packet separately. Finally,
three models are compared and analyzed, and the model with the
highest estimating accuracy is obtained based on bior4.4. The
determined R2 reaches 0.910. The research concludes that wavelet
packet analysis could eliminate or substantially reduce the factors
outside the parameters to the spectrum directly or indirectly, and
the obstacles in establishing linear models for soil parameters were
removed. It is feasible and potential to the real-time prediction of TN
content.
7857-64, Poster Session
Monitoring nitrogen nutrition status of
maize with digital image analysis and
remote sensing
Y. Zhang, Y. Xu, R. Zhao, H. Wang, M. Li, China Agricultural Univ.
(China)
An approach of monitoring nitrogen nutrition status of maize
is studied with digital image analysis and remote sensing. The
experimental maize is grown in the field in different nutrient
conditions in order to obtain nitrogen stress to the crop. The images
of leaves are taken both on the plant under the sunlight and in the
lab under the article light source. The chlorophyll and Nitrogen
contents of the leaves are measured in the laboratory. The digital
images are first corrected by whiting the background, and then
the RGB components of the images are extracted. The leaf area is
divided from an image through the extra green index 2G-R. Finally,
the color parameters of the target area and full leaf area, such as
G/R, G/B, G-R, 2G-R, 2G-R-B, H, and I, are obtained. The correlation
coefficients between the color parameters of each leaf image
and the chlorophyll content and Nitrogen content of each leaf are
calculated. The result indicates that the color features of G, I, and
2G-R have good correlation with leaf chlorophyll content of maize. To
extend this result for field use, the leaf images taken under different
condition are studied individually, and the comparative analysis is
carried out. Multi-regression analysis is made between color features
and Nitrogen content also, and a related multi-linear-regression
model is established. The results show that the image processing
· +1 360 676 3290 19
Conference 7857: Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral
Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications III
technology can be used to analyze and predict the nutrition status of
maize.

7857-65, Poster Session

Research on the classification of
Karst rocky desertification based on
hyperspectral remote sensing images
K. Zhu, Y. An, Y. Zhang, Guizhou Normal Univ. (China)
Karst Rocky Desertification is one of the major types in land
desertification. Karst landform is widely distributed in the Southwest
China and corrispondingly, the Karst Rocky Desertification in
these areas is continuously serious. The conventional investigation
method of Karst Rocky Desertification mainly centers on large
area field research. With the popularization of Remote Sensing
(RS), the multispectral RS images have been used to study the
KRD. However, their information is deficent, which cannot make it
accurate to identify the ground objects of the images. It depends
more on the interpretation experience of researchers. In recent years
the Hyperspctral technology has been developing rapidly, and we
can get more detailed and accurate ground object spectra curve
and thus it provides us with accurate ground object information.
From the spectroscopy angle, the interpretation keys of Karst
Rocky Desertification degrees, the database of KRD(the basis of
characterization of Karst Rocky Desertification in hyperspectral
images) is built in this paper. It provides us with new feasible
methods and interpretation foundation for the Karst Rocky
Desertification research. The Spectral Angle Mapper is used to
classify the Karst Rocky Desertification degrees. This research result
will provide scientific basis for the ecological status investigation and
the ecological reconstruction work.

20 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010 · www.spie.org/ae

Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
Wednesday-Thursday 13-14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7858 Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere Environment
7858-01, Session 1
Coastal ocean atmospheric correction for
AVNIR-2 high resolution images
H. Murakami, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan);
C. Dupouy, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (New
Caledonia)
Coastal ocean-color estimation needs to retrieve not only molecular
and aerosol scattering (Ra), but also sea-surface reflection (Rsf)
accurately because Rsf has fine temporal and spatial scales
due to variable winds and air-sea stability caused by the coastal
geographical structure. Murakami and Frouin 2008 showed a
possibility of sun-glint correction by using near infrared (NIR)
and shortwave infrared (SWIR) channels of MODIS. This study
investigates the atmospheric correction for AVNIR-2 which has 10-m
resolution but doesn’t have SWIR, and targets the New Caledonia
coast. Rayleigh correction and simple subtraction of NIR reflectance,
assuming white Rsf and Ra, can remove most part of Rsf and Ra.
However, that is not enough accuracy for qualitative use such as
time-series analysis of water optical characteristics. Practically we
can use optically stable area (e.g., oligotrophic areas outside of the
lagoon) to estimate spectral slope of aerosol because generally
we focus on specific areas (e.g., less than 50km x 50km) in the
analysis of high resolution images. We can also use in-situ optical
observations to estimate spectral characteristics of Ra and Rsf in
the target area. This study evaluates the above methods through
analysis of in-situ observations and AVNIR-2 images around the New
Caledonia, and investigates agreement with the standard ocean-
color atmospheric correction methods such as MODIS ones.
7858-02, Session 1
Statistical inference in atmospheric
correction of ocean color
B. Pelletier, Univ. de Rennes 2 (France); R. J. Frouin, Univ. of
California, San Diego (United States)
We present an atmospheric correction algorithm over ocean
surfaces defined as the solution of a statistical inference problem.
The definition of the inversion algorithm relies on an estimate of
the distribution of the uncertainties on the top-of-atmosphere
reflectance, corrected for molecular effects. This distribution is
estimated from an in-situ match-up dataset. The forward operator
is discretized using a radiative transfer code, and the theoretical
solution is approximated numerically.
7858-03, Session 1
TSS monitoring by using THEOS satellite
imagery over Penang Island, Malaysia
H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, K. Abdullah, Univ. Sains Malaysia
(Malaysia)
Traditional sampling method for marine environment monitoring
is time consuming and needs a high cost to carry out the survey.
Remote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring marine
environment and remote sensing is an efficient method to overcome
the problem. This paper assesses the use of multispectral satellite
imagery from THEOS for mapping spatial distribution of TSS in
a coastal zone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility
of using THEOS satellite image for the water quality studies.
Simultaneous in situ measurements of total suspended solids (TSS)
concentration and acquisition of satellite imageries were carried out
over Penang Island, Malaysia. The locations of in situ sample were
determined using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS). The
algorithm used is based on the reflectance model which is a function
of the inherent optical properties of water and this in turn can be
related to the concentration of its constituents. Multiple regression
customerservice@spie.org
algorithm was employed using the multi-band data for retrieval of
the water constituent. Digital numbers corresponding to the water
sample locations were determined for algorithm calibration. Various
types of algorithms were tested; R and RMS value were noted. The
proposed algorithm is considered superior based on the values of
the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square The algorithm was
used to generate the TSS map for the Penang Island, Malaysia.
Geometric correction was performed to the TSS map and colour-
coded for visual interpretation. This study shows the potential
application of THEOS satellite images for TSS mapping using the
proposed multispectral algorithm.
7858-04, Session 1
Precision improvement of chlorophyll-a
remote sensing inversion by data
transformation in turbidity water under low
concentrations: a case of Taihu lake, China
Y. Wei, Nanjing Normal Univ. (China)
Estimation and monitoring chlorophyll-a concentration (CHLA),
especially low chlorophyll-a concentration of lake using remote
sensing data is very important to early warning for blue-green
algal bloom. In spite of better overall goodness fit in three-band
chlorophyll-a inversion model of turbidity water proposed by
Gitelson, the estimation errors of samples with low CHLA are
often higher, and this kind of error has great influence on the
evaluation of lake nutritional status. In this paper, two methods of
data transformation-logarithm of CHLA and continuum removal of
spectrum-were used to decrease model error. Data set includes
the routine monitoring sampling data collected from June to
September, 2004 in Taihu lake and field data in March, 2010 in
Mei Liangwang of Taihu lake. Water surface spectrum data were
measured synchronously by ASD FieldPro. Comparative analysis
showed that both logarithm transform (LT) and continuum removal
transform (CRT) can increase model’s accuracy. For all sample
data, the average relative accuracy of model built by data after LT
increased by 30%, and that of model built by data after LT plus CRT
increased by 35%. For the samples with Chla lower than 50ug/L, the
average relative error decreased from 76% of model built by data
without transformation to 36% after LT and 27% after LT plus CRT.
The paper concluded that data transform is a simple and effective
method to improve precision of CHLA remote sensing inversion.
7858-05, Session 1
Empirical nonlinear determination of the
diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(490) in
coastal waters from ocean color images
C. Jamet, H. Loisel, D. Dessailly, Lab. d’Océanologie et de
Géosciences (France)
The diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance,
Kd, is a very important parameter for ocean studies. For the vast
ocean, the only mean to study this parameter at large scale is by
ocean color remote sensing. Several empirical and semi-analytical
inversion schemes have been developed for the past years, mainly
for open ocean. The SeaWiFS/MODIS empirical algorithm is very
suitable for open ocean but highly under-estimated this parameter
in turbid waters. We present a purely empirical method using neural
networks to retrieve Kd at 490 nm from the SeaWiFS/MODIS remote
sensing reflectance on the entire visible spectrum (412 to 670 nm). A
comparison with the SeaWiFS/MODIS standard algorithm and semi-
analytical methods will be presented. Compared to previous studies,
this new inverse method based on a non-linear scheme provides a
better estimation of Kd(490) in turbid waters and a slightly similar
retrieval in clear waters.
· +1 360 676 3290 21
Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
7858-06, Session 1
The Coastcolour project and Round Robin
algorithm intercomparison exercise
K. G. Ruddick, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
Belgique (Belgium); C. Brockmann, Brockmann Consult GmbH
(Germany); R. Doerffer, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht
(Germany); S. Sathyendranath, S. B. Groom, Plymouth Marine
Lab. (United Kingdom); R. P. Santer, Univ. du Littoral Côte
d’Opale (France); B. Vanda, Univ. de Lisboa (Portugal); S.
Pinnock, ESRIN (Italy)
After more than 8 years in space the ESA MERIS instrument has
delivered a unique dataset of ocean colour measurements of the
coastal zone, at 300m resolution and with a unique spectral band
set. The ESA DUE Coastcolour project aims at finding best fitting
algorithms for different coastal zones globally distributed. The
requirements are derived from an intense user consultation phase,
and internationally discussed protocols and Case 2 algorithms,
data processing, validation, a round robin exercise and stimulation
of data exploitation will be the main elements of the project. The
results will include a coherent processed large data set covering the
whole MERIS mission, internationally discussed protocols, and a
near real time service for coastal MERIS Full Resolution products. In
this contribution the Coastcolour project will be presented in general
and the Round Robin algorithm intercomparison exercise will be
described in detail. This exercise has the objective of determining the
best approach to retrieval of chlorophyll a and other marine products
(e.g. Inherent Optical Properties) for each of the Coastcolour coastal
water test sites. A benchmark dataset of reflectances at MERIS
bands will be distributed to algorithm provider participants for testing
of both global (Coastcolour and other) algorithms and site-specific
local algorithms. Results from all algorithms will be analysed and
compared according to an agreed and uniform methodology.
Participation of algorithm providers from outside the Coastcolour
consortium is encouraged.
7858-08, Session 1
Underwater oil detection experiment by
laser fluorescence remote sensing
J. An, Dalian Maritime Univ. (China); R. Yang, Ocean Univ. of
China (China); Z. Liu, Dalian Maritime Univ. (China)
Spilled oil is one of the most serious marine environment disasters,
which damaged ecological environment seriously with long-term and
large-scale impact. Based on the experiment and research in the
Canadian Center of Environmental Technology, a model is proposed
to recognize the underwater oil by Range-Gated Laser-induced
fluorescence. An experiment is taken to detect the underwater
suspended oil-spills by Range-Gated Laser-induced fluorescence.
A system for detecting underwater suspended oil-spills is designed
and established. It quantizes the conditions that Range-Gated Laser-
induced fluorescence can be used to detect underwater oil, and
makes a solid theory foundation for the system design of underwater
oil detection by Range-Gated Laser-induced fluorescence. The
research technique of synchronization imaging by range-gated
is proposed, aiming at the detection of underwater spill oil. This
technique solves a key problem for underwater oil detection by
Range-Gated Laser-induced fluorescence.
7858-09, Session 2
Phase function effects for ocean color
retrieval algorithm
K. Du, Beijing Normal Univ. (China); Z. Lee, Mississippi State
Univ. (United States)
Inherent optical properties (IOPs), e.g., absorption, back scattering
coefficients, and volume scattering function, are important
parameters for radiance transfer simulation. Commercially available
instruments (e.g., Wetlabs ACS, BB9, etc, and HOBILabs a-sphere,
HS6, etc) basically only measure absorption and back scattering
coefficients. In this paper, we used the same IOPs of International
22 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) report 5 and Hydrolight
to simulate the radiance distribution, however, different phase
functions, say, a new phase function derived from the measured data
by multispectral volume scattering meter (MVSM) in coastal waters,
the widely used Petzold average phase function, and the Fournier-
Forand (FF) phase function, were employed in the simulations.
The simulation results were used to develop the retrieval algorithm
with angular effects correction based on the quasi-analytical
algorithm(QAA) developed by Lee et al.. Results showed that not
only the back scattering probability, but also the angular shape of
phase function are important for ocean color retrieval algorithm.
Considering the importance of phase function in ocean color remote
sensing, methods to validate the phase function data should be
developed.
7858-10, Session 2
Particle size and its relations to optical
characteristics of Case-II waters at the
Yellow Sea and the East China Sea
Q. Xing, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (China) and
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China); D. Yu, Y. Hao,
Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China); C. Chen,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (China); P. Shi, Yantai
Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China)
Two cruises were conducted to investigate the water optical
characteristics at the Yellow Sea and the East China in May and
June, 2009. Water clarity (indexed by Secci disk depth) was
measured in situ in day time; water samples were taken to laboratory
for further measurements of the water optical attenuation properties
and the particulate assemblages’ particle size distributions (PSDs)
in 0.02-2000μm with the instrument of MALVERN Particle Sizer;
the diameters (or particle size) where 10%, 50% and 90% of the
distribution are below, i.e., D(0.1), D(0.5) and D(0.9), were recorded,
and particle attenuation coefficients (Cp) were estimated. The results
present that the ratio of particulate optical attenuation coefficient
(Cp) to volume concentration (Cv) decreased in an power function
model with the increasing in particle size, e.g., Cp/ Cv=A[D(0.1)]B,
where A and B are dimensionless coefficients. And, the correlation
between the ratio and the particle size became poor when particles
with larger sizes were included, i.e., correlation coefficients (r) were
0.94, 0.77 and 0.56, respectively when particles were D(0.1), D(0.5),
D(0.9), which implies that particles with smaller size mainly regulate
the water optical properties. The correlations between the optical
parameters and the concurrent satellite image products were also
studied.
7858-11, Session 2
Optical classification for optimizing remote
sensing inversion algorithms in coastal
waters
V. Vantrepotte, H. Loisel, X. Mériaux, D. Dessailly, Lab.
d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (France)
The high spatio-temporal dynamics of coastal seas, influenced
by various physical (currents, coastal fronts, turbulence....) and
environmental (land-sea interactions, phytoplankton blooms...)
forcing, makes these areas particularly complex optically.
Consequently, the exploitation of the remote sensing data in
such environments requires the development of specific inverse
methods for assessing bio-optical (Inherent Optical Properties,
IOPs) and biogeochemical parameters (BC). For this purpose,
two main approaches can be considered. The first one consists
in the development of local algorithms that tempt to constrain the
dispersion usually found around the bio-optical parameterizations
by focusing on the range of variability specific to a defined area.
The limits of these regional approaches stand however in their high
dependency on the data set used for their development and in the
difficulty to capture, even for a defined region, the numerous high
frequency processes affecting the bio-optical relationships. Another
and more universal approach, developed in this work, consists in
classifying the coastal waters according to their optical properties
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
(independently of their location) and then to apply to each of the
defined class a specific algorithm (empirical or semi-analytical) for
improving the performance of the IOPs and BC inversion procedure.
Specifically, classification analyses are performed on remote sensing
reflectance spectra (Rrs) measured with a hyperspectral radiometer
(TRIOS, 350-950 nm, 3nm resolution) during various cruises in the
English Channel, the North sea and in the waters of the French
Guyana while concurrent IOPs and BC measurements are used to
discuss on the accuracy of the class-specific derived bio-optical
parameterizations.
7858-12, Session 2
Remote sensing reflectance reconstruction
to obtain water optical properties from
MERIS multispectral satellite images
M. Schmeltz, J. Froidefond, Univ. Bordeaux 1 (France); F.
Jourdin, Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la
Marine (France); P. Gege, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany)
We use a multiple regression analysis and a data bank of about
400 reflectance spectra to reconstruct hyperspectral reflectances
between 400 and 900 nm with a 5 nm step using only the values
known at the wavelengths of the MERIS sensor level 2 data. For
in situ remote sensing reflectances measured during different
oceanographic missions, the reconstruction is within 2 per cent
almost over the entire spectrum. The main difference (to a maximum
of 4 per cent) usually occurs at the inflexion point of the reflectance
curve between 580 and 600 nm. Observed in-situ remote sensing
reflectances or reconstructed spectra are inverted using a Water
Colour Simulator bio-optical model (WASI) to obtain the inherent
optical properties (IOP) of the water. The values derived by the model
are compared with the measurements when some are available. To
validate the reconstruction, we compare the results of the model
inversion if we use the initial spectrum or the reconstructed one as
the input parameter. Preliminary results show that the derived values
from the inversion of the reconstructed spectrum are very close
to the values generated from the inversion of the initial spectrum,
especially in case 1 waters. This reconstruction technique is used to
generate hyperspectral remote sensing reflectances from reflectance
data calculated by the MERIS sensor. We use the reconstructed
spectra as input to be inverted in the WASI model in order to quantify
the substances’ concentrations; in particular, the inversion gives
good results for the suspended particulate matter concentrations.
7858-13, Session 2
A model for the euphotic depth: effect of
varying sky conditions
B. Nechad, K. G. Ruddick, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique (Belgium); A. Alvera-Azcaràte, Univ. de Liège
(Belgium)
Light availability underwater plays an essential role in primary
production and is an element of water quality. There is a growing
need in ecosystem modeling, for an accurate estimation of the light
attenuation in coastal waters. This determines the euphotic depth
within which light available for photosynthesis (PAR) is reduced by
absorption or backscatter to the level of 90% of its surface value.
Algorithms for estimation of light attenuation (Kd) from remote
sensing data were established for clear sky conditions (Lee et al,
2005, Devlin et al 2009). However, ecosystem models need such
estimations for all sky conditions.
HYDROLIGHT simulations were used to analytically set up a model
that estimates the euphotic depth from TSM concentrations, with
varying sky conditions. Validation of this algorithm is carried out
using the euphotic depth images derived from MODIS imagery and
from the reconstructed TSM maps (Sirjacobs et al 2009, RECOLOUR
project) from 2003 to 2006. These are then compared to CEFAS PAR
attenuation measurements in the Southern North Sea.
customerservice@spie.org
7858-14, Session 2
A statistical model of marine reflectance
R. J. Frouin, Univ. of California, San Diego (United States); B.
Pelletier, Univ. de Rennes 2 (France)
We present a statistical model of the conditional distribution of the
marine reflectance vector given the chlorophyll-a concentration.
The model is developed based on extensive in-situ measurements
from the NOMAD data set. It takes into account the correlations
between the marine reflectance at different wavelengths and
can serve multiple purposes: (i) simulating realistic spectra for
given chlorophyll content, and (ii) defining prior distributions for
atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery.
7858-15, Session 3
Spatial and temporal variations of the
inherent and apparent optical properties
in the sea areas around KOREA
J. Min, J. Ryu, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (Korea, Republic of)
Studying the light field of sea water is important in Ocean Color
Remote Sensing (OCRS) because it brings immense information
concerning the ocean environmental properties. This magnitude
of the Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) emerges from the
sea-surface after incidence light energy has been absorbed and
scattered by sea water constituents. In this process, the amount
of scattering is a lot smaller than that of absorption relatively. So
the understanding of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), especially
absorption, is very important in OCRS. Many studies have been
accomplished in various seas around the world. In optically
more complex waters around Korea, we have found only a few
investigations on the IOP and AOP. Thus, in this study we analyze
the absorption coefficient of sea water constituents, phytoplankton,
Suspended Sediment (SS) and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) for
the IOPs and the remote sensing reflectance for the AOPs. About
1300 water samples have been collected in the Korean waters from
1998 to 2010. It should be noted that sea areas around the Korea
have different characteristics separately. So we analyzed the optical
properties of each separated sea waters and compared each other
results. The absorption spectral shape of SS and DOM showed
exponentially decreasing pattern. Each graph’s slope includes
information of absorption characteristics. Using this results, in
the future, we will prompt to develop the ocean environmental
algorithms for ocean color satellite images, especially GOCI
(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) which will be launched on June
2010, around the Korean ocean.
7858-16, Session 3
Hydrographic and seasonal variability of
CDOM in the Yangtze River Estuary, China
F. Shen, W. Zhu, Y. Zhou, East China Normal Univ. (China)
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) as one of major
water components strongly affects ocean and coast colors. The
river discharges of about 900 billion m^3 yr^-1, from the Yangtze
River into its estuary and then into the East China Sea, with CDOM
and suspended particulate matters, not only modulates the coast
color but also affect ecosystem health of the coast and ocean.
Absorption characteristics of CDOM were monthly investigated
along the hydrographic transect from the Xuliujing (the starting
point of the Yangtze River Estuary) to the exit of the estuary in
2009. Three campaigns were conducted in the adjacent coastal
ocean during May and November 2009. The results showed that
absorption coefficients of CDOM with wavelength increase were
approximately subjected to degradation of exponent function.
The highest CDOM abundances were found to be in the winter
and the lowest in the spring. Spatially, CDOM abundances
tended to decrease from the Xuliujing to the Wusongkou. From
the Wusongkou downstream, the CDOM partly increased due
to impacts from the inputs of Huangpu River as a main river in
Shanghai city. It was found that the CDOM abundances in the
· +1 360 676 3290 23
Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
Turbidity Maximum Zone were the highest of whole area of the
estuary. This investigation was to acquire basic data of CDOM
absorption characteristics in highly turbid waters of the Yangtze River
Estuary, understand their variability, parameterize CDOM absorption
spectrum and further improve the correction for its effect on coast
color in remote sensing applications.
7858-17, Session 3
Use of ocean colour satellite data to study
the dynamics of suspended particles in the
Yangtze River plume (East China Sea)
D. P. Doxaran, T. Lorthiois, Observatoire Océanologique de
Villefranche sur Mer (France); K. G. Ruddick, Institut Royal des
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (Belgium); A. Mangin, ACRI-ST
(France); M. Chami, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche
sur Mer (France)
We develop and apply an operational method to quantify suspended
particulate matter (SPM) in the Yangtze river plume (East China Sea)
using ocean colour satellite date. The method is applied to MODIS
(Aqua and Terra), MERIS and GOCI satellite data recorded from 2003
to 2010 in order to study the spatial and temporal dynamics the
particles exported by the river to the coastal ocean.
Different atmospheric correction schemes are tested. Most of the
existing correction methods fail in the highly turbid waters of the
river mouth and plume. The use of short-wave infrared wavelengths
to estimate the aerosol contribution provides satisfactory results but
only fits MODIS wavebands. A more simple but operational method
is proposed that can be applied to MODIS but also MERIS and GOCI
satellite data.
The sensitivity of the retrieved seawater reflectance to the
concentration of SPM is assessed using existing field datasets.
Overall red wavebands prove to be the most sensitive when taking
into account the wide range of SPM concentrations encountered in
the Yangtzé river plume.
The seasonal dynamics of SPM is examined together with the role
played by the main physical processes involved (river discharge,
tidal cycles, wind and regional circulation). Based on existing ocean
colour satellite datasets, the seasonal variations of SPM dynamics in
the Yangtze plume clearly predominate over the multi-year variations,
suggesting a limited impact of global change.
7858-18, Session 4
Temporal trend of low surface chlorophyll
area in the South China Sea
C. Zhang, S. Shang, H. Hong, Xiamen Univ. (China)
A ten-year time series of monthly Chlorophyll a data derived from
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) was used to
examine the temporal trend of oligotrophic water in the South China
Sea (SCS), those with surface chlorophyll a not exceeding 0.15 mg/
m3. Other auxiliary data included the Advance Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR) sea surface temperature (SST) and the TRMM
Microwave Imager (TMI) wind speed data. The results indicate the
variation trend of low surface chlorophyll area is decreasing over
the 10-year period from 1998 to 2007, as does the area of warm
pool with SST >=28oC. The estimation showed that the areas of low
surface chlorophyll water and warm pool have shrunk at average
annual rates 2.1% and 4.2%, respectively. The maximum reduction
in the low surface chlorophyll area was found in winter. The time
series of low surface chlorophyll area was negatively correlated
with wind speed and positively correlated with the area of warm
pool with a correlation coefficient (r) of -0.877(p=0.000) and 0.805
(p=0.000), respectively. This suggests enhancement of wind speed
and reduction of warm pool might weaken vertical stratification,
and thus result in the reduction of oligotrophi water and increase
of chlorophyll content for the whole SCS. No evidence showed the
linkage between global warming and the decreasing trend of low
surface chlorophyll in this low-latitude marginal sea.
24 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
7858-19, Session 4
Monitoring optical properties of the
southwest tropical Pacific
C. Dupouy, T. Savranski, J. Lefevre, M. Despinoy, M. Mangeas,
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (New Caledonia);
R. Fuchs, V. Faure, Univ. de la Méditerranée (France); S. Ouillon,
Univ. Paul Sabatier (France); M. M. Petit, Institut de Recherche
pour le Développement (France)
We present data collected as part of VALidation HYperspectral of a
BIOgeochemical model in the South Western Tropical Lagoon of New
Caledonia, a PNTS-sponsored program dedicated to chlorophyll
satellite imaging and validation as affected by bathymetry. The
specific goals of ValHyBio are to: - examine time-dependent oceanic
reflectance in relation to dynamic surface processes, - construct
field/satellite reflectance-based chlorophyll models, - investigate
the feasibility of inverting the model to yield surface chlorophyll
and turbidity, - validate the biogeochemical model with field/
satellite observations. In situ bio-optical parameters include
absorption coefficients by CDOM and particles, Secchi disk depth,
backscattering coefficient, pigment concentration, suspended
matter concentration, and KdPAR. They are measured every month
at 3 stations, of contrasted bathymetry and bottom reflectance and
at a reference station situated 4 miles offshore. Remote sensing
reflectance is calculated from the absorption and backscattering
coefficients and compared with satellite data. SeaWIFS and MODIS
AQUA match-ups collected over the period 1997-2010 (ValHySat
database) are used. Satellite retrievals are examined as a function of
bathymetry and for the special case of Trichodesmium red tides. The
feasibility of a long-term monitoring program of optical water retrieval
with satellite remote sensing technique is examined in the frame of
the GOPS (South Pacific Research Observatory).
7858-21, Session 4
Sea ice optical properties measured by
MODIS-Aqua in the Bohai Sea
W. Shi, M. Wang, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States)
During the winter in later 2009 and early 2010, the Bohai Sea
experienced its worst sea ice event in four decades. Sea ice optical
properties are derived from MODIS-Aqua measurements using the
SWIR atmospheric correction algorithm. The radiance feature of the
sea ice in the Bohai Sea shows a strong dependence on ice types.
For months of December, January, and February during the winter
of 2009-2010, the average sea ice albedo in the Bohai Sea reaches
9.3%, 13.4%, and 12.6%, respectively.
A regional sea ice detection algorithm has been developed for
monitoring sea ice in the Bohai Sea. During the 2009-2010 winter,
the sea ice covered about 5427, 27414, and 21156 km2 for the three
winter months while average values of sea ice coverage between
2002-2010 are about 2735, 11119, and 10287 km2, respectively.
Anomalously large sea ice event in the Bohai Sea during 2009-2010
winter is attributed to widespread air temperature drops in January
and early February of 2010.
7858-22, Session 4
Using remote sensing to analyze changes
in artisanal fisheries in Nigeria: a novel
case study of Cross River Estuary
F. M. Nwosu, Univ. of Calabar (Nigeria); B. Dixon, Univ. of South
Florida (United States)
One of the major constraints of artisanal fisheries management in
Nigeria is accessibility to the primary stakeholders. The peculiar
environment in which these fisheries operate makes it difficult and
sometimes, impossible for fisheries scientists and fisheries resources
managers to access the numerous fishing ports for fishery data
collection. Some hamlets are located in either physically impassable
terrain, or within politically unstable regions which may constitute
hazards to human life and research equipment. Using information
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Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
from remotely sensed imagery, it is now possible to identify and
locate artisanal fisheries settlements. This information will be useful,
at least, for tracking their impact on the mangrove ecosystem, as
well as monitoring potential fishing effort changes. In the present
study, we compared Landsat imagery for the Cross River Estuary
for 1984, 2000 and 2009. With the aid of data from a frame survey
during 1996-97, we could identify hamlets pre- and post- the survey.
Of the 59 hamlets reported, 21 were not visible in 1984 imagery.
This translated to additional fishing effort of 1, 350 boats or 7, 230
fishermen, excluding families and other occupations. This surge
could have reflected the high unemployment rate that characterized
the 1980s. Since artisanal fisheries resources in Nigeria are open
access, it probably served as employment of a last resort. This
method will complement field surveys, but additionally reduce
cost and potential risks associated with gathering fisheries data in
particularly difficult areas on the coastline.
7858-51, Session 4
Temporal and spatial varibility of SST
and LST concentrations in the Korea Sea
using empirical orthogonal function (EOF)
analysis of remote sensing data
Y. Suk, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (Korea,
Republic of)
Sea surface temperature indicate significant effect for Global
warming. Sea surface temperature is an important parameter for the
quantitative studies of monitoring the Earth’s environment changes.
Determination and analysis of sea surface temperature from satellite
data has been the main focus in oceanographic research and thus
needs quantitative analysis in its retrievals.
We used EOF method applying SST. Seasonal and interannual
variability of Sea surface temperature (SST) in the korea Sea was
examined using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of data
obtained by the NOAA from 1999 to 2009.
In the result of SST, The first EOF mode explains 55.7% of the
variability , the second EOF mode explains 21.5%, and the third
EOF mode explains 21.5%. As a result of LST, The first EOF mode
explains 99.7% of the variability , the second EOF mode explains
2.5%, and the third EOF mode explains 0.9. It shows commom
tendency of interannual variability with the period of 3-4 years at
most of the locations. SST was higher in the 2004’s and early 2006’s
and lower in the 2003. The pattern of the interannual variability of
SST was similar to that of air temperature. Increasing trend of SST
was obvious that it was larger western more than eastern.
In the Future, we expect to analyse, collect with a various satellite
data and in situ data for long time.
Keywords : NOAA, SST, LST, EOF
7858-23, Session 5
Fusion of ALOS and Quickbird imagery for
mangrove analysis: a case study in Beilun
Estuary, China
M. Ji, J. Hu, East China Normal Univ. (China)
Although remote sensing technology has been used for vegetation
studies, the current practice is still short of effective methods to
extract detailed information about mangrove species and biomass.
This is due to a widely recognized observation that, rather than
spatial resolution, spectral resolution is the true determinant for
discrimination of mangrove species. Today’s proliferation of different
sensor types and platforms provides a great opportunity to increase
spectral dimensions of remote sensing data through image fusion.
This paper is intended to test out a few image-fusion approaches
to identifying mangrove species and estimating mangrove biomass.
ALOS and Quickbird imagery covering Beilun Estuary, China was
fused using four image fusion methods, respectively, including
HSV, PCA, Brovey, and Pan-Sharpening. Identification of species
communities was performed using the fused spectral data through
supervised and unsupervised classifications. The classification
results were compared among different fusion methods as well as
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with their counterparts using only Quickbird multispectral imagery.
Furthermore, mangrove biomass was extracted from the fused
spectral data. Comparisons among the four fusion methods and
with no fusion were again conducted with respect to their effects
on biomass mapping. Both visual comparison and quantitative
evaluation indicated a significant increase of information content in
all fused images, which led to noticeable improvement in species
community classification and more accurate biomass information.
Variation of fusion effects was observed among the four fusion
methods. While all result in positive effects, the Brovery algorithm
scored the best in species classification, whereas Pan-Sharpening
provided most details in biomass characterization.
7858-24, Session 5
Volumetric estimation of mangrove
biomass from microwave imaging
M. Ji, J. Feng, East China Normal Univ. (China)
Optical remote sensing is traditionally used for vegetation biomass
estimation. Yet the best result it can achieve is a mapping of
vegetation density in two dimensions. In comparison, microwave
remote sensing presents a great potential of estimating biomass
in volume due to its ability to penetrate the vegetation canopy
and collect vertical structure and volumetric information. This
study employed coefficients of radar backscatters from ENVISAT
ASAR data to establish an inversion model for mangrove biomass
estimation. Using Quickbird spectral data as evaluation benchmark,
the results were compared to those estimated from Landsat ETM+
multispectral data of the same region. It was revealed that the
radar backscatter coefficient model yielded more accurate biomass
estimation than the conventional pixel unmixing model. This implied
that the side-looking characteristic and penetration ability of radar
imaging may effectively collect volumetric information about target
vegetation, which may be utilized to reduce errors in vegetation
biomass estimation.
7858-25, Session 5
Satellite-based assessment of the extent
and changes in the mangrove ecosystem
of the Qeshm Island (Iran)
M. Jafar Beiglu, Univ. of Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of);
A. Salehipour Milani, Geological Survey of Iran (Iran, Islamic
Republic of); M. Ghadimi, S. Zahab, Univ. of Tehran (Iran, Islamic
Republic of)
the spatial extent of the mangrove forest in Qeshm Island was
determined using remotely sensed satellite data and estimated
changes in the spatial extent of the forest from the mid-1979s
through 2008. The data used in this study consisted of Landsat
satellite images from Multispectral Scanner Landsat (MSS) (1976),
Thematic Mapper (TM) ( 1989) ,Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus
(ETM+) ( 2000,2006) and IRS LISS III (2008)sensors. The study area
is Qeshm Island, which is the biggest, and the most important island
in Persian Gulf and located in south of IRAN in Persian Gulf. The
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) Was computed for
each date of imagery to define high and low vegetation biomass.
Color composites were generated by combining each date of NDVI
in the red, green, and blue (RGB) image. Mangrove change logic was
used to interpret forest change over the landscape on the three date
NDVI color composite.
7858-26, Session 5
Analysis on the seasonal variations of
microphytobenthos distribution in a tidal
flat using remotely sensed data
J. Choi, J. Ryu, J. Eom, J. H. Noh, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
The seasonal variations of microphytobenthos distribution in
Geunso Bay tidal flat, Korea were monitored using satellite data.
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Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
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Field spectrum data were acquired monthly at the fixed locations
for monitoring the microphytobenthos blooming and comparing
with the spectral reflectance of satellite images. Sediments facies
was also analyzed along with the spectral reflectance based on
the in situ data, and the spectral characteristics of the area where
microphytobenthos occupied was examined. A medium to low
spatial resolution of satellite image was not suitable for the detection
of the surface sediments changes in the study area due to its
ambiguity of sediments facies boundary, but the seasonal changes
of benthic distribution could be obviously detected. However, area
of predominance of sand grains and Seagrass distribution could
be distinctly identified from a high spatial resolution satellite image.
From this, it is expected that Kompsat-2 satellite images can be
applied effectively to the study on the surface sediments facies and
detailed ecological mapping in a tidal flat.
7858-27, Session 6
Study on the sediment classification in a
tidal flat considering the pattern of channel
distribution
J. Eom, J. Choi, J. Ryu, H. J. Woo, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of); J. Won, Yonsei Univ.
(Korea, Republic of)
We examined the relations of the channel distribution with the
sedimentary facies in Geunso-bay tidal flat, Korea. The tidal channel
networks were extracted from aerial photograph. The patterns of the
channel distribution were compared in terms of the fractal analysis,
channel density. The channels in each sediment facies showed
relatively constant meandering patterns, however, the density and
the complexity were distinguishable for each facies. The 2nd fractal
dimension which indicates the branch pattern of the tidal channel
were 1.87 in the mud flat, 1.41 in the mixed flat, and about 1.30 in
the sand flat. The channel density in the mud flat was 0.036-0.06 m/
m2 which was the highest among the three sediment facies.
Using the fractal dimension and tidal channel density, we tried the
adjustment of the sedimentary facies classification which had been
generated from interpolation based upon the field data. Using the
revising classification result, we compared sand contents in grain
size samples to the channel density. As a result, except a few
sampling points, the density of the tidal channel tends to be lower as
the sand percentage gets higher. The locations showing exceptional
pattern were mainly inside the tidal channel or adjacent to the inland.
We suggest that the feature of the channel networks should be
applied to the surface sedimentary facies classification in the tidal
flat.
7858-28, Session 6
Super-resolution mapping and accuracy
assessment in coastal vegetation
environments
W. Wan-Kadir, Univ. Teknologi Malaysia (Malaysia); G. M. Foody,
The Univ. of Nottingham (United Kingdom); A. M. Muad, Univ.
Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia)
Coastal vegetation monitoring is an important task in sustainable
development and environmental protection. Remote sensing
technology has been used widely to acquire information on coastal
zone. Different types of remote sensing sensors capture images
with various levels of spatial and temporal resolution; typically
coarse spatial resolution systems provide data with a relatively fine
temporal resolution. Fine spatial resolution imagery contains more
detailed spatial information than coarse resolution imagery and so
enables features such as the coastal vegetation to be mapped with
high accuracy. However, fine spatial resolution imagery are often not
suitable for large area studies as data acquisition and analysis costs
are often prohibitively high. Alternatively, coarse spatial resolution
imagery may be more suitable for observing large area because
the cost of the image is cheaper but because of the large pixel size
it is difficult to map a small feature with high accuracy. This study
applied super-resolution mapping methods to imagery data to map
coastal vegetation ecosystem of Johor, Malaysia. Here the super
resolution analysis techniques were used to, effectively, enhance the
26 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
spatial resolution of the imagery and facilitate mapping of coastal
land covers. The paper will include an evaluation of super resolution
techniques for multi-class mapping applications and with particular
regard to their potential to increase classification accuracy by
providing fine spatial resolution information especially in relation to
image texture.
7858-29, Session 6
Review of coastal geomorphology of
Kangan by using satellite image
S. Zahab, M. Jafar Beiglu, A. Salehipour Milani, M. Ghadimi,
Univ. of Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Review of Coastal Geomorphology of Kangan by Using Satellite
Image
The study area of Kangan Region is located in southwest of Islamic
Republic of Iran, west of Persian Gulf. Satellite data from the IRS
LISS IV with 5.8 meter special resolution image was geometrically
corrected with respect to 1:25,000 digital topographic sheets
and ground control points (GCP) that were taken using GPS. For
mapping the coastal geomorphologic units based on Shepard
Classification Method, IRS LISS IV image was evaluated by per-
processing techniques. For this purpose, the image of the study
area was evaluated for its capability in recognition of coastal units
and then the coastal areas were classified using image processing
techniques. The result of classification input to GIS then the final
map by considering Shepard method was produced.
Key Word: Coastal Geomorphology, Remote Sensing, Kangan
Region
7858-30, Session 6
Monitoring and modeling coastal change
of Urmia Lake using remote sensing
A. Salehipour Milani, A. Mohammadi, Geological Survey of Iran
(Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Diverse and complex natural processes continually change coasts
physically, chemically, and biologically, at scales that range from
microscopic (grains of sand) to global (changes in sea level).
Regional and local characteristics of coasts control the differing
interactions and relative importance of these natural processes.
Urmia Lake are Located in Northwest of Iran and has been
designated as an international park by the United Nations. It is the
largest lake in the Middle East, and the third largest salt water lake
on earth, It is the largest lake in the Middle East, and the third largest
salt water lake on earth, with a surface area of approximately, 140
km (87 miles) length, 55 km (34 miles) width, and 16 m (52 ft) depth.
Lake Urmia is a thalassohaline ecosystem. It is an extremely simple
ecological pyramid. This makes it a very sensitive ecosystem.The
lake level variation equals 7 meters, from June 1995 to May 2010
Approximately. It is necessary to mention that the Lake Level range
in Urmia Lake is inconsiderable. Therefore, these changes derive
from water balance of Urmia Lake. This change was investigate
from 1976-2010 using Landsat MSS 1976, TM 1989T TM 1995,
ETM+ 2000, 2006. The coastline map illustrates that the shoreline
has increased from 1976 to 1995 year, and great changes happened
from August 1995 to August 2010 .as the result area of this lakes
decrease 3500 square kilometer from 1995 to 2006.
7858-31, Session 6
Mechanism of formation and change Tom
bolo, lagoon and barrier in coastal Bir of
Iran (Makran Sea)
K. Nezhad Afzali, F. Bayatani, E. Moghimi, Geological Survey of
Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
In this research in addition to used form field studies and sampling
aerial photos 1/40000(1993), topographic maps 1/20000, high
resolution images ( ETM and IRS )1998,2005,2008. It is concluded
that the area is tectonically active, sedimentation; erosion processes,
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Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
river regime and sea level change are caused to the Tom bolo,
Lagoon and Barrier in Bir coast. Surveying the forms sediment
shows an obvious computation between marine currents as
constructive process of Tom bolo, Lagoon and Barrier, and rivers as
destructive process in Bir coast.
Keywords: Tom bolo, Lagoon, Barrier, Coastal, geomorphology
7858-32, Session 6
Investigation of sand dune evolution in
southeast coast of Caspian Sea using
satellite data
B. Najafiha, Geological Survey of Iran (Iran, Islamic Republic of);
V. Boynagryan, Yeravan State Univ. (Armenia)
Land-sea boundary is a challenging area not only for sake of aerial
and marine factors effects on it, but also due to human activities
in this area. In this paper attempt has been made to evaluate
these factors effect in lagoons and spits environment of Gorgan
embayment located in southeast of Caspian sea.
Using aerial photography 1955, 1981 and satellite images (ETM) of
2000, 2004 (IRSLISSIII), 2009 (Digital Globe ) in addition of Google
earth images, costal line changes were investigated along the coast.
Field study and sample collection revealed present state of low
land with very gentle slope. Furthermore swamp deposits remained
through Caspian Sea retro gradation consist of fine grain deposits.
The dispersal of these deposits can be seen on flooded areas.
Sand dunes generally consist of silt and fine grain sands, persisted
from long time ago in the area and can observed parallel to the sea.
They are footprints of west-east winds ruling in the region. In some
areas these dunes are covered by vegetation such as trees, bushes,
grass while in other parts there is no vegetation cover to be seen.
This may be due to complicated relation between vegetation and
sand transport.
These sand dunes of seven meter height cover by shell fragments
and vegetation remaining, block prorogation in storm and seasonal
level changes, they can act as natural dams. Comparing the 1955
photo to recent ones revealed the removal of some of these dunes
due to construction of coastal facilities. As these, Bandar Imam
Area and sadra shipyard can be mentioned. In other areas they are
used as construction materials and then left as vast exploited lands.
Defensive role of these sand dunes sevely has been undermined by
human activities along the coast line of this area.
7858-33, Session 6
Application of optical and microwave
remote rensing in flood hazard mapping: a
case study of lower Gangetic plain, India
P. Talapatra, Vidyasagar Univ. (India)
The present study aims at synergistic usage of microwave and
optical remotely sensed data application for the study of flood
hazard mapping. . Remote sensing technology has become the
key tool for flood monitoring in recent years. Development in this
field has evolved from optical to radar remote sensing, which has
provided all weather capability compared to the optical sensors
for the purpose of flood mapping. The microwave data has certain
advantages like not restricted by clouds, sensitivity to water due to
its high dielectric constant, potential to penetration through canopies
to detect the ground layer, soil moisture and flooding beneath
the canopy. On the other hand optical multispectral sensors on
satellites can make a major contribution to delineate flood zones,
especially if they are used in relatively cloud-free areas (periods) or in
conjunction with active microwave sensors, such as SAR. Methods
that use a combination of different bands and polarisations is optimal
but synergistic approaches that use imagery from multiple radar
instruments as well as optical data will provide good results. The
central focus in this field revolves around delineation of flood zones
and preparation of flood hazard maps for the vulnerable areas. In this
exercise flood depth is considered crucial for flood hazard mapping
and a digital elevation model (DEM) is considered to be the most
effective means to estimate flood depth from remotely sensed or
hydrological data. We also considered polarimetric interferometry,
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polarimetric topographic mapping for mapping of flood-prone areas.
Polarimetric SAR data are used to provide soil moisture and land
cover characterization inputs from the same remotely sensed data.
7858-07, Poster Session
Seafloor mapping with MeRIS images in
the lagoon of New Caledonia
C. Dupouy, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
(New Caledonia); A. Minghelli-Roman, Univ. du Sud Toulon-Var
(France); C. Chevillon, Province Sud (New Caledonia); P. Douillet,
Univ. Autónoma Metropolitana (Mexico)
No map of the sea floor is available yet on the whole lagoon of New
Caledonia. We tried to validate a method to map it with MeRIS
images on the south western part of the lagoon. The non-linear effect
of water column light attenuation can then be corrected to obtain
the absolute reflectance of the seabed. Light attenuation by the
water column can be determined by simultaneously measuring the
radiance of several spectral references on the seabed. Bathymetry
can be determined by measuring the relative reflectance of standard
features of the seabed in green and red light spectral bands. A
supervised classification can then be applied in order to obtain
location of each item on the sea floor. Validations are operated with
ground measurements of depth, spectral profiles and some old and
small available maps.
7858-20, Poster Session
New Caledonia surface lagoon chlorophyll
modeling as coastal reef area health
indicator
R. Fuchs, Univ. de la Méditerranée (France) and ACRI-ST
(France); C. Pinazo, Univ. de la Méditerranée (France); P. Douillet,
Univ. Autónoma Metropolitana (Mexico); C. Dupouy, Institut de
Recherche pour le Développement (New Caledonia); V. Faure,
Univ. de la Méditerranée (France); A. Mangin, ACRI-ST (France)
The major part of the New Caledonia (NC) lagoon was classified as
UNESCO Natural Site of Humanity Patrimony. Indeed, 22 175 km² of
tropical coral lagoon area exhibit high biodiversity. The NC lagoon is
semi enclosed and connected to the Coral Sea through a barrier reef
segmented by narrow passages. The environment is oligotrophic,
due to important flush during trade winds events, and bathymetry is
highly variable.
In order to predict eutrophication events, we used an extension of a
coupled 3D physical-biogeochemical model recently developed on
NC lagoon by Faure et al (2010). The model is based on the Nitrogen
and Carbon cycles, relating the variable stoechiometry of the
elements in each biological compartment. The ecological model was
developed to include an explicit description of the microbial loop.
The resulting coupled model, forced by tide, wind, light, temperature
and freshwater inputs, was used to calculate phytoplankton biomass,
bacterial production, dissolved organic matter concentrations and
nutrient recycling.
Here we present results issued from the 3D coupled model ECO3M
(biogeochemical, LOPB-IRD) and MARS3D (regional physical model,
Ifremer-IRD) describing spatial and temporal interactions between
water motion and biology, on larger domain including reef barrier and
water exchanges through ocean-lagoon interface.
To validate physical processes in the lagoon we used in situ data
collected during field cruise (ValHyBio 2008, Nina episode), Coriolis
data (French Operational Oceanography Data Center, 2008), and
currents atlas (Douillet, 2008). Surface chlorophyll concentrations are
compared with water color data from ValHyBio cruise and satellite
data (MODIS/MERIS) corrected from bathymetry effects (Minghelli-
Roman et al., 2010).
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7858-36, Poster Session
GIMS: technology for the monitoring
coastal and marine ecosystems
F. Mkrtchyan, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics
(Russian Federation)
Marine ecosystems and coastal zones are one of the important
objects of geoinfomational monitoring. Knowledge of microwave
attenuation properties of coastal and marine ecosystems is needed
in this respect since attenuation values and their dependence on
frequency and biometrical features afford a basis for microwave
remote sensing retrieving algorithms.
One of perspective approach to the solution of the problems arising
here is GIMS-technology(GIMS = GIS + model).The basic scheme
of collection and processing of the information in geoinformation
monitoring system(GIMS) recognizes that effective monitoring
researched object is possible at complex use of methods of
simulation modeling, collection and processing of the information.
Development of GIMS requires the decision of a set of problems
related to the formation of data measurements flows to be solved.
The problem of monitoring coastal and marine ecosystems using
the remote sensing measurements is one of important among them.
Various algorithms of the theory of images recognition, statistical
decisions and cluster analysis are used to solve this problem.
The feature of remote measurements is information acquisition,
when the data of measurements, acquired during tracing of flying
system along routes of survey, are directed to input of the processing
system. As result the two-dimensional image of investigated object
is registered. Statistical model of spottiness for investigated space is
one of models for this image.
The mathematical model describing the background characteristics
of water surface spottiness is proposed. Operative software for
this model is realized. The results of the software application to
the satellite data processing for the Atlantic and Pacific regions are
given.
7858-37, Poster Session
Analyzing the change of chlorophyll a and
total suspended matter concentration
using field spectral features in Hangzhou
Bay wetland, China
Q. Cheng, X. Wu, Zhejiang Gongshang Univ. (China)
The spectral reflectance was measured with hand-spectral
instrument in Hangzhou Bay, and the water samples were
collected in situ and analyzed in the lab. The relationships between
chlorophyll-a (CHL) and total suspended matter (TSM) and the
measured spectral reflectivity were analyzed, and CHL and TSM
concentrations were estimated by using the combination of the field
bands and TM image, respectively. Comparison of the bands of
TM image, the most practicable ones were selected, which would
be validated for the estimation of CHL and TSM content by using
the TM images. Finally, lots of regression models were discussed
to educe the estimation models. Two of the most precise ones
were used to estimate the CHL and TSM concentration. The results
showed that (1) TM is one of the appropriate data resources in the
multi-spectral remote sensing to estimate the chlorophyll-a (CHL)
and total suspended matter (TSM) ; (2) it is more precise to estimate
CHL content with the red band of TM. In addition, it is also better to
estimate CHIL content with the combination of band 3 and band 1,
(3) the correlation between band 4 and TSM is also very close, and
the most precise band to estimate TSM is band 4 and band 1.
7858-38, Poster Session
Analysis of space-time pattern of land use/
cover change based on Landsat TM, ETM+
image from 1999 to 2007 in Xining City
J. Kang, X. Gao, Qinghai Normal Univ. (China)
Based on remote sensing images in 1999 and 2007, using GIS and
28 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
RS techniques, land use/cover maps are made by manual visual
interpretation. By overlaying land use/cover graphs of two periods,
dynamic change information is gained. Then combining dynamic
degree model of single and comprehensive land use and Conversion
matrix, the changing process of land use is analyzed in Xining City. In
order to study the regional differences of spatial changes, the whole
region is divided and the differences of land use/cover change in
every region and the whole region are analyzed using the regional
difference model. The structure of land use/cover change is analyzed
using Lorenz curves. The research conclusions show that cultivated
land grassland and unemployed land have been reduced; forestland,
urban and built up areas and water areas have been increased; the
extent of cultivated land and urban and built up areas change is
smaller in hill and alp regions than in the whole region, and bigger
in the plain region than in the whole region; the extent of forestland,
grassland, urban and built up areas and unemployed land is bigger in
plain and hill regions than in the whole, and smaller in the alp region
than in the whole region; forestland, grassland, urban and built up
areas and unemployed land in the plain region is evidently different
from that in hill and alp region; the extent of water areas is small in all
regions; and that in nine years, the structure changes of forestland,
grassland and unemployed land have been changed.
7858-39, Poster Session
Study on object-oriented information
extraction technology and its application
to LUCC in the north coast of Hainan
Island
C. Zhao, P. Li, Hainan Normal Univ. (China)
This paper selects the north coast of Hainan Island as the study
area, and selects remote sensing images of 1991, 2001, 2008 as the
main data source. Based on the spectrum characteristics of ground
objects, using the object-oriented information extraction technology
to process remote sensing data by the following main steps of
Segmenting Images, Factory Object (Merging Segments, Refining
Segments) and Image Classification. Results were put to the test of
the coefficient of Kappa, and then using the credible results to study
LUCC in the study area.
The result shows that:
1) Methods based on object-oriented information extraction
technology can turn remote sensing data to integrated geographic
information accurately and efficiently.
2) The classification results got by object-oriented classification
method were put to the test of coefficient of Kappa to study LUCC,
and it shows Kappa indexes are 0.798 (in 1991), 0.833 (in 2001),
0.857 (in 2008) and the overall accuracies are 85.2, 88.86 and 89.14
which are all above 85%. So the classification technology is a more
effective information extraction method.
3) From 1991 to 2008, the area of construction land and water region
enlarged, of which the former increased most significantly, rising
by 12083.33 hm2, with an average annual growth of 1.09 percent.
But the area of arable land, forest land, wetland and unutilized
land decreased, among which the decreasing tendency of arable
land was most obvious, with a decline of 8124.75 hm2, about 0.73
percent annually.
7858-40, Poster Session
Fusion of ALOS PALSAR and optical data
for landcover classification at Tonle Sap
floodplain, Cambodia
T. V. Nguyen, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
The landcover of north floodplain around the Tonle Sap Lake involves
the various vegetations, lacustrine lands as well as settlements.
In order to understand the contribution of landcover in this area
for agricultural, piscicultural activity and environmental protection,
landcover classes should be classified by using remote sensing data.
The aim of the study is to increase distinction between landcover
classes for classification purpose. To improve the feature texture
for pre-classification data, the ALOS PALSAR is fused with optical
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Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
data including Landsat data and Aster data. All data are acquired in
dry season in which the vegetation is little influenced by flooding.
The algorithms have been applied to generate fused data used for
classifying landcover classes.
The results indicate that the fused data is better than not only spatial
resolution but also feature texture in which the individual data is
missing. However, spectral character is distorted due to mixed
spectrum. This is reduced by choosing optimal algorithm. The eight
landcover classes are selected as signatures to calculate reference
error matrixes. Those error matrixes reveal that the distinction of
landcover classes in fused data is better than that in ALOS PALSAR
and optical data.
7858-42, Poster Session
Study on the land use and cover change
(LUCC) in Jiaodong Peninsula coastal zone
during 1980-2000
C. Zhao, L. Xiao, Hainan Normal Univ. (China)
Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat TM and ETM+ (July
1980 and 2000), by using RS and GIS technology, the spatial and
temporal change of land use was analyzed in Jiaodong Peninsula
coastal zone and its different buffers, apart from the coastline 0-25
km, an interval of 1 km. The result indicated: (1) The coastline had
remarkable influence on the land use. Comparing with other regions,
arable land covered a relatively small proportion of the land area
within 3 km; on the contrary, the area proportion of construction
land was significantly high. (2) During 1980 to 2000, the changes of
arable land area and the construction land area were most obvious
in Jiaodong Peninsula coastal zone, of which, arable land area
decreased by 34582 hm2, construction land area increased by 41224
hm2. (3) The closer to the coastline, the greater the intensity of land
use conversion. (4) The main characteristic of land use changing
was the conversion of arable land, water area and unused lands into
construction land, among which 78.6% was converted from arable
land.
7858-43, Poster Session
Response of vegetation change to climate
change in Hulun Buir in past 30 years
G. Zhang, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Resources Research (China)
Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia of China, as one of the
world’s three prairie, underwent the significant warming and drying
in the past 20 years, the trend have potientially impacted grassland
ecosystem. This paper extracted the time series characteristics of
vegetation change conditions of Hulun Buir Grassland based on
NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) of GIMMS data from
1981 to 2006 and MODIS data from 2000 to 2009, and analysed
the response of vegetation cover change to climate change from
the yearly, seasonal and monthly time scales, combined with
temperauture and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites.
The results indicated that: In the past 30 years, the relevance of
vegetation cover change and climate factors was more closely, but
had difference in different time scale. From interannual variability
of annual average of vegetation cover and climate, the relevance
between vegetation change and precipitation was more closely,
which indicated rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation
change. From interannual variability of seasonal average of
vegetation cover and climate, the sensitivity of vegetation growth
to temperature in spring was higher than in other seasons, that of
vegetation growth to rainfall in summer and autumn was higher. From
interannual variability of monthly average of vegetation cover and
climate during growing season, the response of vegetation change
to temperature in March, April and May was more obvious, that
showed the effects occurred in the early stage of vegetation growth.
The relvance of vegetation growth and rainfall of previous month was
more closely, showed the effect had latency.
customerservice@spie.org
7858-44, Poster Session
Algorithm for estimating the chlorophyll-a
concentrations in water areas with
different qualities from satellite data
T. Aoyama, Fukui Univ. of Technology (Japan)
The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm for estimating
the chlorophyll-a concentrations of relatively clean coastal waters
and highly eutrophic lakes from multispectral satellite images (ALOS/
AVNIR-2) and field survey data. Obama Bay has a low chlorophyll-a
concentration (<10 mg/m3). In contrast, Lake Kitagata is a brackish,
eutrophic lake that is connected to the Japan Sea in the northeast,
and it has a chlorophyll-a concentration in the range 10 to 200 mg/
m3. For both water areas, the correlation coefficients between
various ratios of satellite spectral bands and field survey data are
calculated to determine the most suitable algorithm for estimating
chlorophyll-a concentration.
The preliminary results indicate that an algorithm using visible
bands (bands 1, 2, and 3 for ALOS/AVNIR-2) have high correlation
coefficients for Obama Bay, whereas an algorithm using the near-
infrared band (band 4) is suitable for Lake Kitagata when it is highly
eutrophic. These results indicate that water with a low chlorophyll-a
concentration has a low near-infrared spectral reflectance,
because of the strong absorption of light by water in near-infrared
wavelengths.
7858-45, Poster Session
Quantitative study of soil erosion based on
GIS: a case study of Henan Province, China
J. Li, C. Zou, Henan Institute of Meteorological Science (China)
Soil erosion is the basic reason of land degradation. It is also the
important factor resulting in ecological environment deterioration.
This paper selected Henan Province of China as the research object.
Based on a large number of researches, in according with the actual
situation in geography and geology environment in Henan Province,
this paper summed up the evaluation methods of soil erosion for
Henan. Based on RUSLE mode, first of all, soil erosion model
needed to get rainfall erosivity factor, soil erodibility factor, terrain
factor, vegetation cover and soil and water conservation measures
factor. Henan soil erosion intensity distribution was obtained
according to soil erosion prediction formula In the Raster Calculator
module of ARCGIS. Then to be Henan soil erosion strength grade
distribution according to sl190-96 classification standard. Results
show that low-level is the main soil erosion level. High-level, ultra-
high-level and acute also happen, but their percentages are relative
low. Zhumadian city is the most serious city in Henan Province,
and Xinyang, Luohe, Nanyang, Zhoukou, Shangqiu is also the
serious city. The slight, low-level soil erosion distribute mainly in
mountainous area in west. The high-level, ultra-high-level and acute
soil erosion distribute mainly in southland region. The soil erosion
situation would become clear, and provide a scientific reference for
the government decision-making and provides a theoretical basis for
future research.
7858-46, Poster Session
Estimates of carbon flux from Poyang Lake
wetland vegetation in the growing season
H. Wan, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology (China);
Z. Qin, Nanjing Univ. (China); Y. Liu, Nanjing Institute of
Geography and Limnology (China); Y. Xu, Nanjing Univ. (China)
Wetlands are areas of water saturated soil, and include small
lakes, floodplains, and marshes. Wetlands play an important role
in global climate change. Climate change, conversely, can alter the
distribution, structure and function of wetlands, which eventually
may cause the transition between carbon sink and carbon source.
Wetlands only cover a small proportion of the earth’s land surface
(approximately between 2% and 6%, depending on definitions), but
contain a large proportion of the world’s carbon stored in terrestrial
soil reservoirs. In the attempt to “balance” the global carbon cycle
· +1 360 676 3290 29
Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
(that is, reconcile the known sources and sinks of carbon), two major
unknowns remain: the flux between the atmosphere and the oceans
and the flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems.
The wetlands are also both sources and sinks of the major trace
gases, such as CO2, CH4, N20 etc., hence they have a close relation
with greenhouse effect and contribute a great deal to the global
warming. The area of wetlands decreased rapidly due to climatic
change and human activities. Climatic condition is the main driving
factor of carbon biogeochemical cycling in wetlands. Carbon cycling
in wetlands distinguishes from that in other types of ecosystems
because of special eco-hydrological process and soil environment.
The key factors influencing carbon accumulation and decomposition
are vegetation community, temperature and hydrological conditions.
Similarly, flooding can increase CO2 emission of wetlands and
hydrological process of wetlands determines the input and output of
dissolved organic carbon.
7858-47, Poster Session
Spatial-temporal characteristics of
chlorophyll a concentration in the Sanya
Bay of China
C. Shen, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (China); P. Shi,
Q. Xing, M. Li, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (China)
Based on the chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration data of 12
stations, the MODIS products (SST,SSS) and the ocean current
data in the Sanya Bay of China from 2004 to 2008, the spatial-
temporal characteristics of Chl-a concentration and its response
to oceanographic environmental factors are studied. There were
several conclusions: Firstly, the results indicated that the temporal
character of Chl-a concentration fluctuated periodically in each year
and the mean of Chl-a concentration reached a peak in autumn
(2.14±2.28 mg/m3) and a minimum in summer (1.43±0.94mg/m3),
while in winter and in spring were 1.65±1.95 mg/m3 and 1.61±2.82
mg/m3 respectively. Secondly, the Chl-a concentration in 2005 was
higher than the other years and the maximum appeared in autumn
(3.64±1.98mg/m3). Thirdly, in space, the Chl-a concentration took on
gradually decreased trends with the depth increased in two stations
in the estuary of Sanya River, whereas indicated increased trends in
the other stations in 2005, 2007 and 2008. Generally speaking, the
Chl-a concentration showed a decreased tendency from estuary to
offshore and yet there was a small relative higher zone in the middle
of the bay. In addition, it suggested that the Chl-a concentration
were main influenced by SST and current.
7858-48, Poster Session
The extremely high concentration
of suspended particulate matter in
Changjiang Estuary detected by MERIS
data
Y. Bai, X. He, D. Pan, Q. Zhu, The Second Institute of
Oceanography, SOA (China)
The annual flux of the Changjiang River is the third largest river
around the world, and has a great impact on ecosystem of the East
China Sea and adjacent areas. Because of the shallow water, tide
mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and Qiantang River, the
suspended particulate matter concentration in the Changjiang River
Estuary is extremely high with the range of about 20-5000mg/L.
Because of the high water-leaving radiance in the near-infrared
wavelength, the open ocean atmospheric correction algorithm can
not be applied to this region, and consequently, the ocean color
factors inversion algorithm may also be failed in this region In this
paper, firstly, the MERIS standard products of the remote sensing
reflectance and suspended particle matter concentration are
validated using the in-situ data sets in the Changjiang River Estuary.
Then, we apply the blue band atmospheric correction algorithm for
turbid water to MERIS Level-1 data to get the spectral water-leaving
radiances product. This atmospheric correction algorithm utilize the
property that in the turbid coastal waters, water-leaving radiance
at 412nm increases very little with the increasing of water turbidity,
and total radiance at 412nm can be used to estimate the aerosol
scattering radiance. Using the reflectance ratio of near-infrared and
30 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
visible bands, the inversion algorithms for suspended particulate
matter concentration (SPM) was developed for the high turbid water
in Changjiang River Estuary with the in situ data in Summer 2006,
and the validation by independent data set (Winter 2007) proved that
the algorithm is invariant with the correlation coefficient of 0.98 in the
logarithm form, and the averaged absolute relative error of 27.2%.
Finally, we applied these new algorithms to the full resolution MERIS
Level-1 data for image mapping of several spatio-temporal SPM
distributions in the Changjiang River Estuary, which showed the clear
and detail sediment transport information of Changjiang River and
Hangzhou Bay.
7858-49, Poster Session
Investigation of coastal geomorphology
of Kangan using high resolution satellite
image
M. Jafar Beiglu, Univ. of Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of);
A. Salehipour Milani, Geological Survey of Iran (Iran, Islamic
Republic of); S. Zahab, M. Ghadimi, Univ. of Tehran (Iran, Islamic
Republic of)
The study area of Kangan Region is located in southwest of Islamic
Republic of Iran, west of Persian Gulf. Satellite data from the IRS
LISS IV with 5.8 meter special resolution image was geometrically
corrected with respect to 1:25,000 digital topographic sheets
and ground control points (GCP) that were taken using GPS. For
mapping the coastal geomorphologic units based on Shepard
Classification Method, IRS LISS IV image was evaluated by per-
processing techniques. For this purpose, the image of the study
area was evaluated for its capability in recognition of coastal units
and then the coastal areas were classified using image processing
techniques. The result of classification input to GIS then the final
map by considering Shepard method was produced.
7858-50, Poster Session
SAR change detection using Rayleigh
copula
S. Hachicha, F. Chaabene, SUP’COM (Tunisia)
SAR change detection techniques have proved to be a precious tool
for damaged areas rapid mapping especially after natural disasters.
In case of similar acquisition modalities, general framework uses
SAR images local statistics to extract efficient change measures.
Recent works propose a new technique adapted to different sensors,
acquisition modalities or climatic conditions. This technique is
based on projecting the statistics of the first image to the acquisition
conditions of the second image using the copula theory modelled
by a quantile regression. However, this is done without considering
the SAR texture behaviour which follows a Rayleigh distribution. In
this paper, we present a new method adapted to heterogeneous
SAR images. A new copula has been constructed starting fromtwo
marginal Rayleigh distributions. Then usual Kullback Leibler (KL)
based comparisons are used to validate the proposedmethod and
shows its suitability to SAR images. Different climatic conditions
ENVISAT SAR images are used to highlight the performances of this
technique.
7858-52, Poster Session
Speckles of satellite chlorophyll-a
concentration data and removal process
optimized to the East Japan Sea
H. Chae, K. Park, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Characteristics of speckle errors of Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view
Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll-a concentration were analyzed, and
its causes were investigated by using SeaWiFS data in the East
Sea from September 1997 to December 2007. The speckles with
anomalously high concentrations were randomly distributed and
showed remarkably high bias of greater than 10mg/m3, compared
with their neighboring pixels. The speckles tended to appear
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
frequently in winter, which might be related to cloud distribution.
Ten-year averaged cloudiness of winter was much higher over the
southeastern part, with frequent speckles, than the northwestern part
of the East Sea. Statistical analysis results showed that the number
of the speckles was increased as cloudiness increased. Normalized
water-leaving radiance of the speckle pixel was considerably low at
the short wavelengths (443, 490, and 510nm), whereas the radiance
at 555nm band was normal. These low measurements produced
extraordinarily high concentration from the chlorophyll-a estimation
formula. This study presented the speckle error characteristics
of SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentration in the East Sea and a
methodology for removing the speckles optimized to the East/Japan
Sea. We also suggested potential regions with highly anomalous
errors in the global ocean and addressed importance of error-free
chlorophyll-a data for diverse oceanic applications.
7858-53, Poster Session
Sea ice and spring bloom in the East Japan
Sea
K. Park, K. Kim, H. Chae, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic
of)
Relation between the spring bloom along the Primorye coast and
sea ices of the Tatarskiy Strait in the northern East/Japan Sea were
investigated using ten-year SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a concentration
data and sea ice concentration data DMSP/SSMI for the period of
1998~2007. Year-to-year variations of chlorophyll-a concentration in
spring were positively correlated with those of sea ice concentrations
at the Tatarskiy Strait in the previous winter. Abrupt increases of
nutrients, necessary for spring bloom at the upper ocean in spring,
were supplied from sea-ice melted waters. The water mass from sea
ices provided a preferable condition for the spring bloom through
changes in vertical stratification structure of water column. Along-
coast ratios of stability parameters between the two neighboring
months clearly show rapid progress of generation of shallow
thermocline due to the ice-originated fresh waters.
7858-54, Poster Session
Effects of El Niño on spring phenology of
the highest mountain in northeast Asia
K. Park, U. Bayarsaikhan, K. Kim, Seoul National Univ. (Korea,
Republic of)
Twenty-year Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
data on the highest mountain in northeast Asia were analyzed to
understand their temporal variability and response to large-scale
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. We demonstrated
the first unequivocal evidence that El Niño events have played an
important role in determining the ecosystem conditions in the Mt.
Baekdu area in northeast Asia. The analysis confirmed that the
onset of phenological spring was earlier during ENSO years. This
was evident from a negative trend of -0.5158 month per ENSO
index between year-to-year variations in spring timing and those
in ENSO magnitudes. Over two decades, the phenological phases
were negatively correlated with air temperature variations under
atmospheric warming at Mt. Baekdu. However, such changes
in NDVI are not likely to be affected by changes in the local
precipitation, as inferred from forest types determined by land cover
classification. On the basis of changes in air temperature during
ENSO years, the results of this study indicate a significant remote
connection between the local ecology at the highest mountain and
the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic phenomena.
7858-55, Poster Session
Climatology and long-time change of the
sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll
concentration in East China Sea
Q. Zhu, X. He, D. Pan, The Second Institute of Oceanography,
SOA (China)
customerservice@spie.org
East China Sea locates in the East Asia Mossoon region, which has
large seasonal variation. In this paper, we use the remote sensing
data from AVHRR, SeaWiFS and MODIS to analysis the climatology
and long-time change of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll
concentration in the East China Sea. First, the monthly-averaged
sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration remote
sensing data sets from 1998 to 2009 are generated. Second,
the climatology distributions of the sea-surface temperature and
chlorophyll concentration in the East China Sea are analyzed both
for the seasonal cycle and monthly cycle, and the results show
that there is remark seasonal variation in the East China Sea.
Finally, based on the long-time data sets we have generated, the
annual variation of the sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll
concentration in the East China Sea are analyzed, and results shows
that sea-surface temperature generally decreases for the whole East
China Sea from 1998 to 2009, but with spatial variation. However, the
chlorophyll concentration increases in the whole East China Sea from
1998 to 2009.
7858-56, Poster Session
Evaluation of SIMBADA measurements
of marine reflectance and aerosol optical
thickness during ACE-Asia and AOPEX
R. J. Frouin, Univ. of California, San Diego (United States); H.
Loisel, A. Poteau,
The SIMBADA radiometer was designed to evaluate the atmospheric
correction of satellite ocean-color imagery. It measures marine
reflectance and aerosol optical thickness in 11 spectral bands
covering the spectral range 350 to 870 nm. Aerosol optical thickness
is obtained by viewing the sun disk and marine reflectance by
viewing the ocean surface through a vertical polarizer that minimizes
sun glint and reflected skylight. The measurements made by
SIMBADA during ACE-Asia (March-April 2001, Japan Sea) and
AOPEX (July-August 2004, Mediterranean Sea) are compared with
those made concomitantly by other ocean radiometers and sun
photometers, i.e., MER, PRR, SPMR, Trios, TSRB, and BOUSSOLE
instruments for marine reflectance and CIMEL and Microtops for
aerosol optical thickness. Agreement is generally good between the
various measurements. Discrepancies exist, however, and they are
analyzed by examining radiometric calibration, angular geometry
(Q factor), water body polarization, incident solar irradiance, and
selection of data minimally affected by sky reflection.
7858-57, Poster Session
Sensitivity and efficiency of a semi-
distributed hydrological model to different
precipitation data
M. Yu, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography (China)
This study was investigated in a context of scarcity of data over
a large catchment (500,000 km2) of northwest China subject to
a decreasing trend of seasonal snowmelt since the 1960s. The
merits of two types of rainfall estimators, rain gauge data and radar
observations, were compared using hydrological modeling in this
ungauged basin. The rainfall estimators were processed based on
different methods to realize the distribution of rainfall. The semi-
distributed hydrological model SWAT was used for the hydrological
assessment. Results showed that both rainfall estimators could yield
acceptable representations of the watershed hydrological behavior.
However, according to various indicators (hydrographs, Nash
index, monthly error), the hydrological model was more efficient
when driven by radar data rather than gauge data, and hence radar
estimators could be a practical data source for hydrological modeling
at a basin scale where the rain gauge network is sparse.
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Conference 7858: Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and
Atmosphere Environment
7858-58, Poster Session
POCIS: A system to generate pseudo
top-of-atmosphere ocean color image for
sensor and system evaluation
Z. Lee, Mississippi State Univ. (United States); R. Arnone, R.
Vaughan, U.S. Naval Research Lab. (United States)
It requires frequent and high-resolution measurements of
biogeochemical properties of the oceans in order to obtain the
status of the ecosystems and evaluate its role in modulating the
climate. Because of the limited coverage and high cost, such a
task could not be achieved via traditional ship surveys. Satellite
sensors, because of its high revisit time and synoptic coverage, can
provide key measurements to remedy the weakness of ship surveys.
To ensure reliable and consistent measurements from an ocean
color satellite, it not only requires the sensor be well designed and
calibrated, also requires the processing software be robust for a
wide range of ecosystems. All these require adequate data in order
to evaluate and characterize the whole system. Such data, however,
will not be available until the sensor is functioning properly in the sky.
To overcome this dilemma, we developed POCIS (Pseudo Ocean
Color Image Simulator), which can generate top-of-atmosphere
ocean color images based on sensor specs. Such images, which
can be both regional and global, can then be fed into current/future
processing system to generate proxy products, thus not only help
to ensure the readiness of the processing system, but also help to
identify weakness and strengths of such a system before its launch,
and setup the bases for eventual improvements. Details of POCIS,
along with examples of proxy VIIRS image products, are presented
to demonstrate its capabilities and potentials.

32 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010 · www.spie.org/ae

Conference 7859: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
Tuesday and Thursday 12 and 14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7859 Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
7859-01, Session 1
Assessment of the calibration performance
of Meteosat-8/9 and MTSAT-1R visible
channels using cloud targets
B. Sohn, S. Ham, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
To examine the calibration performance of the Meteosat-8/9
Spinning Enhanced Visible Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) 0.640-μm
and the Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT)-1R 0.724-
μm channels, three calibration methods were employed. First, a
ray-matching technique was used to compare Meteosat-8/9 and
MTSAT-1R visible channel reflectances with the well-calibrated
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 0.646-μm
channel reflectances. Spectral differences of the response function
between the two channels of interest were taken into account for the
comparison. Second, collocated MODIS cloud products were used
as inputs to a radiative transfer model to calculate Meteosat-8/9
and MTSAT-1R visible channel reflectances. In the simulation, the
three-dimensional radiative effect of clouds was taken into account
and was subtracted from the simulated reflectance to remove the
simulation bias caused by the plane-parallel assumption. Third, an
independent method used the typical optical properties of deep
convective clouds (DCCs) to simulate reflectances of selected DCC
targets. Although the three methods were not in perfect agreement,
the results suggest that calibration accuracies were within 5 ~ 10%
for the Meteosat-8 0.640-μm channel, 4 ~ 9% for the Meteosat-9
0.640-μm channel, and up to 20% for the MTSAT-1R 0.724-μm
channel. The results further suggest that the solar channel calibration
scheme combining the three methods in this paper can be used as a
tool to monitor the calibration performance of visible sensors that are
particularly not equipped with an onboard calibration system.
7859-02, Session 1
Global distribution of carbon dioxide and
methane retrieved from GOSAT data
T. Yokota, Y. Yoshida, I. Morino, O. Uchino, S. Maksyutov, T.
Matsunaga, H. Watanabe, National Institute for Environmental
Studies (Japan)
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched
on January 23, 2009. The main target of the GOSAT observation is
obtaining global distribution of the greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide
and methane abundances. The GOSAT project is a joint effort of the
Ministry of the Environment, the National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier
Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the signal of reflected
solar light on the earth’s surface as well as that of thermal emitted
radiance from the surface and the atmosphere. TANSO-Cloud
and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) is a radiometer to obtain the
information on cloud and aerosols that contaminate the FTS signals.
GOSAT Level 2 data products (versions 00.50 and 00.80) of carbon
dioxide and methane have been distributed to general users since
February 18, 2010. These data have been routinely processed at
the GOSAT Data Handling Facility located in NIES. Outline of the
data retrieval algorithm, characteristics of the GOSAT data products,
known issues, and improvement plan will be presented.
7859-03, Session 1
Comparison of IASI temperature and
moisture retrievals with radiosonde
measurements and numerical model
outputs over East Asia
E. Kwon, B. Sohn, A. Lim, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic
of); S. Joo, Korea Meteorological Administration (Korea, Republic
of)
customerservice@spie.org
Temperature and moisture profiles retrieved from Infrared
Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) were evaluated by
using radiosonde observations and model forecasts over East
Asia. We used the level 2 products provided by National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite,
Data, and Information Service (NOAA/NESDIS) for IASI retrievals.
Numerical model outputs from Regional Data Assimilation and
Prediction System (RDAPS), Korea Weather Research and
Forecasting (KWRF), and UK Met Office model were also matched
with the satellite and radiosonde profiles for examining the model
performances, in comparison with satellite data. The statistics of
temperature and water vapor profiles were calculated by using
the collocated radiosonde measurements as a reference. Both of
temperature and moisture retrievals from satellite showed degraded
performances over land and in dry conditions. Moist bias of the
lower-troposphere is significant in dry condition especially over
land, whereas dry bias of the mid-troposphere is significant in moist
condition both over land and ocean. Based on the validation results,
we discuss the impact of surface emissivity and prior constraints on
the retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles.
7859-04, Session 2
Retrieving optical parameters of extended
cloud from airborne observation
I. N. Melnikova, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian
Federation) and Russian State Hydrometeorological
University (Russian Federation); G. M. Jefwa, Russian State
Hydrometeorological Univ. (Russian Federation); C. K. Gatebe,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United States)
Data from airborne experiments with NASA s Cloud Absorption
Radiometer (CAR) is analyzed. Observations are spectral and
contain a lot of useful information about the interaction between
solar radiation, atmosphere and clouds. NASA observations are
made in viewing angle ranges 0 - 180° at 1° intervals. Observations
were carried out at latitude 21.73304°S and longitude 13.70252°E
in extended stratus clouds above homogeneous sea surface.
The solar incident angle was 37.59740°. The flight altitude range
is from 354 to 1170 m. Duration of the experiment was around 1
hour. Measurements include 8 spectral channels: 340, 381, 472,
682, 870, 1,035, 1,219, 1,273 nm. The analytical method of inverse
asymptotic formulas elaborated by authors is used to retrieve cloud
optical parameters (optical thickness and single scattering albedo).
The method is free from a priori restrictions and links to parameters.
Optical parameters have been obtained from observations of
different geometry: reflected or transmitted multiangle radiance and
from mutual processing reflected and transmitted radiance. Results
for 8 spectral channels are presented. The averaging over viewing
directions has been done. The empirical correction of cloud top
heterogeneity was accomplished.
7859-05, Session 2
Cloud sciences using satellite remote-
sensing, cloud growth model, and radiative
transfer
T. Y. Nakajima, T. Matsui, H. Letu, Tokai Univ. (Japan); K. Suzuki,
Colorado State Univ. (United States); H. Ishida, Yamaguchi Univ.
(Japan); G. L. Stephens, Colorado State Univ. (United States); T.
Nakajima, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan); H. Shimoda, Tokai Univ.
(Japan)
In recent years, it has been revealed that the cloud microphysical
properties such as cloud particle radii obtained from satellite remote
sensing were of apparent values. For example, 3.7-, 2.1-, and 1.6-
μm bands of passive imaging spectroradiometer used for retrieving
cloud particle radii have information of cloud particle size in different
optical depths from cloud top; 3.7-μm from top skin layer, 2.1-μm
from top to deeper layer, 1.6-μm from top to more deeper layer
(Nakajima et al. J. Atmos. Sci. 2010a). A combined use of passive
and active sensor has gradually revealed about what we observed
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Conference 7859: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
using a passive imager through the vertical information of clouds
obtained from an active sensor (Nakajima et al. J. Atmos. Sci.
2010b). For understanding the process of cloud growth in nature, a
model that simulates cloud droplet growth is needed (Suzuki et al. J.
Atmos. Sci. 2010). Observation results obtained from satellite remote
sensing are used for validating model outputs. Vice-versa, model
outputs are used for understanding the processes that are hidden
in satellite-remote sensing results. Thus, the satellite observation
and the model are two of primary tools for cloud sciences. The
third primary tool is a radiative transfer model. In fact, the radiative
transfer connects outputs from satellite remote sensing and the
cloud model. In this paper, we will introduce a preliminary result
of multi-sensor view of warm water clouds and we will review our
research strategy of cloud sciences, using satellite remote sensing,
the cloud growth model, and the radiative transfer. We will also
mention about existing and future satellite missions for cloud
observations, i.e. CloudSat, GOSAT, EarthCARE, and GCOM-C.
7859-06, Session 2
Estimating scaled cloud optical thickness
from SEVIRI by implementing a semi-
analytical cloud retrieval algorithm and its
assimilation in mesoscale model
P. K. Pandey, K. De Ridder, VITO NV (Belgium); N. Van Lipzig,
Katholieke Univ. Leuven (Belgium)
Clouds affect solar radiation hence photolysis rate coefficients
(ozone formation) and thus they affect the air quality at the surface
of the earth. Thus, a satellite remote sensing technique is used to
retrieve the cloud properties for solar radiation flux at the surface of
earth.
The channels of SEVIRI, 0.6 μm and 1.64 μm are used to retrieve
scaled cloud optical thickness (COT) over Europe between
35°N-70°N and 5°W-30°E.
The steps involved in pre-processing the EUMETSAT level 1.5
images are described. The semi-analytical cloud retrieval algorithm
(Kokhanovsky et al., 2003) is implemented on a monthly data set.
The background surface albedo is calculated by minimum composite
approach of reflectance in the visible channel. Cloud ice and water
discrimination scheme is made on the basis of ratio of reflectance
in channel 1.6 μm to 0.6 μm. Reflectance of semi-infinite cloud is
interpolated from look table of reflectance, calculated from radiative
transfer model, to corresponding angular values.
Hence, total scaled cloud optical thickness is calculated as
summation of scaled cloud optical thickness of water and scaled
cloud optical thickness of ice.
The result is compared with Cloudsat data and it lies well within the
error bounds of Cloudsat.
Nudging is used to assimilate SCOT into the mesoscale model. The
effect of nudging of cloud properties over the model result is studied.
7859-07, Session 2
Cloud-masking method of NOAA/AVHRR
data for numerical model and data
assimilation
S. S. Yang, C. S. Yang, J. S. Jung, K. S. Park, Korea Ocean
Research & Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
In this paper, a cloud detection and masking method is introduced to
improve the reliability of NOAA/AVHRR SST data which are obtained
during the daytime and nighttime. In daytime, channel-2 and -4 are
used to detect a cloud using three kinds of parameters, channel-4
brightness temperature difference, channel-2 albedo difference, and
channel-2 maximum value. In nighttime, channel-3 and channel-4
are used to detect a cloud using three kinds of parameters,
channel-4 brightness temperature difference, difference of brightness
temperature between channel-3 and channel-4 and channel-4
minimum value. Because, channel-2 is not available. The resulted
images for cloud-mask by each level were processed. For analysis
of the influence according to variable threshold, the SST is derived
from four kinds of thresholds based between default and critical. The
SST images show changing cloud-masking area by each level. There
are trade-off relation between the performance of cloud detection
34 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
and SST area. For low threshold condition, the performance of
cloud detection is better, however the sea surface below non-cloud
might be detected as the cloud because of atmosphere condition
or front-line. It has been confirmed that cloud has detected more
when threshold is lower and cloud has detected less when threshold
is higher. Owing to the mis-detecting on the front line, threshold
determined the critical. In the future, the accuracy of SST will be
compared for verifying the reliability. Also, assimilated SST data
process and analysis are required for improving reliability considering
characteristic of sea area around Korea.
7859-09, Session 3
Optical parameters of the atmosphere
from multiangle data
I. N. Melnikova, INENCO RAS (Russian Federation); A. V.
Vasilyev, St. Petersburg State Univ. (Russian Federation)
The non-uniqueness of atmospheric aerosols and clouds impact to
warming (or cooling) of the atmosphere-underlying surface system
need more detailed modeling and elucidating optical properties
of the atmosphere and surface. Multiangle measurements of the
reflected radiance, which are accomplished with instruments
POLDER and MISR are effective for solving the inverse problem of
atmospheric optics: retrieving optical parameters of clear and cloud
atmospheres. These measurements provide reflected intensity data
in shortwave spectral interval, at several viewing angles for every
pixel of satellite image. During the primary processing of images,
they are divided to cloudy and clear pixels. For solving the problem
different methods are applied to processing cloudy and clear pixels.
The algorithm for processing cloudy pixels has been elaborated and
optical thickness and single scattering albedo were obtained. The
case of clear pixels appears to be complicated for interpretation.
It was found that different analytical approach for retrieving optical
parameters gives the multiplicity of solutions even in the simplest
case of slab homogeneous model of the clear atmosphere. Only
four parameters are retrieved. The found effect does not link with the
low information content of observational data in respect to desired
parameters. It is not a result of the ill-posed inverse problem at
least as it concerns properties of integral functionals in customary
comprehension. It seems that the effect of solution multiplicity
is a direct consequence of radiation field nonlinear dependence
on atmospheric and surface parameters that leads to coinciding
radiation fields forming with essentially different combinations of
optical parameters.
7859-10, Session 3
Improved Goddard profiling (GPROF)
database over the Korean Peninsula and
its impact on TRMM TMI rainfall
G. Ryu, B. Sohn, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of); C.
D. Kummerow, Colorado State Univ. (United States); E. Seo,
Kongju National Univ. (Korea, Republic of); G. J. Tripoli, Univ. of
Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
Based on the comparison of TMI measurements and the AWS rain
rates, characteristics of rain systems over the Korean Peninsula
during summer period of six years from 2001 to 2006 were
examined. It was found that the TMI brightness temperatures
(TBs) at high frequency (85 GHz) are generally higher than those in
GPROF database for the same rain rate. With these characteristics
kept in mind, cloud resolving model simulations were performed by
modifying intercept values in the Marshall-Palmer size distribution
relationship. The intercept values of graupel and snow were assumed
to twice the default value (snow: 1.0 x 10^8 m^-4, Graupel: 4.0 x
10^6 m^-4).
Microwave brightness temperatures at passive microwave
radiometer frequencies and vertical reflectivity at precipitation
radar frequency are calculated by repeated application of the one-
dimensional version of Eddington’s approximation (Kummerow,
1993). The hydrometeor profiles were selected by comparing with
TRMM PR reflectivities. By adding those selected profiles, which
shows more high rain rates corresponding to relatively warm TB, to
the convective profiles of GPROF database, we modified database
for the rain retrieval over the Korean peninsula.
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Conference 7859: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
Rainfall retrievals by using the new database show that quality is
significantly improved, indicating the need of algorithm locally more
suitable.
7859-11, Session 3
The current status of COMS
meteorological data processing system
operation
S. Na, C. Chung, W. Lee, M. Ahn, A. Suh, Korea Meteorological
Administration (Korea, Republic of)
The first geostationary orbit multi-purpose satellite of Korea, COMS
(Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) is planned
to be launched at the end of June in 2010. KMA/NIMR (Korea
Meteorological Administration / National Institute of Meteorological
Research) has developed CMDPS (COMS Meteorological Data
Processing System) that produces the 16 baseline meteorological
parameters from the COMS observation data for the various
applications such as nowcasting, input data for numerical prediction
model, and climate monitoring. The CMDPS covers auxiliary data
acquisition, meteorological data processing, image processing,
and web-based monitoring. For real-time operation and CMDPS
products service, KMA/NMSC (National Meteorological Satellite
Center) has established the CMDPS IOT (In-Orbit Test) plan.
The CMDPS IOT plan is as follows: 1. Check the CMDPS sub-
module function and interface of sub-systems 2. Adjust the
threshold values and regression coefficients in CMDPS algorithms.
After COMS launch, NMSC will perform the radiometric correction,
the geometric correction and CMDPS functional test during 6
months. It is necessary to check the subsystems function and
the interface between CMDPS and the satellite ground segment
for stable operation. Furthermore, it requires performing CMDPS
algorithm parameters tuning and modification in consideration
of characteristics of COMS meteorological observation data for
assuring the high quality of CMDPS products. After validation and
verification of accuracy of CMDPS products, NMSC is scheduled
to confirm the operational readiness to distribute the COMS
meteorological products.
7859-13, Session 4
Relationship between aerosol
characteristics and altitude based on
multimeasurements and model simulations
M. Nakata, T. Ohshima, T. Fujito, I. Sano, S. Mukai, Kinki Univ.
(Japan)
The suspending particulate matter (PM2.5) is a typical indicator of
small particles in the atmosphere. Accordingly in order to monitor the
air quality, sampling of PM2.5 has been widely undertaken over the
world, especially in the urban cities. On the other hand, it is known
that the sun photometry provides us with the aerosol information,
e.g. column aerosol optical thickness (AOT), aerosol size information
and so on. Simultaneous measurements of PM2.5 and the AOT have
been performed at a NASA/AERONET (Aerosol Robotics Network)
site in urban city of Higashi-Osaka in Japan since March 2004, and
successfully provided a linear correlation between PM2.5 and AOT in
separately considering with several cases, e.g. usual, anthropogenic
aerosols, dust aerosols and so on. This fact suggests that the vertical
distribution also should be taken into account separately for each
aerosol type. In this work, vertical profiles of atmospheric aerosols
are considered based on combination use of photometric data with
AERONET, concentration of PM2.5 and LIDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging) measurements. The proposed results are examined by
using space based data and model simulations.
7859-14, Session 4
A study of impact of Asian dusts and their
transport pathways to Hong Kong, using
multiple AERONET data, trajectory and in-
situ measurements
customerservice@spie.org
J. E. Nichol, M. S. Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
(Hong Kong, China)
The deserts of northwest China release ca. 800 Tg dust each year
and dust storms are natural phenomena in cities downwind, such
as Beijing. Aerosols from dust storms in north China cover wide
areas, with urban populations in south Korea, Japan and Taiwan
increasingly affected and serious impacts on human health have
recently been demonstrated. Asian dust is carried east- and south-
eastwards along three main trajectories, within 3000m of the surface.
The most southerly trajectory passes over the Yangtze estuary,
significantly north of Hong Kong. Observations of dust pollution in
humid tropical south China, including Hong Kong, are rare and dust
events are often unrecognized by environmental authorities and
the media, due to high industrial pollution from the nearby Pearl
River Delta in recent years. Here, an integrated method combining
multiple AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data (including Hong
Kong, Beijing, Taihu,Taipei, Seoul, Bac Giang), trajectory and in-situ
particulate matter measurements is used to identify the impact
of Asian dusts and their transport pathways to Hong Kong. The
results show that the dusts were transported to Hong Kong in two
pathways: northeasterly (Mongolia dust from the central and northern
China) and westerly (from Nanning area). Although the contribution
from dust sources is small compared to the anthropogenic aerosols,
a serious recent dust outbreak has been observed in Hong Kong
with an elevation of the Air Pollution Index to 500, compared with 50-
100 on normal days. Therefore, the combined use of AERONET data,
trajectory and in-situ measurements can help to resolve the long-
standing issue about source regions and characteristics of pollutants
carried to Hong Kong.
7859-15, Session 4
A new ENSO index inferred from water
vapor transport
S. Park, B. Sohn, Seoul National Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
A new ENSO index was constructed by using the divergent
component of water vapor transport field (QD) derived from both
satellite observations and reanalysis data. Introducing an effective
wind (VE) to remove the effect of trend in the total precipitable water
(W), the divergent component of effective wind (VE) can be obtained
from VE=QD/W, and its associated divergence (∇ VE) and effective
velocity potential (ΦE) are readily calculated from the obtained VE
and a relationship of (∇ VE = -∇2ΦE), respectively. Since the total
precipitable water resides mainly in the lower tropospheric layer,
the effective wind may largely represent a divergent wind of a lower
tropospheric boundary layer. The obtained effective winds (VE)
and the convergence of effective wind (-∇ VE) are then used for
calculating ENSO index that is referred to as the “ENSO effective
wind index (EEI)”. The EEI is constructed by using the east-west
component of effective wind as averaged over the tropical Pacific
Ocean, and compared to three traditional ENSO indices, i.e., the
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI),
and NINO 3.4 index.
Correlations between EEI and MEI, SOI, and NINO 3.4 index range
from about 0.77, 0.63, and 0.75, respectively. Time-lag correlations
showed that the EEI leads other three indices by one to two month.
The results suggested that the EEI derived from water vapor flux can
be tools for monitoring ENSO, and can also be useful for analyzing
past and future ENSO events.
7859-26, Session 4
Atmospheric aerosols based on photo-
polarimetry
M. Yasumoto, S. Mukai, I. Sano, T. Okuhara, Kinki Univ. (Japan)
Polarization measurements of atmospheric aerosols have been
undertaken with a portable multi-spectral polarimeter (PSR-1000)
since 1996 at Kinki University campus in Higashi-Osaka in Japan,
where such various instruments as NASA/AERONET photometer, PM
sampler (PM2.5/PM10/OBC Dichotomous Monitor), sky camera and
Mie-scattering-polarization LIDAR are set up for monitoring of the
atmospheric environment.
For estimation of aerosol characteristics, e.g. optical thickness
of aerosols, size distribution parameters etc, PSR-1000 observes
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Conference 7859: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
radiance of the direct sunlight and radiance/polarization of
atmospheric light at wavelengths of 443, 490, 565, 670, 765 and
865nm. PSR-1000 has been calibrated once a year based on Langley
plot method at Mt. Haleakala Observatory in Maui Island in Hawaii.
In order to improve the derivation of aerosol optical thickness (AOT),
precise correction of molecular scattering and gaseous absorption is
desired. Therefore the gaseous absorption by water vapor at 565, 670,
765, and 865nm, O2 at 670 and 765nm and NO2 for 443 and 490nm
are reexamined at present. As for calculation of the molecular optical
thickness, latitude and altitude are taken into account here.
It is of interest to mention that PSR-1000 detects the dust events in
spring of 2006 and 2010.
7859-16, Poster Session
The automatic storm recognition, the track
and the early warning use the FY-2 satellite
data
Y. Liu, S. Li, J. Liu, Z. Zhou, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical
Meteorology (China)
Accurate forecast of disastrous mesoscale and microscale weather
events is critically important to the early-warning of impending
hazards. Apparently, modern doppolar radar network has provided an
effective way in solving the problem in several developed countries,
but the high cost has made it prohibitive to most developing nations.
Geostationary satellites have the advantage in providing full time
observations over a large space scale with relatively low cost. With the
help of pattern recognition and statistical analysis techniques, satellite
data can also be effectively used in severe weather watching and
forecasting. In this paper, we present a storm tracking and forecasting
method with data from China’s geostationary meteorological satellite
FY-2. Our method includes the following steps: (1) storm cloud
clusters are identified using a threshold method. Thresholds are
developed based on the statistics of satellite deep convection indices
and the differences between the brightness temperature of the infrared
and water vapor channels; (2) the storm trajectory is located through
the analysis of consecutive images. This step involves pinpointing the
same storm on images taken at different time using an improved area
overlap method and a pattern matching method. Within the improved
area overlap method, we integrated the optical flow technique, which
improves significantly the results of tracking fast moving objects;(3)
based on the storm path derived from consecutive images, the future
position of the storm cluster is predicted using linear extrapolation.
We verified this method using the 2009 summer data. The results are
encouraging. The 30 minute forecast of severe storms achieved a 0.1
(lat/lon) accuracy.
7859-18, Poster Session
Detection properties of dust and
sandstorms by using AVI of MODIS data
Y. Kato, Fukui Univ. of Technology (Japan)
The detection properties of dust and sandstorms (DSS) by using
AVI are examined. The aerosol vapor index (AVI) is defined as
AVI=T12-T11, where T12 and T11 are the brightness temperatures
respectively at 12μm and 11μm wave lengths. MODIS data of Terra/
Aqua satellites from China to Japan in April 2006 are used. The T11
vs. AVI scatter charts in narrow regions are made. The narrow region
means the region which is smaller than about 100km x 100km.
Gu et al. (2003) gave a T11 vs. BTD chart which was based on the
radiative transfer calculation in the case of the existence of DSS
layer between the ground and the satellite, where BTD=-AVI. The T11
vs. AVI scatter charts are compared with the true-color images, the
T11 images, the AVI images and the result by Gu et al. The following
results are described: (1) The larger the AVI value is, the larger the
optical thickness of DSS is, in the case of narrow region on land and
sea with DSS that does not include cloud. The AVI value decreases, in
the case of narrow region with DSS that includes cloud. (2) When the
DSS is consecutive on land and sea, the AVI value on the land near
the boundary of land and sea is higher about 0.2-2.3K than that on the
sea, because of the radiative characteristics of minerals that compose
the ground. The AVI value of a pixel (1km2) on the boundary of land
and sea is changed by the ratio of land area and sea area.
36 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
7859-19, Poster Session
Effects of size distribution and radiation
absorptivity on retrieved aerosol optical
depth from MISR
J. Lee, J. Kim, Yonsei Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from satellite highly depends
on assumed aerosol optical properties (AOP) since reflectances at
top-of-atmosphere (TOA) change significantly with respect to AOP
as well as AOD. From this reason, recent satellite algorithms have
assumed aerosol models by using in-situ instrument, sunphotometer,
or chemical transport model, and have adopted a procedure to
select appropriate aerosol model in retrieving AOD. Among the data
sources for aerosol optical properties, sunphotometer observations
provide coherent information with satellite remote sensing because it
observes columnar properties and retrieves AOP by combining with
radiative transfer model (RTM).
In this study, effects of AOP on retrieved AOD from Multi-Angle
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) are investigated. To construct
various aerosol models, aerosols are classified according to
dominant size mode and radiation absorptivity as determined
by fine-mode fraction (FMF) and single-scattering albedo
(SSA), respectively, from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)
sunphotometer observations. The results from RTM calculation
show that TOA reflectances remarkably change for various aerosol
models due to differences in back-scattering fraction and radiation
absorptivity of each aerosol model. By applying constructed aerosol
model to MISR observations, AOD is retrieved around Beijing
and Washington DC where different aerosol types are observed.
Comparison of AOD between retrieved from MISR and observed
from AERONET shows that new aerosol model significantly improves
slope of the least square fit between two products compared with
operational algorithm.
7859-20, Poster Session
The calibration of Microtops II sun
photometers over ocean
Z. Hao, D. Wang, D. Pan, L. Kang, The Second Institute of
Oceanography, SOA (China)
This paper presents a new method to calibrating the five-channel
Microtops II sun photometer. Long time usage and some clean
operation of the Microtops II sun photometer maybe make the
sensitivity decline or lead some system excursion. It needs to
update calibration constants annually to obtain some precise
aerosol optical thickness. It is fussy that the general method use
Langley technique in clean and stable atmosphere condition and
standard lamp in laboratory. According to marine atmosphere status
and measurement conditions, the measurement at relative stable
atmosphere condition on Dec 6, 7 2008 is selected as experiment
datum. Analyzing the aerosol optical thickness with old calibration
constants, it is certain that the variety of atmosphere is stable.
The three continuous measurements are set as a group. Using
similar Langley plot method with those groups, the new calibration
constants is obtained. This proposed way can be conduct handily
in the common atmospheric environment and marine observation.
It can provide good aerosol optical thickness at each measurement
using this way.
7859-21, Poster Session
Monitoring middle-atmospheric water
vapor over Seoul by using a 22 GHz
ground-based radiometer, SWARA
S. Ka, Sookmyung Women’s Univ. (Korea, Republic of); E. de
Wachter, N. A. Kaempfer, Univ. Bern (Switzerland); J. J. Oh,
Sookmyung Women’s Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Water vapor is the strongest natural greenhouse gas in the
atmosphere. It is most abundant in the troposphere at low altitudes,
due to evaporation at the ocean surface, with maximum values of
around 6 g/kg. The amount of water vapor reaches a minimum at
tropopause level and increases again in the middle atmosphere
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7859: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III
through oxidation of methane and vertical transport. Water vapor has
both positive and negative effects on global warming, and we need
to study how it works on climate change by monitoring water vapor
concentration in the middle atmosphere.
In this paper, we focus on the 22 GHz ground-based radiometer
called SWARA (Seoul Water vapor Radiometer) which has been
operated at Sookmyung women’s university in Seoul, Korea since
Oct. 2006. It is a joint project of the University of Bern, Switzerland,
and the Sookmyung Women’s University of Seoul, South Korea.
The SWARA receives 22.235 GHz emitted from water vapor
spontaneously and converts down to 1.5 GHz with +/- 0.5 GHz band
width in 61 kHz resolution.
To represent 22.235 GHz water vapor spectrum precisely, we need
some calibration methods because the signal shows very weak
intensity in ~0.1 K on the ground. For SWARA, we have used the
balancing and the tipping curve methods for a calibration. To retrieve
the water vapor profile, we have applied ARTS and Qpack software.
In this paper, we will present the calibration methods and water
vapor variation over Seoul for the last 4 years.
7859-22, Poster Session
Climate effect by dust aerosol over arid
region of Makkah, Saudi Arabia
N. Othman, M. Z. Mat Jafri, H. S. Lim, K. Abdullah, Univ. Sains
Malaysia (Malaysia)
Aerosol optical depth, τ(λ) is the most comprehensive variable to
characterize aerosol due to atmospheric pollution. The aerosol
optical properties in Makkah observed during dust period (March-
May) from 2006 to 2010 have been presented in this study. Aerosol
optical depths at all wavelengths showed a sharp increase during
major dust outbreak in spring when compared with the average
for the season. For example at Makkah, aerosol optical depths
increase from the spring average value of 0.43±0.02 at 550 nm to
values >0.70 during major dust event days in 2006 and 2010. These
tend to increasingly of temperature during this period as results
of absorbing aerosol effect. In this paper, we used AOD data from
Terra MODIS to evaluate the trend of dust aerosol events in Makkah
throughout 3 years dataset with supported data of air temperature
from MIRS and precipitation from TRMM. The higher values of
AOD are corresponding to the low visibility due to presents of high
concentration of dust.
7859-23, Poster Session
Combined dust detection algorithm by
using MODIS IR channels
S. S. Park, J. Kim, J. Lee, H. K. Cho, Yonsei Univ. (Korea,
Republic of)
For the dust detection, algorithms using shortwave have limitations
in nighttime due to lack of solar irradiance and in aerosol optical
signals because of mixed sources of dust and other aerosol types.
Therefore, aerosol classification using shortwave channels are
needed. On the contrary, infrared channels still contains atmospheric
signals in nighttime because of terrestrial emittance, and weak
anthropogenic aerosol signals which enables us to use IR methods
to detect dust and their transport.
Dust detection algorithms using satellite IR channels were developed
by using Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) methods
that measures difference signatures in brightness temperatures
between two adjacent wavelength channels in atmospheric window.
However, these methods have disadvantages over desert land
and inhomogeneous surface so that more elaborated methods are
required to overcome the disadvantage. In this study, we combine
dust detection methods available using MODerate resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to improve the results.
In some dust cases, results of combined dust detection method have
significant statistical scores compared with other results. For the
inter-comparison between this combined method and visible aerosol
classification methods, this algorithm using IR tends to show strict
results to detect the classification. Compared with AERONET, the
current dust detection shows statistically significant detection results
over East Asia.
customerservice@spie.org
7859-24, Poster Session
Multiple light scattering calculations for
aerosol retrieval
S. Mukai, T. Yokomae, M. Nakata, I. Sano, Kinki Univ. (Japan)
Large scale aerosol events, which indicate too much loading of
atmospheric aerosols, frequently occur due to the unstable climate
and/or global warming tendency. It is known that large scale-
forest fire damages the Earth environment as biomass burning
and emission of carbonaceous particles. It is also known that the
heavy soil dust is transported from the China continent to Japan
on westerly winds, and provides us with severe damages on the
social life and/or human health. It is very difficult to do the sun/sky
photometry of the Earth atmosphere from the ground in the case
of aerosol events though, the satellite works well. Accordingly, the
detection of such aerosol events as dust storm or biomass burning
plume with multispectral satellite data is desired.
Here the retrieval algorithms for aerosol events are examined based
on new code of the radiative transfer for semi-infinite atmosphere
model. Our aerosol retrieval work is divided into three parts as:
satellite data analysis (S), model simulations (M) and radiative
transfer calculations (R). The aerosol properties such as aerosol
optical thickness, refractive index and angstrom exponential etc.
are estimated by comparing satellite measurements with the
numerical values of radiation simulations in the Earth-atmosphere-
surface model. In the multiple scattering calculations in the part (R),
Rayleigh scattering by molecules and Mie scattering by aerosols in
the atmosphere are taken into account. The parameters of model
aerosols are estimated from NASA/AERONET measurements.
The derived space-based results are compared with the model
simulations. Namely the space-/surface-based measurements,
multiple scattering calculations and model simulations are combined
together for aerosol retrieval here.
7859-25, Poster Session
The carbonaceous aerosols over Siberia
and Kalimantan with GOSAT/CAI
I. Sano, M. Tanabe, T. Kamei, M. Nakata, S. Mukai, Kinki Univ.
(Japan)
Carbonaceous aerosols play the sufficient role in the climate study.
This work intends to develop an algorithm for extracting the optical
properties of biomass burning aerosols based on the cloud aerosol
imager (CAI) on board greenhouse gases observing satellite (GOSAT).
The CAI sensor has four spectral observing bands, 0.38, 0.67, 0.87
and 1.6 μm. The advantage of CAI sensor has an observing channel
at 0.38 μm. The ultraviolet data are useful for detection of the
absorbing aerosols and almost all of space-based data are occupied
by atmospheric light in the short wavelength. Namely, contamination
by the ground surface reflection is little there compared to visible
region.
Our algorithm is mainly based on the radiative transfer calculations
in the atmosphere involving various kinds of aerosols. This algorithm
has been examined for several forest fire areas as Siberia in Russia
and Kalimantan Island in Indonesia.
As results, aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and single scattering
albedo (SSA) at a wavelength 0.55 μm are retrieved. It is of interest
to note that AOT takes the values larger than ~2 over the plume and
the values of SSA are low of ~0.8 near the hot spot and gradually
increase to ~0.9 over other region. This fact might suggest the
changing of particle property with transportation.
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Conference 7860: Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental
Monitoring XI
Tuesday-Thursday 12-14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7860 Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring XI
7860-01, Session 1
Active sensing technology investments
supporting the earth science decadal
survey
G. Komar, NASA Earth Science Technology (United States)
A decade of investments by the NASA Earth Science Technology
Office (ESTO) have contributed to the current mission concepts and
technology heritage of the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over
Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission. A brief overview of
the ESTO program, and the technology developments supporting
carbon dioxide profile and column measurements, are summarized
in this presentation. ESTO investments include a major multi-
year investment in laser reliability, and a series of instrument and
component developments specifically focused upon carbon dioxide
profile and column measurements.
Between 2002 and 2009, NASA developed the Laser Risk Reduction
Program (LRRP) to addressed the durability and long-term reliability
issues of space-borne lasers. LRRP research advances are expected
to have significant impacts on mission reliability and cost reduction
for the forthcoming ICESAT II, DESDynI, ASCENDS, and 3D-WINDS
Decadal Survey missions for the Earth Science community.
Since the National Research Council published its first-ever Earth
Science Decadal Survey, ESTO focused all three of its technology
development solicitations - for new instruments, advanced
technology components, and advanced information systems - on
Decadal Survey measurements. Several of these investments
are aimed at the ASCENDS goals of measuring CO2 emissions
throughout diurnal and seasonal cycles with high spectral resolution
and accuracy. A number of the approaches being pursued to
measure column CO2 are discussed.
7860-02, Session 1
High repetition rate pulsed 2-micron
coherent DIAL/IPDA for CO2 measurement
U. N. Singh, J. Yu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
Y. Bai, SAIC (United States); M. Petros, NASA Langley Research
Ctr. (United States); S. Chen, Science Systems and Applications,
Inc. (United States)
Under the NASA Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP), funded by
Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), a high PRR
operation of a Tm:fiber laser pumped, injection seeded Ho:YLF
laser has been developed and operation between 100 Hz to 10
kHz has been demonstrated. The work is underway to develop an
efficient, high-repetition-rate, pulsed, 2-micron, coherent Differential
Absorption Lidar (DIAL) / Integrated Path Differential Absorption
(IPDA) instrument for measuring the atmospheric CO2 profiles (DIAL)
and column densities (IPDA)
from an airborne platform. In DIAL mode, this instrument will provide
the first range-resolved, high-precision, remote measurements
of the CO2 content of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and
lower troposphere. This profiling capability will provide a powerful
new tool for understanding the sources and sinks of CO2 and
ABL-troposphere CO2 exchange. In IPDA mode, this instrument
will measure the column content of CO2 at very high precision and
horizontal resolution.
7860-03, Session 1
Development of coherent 2-μm differential
absorption and wind lidar with laser
frequency offset locking technique
S. Ishii, K. Mizutani, National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (Japan); H. Fukuoka, Hamamatsu
38 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
Photonics K.K. (Japan); T. Ishikawa, Nippon Aleph Corp.
(Japan); P. Baron, H. Iwai, T. Aoki, T. Itabe, National Institute of
Information and Communications Technology (Japan); A. Sato,
K. Asai, Tohoku Institute of Technology (Japan)
We developed a coherent 2-um differential absorption and wind
lidar to measure CO2 concentration and line-of-sight wind speed.
Horizontal measurable range of the lidar was limited by the signal-
to-noise ratio of on-line wavelength. A laser frequency offset locking
system was developed and installed into the developed differential
lidar to improve the measurable range of CO2 concentration. Two
single-frequency continuous wave lasers are used for the laser
frequency offset locking. One laser (λCenter) of the two is directly
locked to the R30 absorption line center of CO2 and the other laser
(on-line, λOn) is generated by laser frequency offsetting the on-
line laser from the R30 absorption line center. The total frequency
stabilization for those lasers was controlled within 190 kHz. The
laser frequency offset improved the horizontal measurable range of
CO2 concentration. The differential absorption lidar can measure at
range of up to about 7 km. Experimental measurements of vertically
column-weighted CO2 concentration were carried out in February,
2010. The optical depth at an altitude of 0 to 3 km was obtained by
the lidar observations. The CO2 concentration assumed from the
lidar observations was about 400 ppm.
7860-04, Session 1
Performance analysis on 1.6 micron CW
modulation laser absorption spectrometer
for CO2 sensing
M. Imaki, S. Kameyama, Y. Hirano, S. Ueno, Mitsubishi Electric
Corp. (Japan); D. Sakaizawa, S. Kawakami, M. Nakajima, Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan)
For the application to the global CO2 sensing from the satellite,
DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) or Laser Absorption Spectrometer
(LAS) systems have been studied. But the conclusion about the
best system configuration has not been determined yet, because
of the severe requirements for the satellite-borne sensor. As the
results of our consideration to overcome this issue, we invented the
Continuous Wave (CW) modulation LAS system. We also developed
the ground-based model using 1.6 micron and demonstrated the
stable measurement with short time fluctuation corresponding to the
concentration of 4 ppm (rms) in 32 s interval and 1 km path. In this
paper, we open how to achieve this high performance measurement.
In the calibration experiments, we found out the problems in the
speckle effect and the temperature drift of some components. As
a result, we additionally use some techniques to overcome these
problems. We also analyze quantitatively the performance of this
system in CO2 sensing. The performance is determined by both the
signal-to-noise ratio and the speckle effect.
7860-05, Session 1
A two micron coherent differential
absorption lidar development
J. Yu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States); M. Petros,
Science and Technology Corp. (United States); S. Chen, Science
Systems and Applications, Inc. (United States); Y. Bai, Science
System & Applications, Inc. (United States); P. E. Petzar, National
Institute of Aerospace (United States); B. C. Trieu, G. J. Koch,
J. Y. Beyon, M. J. Kavaya, U. N. Singh, NASA Langley Research
Ctr. (United States)
A pulsed, 2-μm coherent Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) /
Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) transceiver, developed
under the Laser Risk Reduction Program (LRRP) at NASA, is
integrated into a fully functional lidar instrument. This instrument will
measure atmospheric CO2 profiles (by DIAL) initially from a ground
platform, and then be prepared for aircraft installation to measure
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Conference 7860: Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental
Monitoring XI
the atmospheric CO2 column densities in the atmospheric boundary
layer (ABL) and lower troposphere. It can provide the image of the
pooling of CO2 in low-lying areas and performs nighttime mass
balance measurements at landscape scale. This sensor is unique in
its capability to study the vertical ABL-free troposphere exchange
of CO2 directly. It will allow the investigators to pursue subsequent
in science-driven deployments, and provides a unique tool for
Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Night, Days, and Seasons
(ASCENDS) validation that was strongly advocated in the recent
ASCENDS Workshop.
7860-06, Session 1
Energy measurement studies for CO2
measurement with a coherent Doppler
lidar system
J. Y. Beyon, G. J. Koch, R. L. VanValkenburg, J. Yu, U. N. Singh,
M. J. Kavaya, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States)
The accurate measurement of energy in the application of lidar
system for CO2 measurement is critical. Different techniques of
energy estimation in the online and offline pulses are investigated for
post processing of lidar returns. The cornerstone of the techniques
is the accurate estimation of the spectrum of lidar signal and
background noise. Since the background noise is not the ideal white
Gaussian noise, simple average level estimation of noise level is
not well fit in the energy estimation of lidar signal and noise. A brief
review of the methods is presented in this paper.
7860-07, Session 1
Design of control software for a high-
speed coherent Doppler lidar system for
CO2 measurement
R. L. VanValkenburg, J. Y. Beyon, G. J. Koch, J. Yu, U. N. Singh,
M. J. Kavaya, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States)
The design of the software for a 2-micron coherent high-speed
Doppler lidar system for CO2 measurement at NASA Langley
Research Center is discussed in this paper. The specific strategy
and design topology to meet the requirements of the system are
reviewed. In order to attain the high-speed digitization of the different
types of signals to be sampled on multiple channels, a carefully
planned design of the control software is imperative. Samples of
digitized data from each channel and their roles in data analysis post
processing are also presented. Several challenges of extremely-
fast, high volume data acquisition are discussed, such as the
transfer and storage of extremely large data files, and how to select
a small subset of data to provide meaningful visual feedback. The
software must check the validity of each lidar return as well as other
monitoring channel data in real-time. For such high-speed data
acquisition systems, the software is a key component that enables
the entire scope of CO2 measurement studies using commercially
available system components.
7860-08, Session 2
2-micron laser developments for CO2 and
wind observations
K. Mizutani, S. Ishii, T. Itabe, T. Aoki, National Institute of
Information and Communications Technology (Japan); A. Sato,
K. Asai, Tohoku Institute of Technology (Japan); H. Fukuoka,
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (Japan); T. Ishikawa, Nippon Aleph
Corp. (Japan); T. Kase, T. Shiina, NEC Corp. (Japan)
A ground-based CO2 DIAL/Wind Doppler lidar system (Co2DiaWiL)
with a conductive-cooled 2.05-micron solid-state laser has been
developed. A Tm,Ho:YLF rod conductively-cooled down to -80C
and side-pumped from three directions with laser diodes was used.
Outputs of 50-100mJ were obtained at repetitions of 20-30Hz. The
lidar system is working well for observations of wind up to a range
of 20km and CO2 concentrations up to 6km. Another mobile CO2
customerservice@spie.org
DIAL/Wind Doppler lidar system is under development. The laser
oscillator will be operated in 50-100mJ output at 30-40Hz.
7860-09, Session 2
Development of the data acquisition and
processing system for a pulsed 2-micron
coherent Doppler lidar system
J. Y. Beyon, G. J. Koch, M. J. Kavaya, NASA Langley Research
Ctr. (United States)
A general overview of the development of a data acquisition and
processing system is presented for a pulsed, 2-micron coherent
Doppler Lidar system located in NASA Langley Research Center
in Hampton, Virginia, USA. It is a comprehensive system that
performs high-speed data acquisition, analysis, and data display
both in real time and offline. The first flight missions are scheduled
for the summer of 2010 as part of the NASA Genesis and Rapid
Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign for the study of
hurricanes. The system as well as the control software is reviewed
and its requirements and unique features are discussed.
7860-10, Session 3
Optical design for near range lidar
T. Shiina, Chiba Univ. (Japan)
Nowadays near range air-flow and certain gas measurements are
needed as a lidar application. Lidar optics, however, has a blind area
because it takes a certain distance to overlap the transmitting beam
and the receiver’s field of view. To obtain the near range lidar echo
with the narrow field of view, the optical design should be adequate.
In this study, several cases of concrete lidar systems for near range
measurement will be introduced. The near range lidar applications
are hydrogen leakage gas detection up to 50m ahead, monitoring
exhaust fume at an intersection, air flow measurement for a closed
space such as a exhibition hall, and so on. The system should be
compact as the near range lidar. The optical design should be simple
to accomplish the near range measurement.
The author has started the theoretical calculation of the lidar echo
simulation with the various types of optical designs such as biaxial,
coaxial and in-line optics. The signal-to-noise ratio will be also
estimated in the viewpoint of lowering transmitting beam power for
eye-safe. The near range of zero to a few hundred meters is a target.
The calculated results were compared and evaluated with the optical
specification of the actual lidar. From now, near range lidar should be
increasingly important as a remote sensing technique for a certain
hazardous gas detection and air flow in a close space.
7860-11, Session 3
Possibilities of the multichannel lidar
spectrometer technique for investigation
of the atmospheric aerosols and pollutions
B. I. Tatarov, N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, National Institute for
Environmental Studies (Japan)
In inelastic Raman scattering the scattered signal consists of
radiation that has undergone a frequency shift which is characteristic
for the stationary energy states of an irradiated molecule. Nowadays,
Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly used in
chemistry. Information on the radiation that results from transition
between the vibrational energy states of the excited molecules,
respectively, is specific to the chemical bonds and symmetry of
molecules. This radiation therefore provides unique information
regarding the irradiated molecule according to which the molecular
species can be identified. Raman spectroscopy represents a
particularly powerful tool for laser remote sensing because it allows
us to both identify and quantify the trace constituent relative to the
major constituents of a mixture.
In this paper we present a multi-channel spectrometric lidar system
which allows us to measure Raman and fluorescence spectrums
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Conference 7860: Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental
Monitoring XI
that give us information on chemical signatures characteristic for
chemical components of aerosol particles and pollutions. In the
following, we describe the methodology, the system and we show
first experimental results.
7860-12, Session 3
Development of dual-wavelength high-
spectral-resolution lidar
T. Nishizawa, N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, National Institute for
Environmental Studies (Japan)
A two-wavelength (532 and 355nm) High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar
(HSRL) system for the next-generation aerosol-monitoring lidar
network is being developed. Depolarization measurement functions
at two wavelengths (532 and 1064nm) are also added to this lidar
system. This lidar system provides 2α+3β+2δ data: extinction
coefficients (α) at 355 and 532 nm, backscatter coefficients (β) at
355, 532, and 1064 nm, and depolarization ratios (δ) at 532 and 1064
nm. This system combines use of the previously developed HSRL
techniques with an iodine absorption filter for 532nm and a Fabry-
Perot etalon for 355nm. The 532nm HSRL and 1064nm receiver
systems of this lidar have been constructed. We also developed
a system to tune the laser wavelength to an iodine absorption
line in this lidar system and conducted preliminary measurements
using the constructed systems. The temporal and vertical variation
of aerosols could be determined. The constructed 532nm HSRL
system could measure molecule Rayleigh backscatter signals by
blocking aerosol Mie backscatter signals with the iodine absorption
filter, indicating that the developed laser wavelength tuning system
worked well. Thus, we reached to the preliminary conclusion that we
could construct appropriate the 532nm HSRL and 1064nm receiver
systems. We further develop an algorithm to retrieve the vertical
and temporal distributions of the concentration and particle sizes
of sulfate, black carbon, dust, and sea salt, which are the principal
aerosol components in the atmosphere, using the 2α+3β+2δ data
from the developed HSRL. In the conference, we present the multi-
wavelength HSRL system as well as the four-aerosol component
classification algorithm.
7860-13, Session 3
Development of a new multi-wavelength
lidar facility for studies on the mixed layer
dynamics
Y. Bhavani Kumar, National Atmospheric Research Lab. (India)
For the first time, a new lidar facility with multi-wavelength
capability has been realized at the National Atmospheric Research
Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, 375 m AMSL), India
for understanding the mixed layer (ML) dynamics and its structure
in detail. The lidar facility was developed with state-of-the art
technology to improve the scope of understanding of aerosol
particle structure, their depolarization properties and the water
vapor dynamics in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In the PBL,
aerosols and pollutants are mixed during daytime, when the local
forcing causes turbulence generation. The local boundary layer
top is marked with a gradient in aerosol particle concentration,
which leads to a gradient in the backscattering and extinction from
lidar measurements. This gradient may be enhanced by the effect
of relative humidity (RH), and so do their optical properties. Lidar
backscatter measurements can be used directly to derive the ABL
height using different mathematical methods. Backscattering lidar
measurements during daytime can be reinforced by Raman lidar
measurements after sunset periods. The newly installed lidar facility
operates three different lidars such as Infrared (IR) lidar at 1064 nm,
Dual Polarization Lidar (DPL) at 532 nm and Elastic-Raman Lidar with
multi-wavelength capability (355, 387 and 408nm) for measurements
on boundary layer aerosol and atmospheric water vapor. The lidar
facility operates three independent Nd: YAG pulsed laser sources
at 10 and 20 Hz repetition rate. The receive system consists of a
Newtonian telescope with 350 mm diameter and two Schmidt-
Cassegrain telescopes with 150 mm diameter. All the lidar systems
are operated using the analog and photon counting data acquisition
techniques with Ethernet based control. The Mie lidar systems are
40 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
capable of operating during day and nighttime without pause, where
as Raman lidar system employing 355 nm wavelength operates only
after sunset periods.
7860-14, Session 3
Carbonyl compounds and dial monitoring
of tropospheric ozone generation and
dynamics
T. Gasmi, Saint Louis Univ., Madrid Campus (Spain)
Measurements spanned over several days between 10:00 and 20:00
with a standard deviation that varied between 1% and 7%. The
standard deviation of 7% is an equivalent measurement uncertainty
of almost 2-ppb when averaging 200 pulse pairs.
Ethylene and ozone behaviours show a high degree of coincidence.
The two gases start to increase, reaching a peak and then
decaying to a plateau, which lasts 3 hours. The net difference in
ethylene concentration (C2H4) versus that of ozone (O3) for the
two successive days is depicted in figures. (O3) duplicates to a
good extent the behaviour of (C2H4) and hence revealing a good
correlation between ethylene and ozone. There is also a time shift
of more than an hour between the peaks of the two curves that is
attributed to the ozone build up time. It is however well established
that in the lower troposphere, especially in urban areas, chemical
reactions of biogenic, anthropogenic VOC (Volatile Organic
Compounds) and anthropogenic NOX emissions dominate over
those of methane and its degradation products.
Basically, the role of this alkene is the efficient conversion of NO to
NO2 and subsequently, the increase of tropospheric ozone.
So according to our basic photochemical smog model, one should
expect a direct correlation between the C2H4 evolution and that of
O3 under similar meteorological conditions for urban atmospheres
and UVB radiation that prevailed during the days of the campaign.
Our new experimental data asserting the direct correlation between
ozone generation and ethylene in urban atmospheres is both
demonstrated and supported by a photochemical smog model.
7860-15, Session 4
ISS/JEM-LOVES (lidar for observation of
vegetation environment from space)
K. Asai, A. Sato, T. Terasaki, Tohoku Institute of Technology
(Japan); N. Sigimoto, National Institute for Environmental Studies
(Japan)
As well known, the earth is called “a blue planet”. But it may be
called “a green planet” because it is covered by plants, trees and
grasses, i.e. vegetation. Most every aspect of our lives depends
upon them, namely vegetation. Not only they make us relaxant, feed
us, but also they absorb carbon dioxide, and provide us with oxygen.
Therefore, it is very important to watch the spatial distribution of
vegetation biomass and changes in biomass over time, representing
invaluable information to improve present assessments and future
projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index1) (NDVI) is used to present quantitatively the
density of green on vegetation, to monitor changes in vegetation
and to understand how they affect the environment using mostly
satellite’s data taken by imaging spectro-radiometer, e.g. AVHRR/
NOAA2), MODIS/Terra, Aqua3), AVNIR/ALOS4). This paper describes
an ISS-JEM?EF borne novel vegetation lidar named LOVES (Lidar for
Observation of Vegetation Environment from Space) to take
actively the range-resolved NDVI value and to measure the canopy
height simultaneously using dual wavelength (@660nm/@1320nm)
laser transmitter and an imaging detection system with a 2D array
detector for information of vegetation biomass.
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Conference 7860: Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental
Monitoring XI
7860-16, Session 4
Characteristics of high-energy, Q-switched
neodymium lasers operating near 1320 nm
A. Sato, T. Terasaki, T. Abe, Y. Miyake, K. Asai, Tohoku Institute
of Technology (Japan); S. Ishii, K. Mizutani, National Institute of
Information and Communications Technology (Japan)
A red light source is useful for various vegetation studies because
chlorophyll a has a strong absorption band around 660 nm. Second-
harmonic generation of four-level Nd-doped solid-state lasers
operating around 1320 nm allows us to produce high-energy red
light suitable for the lidar measurement of vegetation. In this study,
an optimum design of Nd-doped solid-state lasers operating on
the 4F3/2 to 4F13/2 transition near 1320 nm was experimentally
investigated. Laser experiments were performed using Nd:YAG and
Nd:YLF rods with a diameter of 3 mm. Nd:YAG exhibited a lower
threshold because a stimulation-emission cross-section at 1319
nm is approximately 3 times larger than that of Nd:YLF at 1313 nm.
However, this material has two closely spaced laser transitions at
1319 and 1338 nm so that an additional wavelength selector was
needed to operate at a single emission line. A conductively cooled
Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with two birefringent filter plates produced
18 mJ of energy at 1319 nm. On the other hand, lasing of Nd:YLF at
a single emission line was achieved without the wavelength selector
due to a birefringent property of this material. An output energy of
35 mJ in a single Q-switched pulse with a 75-ns pulse length was
obtained at 1313 nm for a incident pump energy of 783 mJ.
7860-17, Session 4
Lidar ratio estimation of trans-Atlantic
African dust using combined CALIOP and
AMSR-E observation
D. Liu, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (China) and
Key Lab. of Atmospheric Composition and Optical Radiation,
CAS (China); Z. Wang, Univ. of Wyoming (United States) and Key
Lab. of Atmospheric Composition and Optical Radiation, CAS
(China)
The A-Train constellation provides an unprecedented way to probe
the atmosphere around the earth. The synergy observation of the
active optical profile lidar CALIOP on board CALIPSO satellite and
the passive microwave radiometer AMSR-E on board Aqua satellite
is used in this study. Based on the relationship of the lidar sea
surface backscatter provided by CALIOP and the sea surface wind
speed provided by AMSR-E, the total atmosphere optical depth
under the cloud-free condition can be estimated. This optical depth
can further constrain the lidar extinction profile inversion using the
Fernald forward method to estimate the lidar ratio of the elevated
aerosol layer over the sea. The detail of this method is described and
the preliminary result of the lidar ratio of the trans-Atlantic African
dust is presented in this paper.
7860-18, Session 5
Lidar network observation of tropospheric
aerosols
N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, A. Shimizu, T. Nishizawa, Y. Hara,
National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan); I. Uno,
Kyushu Univ. (Japan)
Results of recent studies on tropospheric aerosols, including
Asian dust and forest fire smokes, using the NIES Lidar Network,
CALIPSO/CALIOP and chemical transport models are reported.
The NIES Lidar Network is a network of two-wavelength (532nm,
1064nm) polarization (532nm) lidars in East Asia. Currently the lidars
are continuously operated at about 20 locations in Japan, Korea,
China, Mongolia, and Thailand, in coopreation with various research
institutes and unversities. The network is a part of the Asian Dust
Network (ADNet), SKYNET, and the GAW Aerosol Lidar Observation
Network (GALION). The data from most of the lidar stations are
transferred to NIES in realtime and automatically processed to derive
customerservice@spie.org
the attenuated backscattering coefficients at 532nm and 1064nm,
the volume depolarization ratio at 532nm, and the estimated dust
and spherical aerosol extinction coefficients at 532nm. The data
from the network are used in various researches on Asian dust,
regional air pollution, and the effects of aerosols on climate and the
environment. The data are also used for realtime monitoring (for early
warning assessment) of Asian dust. The results of recent studies on
long-range transport of Asian dust, optical characteristics of froest
fire plume, aerosol climatology, etc. will be presented.
7860-19, Session 5
Development of the depolarization-
Raman lidar for China Meteorological
Administration
C. Xie, D. Liu, J. Zhou, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics (China)
To monitor the spatial and temporal properties of aerosols and
clouds, the depolarization-Raman lidar system was developed for
China Meteorological Administration. The lidar system employs a
Nd:YAG laser as a light source that generates the second harmonic
laser at 532nm. The receiver has three detection channels to
receive the nitrogen Raman scattering at 607nm, and the parallel
and perpendicular polarization components at 532nm. The use of
Raman scattering is a well established method to determine the
vertical profile of the aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients
independently, resulting in a dramatic reduction to the associated
uncertainties. The another advantage of Raman lidar is to provide
the lidar ratio of aerosols and clouds, which is a important
parameter for characterizing microphysical properties of particles
such as size distribution, refractive index, and particle shape. The
parallel and perpendicular polarization signals are useful indicator
of nonspehricity for identifying ice clouds and dust layers. For
improving the accuracy of lidar observation at near range, the lidar
can operate at horizontal direction to obtain the overlap function.
Meanwhile, the horizontal varieties of aerosol optical properties are
also measured. Beside the requirement of research, this lidar system
is specially designed to be a compact, turn-key and unattended
system for continuous outdoor operation. The innovation modular
construction and specially developed software allow its application in
the field of meteorological study.
7860-21, Session 5
An iterative algorithm to estimate lidar
ratio for thin cirrus cloud over aerosol layer
Z. Wang, D. Liu, J. Zhou, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics (China)
A new iterative algorithm is developed to estimate lidar ratio for thin
cirrus cloud over aerosol layer. First, the thin cirrus cloud is screened
out and replaced by a modeled lidar signal and the extinction
coefficients of the aerosol layer are derived using the Fernald
backward method. These aerosol coefficients are referred as the
“actual values” Second, the original lidar signal with thin cirrus cloud
is also inversed by Fernald backward method down to the aerosol
layer but using different lidar ratio for thin cirrus cloud. According to
the different assumption of lidar ratio of thin cirrus cloud, different
set of aerosol extinction can be derived. The “actual values” which is
found in the first step can be used to constrain this iterative progress
and the correct lidar ratio of the thin cirrus cloud can be found. The
detail description of this method and retrieval examples are given
in the paper. And the result compared with the other method is also
presented.
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7860-22, Session 5
Integrated monitoring of Asian dust by
multiwavelength Raman/quartz Raman
lidar, sunphotometer, and satellite in
Gwangju, Korea
Y. Noh, D. Müller, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
(Korea, Republic of); K. H. Lee, Kyungil Univ. (Korea, Republic
of); K. Kim, D. Shin, S. Shin, K. Lee, Y. J. Kim, Gwangju Institute
of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
Optical parameters and vertical distributed concentration of
Asian dust observed in spring 2010 at Gwangju, Korea (35.13ºN,
126.5ºE) were determined from the ground using a multi-wavelength
Raman/Quartz Raman lidar and a sunphotometer and from space
using satellite retrievals. The Multi-wavelength Raman/Quartz
Raman LIDAR system provides vertically resolved aerosol profile,
depolarization ratio and dust concentration. Optical parameters
including aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent were
obtained from sunphotometer measurements. Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol retrieval results
show spatial extent of aerosol plume and were validated with the
ground-based measurements. In this study, collocated LIDAR and
sunphotometer plus satellite data were used to characterize the thick
aerosol plume observed 19 - 22 March 2010 over Korea impacted
by Asian dust. Large Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT), up to ~1.5 at
440 nm was observed from both MODIS and sunphotometer data
on 19 March 2010 due to the long-range transported Asian dust,
resulting in adverse effects on local air quality. These heavy aerosol
plumes caused an increase in the PM10 concentration up to 1590
μg/m3 in Gwangju. LIDAR observations showed that Asian dust
layer was located up to 5 km and was composed of particles having
depolarization ratio of 0.2. The monitoring system integrated with
various optical remote sensing techniques such as LIDAR, sun-
photometry, and satellite monitoring is real-time analytical tool for
spatially resolved measurement of atmospheric aerosol which can
allow better characterization of their physical and optical properties.
7860-23, Session 5
Lidar measurements of stratospheric
aerosol from the 2009 Sarychev volcano
eruption over Hefei (31.9°N, 117.2°E), China
D. Wu, Z. Wang, S. Hu, D. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Zhou, Anhui Institute
of Optics and Fine Mechanics (China)
As the effect of stratospheric aerosol on radiation and ozone
depletion, long-term lidar measurement of stratospheric aerosol is
very important, especially after volcanic eruption. In early June 2009,
Mt. Sarychev (48.1 ºN, 153.2 ºE) erupted dramatically. About one
month later, the volcanic plume was detected over Hefei (31.9°N,
117.2°E) using ground based lidar. The vertical extent of volcano
plume over Hefei ranges from about 16 km to 21 km above ground
level (AGL), and the plume peak is at a height of about 18-19 km
AGL. Column lidar ratio of the stratospheric aerosol retrieved from
lidar signals is 49.82±16.69 sr. Using this lidar ratio, the maximum
optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol after the eruption is about
0.015, which is measured in early September 2009. Backscatter
ratio profiles from December 2009 are similar to the background.
However, aerosol optical depth measurements from 2010 are slightly
larger than the one in early 2009, implying a modest amount of
aerosol remained in the stratosphere through at least the winter
following the eruption.
42 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
7860-24, Session 5
Time-of-flight measurement with
femtosecond pulses for high precision
ranging lidar
J. Lee, Y. Kim, K. Lee, S. Lee, S. Kim, KAIST (Korea, Republic of)
The time-of-flight of light pulses has long been used as a direct
measure of distance, but the state-of-the-art measurement precision
using conventional light pulses or microwaves reaches only several
hundreds of micrometers. This is due to the bandwidth limit of the
photodetectors available today, which is in the picosecond range at
best. Here, we improve the time-of-flight precision to the nanometer
regime by timing femtosecond pulses through phase-locking control
of the pulse repetition rate using the optical cross-correlation
technique that exploits a second-harmonic birefringence crystal and
a balanced photodetector. Our experiment shows an Allan deviation
of 117 nm in measuring a 0.7-km distance in air at 5-ms sampling
rate once the pulse repetition is phase-locked, which reduces to
7 nm as the averaging time increases to 1 second. The enhanced
capability is maintained at long range without periodic ambiguity,
being well suited to terrestrial lidar applications such as geodetic
surveying, range finders and absolute altimeters. This method could
also be applied to future space missions of formation-flying satellites
for synthetic aperture imaging and remote experiments related to the
general relativity theory.
7860-25, Poster Session
A comparison of satellite- and ground-
based aerosol extinction profile and
aerosol optical depth
K. H. Lee, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Korea,
Republic of); N. Sugimoto, A. Shimizu, National Institute for
Environmental Studies (Japan); S. C. Yoon, Seoul National Univ.
(Korea, Republic of)
The determination of an accurate qualitative understanding of the
vertical profile of aerosols is important because forcing by layered
aerosols represents one of the uncertain aspects of climate models.
Here we present a systematic comparison of different analyses
of satellite-retrieved extinction profile based on the CALIPSO
measurements with those derived from ground based Lidar. The
CALIPSO has been providing a detailed global view of the vertical
structure of cloud and aerosol from the Earth’s surface through the
middle stratosphere. The CALIPSO data are expected to be used for
global estimation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) above clouds, and
with regard to the aerosol indirect effect, to determine the height of
aloft aerosol layers which is a critical determinant of global aerosol
transport and dispersion. Also compared is the Lidar-derived aerosol
optical depth (AOD) with passive sensor derived from the MODIS.
The CALIPSO aerosol extinction is a bit complex because spatial and
temporal coincident data for clear sky conditions are needed for its
comparisons to other Lidar data. Although limitation of the number of
coincident dataset and expected errors are unknown, the CALIPSO
aerosol extinction coefficients agree to those measured by ground-
based Lidar within 0.02km-1. The two different satellite-derived
AODs differ by 30% in comparison to the average of the coincident.
Further study is required to determine how the aerosol vertical profile
affects the aerosol radiative forcing.
7860-26, Poster Session
A combined Rayleigh-Raman-Mie lidar for
quantitative measurement of atmospheric
aerosols and temperature
G. Bo, Z. Zhong, J. Zhou, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics (China)
With respect to the climate forcing predictions, aerosol extinction
is more important than aerosol backscatter. Elastic-backscatter
lidar became well-established tools that are used in the study of
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7860: Lidar Remote Sensing for Environmental
Monitoring XI
clouds and aerosols. Unfortunately, retrieval of aerosol extinction
profiles from elastic backscatter signal are not reliable, because the
uncertainties in the estimate of the priori lidar ratio can be extremely
huge. These problems are strongly reduced if the Raman lidar
technique is used instead. Here, Raman lidar at 532nm would be
developed for accurately measuring the aerosol extinction profiles.
The CLAIPSO mission is successfully operated in the last four
years to improve our knowledge of the global four-dimensional
aerosol distribution. But the retrieval of extinction coefficient profiles
could not be derived from the total backscatter measurement,
unless reliable lidar ratio could be known at first place. However,
lidar ratio observations in China with its variety of different aerosols
are particularly rare. Here, direct measurement of lidar ratio using
Raman-Mie technique at 532nm has been developed for a better
understanding of lidar ratio characters over China.
Rayleigh lidar monitoring of the middle-atmospheric temperature
has received much attention by the scientific community. Combined
Rayleigh with Raman-Mie technique, a Rayleigh-Raman-Mie lidar
(RRML) is now capable of acquiring stratospheric temperature up to
40km as well as aerosol optical properties. As a combined system,
RRML highly improved the cost performance of the lidar technique.
Based on the simulation SNR, design methods of the RRML system
are introduced. Key techniques adopted in developing the RRML
system are depicted.By rational design the signal detection and
optical receiver unit, use sensitive photomultiplier tube and photo
counting method, a good SNR of Raman and Rayleigh signal could
be received. The performance parameter of the lidar system had
been tested. At last, preliminary observational results by RRML lidar
and compared experiment with other instruments has also been
discussed.
7860-27, Poster Session
Dynamics of land use/cover change in Iraqi
marshlands region using remotely sensed
F. H. Abed, Technical College-Baghdad (Iraq); H. Zhang,
Shandong Univ. of Technology (China)
The Iraqi Marshlands, the largest wetland in the Middle East and one
of the most outstanding in the world have been lost mainly as result
of drainage and damming. this study analyzed the dynamics of land
use/cover change (LUCC) in Iraqi Mrashlands Region from 1975 to
2004. the land use/cover classification system and remote sensing
interpretation characteristics were established in this process. In
order to identify the typical attributes of land use/cover types a
laminar extraction technique was used. The results showed that the
Marshlands region had been subject to much change. This resulted
from direct and indirect impacts of human activities. Direct impacts,
resulting in marsh loss, were associated with widespread reclamation
for agriculture. Indirect impacts resulted from alterations to the marsh
hydrology and this degraded the marsh ecosystem. It reflects the
degradation of land quality from an analysis by synthesis inferring
that there is a decline in yield capacity although the vegetation cover
has not altered significantly. It was concluded that effective wetland
protection measures are needed, informed by the change analysis.
Strong seasonal aerosol content variability at the upper troposphere
is defined by cyclic behavior of dust storm events at the China’s
and Mongolia’s deserts and jet streams. The last one provides long
range dust aerosol transport to the Primorskiy krai atmosphere. In
atmosphere of Primorski kray action of the most powerful ozone
layer in Northern hemisphere extends. We found out that in winter
at the region of investigations ozone layer has there layer structure.
The main maximum at the altitude of 19-km and a local maximum at
the altitude of 12 km. Local maximum occurrence probability at the
altitude of 12-15~km was greater than 80% in winter 2008, 2009.
The intensity of local maximum had strong variations and sometimes
its peak value was same as global one. Subtropical jet stream
sometimes has a boundaries of cirrus clouds. If polar jet stream and
subtropical jet stream are too close and they are in contact, ozone
vertical profiles and wind field above Vladivostok analysis shows that
increasing ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper
troposphere is observed. In this case jet streams core positions
become unstable. This is caused in injection of stratosphere air into
the troposphere at the region of jet stream interaction. To study of
aerosol impaction on cloudiness during its long range transport is
connected with indirect aerosol climate forsing. Aerosol interaction
with moisture fields is a key element in aerosol micro-physical
parameters transformation study at the coastal zone. On satellite
images of cirrus clouds there are both its total disappearance and
its formation processes under certain meteo conditions. Time series
of satellite images for May 04 is an example of cloud transformation
processes under condensation nuclei impaction. This time at the
region of investigation subtropical jet stream interacted and polar
jet were in contact. They cores were at 8 and 12~km consequently.
To draw a conclusion we can state that the certain conditions of
direct water vapor to ice conversion on the surface of condensation
nuclei were fulfilled in the region of jet streams interaction. These
jet streams are characterized by different temperature and humidity
conditions. The conversation allows us to state that jet streams plays
an important role in cirrus clouds formation and evolution on 2009
May, 04.
Acknowlegments
This research was funded by grant GK P-1762.

7860-28, Poster Session

Radiative components dynamics and its
interactions at Far East region
K. A. Shmirko, Institute for Automation and Control Processes
(Russian Federation); O. A. Bukin, Maritime State Univ. (Russian
Federation); A. N. Pavlov, S. Y. Stolyarchuk, Institute for
Automation and Control Processes (Russian Federation)
Together with green house gases atmosphere aerosols refer to most
important radiative components of the atmosphere which defines
incoming solar radiation and outgoing IR radiation equilibrium of
the Earth-Atmosphere system. Primorskiy kray from point of view
of spatial and temporal variability of these components studying
is of special interest. The monsoonal climate of Primorski krai
provides seasonal cyclic change of dominant aerosol type at the
lower troposphere from continental in winter to marine in Summer.

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Conference 7861: Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)
Technical Development, Operation, and Applications
Tuesday 12 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7861 Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) Technical Development,
Operation, and Applications
7861-01, Session 1
Overall status of GOCI
Y. Ahn, S. Cho, H. Han, J. Ryu, H. Yoo, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
After COMS launch on 27 June, KOSC(Korea Ocean Satellite Center)
have been trying to check GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)
physical status and performance. The first test will be GOCI’s data
download and ground receiving test. Next, the checking & decision
for overall status of GOCI is very important not only for GOCI
mission capabilities but also for reimbursement of GOCI insurance
if there is some partial failure in the GOCI H/W system, i.e. our user
requirements. Before gathering image; solar power supply, attitude
control, internal temperature, moving parts control, optical alignment,
optical contamination, and other GOCI system performance checks
will be done. During the image acquisition test (from 13 July), we
will check also reasonable sensor (high & low) gain values test for
ocean, land and cloud for a nominal operation of GOCI. The next
step will be pointing accuracy of GOCI target for each slots (16 slots
will be taken for a scene) Main checking points are ; if there will be
small deviation between slot to slot overlapped area, center pointing
accuracy, mosaic capability for slot to slot, geometrical correction,
the number of dead or bad CMOS pixels, radiometric function test
for all pixel, and SNR values for each bands, and in-orbit MTF check
will be done. Finally, the downloaded data will be inputted into
GDPS(GOCI Data Processing System) for level-2 data production. All
GOCI general status will be mentioned in this presentation.
7861-02, Session 1
In-orbit solar diffuser characterization for
radiometric calibration of geostationary
ocean color imager
S. Cho, Y. Ahn, H. Han, J. Ryu, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI) is the world’s first
ocean color observation satellite in geostationary orbit. GOCI
was developed to accomplish the ocean monitoring mission of
Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).
In June 2010, COMS is scheduled to be launched at Kourou Space
Center in French Guiana by Ariane 5 ECA Launch Vehicle. After
successful launch, in-orbit test of GOCI are conducted by Korea
Ocean Satellite Center(KOSC) in KORDI, Korea Aerospace Research
Institute(KARI), and EADS Astrium in France.
Solar calibration which uses sun as a reference light source is GOCI
in-orbit calibration method. For the degradation monitoring of Solar
Diffuser(SD) due to solar UV radiation, galactic cosmic rays and
space debris, 2nd diffuser, DAMD(Diffuser Aging Monitoring Device)
is also equipped in the GOCI. The SD and DAMD of GOCI are same
QVD(Quasi Volumic Diffuser) type which were made of fused silica.
Diameter of the SD and DAMD is 14cm, 7cm respectively.
Because in-orbit calibration method of GOCI is solar calibration,
in-orbit characterization of Solar Diffuser(SD) and Diffuser Aging
Monitoring Device(DAMD) during In-Orbit Test(IOT) period is planned
for the determination of initial diffusion factor for the nominal GOCI
radiometric calibration operation. In this paper, we present the
characterization result of SD and DAMD for GOCI in-orbit solar
calibration.
7861-03, Session 1
In-orbit performance assessment of day
and night operation of GOCI
S. Cho, Y. Ahn, H. Han, J. Ryu, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
44 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
Radiometric performance, Straylight and MTF assessment for
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI) are planned to be
conducted during GOCI/COMS(Communication, Ocean, and
Meteorological Satellite) in-orbit test period. GOCI performance
assessment on the radiometric and MTF performance are operated
by Korea Ocean Satellite Center(KOSC) which takes charge in the
operation of GOCI.
For the GOCI radiometric performance, gain and offset value stability
of GOCI radiometric model, dark signal sensitivity, SNR check are
planned to be assessed. On the basis of the test results measured
at on-ground verification tests and in-orbit performance assessment
test, initial GOCI radiometric model is determined.
GOCI nominal image acquisition at night-time is planned for the
assessment of the solar straylight and development of GOCI-II which
will be equipped dedicated detector and bandpass filter for night
time image acquisition. GOCI solar straylight analysis result will be
utilized for the design of GOCI-II night-time observation.
MTF performance of GOCI has been evaluated during on-ground
test. It is expected that about 20~30% of MTF performance will
be degraded due to the limitation of attitude control capability of
COMS bus-system by the analysis result at GOCI design. Dedicated
MTF deconvolution process has been implemented into the GOCI
INR(Image Navigation and Registration) S/W, one of the ground
processing system. GOCI MTF performance is assessed including
GOCI MTF Deconvolutioin processing.
In this paper, we present the in-orbit performance assessment of
day-time and night-time operation of GOCI in terms of radiometric
performance, Straylight, and MTF including ground processing.
7861-04, Session 1
Analysis anomaly to set up stabilized
operation of GOCI during trial test and in-
orbit test
J. M. Ryu, S. Lee, H. Han, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
The world’s first space-borne ocean color observation geostationary
satellite was launched on June 27, 2010. Systems and Korea
Ocean Satellite Center was established for receiving, processing
and distributing images captured Geostationary Ocean Color
Imager (GOCI) since 2005. The system trials had been conducted
continuously for stabilized operation since 2009. Systems in KOSC
were set up to operate from receiving image to distributing data
nonstop. Because this means that stabilized operation of each
system and relation of them is important, it is crucial to figure out
problem when anomaly occurred and analyze effect on each system.
Also it is very significant to figure out additional unexpected problem
during in-orbit test period, analyze it and then propose solutions to
it, because operation of geostationary satellite for ocean is the first in
the world.
In conclusion, we artificially make emergencies and propose
solutions responding to them before lunching satellite. Also we
analyze anomalies which are occurred during in-orbit test period,
then seek solutions responding them for setting up stabilized
operation. The results drawing from the paper was source to KOSC
which operate system of GOCI and agencies concerned for 7 years
from now.
7861-05, Session 2
Introduction of atmospheric correction
technics for geostationary ocean color
imager (GOCI)
J. H. Ahn, Korea Ocean Satellite Ctr./KORDI (Korea, Republic
of); J. Ryu, J. Moon, Y. B. Son, J. Min, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7861: Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)
Technical Development, Operation, and Applications
The received average total radiance of GOCI (Geostationary Ocean
Color Imager) will be increased about 40 percent than polar orbit
satellite by extended optical path considering geometrical situation
of observing target area. Therefore the small error of atmospheric
correction is crucial effect in the estimation of water leaving radiance
(Lw) in GOCI especially.
Korean Ocean Satellite Center (KOSC) developed our own method
that is named as Spectrum Shape Matching Method (SSMM) and
mainly adopted in the GOCI Data Processing System (GDPS).
The basic conception is using in-situ Lw spectrum shape data
obtained in the reference sites in the ocean. We could get very stable
and more precious values regardless of water’s optical property
(case 1 & 2 water)
GDPS adopts also another algorithm that named SGCA (Sun-Glint
Correction Algorithm) and this technique removes sun-glint and
aerosol signals at once. The SGCA is developed by the Lille Univ.
and HYGEOS Co. in France and GDPS offers this method instead of
SSMM optionally.
In this study, we’ll show the results of atmospheric correction by
applying SSMM and SCGA methods in GOCI images. And we have
studied the possibilities of improved and integrated techniques
through the comparison of week and strong points of each method.
7861-06, Session 2
Development of ocean environmental
algorithms for GOCI
J. Moon, Y. Ahn, J. Ryu, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (Korea, Republic of); P. Shanmugam, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras (India)
Several ocean color algorithms have been developed for GOCI
(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) using in-situ bio-optical data
sets. These data sets collected around the Korean Peninsula
during 1998 to 2009 include chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a),
suspended sediment concentration (SS), absorption coefficient of
dissolved organic matter (adom) and remote sensing reflectance
(Rrs) obtained from 1348 points. The GOCI Chl-a algorithm was
developed using 4-bands remote sensing reflectance ratio that
account for the influence of suspended solid particle and dissolved
organic matter. The GOCI Chl-a algorithm reproduced in-situ
chlorophyll concentration better than the other algorithms. In the
SeaWiFS images, this algorithm reduced an average error of 46 %
from chlorophyll concentration retrieved by standard chlorophyll
algorithms. For the GOCI SS algorithm, single band was used
(Ahn et al., 2001) instead of a band ratio which is commonly used
in chlorophyll algorithms. The GOCI adom algorithm was derived
from the relationship between remote sensing reflectance band
ratio (Rrs(412)/Rrs(555)) and adom. The GOCI Chl-a fluorescence
and GOCI red tide algorithms have been developed by Ahn and
Shanmugam(2007) and Ahn and Shanmugam(2006), respectively.
If the launch of GOCI is successful, then the developed algorithms
will be analyzed in the GOCI CAL/VAL processes, and improved by
incorporating more data sets of the ocean optical properties data
that will be obtained from waters around the Korean Peninsula.
7861-07, Session 2
Preliminary verification results of the
geostationary ocean color satellite data
processing software system
H. Han, J. Ryu, S. Cho, C. S. Yang, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean
Research & Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
The data processing software system of Geostationary Ocean
Color Imager (GOCI) is composed of the image pre-processing
system (IMPS) and the GOCI data processing system (GDPS). IMPS
generate GOCI level 1B from raw satellite data and GDPS is the
post-processing system to generate GOCI level 2.
IMPS have a radiometric correction module as IRCM and a
geometric correction module named as INRSM. The former is
focused on equipment’s mechanical noise reduction and radiometric
accuracy and the latter image navigation and image registration
customerservice@spie.org
accuracy by landmark matching method and image mosaic method.
GDPS have the atmospheric correction algorithms, as the spectral
shape matching method (SSMM) and the sun glint correction
algorithm (SGCA), and BRDF algorithm to solve bi-directional
problem. Several Case-II water analytical algorithms, like chlorophyll
concentration, suspended sediment and dissolved organic matter,
are contained in GDPS. Also, GDPS will generate the value added
product like water quality, fishery ground information, water current
vector, etc.
During in-orbit test period planned six months after successful
launch of satellite, IMPS and GDPS will be verified with respect to
those requirements and algorithms and functionality and accuracy
by pre-defined test procedure like test, inspection, demonstration.
And then those configuration parameters will be modified and the
algorithm descriptions will be updated. In this paper, we will present
the preliminary analyzed results of data processing system test and
update planning during in-orbit test.
7861-08, Session 2
Preliminary study of validation for the
geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI)
Y. B. Son, J. Ryu, J. Moon, J. Min, J. H. Ahn, S. Cho, Y. Ahn, J.
Shim, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (Korea,
Republic of)
In order to provide quantitative control of the standard products of
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), on-board radiometric
correction, atmospheric correction, and bio-optical algorithm are
obtained continuously by comprehensive and consistent calibration
and validation procedures. The calibration/validation for radiometric,
atmospheric, and bio-optical data of GOCI were determined
from the platform systems (Ieodo and Gageocho ocean research
stations), buoy systems (a reference target site around Dokdo and
Eocheongdo), and periodic ocean environmental data (IOPs, AOPs,
temperature, salinity, ocean optics, fluorescence, and turbidity data
sets). We will compare radiometric, atmospheric, and bio-optical
parameters between in-situ measurements and GOCI data. It is
important to be able to progress and improve the future quality of
calibration and validation of GOCI.
7861-09, Session 2
GOCI data processing and distribution
service
C. S. Yang, S. Bae, H. Han, S. Cho, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean
Research & Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
Korea Ocean Satellite Center (KOSC), the primary operational
organization for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), was
established at KORDI (Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute) in December 2008. In this report, we will introduce the data
flow from receiving to delivering GOCI data and provide a user-
friendly introduction to GOCI data policy to the general public which
is based on the official data policy established and approved by
MLTM and MEST.
For a stable distribution service of GOCI data, various systems
were installed as follows: GDAS, IMPS, GDPS, DMS, and GDDS.
GOCI Data Acquisition System (GDAS) receives the GOCI raw data
from satellite with L-band. Image Pre-Processing System (IMPS)
produces Level 0, Level 1A, Level 1B data from GOCI raw data.
GOCI Data Processing System (GDPS) produces Level 2 and LRIT,
Radiometric Calibration Gain Matrix from IMPS output data. Data
Management System (DMS) manages unified data archive in KOSC.
Total Monitoring Control System (TMC) monitors the status of all
systems in KOSC. GOCI Data Distribution System (GDDS) distributes
GOCI data to users through EDES and KOSC website. External Data
Exchange System (EDES) is developed for the data exchange among
KORDI, KARI, KMA for the purpose of LRIT distribution and sharing
GOCI browser image.
KOSC distributes the GOCI data 8 times to user at 1-hour intervals
during the daytime in near-real time according to the distribution
policy. GOCI data will be distributed data after Level 1B data. And
users must register at KOSC website for GOCI data Download.
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Conference 7861: Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)
Technical Development, Operation, and Applications
Finally, we introduce the KOSC website for users to search, request
and download GOCI data.
7861-10, Session 3
Application studies using geostationary
ocean color imager around the Korean
waters
J. Ryu, J. Min, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (Korea, Republic of)
The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), the world’s first
ocean-color observation sensor at the geostationary orbit will be
launched on June 2010. GOCI will perform the real-time monitoring
of the ocean environment by daily analysis of the chlorophyll
concentration, Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Suspended
Sediments (SS) around the sea are of Korean Peninsula. Eight times
observations of GOCI by one hour interval per day should be enable
to monitor the detailed oceanic environmental changes. After launch,
various ocean environmental information processed by GOCI data
like as concentration of chlorophyll and SS, DOM, red tide and green
algae distribution, ocean current vector, fishing ground, primary
production and so on will be offered to user. Furthermore, the land
and atmospheric environmental information such as yellow dust,
forest fire, flood, typhoon and sea ice will be also proffered. In this
paper, various application studies using GOCI data are introduced.
7861-11, Session 3
Potential applications of geostationary
ocean color imagery for physical-biological
interactions
Y. Jo, X. Yan, Univ. of Delaware (United States)
Sea Surface Velocities (SSV) were derived from daily New Generation
Sea Surface Temperature (NGSST) and MODIS Chlorophyll a (Chl
a) concentrations in the Yellow Sea (YS), the East China Sea (ECS),
and the East Japan Sea (EJS) from January 2003 to December
2009. While the SSV derived from NGSST show physical and
dynamical processes (so called SSV_P), those derived from Chla
concentration represent biological processes (so called SSV_B). In
order to estimate SSV_P and SSV_B from consecutive SSTs and
Chla, two feature tracking techniques, Maximum Cross Correlation
(MCC) and Shape Matching Method (SMM), were used. Because the
advantages and disadvantages of two methods are compensating
each other, we incorporated two SSV vector fields resulting in
obtaining more velocity vectors of translation, rotation, and scaling.
Since Chl a measurements were contaminated by clouds, we
interpolated missing Chla concentration based on the objective
analysis using the relations between Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
and Chla concentration. From two different SSV_P and SSV_B flow
fields, we performed the following studies for physical-biological
interactions (PBI) in the three seas near the Korean Peninsula: (1)
Differences in SSV_P and SSV_B in terms of amplitudes and phases
on different time scales. (2) Upwelling and eddy associated PBI, and
(3) Internal wave induced PBI.
The algorithms introduced in this study with GOCI measurements will
be very promising tools to analyze PBI phenomena in coastal and
oceanic studies.
7861-12, Session 3
Remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol
and ocean color for the COMS/GOCI
K. H. Lee, Kyungil Univ. (Korea, Republic of); Y. J. Kim, K. Kim,
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic
of); M. S. Wang, The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ. (Korea,
Republic of); Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (Korea, Republic of)
The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) on board the
46 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
Communication Ocean Meteorological Satellite (COMS), the first
geostationary ocean color sensor, requires accurate atmospheric
correction for the purpose of qualified ocean remote sensing. Since
its eight bands are affected by atmospheric constituents such
as gases, molecules and atmospheric aerosols, understanding
of aerosol-radiation interactions is needed. In this study, we
investigated to develop the aerosol retrieval algorithm for COMS/
GOCI. The proposed algorithm, GIST Aerosol Retrieval (GSTAR), is
scheduled to be used as off-line procedure for the aerosol retrieval
over East-Asia with the GOCI. The algorithms are tested with proxy
data generated from existing satellite observations and forward
simulations. Furthermore, the errors that could be introduced in
aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrievals due to the assumptions
about the aerosol optical properties and ocean nature. Aerosol
optical properties based on sun-photometer measurements are
used to analysis aerosol optical thickness (AOT) under various
aerosol type and loadings. It is found that the choice of aerosol type
makes little different in AOT retrieval for AOT<0.2. Furthermore, the
differences between the AOT and angstrom exponent from standard
algorithms and this study, and the comparison with ground based
sunphotometer observations are investigated. Over the northeast
Asian region, these comparisons suggest that spatially averaged
mean AOT retrieved from this study is much better than from
standard ocean color algorithm. Finally, these results will be useful
for aerosol retrieval or atmospheric correction of COMS/GOCI data
processing.
7861-13, Session 3
Rapid geographic mapping method of
remote sensing data it is applications
Y. Q. Kang, Pukyong National Univ. (Korea, Republic of)
Precise geographic mapping of remote sensing (RS) data
is prerequisite for time series analysis of multiple RS data.
Conventional georegistration of swath granules or snapshot RS
data, of which spatial resolutions on earth surface are not uniform,
requires heavy computational efforts. A rapid and precise mapping
method by the Piecewise Affine Transform (PAT) is developed.
For each subarea polygon with known geolocation in the source
swath data, affine transform coefficients are computed for mapping
to the corresponding polygon in target area. The swath grid
coordinates for each grid inside of the polygon in mapping area are
computed by inverse affine transform. Application of this process
for all subarea polygons yields a look up table containing swath
grids coordinates for every grid in the mapping area. In masking
this look up table, theres is no need to search the ‘nearest’ point
corresponding to a given target grid. For typical swath data of a few
thousands lines, the look up table can be made within a second
in personal computer. Using the known coordinates of swath grid
coordinates, georegistration of each band can be easily made by
the nearest neighbour method or by bilinear interpolation method.
The PAT algorithm is tested by mapping MODIS swath data, and
found that precise mapping was achieved for any swath data with
different paths. The PAT algorithm can be successfully applied to
geostationary RS data, such as 500m resolution GOCI/COMS data,
provided GCP data base is prepared. Grid coordinates of input GCP
points at cloud free locations can be found by maximum correlation
method.
7861-14, Session 3
The diffuse attenuation coefficient
model in the Yellow Sea for the Korean
geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI)
S. Son, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(United States) and I.M. Systems Group, Inc. (United States); M.
Wang, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United
States)
The first geostationary ocean color sensor, Geostationary Ocean
Color Imager (GOCI), is designed to be operated in a staring-
frame capture mode on board the Korean Communication Ocean
and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), which has been launched
on June 26 of 2010. GOCI includes 8 bands in visible and near-
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7861: Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)
Technical Development, Operation, and Applications
infrared wavelengths with a coverage area of 2,500×2,500 km2
centered at 36 N and 130 E over the Korean seas including some
area around China and Japan. GOCI will provide an important
capability to monitor ocean phenomenon with the higher temporal
(every 1 hour, e.g., 8 times a day) and spatial (500 m) resolutions for
a better understanding of biogeochemical processes in the Korean
seas. However, there are uncertainties in estimating bio-optical
properties (particularly water turbidity) in Case 2 waters from the
satellite observation since large areas of Korean seas, including the
Yellow Sea, East China Sea and southern coastal areas of Korea, are
optically complex waters called as “Case 2” waters due to strong
tidal mixing and large amount of river discharge.
The water diffusion attenuation coefficient is an important water
property to understand not only physical processes such as the heat
and light transfer processes, but also biological processes such
as phytoplankton photosynthesis in the upper layer of the ocean.
Satellite observation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient, Kd(490), is
the only effective method to provide the large scale maps of Kd(490)
over basin and global scale ocean waters. Recently, a semi-analytical
model of the diffuse attenuation coefficient has been developed and
shown to significantly improve estimation of the MODIS Kd(490) in
the turbid coastal waters. In this study, we assess and refine the
existing diffuse attenuation coefficient models for the Korean coastal
waters. In particular, the new Kd(490) model will be evaluated and
further refined in coastal turbid waters around the Korean Seas.
7861-15, Session 3
Determining particulate organic carbon
(POC) using multispectral remote sensing
data of GOCI: preliminary study
Y. B. Son, J. Moon, J. Min, J. H. Ahn, J. Ryu, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean
Research & Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
To greatly increase the spatial and temporal resolution for studying
carbon dynamics in the marine environment, we have developed
remote sensing algorithms for particulate organic carbon (POC) by
matching in-situ POC measurements with matching Geostationary
Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) remote sensing reflectance. Data on total
particulate matter (PM) as well as POC collected from various oceanic
cruises as part of the development of the first GOCI study were used
to test algorithms across a range of environments from low %POC
coastal waters to high %POC open ocean waters. Finding that the
remote-sensing reflectance clearly exhibited a peak shift from blue to
green wavelengths with increasing POC concentration, we developed
POC algorithm which uses the maximum band ratio of all available
blue-to-green wavelengths, and provides a very robust estimate over
a wide range of POC and PM concentrations.
7861-17, Session 4
Mission and user requirements of
geostationary ocean color imager-II
(GOCI-II)
Y. Ahn, J. Ryu, S. Cho, Korea Ocean Research & Development
Institute (Korea, Republic of)
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI-I), the World’s first space-
borne ocean color observation geostationary satellite, was successfully
launched on 27 July 2010. The mission and user requirements of GOCI-
II must be defined during the development time and early operation
period of GOCI-I. Because the baseline of the main mission of GOCI-II
is to succeed that of GOCI-I, GOCI-II and GOCI-I are similar in terms
of mission operation. The main difference between these missions
is the global monitoring capability of GOCI-II, in order to meet the
necessity of long-term climate change monitoring and research. The
user requirements of GOCI- will have higher spatial resolution, 250m
× 250m, and 12 spectral bands to fulfill GOCI-I’s user request which
couldn’t be reflected on GOCI-I requirements due to the technical
reason. Dedicated panchromatic band will be added to observe night
time for fishery information. GOCI-II will have a new capability, user-
definable observation area such as clear sky area without clouds and
special event area, etc. It will enable higher applicability of GOCI-II
products. GOCI- will perform the observation with 8 times a day,
and it’s the same as GOCI-I’s. Additionally, 1 or 2 times of daily global
observation is planned in GOCI-II. In this paper, we presented the
improved development organization structure to solve the problems
that had been confronted so far. GOCI-II system HW design will be
proceeded with domestic or foreign space agencies.
7861-18, Session 4
Geostationary ocean color (GEOCAPE)
project in NASA
P. S. Bontempi, NASA Headquarters (United States)
No abstract available

7861-16, Session 4
The ocean colour advanced permanent
imager (OCAPI) geostationary ocean colour
mission: science rationale and preliminary
mission concept
D. Antoine, Lab. d’Océanographie de Villefranche (France)
The Ocean Colour Advanced Permanent Imager (OCAPI) mission
proposes an ocean colour instrument imaging the entire oceanic
and coastal zones from a geostationary orbit positioned over Europe
and the Atlantic ocean. The presentation includes an overview of the
science rationale for this mission, the mission requirements deriving
from the science objectives,and a preliminary mission design.

customerservice@spie.org · +1 360 676 3290 47

 Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
Wednesday-Thursday 13-14 October 2010
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7862 Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation,
and Characterization
7862-01, Session 1
Overview of Japanese Earth observation
programs
H. Shimoda, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan)
Six programs, i.e. TRMM, ADEOS2, ASTER, ALOS, GOSAT and
SMILES are going on in Japanese Earth Observation programs.
PR on TRMM and ASTER on EOS-Terra are operating well except
SWI channels of ASTER. ASTER SWI channels have stopped the
operation because of a refrigerator failure in 2009. ADEOS2 was
failed, but AMSR-E on Aqua is operating. On Jan. 2006, ALOS
(Advanced Land Observing Satellite) was launched successfully from
Tanegashima Space Center by H A launcher. ALOS carries three
instruments, i.e., PRISM (Panchromatic Remote Sensing Instrument
for Stereo Mapping), AVNIR-2 (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared
Radiometer), and PALSAR (Phased Array L band Synthetic Aperture
Radar). PRISM is a 3 line panchromatic push broom scanner with
2.5m IFOV. AVNIR-2 is a 4 channel multi spectral scanner with
10m IFOV. PALSAR is a full polarimetric active phased array SAR.
PALSAR has many observation modes including full polarimetric
mode and scan SAR mode. The spacecraft is operating well as well
as all the 3 sensors are operating well. GOSAT (Greenhouse Gas
Observation Satellite) was successfully launched on 23, Jan. 2009.
GOSAT carries 2 instruments, i.e. a green house gas sensor (TANSO-
FTS : Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation)
and a cloud/aerosol imager (TANSO-CAI). TANSO-FTS is a Fourier
transform spectrometer (FTS) and covers 0.76 to 15 μm region with
0.2 cm-1 resolution. TANSO-CAI is a 5 channel push broom scanner
to observe aerosols and clouds. Both sensors are operating well
and most of standard products including total column CO2 and CH4
were released. SMILES (Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb
Emission Sounder) was launched on 11th Sep, 2009. It is now on
JEM (Japan Experiment Module) of ISS (International Space Station)
and operated well until last April. SMILES is a sub-millimeter limb
sounding instrument using super conducting mixer and measures
stratospheric ozone and related compounds. Unfortunately, SMILES
has stopped its operation because of a failure of its local oscillator.
Next generation satellites will be launched in 2011-2014 timeframe.
They are GCOM-W, GCOM-C (ADEOS-2 follow on), GPM (Global
Precipitation Mission) core satellite, EarthCare, ALOS2 and ALOS3.
GCOM-W will carry AMSR2 (AMSR follow on). The orbit is A-train
and has higher resolution than AMSR-E. GCOM-C will carry SGLI
(GLI follow on). SGLI has polarization channels. GCOM-W will be
launched on 2011 and GCOM-C will be launched on 2014. GPM
is a joint project with NASA and will carry two instruments. JAXA
will develop DPR (Dual frequency Precipitation Radar) which is a
follow on of PR on TRMM. DPR has Ka band channel in addition to
Ku band channel. GPM will be launched on2013. Another project is
EarthCare. It is a joint project with ESA and JAXA is going to provide
CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar). EarthCare will be launched on 2013.
ALOS F/O is composed by 2 satellites like GCOM. One will carry
L-band SAR called ALOS-2 wile the other will carry optical sensors
called ALOS-3.
7862-02, Session 1
ESA’s Sentinel 3 mission: ongoing and
future calval activities for the optical
payload
J. Nieke, C. Donlon, European Space Research and Technology
Ctr. (Netherlands); P. Goryl, ESRIN (Italy); B. Berruti, European
Space Research and Technology Ctr. (Netherlands)
In order to meet Earth observation needs of the European Union-
ESA Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES)
programme, ESA decided to develop the Sentinels as first series of
operational satellites. The series of Sentinel-3 satellites will provide
global, frequent and near-realtime ocean, ice and land monitoring. It
continues Envisat’s altimetry, the multispectral, medium-resolution
48 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
visible and infrared ocean and land-surface observations of
ERS, Envisat and Spot, and includes enhancements to meet the
operational revisit requirements and to facilitate new products and
evolution of services. The first launch is expected in 2013.
In this paper specifically the calibration and validation activities
regarding its optical payload SLSTR and OLCI will be outlined. Those
activities are coordinately performed based on the heritage gained
from ENVISAT MERIS and AATSR experience and cover pre-launch,
in-orbit commissioning and operational measures for the Sentinel 3
satellites.
7862-03, Session 1
Brief introduction to the NPOESS
Preparatory Project (NPP) sensors and
primary data products and directions on
obtaining proxy data for the sensors
B. W. Guenther, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States); X. (. Xiong, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Ctr. (United States); F. DeLuccia, The Aerospace
Corp. (United States); G. E. Bingham, Space Dynamics Lab.
(United States); W. J. Blackwell, MIT Lincoln Lab. (United
States); S. J. Janz, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United
States); K. J. Priestley, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United
States); H. Kilcoyne, L. Zhou, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States)
The NPP spacecraft now is fully populated with the sensors for
the first flight in the Joint Polar Satellite System mission by the US
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). There are
5 sensors that comprise the science mission. These sensors are
the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), Clouds and
the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Cross-track Infrared
Sounder (CrIS), Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS) and the Visible
and Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The spacecraft
launch is scheduled for October, 2011, and will be flown into a
sun-synchronous orbit with an equator crossing time of 13:30. The
measurement objectives and measurement design of each sensor
will be described and the data products that will be developed from
these sensors also will be described. The measurement heritage
of these systems will be summarized. Key sensor performance
characteristics are provided. Locations on the world-wide web that
provide sensor data formats and location of a limited amount of
sensor proxy data also are provided.
7862-04, Session 1
GOSAT higher level product status more
than 1.5 year after the launch and planned
improvement
H. Watanabe, T. Yokota, T. Matsunaga, H. Ishihara, K. Hayashi, F.
Kawazoe, N. Kikichi, National Institute for Environmental Studies
(Japan)
After the 1.5 year operation of GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing
SATellite, Ibuki), NIES GOSAT DHF (GOSAT Data Handling Facility of
National Institute for Environmental Studies) has been producing CAI
Level 1B and 1B+, FTS/CAI Level 2 and FTS/CAI Level 3 products,
receiving FTS Level 1A/1B, and CAI Level 1A data from JAXA ( FTS:
Fourier Transform Spectrometer; CAI: Cloud and Aerosol Imager;
JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency).
In addition to the higher level data processing, GOSAT DHF has
several additional roles 1) observation request collection from
users and their submission to JAXA 2) Data archive and 3) Data
Distribution.
After the calibration and preliminary validation, processed data are
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Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
distributed to RA researchers at first stage. Then, after the validation,
they are distributed to General users. All the distribution is through
GOSAT User Interface Gateway (GUIG). As of May of 2010, total
number of user registration exceeds 800, and a large number of
products are distributed both to the RA researchers and to General
Users.
At this moment, validation indicates that the FTS L2 SWIR CO2
and CH4 data show slightly lower values than validation results. In
addition, very high XCO2 values, which seems caused by aerosol,
appear on some desert area. So, further improvement of the
algorithm is planned as next version of FTS L2 products. FTS TIR
data processing is still on the way.
7862-05, Session 1
3000 pixel linear InGaAs sensor for the
Proba-V satellite
J. L. Bentell, J. Vermeiren, P. Verbeke, A. de Kerckhove, T. Colin,
L. Rodriguez, Xenics NV (Belgium)
We report on the development and design of the 3000 pixel long
SWIR image sensor to be deployed on the Proba-V satellite. The
sensor consists of three independently running mechanically butted
subsensors with 1024 square pixels on 25 um pitch in one package.
Each individual subsensor is based on a customized version of the
Xenics 3508 ROIC, which has CTIA current integrator and maximum
frame rate of approximately 20000 lines per second. In order to meet
the project requirements, the ROIC is adapted with several gain
settings near 500 fF.
The mechanical butting aligns all pixels from the three InGaAs
photodiode Arrays within a 1.5 mm range in the along-track axis
and within 100 um along the optical axis in order to meet the
MTF requirements together with the large reflective f/6 telescope
developed by AMOS.
Correlated double sampling (CDS) is achieving a dynamic range of
near 2500 at a responsivity of 0.27 uV/photon. Both models and
measurements show an MTF of 0.56 at the Nyquist frequency and
the polarization dependence is approximately 0.5 %.
7862-06, Session 2
Aspects of the EarthCARE payload
R. V. Gelsthorpe, European Space Research and Technology Ctr.
(Netherlands)
EarthCARE is the European Space Agency’s clouds, aerosols and
radiation explorer satellite. The project is a collaborative venture in
partnership with JAXA.
EarthCARE will carry a payload of four instruments to be used to
study the interaction of clouds and aerosols with radiated energy.
The suite of instruments will consist of a downward looking ultra-
violet atmospheric lidar (ATLID), a downward looking millimetre wave
cloud profiling radar (CPR), a pushbroom visible through thermal
infra-red multispectral imager (MSI) and an optical broad-band
radiometer (BBR) providing three along-track views.
The instruments will work alone and in synergy to provide a range
of data products including: vertical profiles of aerosols, liquid water
and ice, vertical cloud motion profiles and, derived from the retrieved
aerosol and cloud properties, profiles of atmospheric radiative
heating and cooling.
Of the four instruments, three (ATLID, MSI and BBR) will be designed
and manufactured under the responsibility of ESA whilst the fourth
(CPR) will be provided under JAXA responsibility. Work on the design
phase of the satellite began in spring 2008 and instrument concepts
have evolved with the inception of the manufacturing phase.
The presentation will briefly describe the mission and satellite, and
will then present in some detail the specification, operating principle
and intended hardware realisation of each of the instruments. It will
treat, in particular, the evolution in design aspects which has been
necessary since the start of work.
customerservice@spie.org
7862-07, Session 2
EarthCARE/CPR mission and development
status
T. Kimura, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan); N.
Takahashi, National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (Japan); H. Shimoda, Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (Japan)
ESA and Japan are developing a new satellite mission called
EarthCARE. EarthCARE is a mid size satellite which carries four
sensors. These sensors are designed to measure and evaluate
aerosol, cloud and precipitation process, which is a key and missing
factor of climate system understandings. The process is not only
a part of water cycle, but also a crucial factor in the evaluation of
global warming. Recent IPCC Forth Assessment Report (FAR) says
it is still the most unknown factor and has Radiative Force to be
counted for the long term global warming prediction.
Four sensors, CPR, ATLID, MSI, BBR are currently under
development. JAXA is responsible for the development of CPR
under cooperation with NICT. Other three sensors are developed
by ESA. The unique point of this mission is assuring simultaneous
observation very precisely. This leads the precise evaluation of the
complex process or interaction process between aerosol and clouds.
CPR is a W-band Cloud Profiling Rader with Doppler measurement
capability. This means CPR can observe cloud profile and vertical
velocity of cloud particle in the cloud layer. This function is very
important to distinguish the particle attributes i.e. ice-cloud, water-
cloud, drizzle or light precipitation. And together use of the Doppler
velocity and radar reflectivity may make it possible to evaluate
micro physical properties of cloud, such as mean radius without any
hypothesis
CPR Engineering Model is under manufacture and test by the end of
next March. EarthCARE satellite with CPR will be launched in 2013.
7862-08, Session 2
Operation concept of the second-
generation global imager (SGLI)
conference: earth observing missions and
sensors
K. Tanaka, Y. Okamura, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(Japan); T. Amano, M. Hiramatsu, K. Shiratama, NEC TOSHIBA
Space Systems, Ltd. (Japan)
The Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) on the Global
Change Observation Mission (GCOM) is a multi-band optical
imaging radiometer in the wavelength range of near-UV to thermal
infrared. SGLI will provide high accuracy measurements of
Ocean, Atmosphere, Land and Cryosphere. SGLI will provide the
golbal scale multi spectral data with about 2 days frequency. The
observation data over the land area is 250m resolution with more
than 1000km swath, and the ocean area in 1km resolution. SGLI
also has a unique tilting data to realize the directional polarized
observation with red and near infrared wavelength. This paper
describes the operation concept and current status of the SGLI
instrument development.
7862-09, Session 2
APEX-airborne prism experiment: the
testing phase of an airborne hyperspectral
imager
J. Nieke, H. Schroeven-Deceuninck, R. Meynart, European
Space Research and Technology Ctr. (Netherlands)
The imaging spectrometer APEX (Airborne Prism EXperiment)
is a project of the European Space Agency ESA focusing on
the preparation, calibration, validation and simulation of future
hyperspectral imaging space instruments and the understanding of
associated atmospheric, water and land/vegetation processes at
local and regional scale in support of global applications.
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Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
APEX is a flexible airborne hyperspectral mission simulator and
calibrator for existing and upcoming or future space missions. It
is operating between 380 and 2500 nm in 313 freely configurable
bands, up to 534 bands in full spectral mode.
In this paper we describe the airborne simulator and the related
facilities. These facilities include calibration tools, such as specific
processing in a dedicated Processing and Archiving Facility (PAF),
operational calibration and characterization using the Calibration
Home Base (CHB), the In-Flight Characterization facility (IFC) and the
Calibration Test Master (CTM).
Currently full end-to-end testing of the airborne ESA-APEX
hyperspectral APEX and its supporting facilities is ongoing.
7862-10, Session 2
Remote sensing mission using 50kg class
satellites with ‘Hodoyoshi’ reliability
A. Enokuchi, N. Takeyama, Genesia Corp. (Japan); Y. Nakamura,
AXELSPACE Corp. (Japan); Y. Nojiri, Next-generation Space
Systems Technology Research Association (Japan); N.
Miyamura, A. Iwasaki, S. Nakasuka, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Remote sensing missions have been conventionally executed by
satellite-onboard telescopes with extraordinarily high reliability, on
huge satellites. On the other hand, more and more missions by
small satellites have recently been developed and operated all over
the world. This paper gives a Japanese concept of nano-satellites’
development based on “Hodoyoshi” (Japanese word for “decent”
or “moderate”) reliability engineering, which aims at cost-effective
design of satellite-onboard telescopes, buses and satellites. We have
just started a governmental funding project to develop nano-satellite
technologies and to develop five satellites with less than 50kg weight
on the basis of the Hodoyoshi concept over the next four years.
Our first satellite is planned to be developed by 2012. As a key
component in the missions, we have started to develop innovative
telescopes based on refractive optics, not reflective optics, which
will provide more effective way to obtain images by nano-satellites.
GSD (Ground Sample Distance) of the telescope ranges from 5m
to 7m, and the spectral bands are now under discussion. Since
the telescope has an athermal and apochromatic property, we
don’t need to worry about the degradation of imaging quality of the
telescope at temperature in the range of a few dozen degrees. In
addition, we expect the telescope of high reliability, since it will not
have any moving part. Specification and design philosophy of some
other components are also provided in this paper.
7862-11, Session 3
Comparison of two methodologies for
calibrating satellite instruments in the
visible and shortwave infrared
R. A. Barnes, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United States)
and SAIC (United States); S. W. Brown, K. R. Lykke, National
Institute of Standards and Technology (United States); X. (.
Xiong, J. J. Butler, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United
States)
Traditionally, satellite instruments that measure Earth-exiting light
in the visible and shortwave infrared wavelength regions have
been calibrated for radiance response in a two-step method. In the
first step, the spectral response of the instrument is determined
using a nearly monochromatic light source, such as a lamp
illuminated monochromator. Such sources only provide a relative
spectral response (RSR) for the instrument, since they do not
act as calibrated sources of light nor do they fill the field-of-view
of the instrument. In the second step, the instrument views a
calibrated source of broadband light, such as a lamp-illuminated
integrating sphere. In the traditional method, the RSR and the
sphere spectral radiance are combined to determine the absolute
spectral radiance as viewed by the instrument. For the traditional
calibration methodology, this calculated radiance is combined with
the output of the instrument to provide the instrument’s responsivity.
More recently, laser-based monochromatic light sources capable
of absolute calibration have been developed. Using these sources,
50 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
the absolute spectral responses (ASRs) of the instrument bands
can be determined on a wavelength-by-wavelength basis. From
these monochromatic ASRs, the responses of the instrument
bands to broadband radiance sources can be calculated directly,
eliminating the need for calibrated broadband light sources, such
as integrating spheres. Here we describe the traditional and laser-
based calibrations of the NPP VIIRS sensor, the derived calibration
coefficients for the instrument, and the uncertainties for the two
calibration methods. The laser-based calibration uncertainties are
approximately five times smaller than the traditional method.
7862-12, Session 3
Initial studies of the bidirectional
reflectance distribution function of carbon
nanotube structures for stray light control
applications
J. J. Butler, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United States); G.
T. Georgiev, Sigma Space Corp. (United States); J. L. Tveekrem,
M. A. Quijada, S. A. Getty, J. G. Hagopian, NASA Goddard Space
Flight Ctr. (United States)
The BRDF at visible and near-infrared wavelengths of multi-wall
carbon nanotubes grown on substrate materials is reported. The
BRDF measurements were performed in the Diffuser Calibration
Laboratory of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The samples
were grown on silicon substrates but differ in density and tube length.
BRDF was measured at multiple incident and scatter angles using
broadband monochromatic and laser sources. The optical scatter
properties of the samples as represented by their BRDF were found
to be strongly influenced by the density and length of the carbon
nanotubes. As a reference, the optical scattering properties of the
carbon nanotubes are compared to the BRDF of several well-
known, common black appliques, paints, and surface treatments.
The possibility, promise, and challenges of employing carefully
engineered carbon nanotubes in specific instrument straylight control
applications is discussed.
7862-13, Session 3
Opportunities to enhance calibration of
the CERES reflected solar bands through
collaboration with NIST
A. M. Bullock, K. J. Priestley, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United
States); H. C. Bitting, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
(United States); S. Thomas, Science Systems and Applications,
Inc. (United States)
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Flight
Model-6 (FM-6) instrument will fly on the Joint Polar Satellite System
(JPSS) -1 spacecraft, which has a launch-readiness date of January,
2015. This mission will continue the critical Earth Radiation Budget
Climate Data Record (CDR) begun by the Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment (ERBE) instruments in the mid 1980’s and continued by
the CERES instruments currently flying or scheduled to fly on the
EOS Terra, EOS Aqua, and NPP spacecraft. Rigorous pre-launch
ground calibration is performed on each CERES flight unit to achieve
a 1-sigma absolute accuracy goal of 1% for reflected solar, and
0.5% for emitted thermal radiance observations. Any ground to flight
or in-flight changes in radiometer response are monitored using a
protocol employing both onboard and vicarious calibration sources
and experiments. The largest single source of systematic error in the
CERES Reflected Solar radiance observations is due to uncertainty in
knowledge of the calibration of the Transfer Active Cavity Radiometer
(TACR) used during the pre-launch, ground calibration experiment.
To reduce this uncertainty, CERES will collaborate with the National
Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Optical Technology
Division, utilizing their SIRCUS reference calibration facility to
determine the relative spectral response of the TACR’s optics. The
current manuscript quantifies the expected reduction in uncertainties
gained for CERES Global All-sky reflected solar observations as well
as for clear ocean and overcast scene types.
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
7862-14, Session 3
Nonequal spacing CMOS sensor impact on
response between even and odd pixels
C. Liu, N. Chen, National Space Organization (Taiwan)
With the self-developing CMOS imaging sensors in the instrument
Focal Plane Assembly (FPA), there is flexibility in the trade-off for
optimal specifications of CMOS sensor for systematic study. The
criteria considered for the optimization are MTF and SNR, the
CMOS imaging sensor considered is with TDI (time delay integration)
feature. Among the specifications, fill factor is a key item. It affect
not only the window effect in FPA MTF (static), but also the smearing
effect in dynamic MTF, especially in satellite along track direction.
Considering different fill factors, mirror-type and non-mirror-type
pixel layout were studied for estimating the system MTF, another
concern from image user point of view is mirror type pixel layout may
cause different response between even and odd pixels. This work is
to present the analysis results based on the construction of the non-
equal spacing signal via Whittaker -Shannon interpolation formula.
Further to present the analysis results about fill factor and stage
number of TDI CMOS sensor. The result can function as a practice of
FPA design specification.
7862-15, Session 3
An Adaptive Multi-Channel
Spectropolarimeter for the Ecological
Monitoring Water System
F. Mkrtchyan, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics
(Russian Federation); V. Krapivin, Institute of Radioengineering
and Electronics RAS (Russian Federation); V. Kovalev, Institute
of Radioengineering and Electronics (Russian Federation); S.
Shapovalov, Institute of Oceanology RAS (Russian Federation)
The problem of detection and identification of the pollution spots
on the water surface, especially of oil spills, is being solved by
many scientists. The recently developed technology of an adaptive
identification of the environmental elements from measurements in
the visible spectral region permits to synthesize an expert system
for an adaptive identification of the environmental parameters
(ESAIEP). The system’s structure includes a compact multi-channel
spectropolarimeter (MSP), information interface with computer (IIC),
computer software (STW), and extending database (EDB). The STW
realizes a number of algorithms to process the data fluxes from MSP
and provides service functions of visualization and control of the
regime of measurements. The EDB consists of the sets of standard
spectral images of the spots of pollutants represented by points in
the multi-dimensional vector space of indicators, pre-calculated on
the basis of learning samples.
The principle of the ESAIEP functioning is based on fixation of
changes of the light flux at the MSP output and their transformation
into a digital code. Further processing of these data with respect to
their efficiency is determined by the STW composition containing
various algorithms of recognition of 2D objects. The adaptability of
the recognition procedure is determined by the level of accumulated
knowledge about special features of intensity fluctuations and
polarizing properties of the light reflected from the water surface. The
STW includes the means that make it possible, in case of uncertain
identification of the pollution spot, to make an expert decision based
on the visual analysis of its spectral image. This procedure is realized
in the mode of dialogue with ESAIEP, and if decision is made, the
operator can fix it in the database in the form of a standard for
subsequent situations of an appearance of similar spots.
customerservice@spie.org
7862-16, Session 4
Simulation of the long term radiometric
responses of the Terra MODIS and EO-1
ALI using Hyperion spectral responses
over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada
(RVPN)
T. (. Choi, Sigma Space Corp. (United States); X. (. Xiong, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United States); A. Angal, Science
Systems and Applications, Inc. (United States); G. Chander, U.S.
Geological Survey (United States)
Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion provides 220 spectral bands from
0.4 to 2.5 μm with 30 meter spatial resolution, which covers a 7.5
km by 100 km on the ground. EO-1 has another multispectral sensor
called Advanced Land Imager (ALI) with 10 spectral bands from 0.4
to 2.35 um. The spatial resolutions of the two sensors are the same
in the multispectral bands. MODIS onboard the Terra spacecraft,
launched in Dec, 1999 flies approximately 30 minutes behind EO-1..
Near-simultaneous observations from MODIS over a stable ground
target are chosen for this study. The four spectrally matching band
pairs between Terra MODIS bands 3, 4, 1, 2 and ALI bands 1, 2,
3, 4p were simulated and compared with ground measurements
over Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada (RVPN). A uniform region of
interest (ROI) within the playa having corner latitudes and longitudes
from 38.48 and -115.71 to 38.53 and -115.66 was chosen for this
analysis. A representation of the ground spectra during every near-
simultaneous acquisition of MODIS and ALI is obtained using EO-1
Hyperion data. The ALI and MODIS relative spectral responses
(RSRs) are interpolated and applied to get the simulated radiance or
reflectance within the matching band pairs. The Hyperion simulated
top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance results are compared to the
measured ALI and MODIS measurements. The long-term measured
versus simulated reflectance results are used to examine the
relationships and calibration differences between ALI and MODIS
sensors from Hyperion spectral responses.
7862-17, Session 4
The characterization of deep convective
cloud albedo as a calibration target using
MODIS reflectances
D. R. Doelling, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States); G.
Hong, D. Morstad, R. Bhatt, A. Gopalan, Science Systems and
Applications, Inc. (United States); X. (. Xiong, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Ctr. (United States)
There are over 25 years of historical satellite data available to climate
analysis. The historical satellite data needs to be well calibrated,
especially in the visible, where there is no onboard calibration on
operational satellites. The key to the vicarious calibration of historical
satellites relies on invariant targets, such as the moon, Dome C, and
deserts. Deep convective clouds (DCC) also show promise of being
a stable invariant or predictable target viewable by all satellites, since
they behave as solar diffusers. However DCC have not been well
characterized for calibration. Ten years of well-calibrated MODIS
is now available. DCC can easily be identified using IR thresholds,
where the IR calibration can be traced to the onboard blackbodies.
The natural variability of DCC albedo will be analyzed geographically
and seasonally, especially difference of convection initiated over land
or ocean. Functionality between particle size and ozone absorption
with DCC albedo will be examined. Although DCC clouds are nearly
Lambertion, the angular distribution of reflectances will be sampled
and compared with theoretical models. Both Aqua and Terra MODIS
DCC angular models will be compared for consistency. Normalizing
angular geostationary DCC reflectances, which were calibrated
against MODIS, with SCIAMACHY spectral reflectances and
comparing them to MODIS DCC reflectances will inspect the usage
of DCC albedos as an absolute calibration target.
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Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
7862-18, Session 4
Spectral characterization of the Dunhuang
calibration site using hyperspectral
measurements
C. Cao, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information
Service (United States); L. Ma, The Academy of Opto-Electronics
(China); S. Uprety, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States)
There is a great need to establish satellite calibration consistency
using vicarious calibration sites of well-known spectral and
radiometric characteristics. The Dunhuang calibration site located
in the Gobi desert, China, and the Dome C in the Antarctic are
two of the eight reference sites recommended by the Committee
on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Working Group on Cal/Val
(WGCV). This study presents results and findings from the spectral
characterization of the Dunhuang site using Hyperion observations
with scheduled acquisitions. Its spectra are compared with those
from the Dome C, as well as with ground sample measurements.
Further comparisons are made with the spectra obtained by the HSI
(a Sagnac interferometer) on China’s HJ-1A environmental satellite.
The results show that the Dunhuang and Dome C sites have very
distinct spectral characteristics that complement each other for
satellite instrument calibration in the reflective solar bands. This
study is part of the collaboration effort by the CEOS/WGCV towards
consistent satellite observations for the global earth observation
system of systems (GEOSS).
7862-19, Session 4
Monitoring the long term stability of the
IRS-P6 AWiFS sensor using the Sonoran
and RVPN sites
G. Chander, U.S. Geological Survey (United States); T. (. Choi,
Sigma Space Corp. (United States); A. Angal, Science Systems
and Applications, Inc. (United States); X. (. Xiong, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Ctr. (United States); D. Helder, South Dakota State
Univ. (United States)
This paper focuses on monitoring the long-term on-orbit radiometric
calibration stability of the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS-P6) Advanced
Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) sensors based on the Sonoran desert
and Railroad Valley Playa, Nevada (RVPN) sites. These sites have
been frequently used as radiometric targets because of their
relatively stable surface conditions that are well characterized over
time. Homogeneous regions of interest (ROI) were selected and
the mean target statistics were derived from sensor measurements
in terms of TOA reflectance. The long term trends from the AWiFS
sensors were also compared with the Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced
Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Terra Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors over these two sites.
Due to the lack of near-simultaneous images available over the
well-characterized and traditionally used calibration sites, alternate
sites that have high reflectance, large dynamic range, high spatial
uniformity, high sun elevation, and minimal cloud cover were
investigated. Finally, as an extension to the previous work, a cross-
comparison between the above mentioned sensors were performed
over various sites throughout the continental United States (CONUS).
7862-20, Session 5
Introduction of calibration and validation
site for KOMPSAT-3 and KOMPSAT-5 in
Mongolia
D. Lee, D. Seo, J. Yang, Korea Aerospace Research Institute
(Korea, Republic of); T. Battsetseg, National Remote Sensing Ctr.
(Mongolia); H. Lim, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (Korea,
Republic of)
KARI has developed the KOMPSAT-3 and the KOMPSAT-5 that
will be launched in 2011 and 2010 each. For the Calibration and
52 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
Validation (Cal/Val) of the KOMPSAT-3 and the KOMPSAT-5, KARI
Cal/Val team has been de-veloping the Cal/Val site in the domestic
area and in Mongolia. In Mongolia, the requirement for the Cal/
Val site can be complied sufficiently; the average altitude is around
1400m, the clear sky may be more than 200 days a year, the size of
the uniform plain is more than 100km, etc. For developing the Cal/
Val site in Mongolia, KARI contracted with NRSC (National Remote
Sensing Center) in Mongolia. KARI and NRSC have developed the
GCP DB in Ulaanbaatar (UB), the spatial edge target nearby UB, and
the corner reflector outside UB by 2010. From 2011, the Mongolian
Cal/Val site will be taken imaging by the KOMPSAT-5 and the
KOMPSAT-3 for the calibration and validation of them.
7862-21, Session 5
Results and lessons from a decade of Terra
MODIS on-orbit spectral characterization
X. (. Xiong, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr. (United States); T. (.
Choi, N. Che, Sigma Space Corp. (United States); W. L. Barnes,
Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County (United States)
Since its launch in December 1999, the NASA EOS Terra MODIS
has successfully operated for more than a decade. MODIS makes
observations in 36 spectral bands from visible (VIS) to long-wave
infrared (LWIR) and at three nadir spatial resolutions: 250m (2
bands), 500m (5 bands), and 1km (29 bands). In addition to its on-
board calibrators designed for the radiometric calibration, MODIS
was built with a unique device, called the spectro-radiometric
calibration assembly (SRCA). It can be configured in three different
modes: radiometric, spatial, and spectral. When it is operated in the
spectral modes, the SRCA can monitor changes in sensor spectral
performance for the VIS and near-infrared (NIR) spectral bands. For
more than 10 years, the SRCA operation has continued to provide
valuable information for MODIS on-orbit spectral performance. This
paper briefly describes SRCA on-orbit operation and calibration
activities; it presents decade-long spectral characterization results
for Terra MODIS VIS and NIR spectral bands in terms of chances
in their center wavelengths (CW) and bandwidths (BW). It is shown
that the SRCA on-orbit wavelength calibration capability remains
satisfactory. For most spectral bands, the changes in CW and
BW are less than 0.5 and 1nm, respectively. Results and lessons
from Terra MODIS on-orbit spectral characterization have and will
continue to benefit its successor, Aqua MODIS, and other future
missions.
7862-22, Session 5
Characterization of the clouds and the
earth’s radiant energy system (CERES)
sensors on Terra and Aqua spacecraft
S. Thomas, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (United
States); K. J. Priestley, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United
States); N. M. Smith, P. C. Hess, M. Shankar, Science Systems
and Applications, Inc. (United States); N. G. Loeb, NASA Langley
Research Ctr. (United States); D. R. Walikainen, Z. P. Szewczyk,
Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (United States)
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)
instruments measure the two key components of the Earth’s
Radiation Budget, the reflected shortwave and the emitted longwave
energy. The CERES instrument consists of three scanning thermistor
bolometers that measure the broadband radiances in the shortwave
(0.3 to 5.0 micrometer), total (0.3 to >100 micrometer) and 8 - 12
micrometer water vapor window regions. Four CERES instruments
(Flight Models 1 through 4) are flying aboard EOS Terra and Aqua
platforms with two instruments aboard each spacecraft.
The accuracy requirements of the CERES sensors are achieved
through the prelaunch calibrations and on-orbit calibration activities.
The CERES detector gain and the response function are determined
by the prelaunch ground calibrations. The post launch calibration
of CERES sensors are carried out using the internal calibration
module (ICM) comprising of blackbody sources and quartz-
halogen tungsten lamp, and a solar diffuser plate known as the
Mirror Attenuator Mosaic (MAM). The ICM calibration results are
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
instrumental in determining the changes in CERES sensors’ gains
after launch from the pre-launch determined values and the on-orbit
gain variations. In addition to the broadband response changes
derived from the on-board blackbody and the tungsten lamp, the
shortwave and the total sensors show a spectrally dependent drop
in responsivity in the shorter wavelength region below one micron
that were brought to light through vicarious studies. The spectrally
dependent drop was attributed to the instrument operational
modes and the corrections were derived using the sensor radiance
comparisons. This paper covers the sensor response determination
methodology from pre-launch calibration data. It also characterizes
the on-orbit behavior of CERES sensors and the determination of
the sensor response changes utilizing the in-flight calibration and the
radiance comparisons. The corrections for the sensor response were
incorporated in the radiance calculations of CERES Edition3 data
products.
7862-23, Session 6
CropCam UAV images for land use /cover
over Penang Island, Malaysia using neural
network approach
F. M. Hassan, H. S. Lim, Univ. Sains Malaysia (Malaysia); M. Z.
Mat Jafri, Univ. Sains Malaysia (United States)
Traditional aerial images provided by satellite, manned aircraft
or stock photography are often expensive, difficult to obtain or
outdated. The CropCam provides GPS based digital images on
demand and real time data with high temporal resolution throughout
the equatorial region where the sky is often covered by clouds. The
images obtained by the CropCam will allow producers to detect,
locate, and have better assessment of the actions required to
overcome the problem of unclear images obtained by the satellite
and manned aircraft in this area. A Pentax digital camera, model
Optio A40, was used to capture images from the height of 320
meter on board the CropCam UAV autopilot. The objective of this
study is to evaluate the land use /land cover (LULC) features over
Penang Island using the images obtained during the CropCam flying
mission. The study also tests the effectiveness of neural network
approach instead of conventional methods in classification process
in order to overcome or minimize the difficulty in classification of the
mixed pixel area using high resolution images with spatial ground
8 cm. The technique was applied to the digital camera spectral
bands (red, green and blue) to extract thematic information from
the acquired scene by using PCI Geomatica 10.3 image processing
software. Training sites were selected within each scene and four
LULC classes were assigned to each classifier .The accuracy
assessment of each classification map produced was validated using
the reference data sets consisting of a large number of samples
collected per category. The results showed that the neural network
classifier produced superior results and achieved a high degree
of accuracy. The study revealed that the neural network approach
is effective and could be used for LULC classification using high
resolution images of a small area of coverage acquired by the
CropCam UAV.
7862-24, Session 6
Analysis of SAR potential in hybrid
(circular-linear) and fully polarimetric mode
for snow/ice detection
G. Singh, S. E. Park, Niigata Univ. (Japan)
Recent days, full polarimetric radar system versus compact
polarimetric system for earth observation is topical debate that
which is more advantageous. Recently two lunar orbit missions
such as Chandrayaan-1 and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter with
their respective sensor Mini-SAR and Mini-RF are acquiring data
in hybrid polarimetry mode for resolving the ambiguities of water/
ice deposition on lunar poles. Some of forthcoming sensor in very
near-future may be operating in so called hybrid polarimetry for earth
observation. Thus, it is necessitated to explore the potential of hybrid
polarimetry versus linear fully polarimetry for snow/ice detection
on earth surface. Hence, this paper contributes to that discussion
customerservice@spie.org
answering the potential of the compact polarimetry in hybrid mode
for snow/ice discrimination. Because of there is no mission in hybrid
polarimetry for earth observation and non-availability of hybrid
polarimetry data on snow bound area such as Himalayan glaciated
terrain, fully polarimetric ALOS-PALSAR data has been converted
in hybrid polarimetry and reconstructed the pseudo coherency
matrix based on mathematically for further examination. In addition,
based on understanding and nature of hybrid polarimetry, the hybrid
polarimetry discriminators have been developed and identified for
suitability to discriminate the snow cover area in the image. It has
been found hybrid polarimetry based circular polarization is good
discriminators for snow discriminating over glacier and non glacier
area but not suitable for identification snow free debris covered
glacier. In addition, an interesting observation has been found that
linear polarimetry represents surface scattering dominant whereas
hybrid (circular-linear) polarimetry exhibits volume scattering
dominate over the snow and ice covered area. Based on hybrid
polarimetry volume scattering, dielectric constant of material can
be calculated which will be helpful for precisely discrimination of
underlying ice deposition.
7862-25, Session 6
Extraction of power lines from aerial
images based on Hough transform
Q. Wu, J. An, Dalian Maritime Univ. (China); R. Yang, Ocean Univ.
of China (China)
Abstract- The extraction of power lines from aerial images is of great
significance to locate the positions of faults on power lines. To solve
the problem, an algorithm composed of three steps is proposed as
follows. Firstly, the edges of power lines are extracted by SWIFTS
algorithm , which is developed on the basis of the difference of
Dissimilarity between power lines and background. Secondly, to
detect power lines, Hough transform (HT) is employed by taking
advantage of its insensitive to noise. Lastly, a clustering algorithm
based on max-min distance is adopted to distinguish power lines.
Experiments and analysis demonstrate that the algorithm proposed
in this paper could effectively extract and distinguish power lines in
aerial images with complex background.
7862-26, Session 6
Super-resolution mapping for an accurate
change detection of deforestation in
Amazon rainforest
A. M. Muad, Univ. Kebangsaan Malaysia (Malaysia) and The
Univ. of Nottingham (United Kingdom); G. M. Foody, The Univ.
of Nottingham (United Kingdom); W. H. W. Kadir, Univ. Teknologi
Malaysia (Malaysia)
Remotely sensed imagery enables deforestation observation of an
area within a specific time interval. The accuracy of the amount of
changes varies as a function of the spatial resolution of the imagery
used. Coarsening the spatial resolution generally degrades the
thematic mapping that naturally will affecting the change detection
accuracy, notably through increasing proportion of mixed pixels,
which cannot be appropriately represented by hard classification
techniques. Accurate thematic mapping may often require either
the adoption of fine spatial resolution imagery or use of sub-pixel
scale analyses of coarse spatial resolution imagery. As the former is
often impractical, the full realization of remote sensing as a source
of thematic mapping requires developments in sub-pixel scale
techniques. Hopfield super-resolution mapping (SRM) enables
thematic mapping at the sub-pixel scale. In addition, exploiting the
fine temporal resolution characteristic of the coarse spatial resolution
imagery seems as a promising strategy in increasing the accuracy
of the Hopfield SRM’s results. Daily imagery of a site typically differs
in subtle ways, with the location of pixels varying slightly due to
sample-scene phase effect. The slight differences between images
may be used to enhance super-resolution analyses. This paper
presents a fusion of time-series daily MODIS 250m for the Hopfield
SRM which is used for change detection of deforestation in an area
in Amazon rainforest between 2005 and 2006. Results demonstrate
· +1 360 676 3290 53
Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
that change detection of deforestation using the proposed method
produces approximately 28% more accurate than by using
conventional hard classifiers.
7862-27, Session 6
ASTER cloud coverage reassessment
using MODIS cloud mask products
H. Tonooka, Ibaraki Univ. (Japan); K. Omagari, Earth Remote
Sensing Data Analysis Ctr. (Japan); H. Yamamoto, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan);
T. Tachikawa, M. Fujita, Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Ctr.
(Japan); Z. Paitaer, Ibaraki Univ. (Japan)
In the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
radiometer (ASTER) Project, scene cloud coverage is assessed by
the ASTER cloud cover assessment algorithm (ACCAA) based on
the Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment (ACCA) algorithm of the
LANDSAT Project, and is used in image search and some higher-level
processing. The ACCA, however, does not work well for nighttime
images, and daytime images observed in the VNIR-only observation
mode, because a part of spectral bands useful for cloud assessment
are not available, and also cannot distinguish clouds over snow/ice
covered areas after April 2008 when the shortwave infrared (SWIR)
bands developed trouble. In addition, the ACCA performs less well
for some combinations of surface type and sun elevation angle.
Thus, we have developed the ASTER cloud coverage reassessment
system using MODIS cloud mask (MOD35) products. The system
was applied for all the ASTER archived scenes (>1.6 million scenes),
and is applied for daily upcoming scenes (about 400 scenes per day)
every day. All the reassessment results are transferred to ASTER
Ground Data System (GDS) and NASA’s Land Process Data Active
Archive Center (LP DAAC), and available in ASTER product search at
each web site. We also evaluated a part of generated cloud masks
using ASTER browse images, which indicates that most of them
showed good agreement with browse images, while only a few
scenes from Antarctica etc. have some problems.
7862-29, Poster Session
An improved FFT-based algorithm for SAR
raw data compression
H. Song, Institute of Electronics (China)
One improved FFT-Based algorithm for SAR raw data compression
is proposed. In this paper, energy distributing of SAR raw data after
two dimensions frequency transform is analyzed, and optimum bits
allocation scheme is designed based on Shannon rate-distortion
theory and information resource differential entropy. Effectively
solved question about non-uniform bits allocation of SAR raw data
based on FFT with the Doppler center offset. Therefore the complex
of this improved algorithm is analyzed. And the result of comparing
performances of both original FFT-BAQ algorithm and BAQ algorithm
indicates that the improved algorithm decreases the complex and
hardware needed by original FFT-BAQ algorithm.
7862-30, Poster Session
A model calculating regional
evapotranspiration using Fengyun-2C
imagery combined with high special
resolution data
Y. Lei, Z. Wang, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
(China); Y. Shu, Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark)
Fengyun-2C (FY-2C) is the first Chinese operational geostationary
meteorological satellite that provides free imageries in one visible
and four infrared channels with a high temporal resolution. A model
was developed based on an improved triangle method to calculate
regional evapotranspiration using FY-2C imagery combined with
other remote sensing imageries and data of high spatial resolution.
The model theory was validated by comparing calculated variables
54 SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing 2010
and exaportranspiration rates with ground observation data from
county meteorological stations and an agricultural experimental
station in Hebei province. The model was applied to estimate
seasonal water consumption by winter wheat in North China Plain.
7862-31, Poster Session
Precise spaceborne SAR image formation
technique based on the analysis of critical
errors using the spaceborne SAR simulator
S. Shim, Y. M. Ro, KAIST (Korea, Republic of)
This paper proposes the precise spaceborne synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) image formation technique based on the analysis of
critical error factors that severely degrade the SAR image quality.
These are error factors related to the antenna beam pointing, the
effective velocity, and the Doppler centroid. We newly developed the
spaceborne SAR system simulator which is able to analysis effects
that critical errors of the user-designed spaceborne SAR induce
on a focused image. Using it, effects of critical errors are analyzed
for spaceborne SAR image formation. Analysis results show that
these cause phase distortion of rawdata, distort the symmetry
of the azimuth impulse response function (IRF) of point targets in
the focused image, and defocus the SAR image. To resolve these
problems, we suggest to make use of the phase gradient algorithm
(PGA) to compensate phase distortion induced by antenna beam
pointing errors. Also, the effective velocity of the illuminated beam
and the Doppler centroid of spaceborne SAR rawdata are exactly
calculated by proposed methods using both orbit state vectors
and the rawdata acquisition geometry based on the newly defined
two-way slant range equation model. Furthermore, azimuth block
processing is used to reduce signal level of ambiguities produced
by sidelobes of antenna beam. The experimental results on the
simulated SAR data show that proposed methods are able to reduce
error effects as well as improve the focused SAR image quality
greatly.
7862-32, Poster Session
On-orbit assessment of the polarization
response of COCTS onboard HY-1B
satellite
X. He, P. Delu, Q. Zhu, F. Gong, The Second Institute of
Oceanography, SOA (China)
Polarization response could affect the radiance measurement
accuracy remarkably for the ocean color remote sensors, such as
MODIS with the maximum polarization response degree larger than
5%, and it should be corrected before the atmospheric correction.
For the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS)
onboard the HY-1B satellite which was launched on 11 Apr., 2007,
the design goal of the polarization response degree is less than 5%
for the scanning angle less than 20o. Unfortunately, the polarization
response coefficients of COCTS have not yet been measured pre-
launched, and it should be estimated by the on-orbit assessment
method. In this paper, we have developed an on-bit assessment
method of polarization response for HY-1B/COCTS using the vector
radiative transfer simulation in the coupled ocean-atmosphere
system. First, the on-bit assessment method of polarization response
is described in detail. The key of the method is the simulation of the
linear polarization radiance at top-of-atmosphere using the vector
radiative transfer model PCOART, and the accuracy of the simulation
is validated by the polarizing remote sensing data of POLDER.
Second, the method has been applied to the Aqua/ MODIS, and
the derived polarization response coefficients consist with the
pre-launched measured values, which prove the applicability of this
method. Finally, we apply the method to the HY-1B/COCTS. The
results show that HY-1B/COCTS has large polarization response
for the 412nm and 490nm bands with the maximum polarization
response degree more than 30%, and the polarization responses at
443nm, 520nm and 565nm are relative small with the degree all less
than 15%.
· www.spie.org/ae
Conference 7862: Earth Observing Missions and Sensors:
Development, Implementation, and Characterization
7862-33, Poster Session
Imagemall: a prototype of service-
cameras with various surface targets and weather conditions. Linear
regression models are provided for spectral and NDVI correction with
respect to HJ-1ACCD1.

oriented multisensor remote sensed image

processing and distribution system
L. Lu, J. Wang, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications (China)
Earth observation technology covers a large number of domains
varying over fields like the land, the oceans, the cryosphere, the
atmosphere etc. Remote sensed image processing is one of
the critical services that boost applications such as large-area
geographic survey and land and coast mapping. In this context,
two issues needed to be addressed: fast access to large data
archives, and provision of near real-time on demand processing
services.Our motivating reasons for design the system arise from the
computational and sharing resources available across China, and
which we believe are representative of likely distributed computing
infrastructure all around the world.The paper serves to explain
“ImageMall”, our service-oriented remote sensed image processing
and distribution system and demonstrates how it provides nearly
on-demand services to improve access and use of multi-sensor
images in the areas of information management and extraction,
online processing and analysis. In this paper, we specifically address
the parallel computing of low level image processing algorithms (i.e.
image rectification, mosaic, registration, fusion) and a web-based
interface to provide image distribution service for environmental and
disaster management applications.We have implemented an early
prototype to an geostationary satellite imagery archive processing
and distribution system . With a web interface and cluster based
processing engine, users can browse and query images achieved
from multi-sensors. Finally, the application of such kind of system
always means sharing of resources, organizations still have a serious
consideration on the economic and security aspects.

7862-34, Poster Session

Spectral response function effects on
surface reflectance and NDVI measured
with CCD cameras of HJ-1A/B small
satellite constellation
W. Zhang, B. Zhang, L. Gao, Ctr. for Earth Observation and
Digital Earth (China)
On September 6th, 2008, HJ-1A/B, the small satellite Constellation
for Environment and Disaster Monitoring, was successfully launched
in China. HJ-1A/B is composed by two small satellites named as
Satellite-A (HJ-1A) and Satellite-B (HJ-1B). A multispectral sensor
was carried on HJ-1A and another onboard on HJ-1B to obtain
images including blue, green, red and near-infrared(NIR) band. Two
CCD cameras in a multispectral sensor were mosaiced together
to make the swath width reach 700km. All the four CCD cameras
have a approximate design. They were named as HJ-1ACCD1,
HJ-1ACCD2, HJ-1BCCD1 and HJ-1BCCD2. Under the cooperation
of the two satellites and the wide swath, the revisit-period of the HJ-
1A/B multispectral imager less than 48 hours.
This paper reports on the sensitivity of normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) and surface reflectance due to differences in
spectral response functions (SRF). All the four CCD cameras onboard
HJ-1A/B small satellite constellation were included in the paper. To
encompass a potential range of variability in surface reflectance
and NDVI, a set of representative spectra for various surface targets
were compiled, and the 6S radiative transfer model was employed
to simulate the TOA signal in different atmospheric conditions(water
vapor, aerosol, and ozone). It is shown that for identical atmospheric
state and similar surface spectral reflectance, the NDVI and spectral
reflectance are sensitive to the sensor’s SRF. Compared to HJ-
1ACCD1, the relative differences in reflectance among the CCD
cameras range from -4.35% to 12.5% for red channel, from -1.89%
to 0.81% for NIR channel, from -0.03% to 7% for surface NDVI, and
from -0.22% to 4.7% for TOA NDVI. The most significant difference
was observed for the HJ-1BCCD1 for NDVI. Consistent results about
NIR channel were obtained with the HJ-1BCCD1 and HJ-1BCCD2.
Variability of the SRF effect among different atmospheric state is very
small in general. A good linear relationship between the four CCD

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