Assignment

OF
Research Methdology

TOPIC- LEADERSHIP & ETHICS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Harinder Singh TANVEER KAJLA

ROLL NO- 20
SECTION- S1006
REG NO -- 11000744
 INTRODUCTION OF THE CONCEPT—

LEADERSHIP--

Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can
become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process
of self-study, education, training, and experience. This guide will help you in the
leadership.

For inspire your workers into high level of teamwork, there are certain things you
must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through
continue work and study. Good leaders are continuous working and studying to
improve their leadership skills; they are not resting on their happiness.

Before we get started, lets define leadership. Leadership is a process by which a

person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization
in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.

Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as
beliefs,value,ethics, character,knowledge and skills. Although your position as a
manager, supervisor, lead, etc. gives you the authority to accomplish certain tasks
and objectives in the organization, this power does not make you a leader.

*The Two Most Important Keys to Effective Leadership

 Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor
of employee satisfaction in an organization.

 Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to

winning organizational trust and confidence:

*Factors of leadership--
There are four major factors in leadership:

ETHICS --

Mean of Ethics --

Ethics in terms of philosophy, is often referred to as morality. It is the right or

wrong of any action taken, took, or will take place. We use its codes to lay
judgement on standards we propose to follow. Ethics is often broken down into
three main categories. Ethics helps to take the judgement in each and every
organisation

Consists of moral principles governing the right and wrongs of human conduct.

- Is about the principles of right and wrong accepted by individuals or social

groups.

- A code of behaviour considered morally correct.

- Code of moral principles that guide the action of people and groups.

- Ethical behaviour is doing what is morally right.

Business Ethics--
Business ethics are the principles and standards that:
- Define acceptable conduct in the business.
- Should supportable decision making.

-
Is It same as corporate social responsibility-
There is clearly an overlap between CSR and business ethics.
- A socially responsible firm should be an ethical firm.
- An ethical firm should be socially responsible.

However there is a distinction:

CSR is about responsibility to all stakeholders and not just shareholders.
Ethics is about morally correct behaviour.

TYPES OF ETHICS --
• :Metaethics- The study of where ethical notions came from and what they
mean; in particular, whether there is an ethical system independent of our own
opinions that could be applied to any situation at any time or place.
•
• Normative ethics: The search for a principle (or principles) that guide or
regulate human conduct—that tell us what is right or wrong. A norm is just
another way of saying "standard", so normative ethics is the attempt to find a
single test or criterion for what constitutes moral behaviour—and what does
not.
• Applied ethics: The study of specific problems or issues with the use or
application of moral ideas investigated in normative ethics and based on the
lessons of metaethics. Applied ethics may sometimes coincide with political
or social questions but always involves a moral dimension.
INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISATION --

Tata motors limited is a multinational corporation.it is the

part of Tata Group. Its Headquarter in Mumbai. It is formely known as TALCO.
Tata Motors is a public limited company.Tata Motors was established in 1945
and its Founder was Mr. J.R.D Tata. It is the largest company in automobile and
commercial vehicles in India. Tata Motors has captured cumulative 70% share in
Domestic market. According to OICA Tata Motors is 19th largest automaker and
the 2nd largest commercial vehicles manufacturer in all over the world. At the
current time Mr. Ratan Tata is the chairman of Tata motors.Tata motors is also
the designer and manufacturer of the iconic Tata Nano.which is 1lakhs rupees car
in the world.Tata motors manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a
collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata motors is dual
listed company traded on both the Bombay stock exchange and newyork stock
exchange.Tata motors in 2005 was ranked among the top ten corporations in
India with an annual revenue. Tata motors has also manufacturing and assembly
plants in jamshedpur,pantnagar,lucknow,ahmedabad,and pune in India as well as
argentina, south africa,and Thailand.Tata motors is the part of the Tata group
manages its share holding through Tata sons.Recently it had acquired british
jaguar land rover (JLR) business,which also includes Daimler and lanchester
brand names.

EXPANSION OF THE BUSINESS –

Tata motors entered the passenger
vehicle market in 1991 by launching the tata seira, a multi utility vehicles and
1994 tata motors provided tata sumo.and the main thing is tata motors launching
India’s first sport utility vehicle.Tata launching indica in year 1998 the fully
indigenous passenger car.

TATA BRAND—(for India)

Tata Safari
Tata sumo grande
Tata Indica
Tata Indigo
Tata Indigo marina
TATA BRAND—(for outside India)

Tata manufacturing many other brands for outside india like jaguar, land rover,
etc. that brands totally focused only other than India.Tata’s that brand is very
costly.almost other then Indian people like those brands.
Recently Tata motors takeover jaguar and landrover to capturing the outside
India market.it had very beneficial for Tata motors. After takeover tata motors
having a large capacity for passenger car market in India and abroad. Company
also plan for selling the jaguar & landrover vechiles in India soon.

LITRATURE REVIEW –
Over the past century, there has been a lot of work and thought given to the
development of various leadership theories. From that work, we have got
transformational leadership, situational leadership theories, and behavioral
theories. But very little has been written from a theory standpoint about ethical
leadership.

Part of the problem stems from the fact that the word "ethical" describes a
constraint placed on the leader, and not their approach to leading. In some way,
this was addressed by Burns in his description of transactional leaders. Some
people use the term "ethical" interchangeably with the word "moral" - a concept
addressed by Burns.

Ethics and leadership both seem to be abstract and ambiguous—so imagine what
happens when we discuss ethical leadership . Ethical leadership is not about how
to lead to reach specific goals, but what ethical affects leadership has. Ethics are
not morals themselves but the meaning of moral ways and actions. Ethics do not
decide, nor do they take decisions away. They serve as a means of guidance—to
find answers, make decisions, and know how to justify them.

Leadership is about those who are in a position to make decisions; create

opinions and attitudes. It is more then just managing. Because leaders have to
lead by example, their words, actions, and values play a huge role in their
success. Responsibility and credibility are two of the most important elements of
leadership; each is deeply based on the interaction with others. Because every
action, even the smallest, has an impact, ethics are always part of the decision-
making process. Ethics are not a cookbook for great decisions. Leaders know that
every decision has to be carried by responsibility and credibility. To be
recognized as a leader requires exuding trust. Remember that for many the values
and ethics of the leader have to match their own understanding of those.

RE
SEARCH METHODOLOGY --

In today’s world, business organisations need effective leadership in order for

them to continue to be successful. Without this, organisations cannot function
correctly or achieve company goals and visions. Effective leadership is
dependent upon the role of the leader and whether or not they can ensure their
employees meet company objectives and standards. This assignment will
critically examine the role of leadership as a contributing factor to contemporary
organisational success.

Effective leaders are made not born. If an individual has the desire and will
power, then they can become a successful leader. Leaders develop through a
never-ending process of learning, education, training and experience (, viewed
25th July 2003).

In order to inspire people to achieve higher levels of work, there are a few things
a leader must be, know and do. These do not come naturally however are
acquired through continual work and study. Effective leaders are individuals who
are continually working and studying to improve their leadership styles and
skills).
Role of Leadership –
Within each business organisation, the role of the leader varies depending upon
the requirements of their job. Most leaders take on the role of a planner, an
organiser, a controller, a communicator, a delegator and a coach. Leaders also
take on the role of accepting responsibility for reaching an organisation’s goals.

The basic job of the leader is to win the energy and commitment of people at all
levels of the company towards improving the performance of the organisation as
a system. This means, they will need to develop their ability to release the
intelligence, creativity and initiative of people throughout the organisation,
particularly those who have been traditionally executed, and then to integrate
those initiatives towards an agreed vision of the future and to solving the
problems encountered on the way.

There are a number of principles of leadership that leaders must

follow including:
• Knowing themselves and seeking self-improvement;
• Being technically proficient;
• Seeking responsibility and taking responsibility for their actions;
• Making sound and timely decisions;
• Setting the example;
• Knowing their people and looking out for their well-being;
• Keeping their people informed;
• Developing a sense of responsibility in their people;
• Ensuring that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished;
• Training their people as a team; and
• Using the full capabilities of their orgainsations.

Leaders are clear about their business values and beliefs. Strong leaders set an
example and build commitment. They keep people and projects on course by
behaving consistently with these values and modelling how they expect others to
act. Leaders also plan and break projects down into achievable steps, creating
opportunities for small wins. They make it easier for others to achieve goals by
focussing on key priorities.
Leaders must recognise that they do not have all the answers. They must be
willing to listen, reflect, and learn, openly and honestly, and reach across
conventional boundaries to embrace new knowledge and new ways of leading.
These leaders we can confidently follow, for they will be sufficiently generous
and assured to lead the way into emotionally unchartered territory and to
“celebrate the unknown”, and will be courageous enough to act alone when
necessary.

In this obviously shifting, fluid and challenging business environment, mistakes

can happen, but learning from them is possible. Not only is it possible, but it is of
paramount importance. And it takes courage. It is the exceptional leader who can
understand that mistakes can, and do, occur but who does not lose faith in the
creative aspirations and accomplishments of others.

Leadership Qualities and Skills –

In today’s society there are many business organisations who fail to succeed.
This is because they do not have adequate leaders in place who possess the
characteristics of effective leadership skills and qualities.

In order to provide effective leadership, a leader must possess or want to develop

a number of qualities and skills that will ensure organisational success. These
include:

• Being innovative and promoting change;

• Having the ability to develop as a leader;
• Being able to focus on people;
• Inspiring trust among followers;
• Having a long range perspective;
• Having an eye on the horizon; and
• Challenging status.

Leaders must also have a backbone strong enough to be responsible and to take
on the role of leader. They must have an open mind for learning the hard lessons
of experiences as they occur. Effective leaders must have a positive outlook for
making sure that bad news always brings opportunity as well as an ability to get
organized.
Leadership Styles –

Each leader in a business organisation encompasses different styles of leadership

including autocratic, democratic and laissez faire. These styles of leadership
differ between one and another and therefore produce various results within an
organisation.

Autocratic leaders rely heavily on their power to coerce and their ability to
persuade. This leadership theory assumes that an able leader successfully
persuades others to follow him or her because they expect that following the
leader’s suggestions will result in solving the problems that the group faces. It
also assumes that a powerful leader can directly reinforce the behaviour of others
by granting or denying rewards or punishments.

Democratic leadership usually requires more maturity and some education on its
processes. Democratic leaders are identified by the way they follow procedures,
such as group based decision making processes, seeking consensus on issues
affecting the group/team, and adopting an open and trusting relationship with
their followers.

focuses less on the balance of power and more on the extent to which leadership
is avoided or attempted. Laissez faire leaders give their group members complete
freedom of action, and refrain from interfering in their group member’s actions
(except to field questions when asked) or making evaluative remarks. Some
problems commonly experienced in groups under this leadership style are that
they are less organised, less efficient, and the work that is produced is often of
poor quality.

Due to the fact that they are many different types of individuals working within a
business organisation, their reactions to the differing leadership styles will vary.
Some may like a particular leadership style while others may not. As a result,
effective leaders must ensure they provide a leadership style that ensures every
individual will respond to their full capacity. Leaders can achieve this be taking
on board a number of each of the characteristics of the different leadership styles
that best suit the individual.

Effective Leadership –
In today’s global market, where economic fortunes shift quickly, a business can
only survive if its leadership is effective and innovative. Leaders must be capable
of nurturing a flexible organisation and developing a committed and well
qualified workforce to handle rapid business changes.

A potential leader may have some instinctive qualities such as vision, self
confidence and so on, but to become a truly effective and exceptional leader, her
or she will have to develop personal capabilities in being able to take a holistic
view of the organisation and the world in which it operates and should be able to
manage change, promote team spirit and develop the potential of each and every
team member.

A fundamental requirement for a leader is to be able to clearly define an

organisation’s mission and purpose. It is imperative that the leader has a clear
idea of what the organisation’s objectives and goals are. Once this has been
defined then the role of the leader is to articulate this throughout the organisation
so that each employee has a clear understanding of what the company wishes to
achieve and what is expected of them. The leader must then be able to motivate
the workforce towards the achievement of the organisation’s objectives and
goals.

It is also the exceptional leader who can maintain expectations, yet remain
vigilant to the fact that these may produce unrealistic standards, and who does not
lose sight of the fact that perfection, through essential to strive for, does not exist.

Ineffective Leadership --

One of the main reasons for a business organisation to fail is the lack of
leadership skills and qualities a leader possess. A leader must be effective in
order to provide leadership to their employees. Employees will not work to their
full potential if they are not provided with an effective leader.

DATA TOOLS –
To prepare this Term paper I have used secondry data tools for presenting own
views. The secondry data tools refers to the internet, magazines ,sample papers,
news articals,and some extra useful management books. For preparing the term
paper we can use both tools primary and secondary ., in primary data tools we
have use direct intraction from the person to person and direct intract to the
employees of the orgnisation. Data tools having much significanc to determinate
the good quality of the term paper.

Types of Data Tools --

Primary Data Source – To preparing any term or research paper there are two
types of data source.the first source is called primary data source, In primary data
source we includes
Direct intraction to the persons and employees of the any organization.
Secondary Data Source – for completing any research and term paper that
other source has appear that called secondary data source,In secondary data
sources we includes internet informations,magazines information and some
useful management sample papers. To prepare this research paper I used
secondary data sources.

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION –

In this term paper my topic is leadership and ethics. I have taken Tata motors as
organization and leadership and ethics concept has apply on the tata motors.
I have discussed about all the essential steps of leadership and ethics in my
research paper.so according to me leadership and ethics concept is much essential
for each and every organization. I have dicussed all the essential information
regarding Tata motors, comprehensive information of the leadership & ethics
concept. Leadership and Ethics is having most significance for the organization.
Therefore the leadership and ethics theory is much essential for each and every
Organization.

CONCLUSION --
 Leadership is a necessary part of any organization, and managers who combine
leadership skills with management traits offer organizations enhanced
productivity and better long-term prospects than those managers who are not
leaders. However, the line between leader and manager is ill-defined: leaders are
not necessarily good managers, and managers do not always possess leadership
characteristics. Both leaders and managers are required in successful
organizations. Leaders provide the long-term vision for the organization, while
managers possess the talent for putting that vision into concrete action and
managing day-to-day activities that accomplish that action. The type of
leadership that succeeds in any organization is, to some degree, determined by
the organizational culture in which the company operates. Conversely, the type of
organizational culture that is found at the company is dependent on the type of
leadership that is provided. This research examines two common types of
leadership and considers them in connection to the organizational cultures which
support them.

Luthans identifies six factors which can be found in organizational cultures:

observed behavioral regularities, norms, dominant values, philosophy, rules and
the organizational climate.

Observed behavioral regularities are typified by the language, tasks, jargon and
roles which members of the organization use and expect to find within the
organization.

Transactional and transformational leadership styles influence the ways in which

executives interact with subordinates. The views of three influential leadership
analysts--Warren Bennis, Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jay Alden Conger--are
considered in terms of the strategies they recommend for leaders. The ethical
framework of organizations, including the various relationships that companies
have, is then examined as is the development and importance of a values
statement and evaluation of different rewards systems. Finally, the research
considers ways in which leaders are educated about ethics, and ways that this
education might be modified to produce improved ethical behavior in a corporate
setting.

SUGGETIONS --
 The inspirational leader listens to the people in her organization. Talking to
people about your passion is not enough. To “share meaning” - my definition for
communication - you must allow the ideas and thoughts of your staff to help form
the vision and mission, or minimally, the goals and action plan. No one is ever
one hundred percent supportive of a direction they had no part in formulating.
People need to see their ideas incorporated – or understand why they were not.

 To experience inspiration, people also need to feel included. Inclusion goes

beyond the listening and feedback; for real inclusion, people need to feel
intimately connected to the actions and process that are leading to the
accomplishment of the goals or the decision.

At a client company, we cancelled an annual employee event because of

customer orders for product. Many people did not like the decision, but we
involved the whole management group, the Activity Committee members and
many other employees in the discussion about whether to cancel or re-schedule
the event. The inclusion led to a compromise that, while not perfect, still enables
a celebration and a positive motivation boost, yet allows the company to meet
customer needs.

 Important to inspiration is the integrity of the person leading. Yes, vision and
passion are important, but employees must trust you to feel inspired. They must
believe in you. Your “person” is as important as the direction you provide.
Employees look up to a person who tells the truth, tries to do the right things,
lives a "good" life and does their best. Trust me. Your actions play out on the
stage of your organization. And, your staff does boo and cheer and vote with their
feet and their actions.

*The inspirational leader also understands that, while money is a motivator, so

are praise, recognition, rewards, a thank you and noticing an individual’s
contribution to a successful endeavor.

BIBLIOGRAPHY --
 To Preparing this Term or research Paper I used many sources like
internet, some useful management Books and various sample papers and
article.Bibliography is having most significance part of the Term Paper.So
That information is given below, which is used by me for completing the
Term Paper .

-- Brent D. Ruben, Pursuing Excellence in Higher Education: Eight

Fundamental Challenges
(Jossey-Bass, 2003)

-- James M. Kouzes, Barry Z. Posner, The Jossey-Bass Academic

Administrator's Guide to Exemplary Leadership
(Jossey-Bass 2003)

Besides of above references I have taken information through internet. And

Also Taken articles and sample papers through the management books.