SY
fe
PU er]
Weyer Lt)
IETS A
ee Se
Aa
ki ea ee
FUNC ym aa ae
levised: January 1 ;
PTA a a Pa
era eesti CLASSIFICATION OF LOCATIONS
FOR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
IN
GAS UTILITY AREAS FOREWORD
In 1965, the original Classification of Gas utility Areas for Electrical Installations X-50765 was
prepared by the Compressor Committee Task Group on National Electrical Code Classification,
Operating Section, American Gas Association, Ine. In 1977, the document was revised and re-
numbered XF0277. The revised information contained in this publication has been prepared in
a joint effort of the Compressor and the Automation é& Telecommunications Committees,
Operating Section, Division I, American Gas Association. It is intended to be a recommended
practice for classification of locations for electrical installations in gas utility areas.
Consideration was given to the increasing application of centralized control with the consequent
increase in unmanned or semi-attended facilities. It also includes statements and
recommendations for classification of locations based on experience of the gas industry. ‘This
publication does not constirute and should not be construed to be an official code of rules or
regulations.
“This publication includes generalized statements and recommendations on matters on which there
are diverse opinions. It is important, therefore, that sound engineering judgement take
precedence over a literal interpretation of the text.
‘Tne Compressor and Automation and Telecommunications Committees wish to acknowledge the
use of the American Petroleum Institute Bulletin RP 500 series, NFPA 497A, and NFPA S94
as resources in the preparation of this publication. SECTION 1 - GENERAL
1.1 Introduction .
1.2 Scope
SECTION 2 - THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
2.1 National Electrical Code Considerations
2.2 Classes and Divisions ........
2.3. Division 1 Design Considerations
2.4 Division 2 Design Considerations
eee
SECTION 3 - CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR IGNITION
3.1 Basic Con
3.2. Dispersion
SECTION 4 - DETOONATON OF THE EXISTENCE OF A
LASSIFIED LOCATION
al Gaia ei etieceee
4.2 Flammable Gases and Vapors .
4.3. Flammable Liquids ... . -
44 Flammable Gases, Vepors, and Liquids in the Atmosphere
4.5 Area of Release
5
5
5
6
7
SECTION 5 - DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF eLASSIOADEN
5.1 Division 1 ys. Division 2
5.2 Ventilation
SECTION 6 - per ae OF THE EXTENT OF THE
LASSIFIED LOCATION
6.1 oer of Classified Area for Flammable Gases .
6.2 Air Currents .
6.3 Transition Zones .
6.4 Probability of Failures
6.5 Vapor Tight Barriers.
SECTION 7- ee METHODS FOR DETERMINING
LASSIFIED LOCATIONS
WA Sonn Deven te tases ees esr een ee eee eee ees iL
APPENDIX A - CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAMMABLE GASES,
VAPORS, AND LIQUIDS
APPENDIX B - VENTILATION CALCULATIONS
APPENDIX C - INDEX OF CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAMS SECTION 1 - GENERAL
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1. Ibis the intent of this publication to present
recommendations for classification of areas for
electrical installations in gas utilities, under the
provisions of the National Electrical Code (NEC) or
other applicable codes or regulations providing a
similar basis for defining "Classified Locations”. Tt
must be understood that this publication is only a
guide and should be used with sound engineering
judgement. It is the responsibility of each
company to determine their appropriate area
classification using this guide and other pertinent
data. This publication has endeavored to consider
the available information on all the factors
concemed, and properly evaluate them in order to
develop a consistent basis of classification to be
used in the selection and location of electrical
quipment.
1.1.2 There has been considerable confusion in
interpreting the NEC classification of "Classified
Locations” in gas utilities, i.e. those areas where
there may be some hazard from release of
flammable gases, vapors or liquids. Gas utility
electrical installations must be designed to avoid
contributing to the probability of accidental ignition
of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids released to
the atmosphere.
1.1.3 Before any design can begin the areas of
potential hazard must be clearly defined as to Class,
Group and Division. A properly designed
installation would protect the area 10 2 degree
‘commensurate with the risk. It would provide
special equipment wherever required for safety but
would also include general purpose equipment
wherever possible in order to save installation and
‘maintenance costs. Equipment to be used, such as
explosion-proof, vapor tight, hermetically sealed,
intrinsically safe, non-incendive, oil immersed,
purged, or general purpose must be approved and
marked for the degree of hazard that has been
defined. The equipment must be correctly
designed, manufactured, installed and maintained to
assure safety. It is essential to recognize cases
where experience has shown that the occurrence of
‘a hazardous condition caused by the release of
flammable gases from any source has been so
infrequent that its likelihood under similar
conditions can be ignored.
1.1.4. Itis often possible to limit the installation of
electrical facilities in areas where the atmosphere
may be hazardous. Careful definition of the extent
of the potentially hazardous area will often permit
the use of general purpose circuit-breakers,
transformers and starters for this equipment in non-
classified locations at reasonable cost.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 The gas utility areas to which this
Publication applies are those in which flammable
gases are produced, manufactured, stored,
transmitted and distributed. It is not intended to
include plants of a refinery nature, such as natural
‘gas stripping plants or gasoline plants. In
establishing the limits of classified locations, it is
assumed that th
hazardous materials as defined in Article 500 of the
NEC and the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) Standard No. 70. (See Appendix A)
4.2.2 Factors such as corrosion, maintenance,
equipment standardization and interchangeability
and. possible process changes or expansion
frequently dictate the use of special enclosures or installations for electrical systems. Such factors are
side the scope of this Publication which is
tudrely concerned with the proper application of
electrical equipment to avoid ignition of flammable
vapors and gases. This publication further
recognizes that certain environmental aspects of an
installation, such as prevailing winds, site
topography, proximity of other installations and
climatic conditions may exert sufficient influence to
merit a classification other than that which would
have been made had these conditions not existed.
1.2.3. All areas and distances indicated herein are
recommendations for a minimum level of safety and
may be exceeded at the discretion of those
responsible for the installation design.
SECTION 2 - THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
2.1 National Electrical Code
consideration
2.1.1 The NEC is widely utilized as a guide to
good electrical practices and has been adopted as
law at various federal, state and local levels.
OSHA mandates its use in appropriate facilities.
Most installations, regardless of legal
siderations, conform as a maner of good
practice. Therefore, these recommendations are not
an attempt to rewrite or otherwise supersede the
NEC or other applicable codes or ordinances. It is
intended, rather, to serve as 2 supplement.
2.2 Classes and Divisions
2.2.1 Classified Areas. Article 500 of the NEC
defines three classes of locations and two divisions
within cach class. Class I locations are those
locations in which flammable gases or vapors may
be present in the air in quantities sufficient to
provide explosive or ignitible mixtures. Class IT
(combustible dust) and Class IT (easily ignitible
fibers or flyings) are not generally applicable to the
natural gas industry. This Publication is therefore
limited to Class I locations.
2.2.2. The intent of Article 500 of the NEC is that
electrical equipment and systems in classified
locations should not provide a means of ignition for
an explosive or ignitable mixture that may be
present,
2.2.3. Within cach Class, Article 500 recognizes
two degrees of hazard: Division 1 and Division 2.
In Division 1 locations, an ignitable mixture is
likely to be present continuously or intermittently
under normal conditions of operation, repair,
maintenance or leakage. Normally expected
conditions may include the release of gas from a
pipeline blowdown vent or release of gas from an
instrument vent. In Division 2 locations, an
ignitable mixture is normally handled and processed
in closed piping systems or vessels. However, due
to an abnormal condition, an ignitable mixture is
likely to be present. Abnormal conditions may
include gas leakage from a pipe flange or threaded
‘pipe fitting.
2.2.4 Non-classified locations are those which are
not classified as Division 1 or Division 2. These
areas are sometimes referred to as "General
Purpose” or Non-Classified.
2.3. Division 1 Design Conditions
2.3.1 Electrical installations in Division 1 locations
are designed so that normal operation or failure of any part of the electrical system will not release
“nes, sparks, or hot gases, nor will it result in
face temperatures high enough to ignite the
surrounding hazardous atmosphere.
2.3.2 Flectrical installations for Division 1
locations may be designed in a number of ways.
‘No single method is best in all respects for all types
of equipment used in Gas Utility Areas. Explosion-
proof electrical equipment, Types X and Y purged
electrical equipment are used primarily in Division
1 locations but can be used in Division 2 locations
as well.
2.3.3 Explosion-proof equipment is enclosed in a
case which is capable of withstanding an explosion
of a specified gas or vapor which may occur within
it, Explosion-proof equipment will also prevent the
ignition of a specified gas or vapor surrounding the
enclosure by sparks, flashes, or explosion of the gas
or vapor within it. The equipment must operate
such that the external temperature of the enclosure
will not ignite the surrounding flammable
‘nosphere.
2.3.4 In some cases, classified locations may be
limited or eliminated by adequate positive pressure
(above atmospheric) from a source of clean air in
conjunction with effective safeguards against
ventilation failure. The source of clean air is to be
taken from a location outside the boundaries of the
Division 1 or 2 areas. Refer to the NFPA ‘Standard
496 for design criteria,
2.3.5 The NEC also allows the use of intrinsically
safe equipment and wiring in Division 1 locations.
Tatrinsically safe equipment and wiring is incapable
of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy
ander normal or abnormal conditions to cause
ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture
in its most easily ignited concentration. Abnormal
conditions will include accidental damage to any
part of the equipment or wiring, insolation failure
or other failure of electrical components, application
of over-voltage and other similar conditions. The
intrinsically safe wiring method allows for the use
of general purpose enclosures and wiring methods
normally used in non-classified areas. Refer 10
NFPA Standard 493 and CSA Standard C22.2 No.
157-MI1979 for design criteria.
2.3.6 Equipment and associated wiring listed by an
organization, such as Factory Mutual, Underwriters
Laboratories, or Canadian Standards Association;
which is acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction as intrinsically safe, may be installed in
‘any location for which it is approved.
2.4 Division 2 Design Conditions
2.4.1 Electrical installations for Division 2
locations are designed and arranged so that normal
operation of the electrical system does not provide
a source of ignition. Protection against ignition
during electrical breakdown is not provided.
However, electrical breakdowns are sufficiently rare
and the chances of one occurring simultaneously
with accidental release of an ignitable mixture is
extremely remote. Arcing and sparking devices are
permitted only if suitably enclosed or if the sparks
are of insufficient energy to ignite the mixture.
2.4.2. As previously mentioned Division 1 design
techniques may be used in Division 2 locations.
However, non-incendive type design techniques can
be used exclusively in a Division 2 location. Non-
incendive circuits and components are those circuits
and components which under normal operating
conditions do not release sufficient electrical or
thermal energy 10 ignite a specific hazardous
atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignited
concentration (this is in contrast to intrinsically safe
devices which must be low energy under normal
and abnormal conditions).
2.4.3 The principles involved with non-incendive
circuits and components are based on the low
probability of the presence of an ignitable gavair mixture occurring for a substantial period of time in
vision 2 area. This mixture must be coincident
‘win an abnormal condition in the electrical
equipment capable of igniting the gas mixture. For
a complete description and design criteria for non-
incendive circuits and components refer to ISA
Standard ISA-S12.12-1984.
2.4.4 Type Z purging techniques can be used t0
reduce a Division 2 classified area to a non-
classified area. Refer to the NFPA Standard 496
for design criteria.
SECTION 3 - CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR IGNITION
3.1 Basic Conditions
‘Three basic conditions must be satisfied for the
occurrence of a fire or explosion of the type under
consideration. These are:
1. A flammable gas, vapor or liquid must be
present.
2. ‘This must be mixed with air or oxygen in
the proportions required to produce an
explosive or ignitable mixture.
Furthermore, within the context of this
Publication, there must be a sufficient
amount of this mixture to provide an
ignitable atmosphere surrounding the
electrical installation.
3. ‘There must be an ignition, This can only
‘occur when sufficient incendiary energy is
applied to a significant amount of an
ignitable mixture. Within the context of this
Publication, the potential source of ignition
is understood to be the electrical installation
operating at energy levels sufficient to
release incendiary energy.
3.2 Dispersion
3.2.1 In applying these principles to any potential
hazard, the quantity of the substance that might be
liberated, its physical characteristics, and the natural
tendency of vapors to disperse in the atmosphere
must be recognized, There is a definite range of
concentrations of any flammable vapor in air that is
necessary before the vapor can be ignited. The
upper and lower limits are listed for various
flammable liquids, gases and volatile solids in
NEPA Standard No. 325M. Whenever the
concentration of a flammable substance in air is
above or below the flammable range the vapors
‘cannot be ignited. (See Appendix A).
3.2.2 Lighter-than-air gases diffuse into the
atmosphere so readily that, except in enclosed
spaces, they seldom produce ignitable mixtures in
the zones close to grade where most electrical
installations are located. Heavier-than-air gases will
not diffuse readily into the atmosphere unless the
diffusion is assisted by air currents. ‘They are more
likely, therefore, to produce ignitable mixtures at
elevations close to or below grade level.
3.2.3 Vapors from volatile flammable liquids,
even when evolved rapidly, bave a natural tendency
to disperse into the atmosphere and thus Tapidly
become diluted to concentrations below the lower
flammable limit. This tendency is greatly
‘accelerated by air movement. Many years of
‘experience have established that outdoor arcas likely
to be classified are only a small fraction of those
classified areas which might theoretically result
from any given rate of release of flammable liquid.
Liquids of low vapor pressure seldom evolve
sufficient quantities of vapor to require that any
significant area be classified. The prevention of the
continued existence of a potentially ignitable
atmosphere e.g. by detection, alarm, and corrective
action, is one of the best ways to ensure safety. SECTION 4 - DETERMINATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF A
CLASSIFIED LOCATION
4.1 General
‘The determination of whether a location should be
classified requires careful consideration of the
following factors:
- The flammability or combustibility of the
product.
- The likelihood of product release within a
given area.
= The size of the release.
4.2. Flammable Gases and Vapors
‘The first step in classifying locations for electrical
installations is 10 determine if the product being
handied is flammable. The flammable substances
normally found in utility gas plants include natural
as, liquefied petroleum gas and the vapors of
ammable liquids.
4.2.1 Natural gases commonly encountered include
mixtures of methane with small quantities of other
low molecular weight hydrocarbons, the mixtures
generally being lighter than air.
4.2.2 Liquefied natural gas is produced by
reducing the temperature of natural gas sufficiently
to cause condensation. Since natural gas is mostly
methane, the condensation occurs at -2580F under
atmospheric pressure of 14.7 PSIA. One cubic foot
of liquefied natural gas is equivalent to
approximately 600 cubic feet of natural gas in the
‘gaseous phase, measured under standard conditions.
4.2.3. Manufactured gases generally contain a high
percentage of hydrogen plus a mixture of low
molecular weight hydrocarbons. They are usually
lighter than air and have wide ranges of
flammability.
4.2.4. Synthetic natural gas includes mixtures of
96-98% methane with small quantities of other low
molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The
mixture is generally lighter than air.
4.2.5 Liquefied petroleum gases (LP-Gas) include
propane, propylene, butane, and mixtures thereof,
having vapor densities from 1.3 to approximately
2.0 times that of air. Vapor pressures excesd 40
PSIA at 1000F (37.80C),
4.3 Combustible and Flammable
Liquids
4.3.1 Combustible and flammable liquids vary in
volatility. They are defined in NEPA Standard No.
30. Combustible liquids have a flash point at or
above 1000F (37.80C). Flammable liquids have a
flash poin: below 1000F (37.80C). The methods
for determining flash point used in these definitions
are described in "Flammable and Combustible
Liquids Code", NFPA Standard No. 30. Densities
of the saturated vapors of these flammable liquids
at ordinary atmospheric temperatures are generally
2.5 to 4.0 times that of air. The flammable liquids
are further subdivided as follows:
43.2. Flammable liquids are defined as follows:
=” Class IA liguids have flash points below
TOF (22.80C) and boiling points below
1000F (37.80C).
= Class IB liquids have flash points below
73OF @2.80C) and boiling points at or
above 1000F (37.89C).
= Class IC liquids have flash points at or
above 730F (22.80C) and below 1000F
7.800).
4.3.3 Combustible liquids are defined as follows:
- Class I liquids have flash points at or above 1000F (37.80C) and below 1400F (60°C).
Class TITA liquids have flash points at or
above 1400F (60°C) and below 2000F
(930C).
Class IIB liquids have flash points at or
above 2000F (93°C).
4.4 Flammable Gases, Vapors, and
Liquids in the Atmosphere
4.4.1 After determining whether the products
being handled are flammable, the second step is to
establish a basis for deciding if flammable gases,
vapors oF liguids are likely to be released in any
given location. In the case of liquids, consideration
must be given to the nature of the liquid involved
and its ability to release flammable vapors in
sufficient quantity to create a potential hazard.
4.4.2 Lighter than air gases. Lighter than air
gases such as natural gas, synthetic natural ges or
snufactured gas will dissipate rapidly when
_ eased through a given sized opening. For this
reason they will affect a lesser area than will LP-
Gas or flammable liquids released through an equal
sized opening.
4.4.3. LPG. Liquefied petroleum gases released as
a liguid are highly volatile and have low boiling
temperatures, so that they readily absorb heat,
creating large volumes of vapor. They should be
treated conservatively in considering the extent of
area affected, since the heavy vapors may travel
‘along the ground for long distances if air currents
do not assist diffusion.
4.4.4 LNG. Liguefied natural gzs, if released,
will initially boil and produce natural gas at about
“2580F. ‘This cold natural gas is heavier than air
but can be expected to warm up rapidly to the point
where the normal characteristics of natural gas
control its behavior. Under certain atmospheric
conditions, low wind speed and high humidity, the
cold natural gas vapor cloud may travel along the
ground for a considerable distance downwind of the
LNG spill before warming to the temperature at
which it becomes lighter than air.
4.4.8 Class I Liquids. Class 1 liquids, when
released in appreciable quantities into the
atmosphere, may produce large volumes of vapor.
This is particularly the case with the more volatile
liquids in this class, such as gasoline, motor and
aviation gasoline. The heavier liquids in this class,
such as some of the thinners and solvents, xylene,
and some intermediate refinery stocks, release
vapor more slowly at normal storage temperatures
and are hazardous only near the surface of the
liquid. At elevated temperatures, however, these
heavier liquids can give off larger volumes of vapor
that can affect wider areas. Normally, Class I
liquids will produce vapors considered to be in the
flammable range for electrical design purposes.
4.4.6 Class I and Class II Liquids. Class and
Class III liquids include most of the solvents,
kerosene, heating oils, diesel fuel, and heavier fuel
oils. The degree of hazard is low because the rate
of vapor release is almost nil at normal
temperatures of handling and storage. When these
liquids are heated, more vapor is released and the
hazard may be increased near the point of release,
However, the chance of ignition by electrical
equipment is not as great as for Class I liquids
because the vapors will tend to condense as they are
cooled by the surrounding air if heated to extremely
high temperatures without an electrical ignition
source. Consideration of vapor released from
heated liquids may be extended to liquids having a
flash point at or above 1400F when heated
substantially above their flash points. Class II and
Class TM liquids should be considered as producing
flammable vapors near the point of release when
handled, processed, or stored at temperatures above
their flash point. Liquids having flash points above
1400F may release vapor at their liquid surface if
heated above the flash point. However, the extent of the hazardous area will ordinarily be very small.
» Area of Release
4.5.1 A third step in classifying locations involves
the probability of release in quantity sufficient to
involve a significant area and the question of
whether such release might occur during normal
operation or only as 2 result of an unusual
‘occurrence or "abnormal" condition. “Abnormal”
is used here in a limited sense and is intended to
cover the type of accident against which there is
practical protection. It does not include a major
catastrophe of the type against which protection is
impractical.
4.5.2 Experience shows that the liberation of
flammable substances from some operations and
apparatus is so infrequent that its likelihood can be
ignored. For instance, it has generally been found
unnecessary to classify as hazardous the area
surrounding the piping system which does not
include valves, flanges, fittings, etc, even though
system may be handling a flammable gas,
vapor, of liquid.
4.5.3. Ibis unnecessary to classify locations where
permanent ignition sources are present. This would
Fnclude sources such as direct fired heaters and
indirect fired heaters used at regulator stations and
dehydration facilities. Consideration should be
given, however, to potential leak sources in pumps,
valves, etc. of fuel lines feeding the flame or heat
producing equipment to minimize installing
‘electrical devices which could be an ignition source.
4.5.4 It is unnecessary to classify areas where
flammable gases of liquids are stored in suitable
containers per NFPA recommendations and D.O.T.
rules specifying containers for flammable gases and
liquids.
4.5.5. Engine rooms or other locations need not be
classified by reason of the engine fuel. Reference
NEPA Standard 37 for criteria.
4.5.6 Experience has confirmed that outdoor areas
requiring classification are generally small.
SECTION 5 - DETERMINATION OF ‘THE DEGREE OF
CLASSIFICATION
$.1 Division 1 vs. Division 2
5.1.1 Having established a basis for deciding
‘whether or not an area should be classified, the next
step is to determine the degree of classification. Is
the location in a Division | or Division 2 area? As
stated previously, the criterion for Division 1 is
whether the location is likely to be hazardous under
normal conditions. For Division 2, the criterion is
whether the location is likely to be hazardous only
under abnormal conditions. “Normal” does not
necessarily mean the situation which prevails when
everything is working properly.
5.1.2 Similarly, there are cases in which frequent
maintenance and repair are necessary. ‘These are
‘viewed as "normal" and, if significant quantities of
flammable gas, vapor or liquid might be released as
a result of the maintenance, the location would be
Division 1 - remembering, of course that it is the
usual procedure to drain or relieve the pressure on
such equipment under supervision of an experienced
operator. In many cases, this need not be
considered as creating a potentially hazardous
atmosphere. If such repairs were not frequently
required, the need to do repair work would not be
considered “normal” and the area would be
classified as Division 2. 5.1.3 Consider the case of instrument calibration.
‘ough it is considered a "normal" operation,
calibration for most instruments is not required for
extended periods of time. And coupled with the
small amounts of gas that may escape, calibration
would not affect the area classification.
5.2 Ventilation
5.2.1 In many areas the classification will depend
on “ventilation”. Any indoor location where
ventilation is restricted so that flammable
concentrations may develop under normal conditions
would be classified Division 1. Experience shows
that even heavy vapor is rapidly dispersed in a
freely ventilated area. For this reason outdoor
areas or those having ventilation equivalent to
outdoor conditions are generally classified as
Division 2. Experience also shows that many
indoor areas in gas utility plants have adequate
ventilation so that flammable gas concentrations will
not develop under normal operating conditions.
his type of area would be classified as Division 2.
5.2.2 Ventilation is necessary for the prevention of
fire and explosion, It is considered adequate if it is
sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant
quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentration
over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit.
Enclosed buildings should be ventilated at a rate of
not less than one cubic foot per minute per square
foot of intemal building area for buildings up to
2000 square feet from a source of clean air and in
conjunction with effective safeguards against
ventilation failure. ‘This should be accomplished by
natural or mechanical ventilation with discharge or
exhaust to a safe location outside of the building.
Provision should be made for introduction of make-
up air in such a manner as not to short circuit the
ventilation, For flammable liquids with heavier
than-air vapors, ventilation should be arranged to
include all floor areas or pits where flammable
vapors may collect. For lighter-than-air gases, roof
openings should be provided. Local or spot general
ventilation may be needed for the control of special
fire or health hazards, Such ventilation, if
provided, can be utilized for up 10 75 percent of the
required ventilation, See NFPA 91, Standard for
the Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for
Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying,
and NEPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air
Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, for design
criteria. Refer to Appendix B for design
calculations.
SECTION 6 - DETERMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF
THE CLASSIFIED. LOCATION
6.1 Extent of Classified Location
For Flammable Gases
‘The final step in location classification is to arrive
at a basis for determining the extent of the classified
area, Needless to say, this is the most difficult of
all, Perhaps a good beginning is to start with the
fact that flammable gases can either be heavier or
lighter than air, This leads to the following
conclusior
1. Inthe absence of walls, enclosures or other
barriers, and in the absence of air currents
for similar disturbing forces, it must be
assumed that a vapor will disperse in all
directions, as governed by the vapor density
and velocity (e.g. heavier-than air vapors
principally downward and outward, lighter
than-air vapors principally upward and
outward). Thus if the source were a single
point, the horizontal area covered by the vapor would be a circle.
For lighter-than-air gases released at or near
grade level, the locations where potentially
hazardous concentrations are most likely to
be found are above the point of release. AS
the height above the point of release
increases, the horizontal area of potential
hazard increases until the flammable gases
are sufficiently diluted with air to bring their
concentration below the lower flammable
limit. There is litle or no potential hazard
at or below grade.
3, For heavier-than-air vapors released at or
beiow grade level, the locations where
potentially hazardous concentrations are
most likely to be found are below grade;
those at grade are next most likely; and, as
height above grade increases, the potential
hazard decreases. In open locations away
from the immediate point of release, freely
drifting vapors from a small source neat
rade seldom have reach ignition sources at
elevation more than 6 ft. or 8 ft. above
grade.
4. Elevated or depressed sources of release
‘may alter the zones of potential hazard.
6.2 Air Currents
‘Air currents may substantially alter the outline of
the limits of potential hazard. A very mild breeze
may serve to extend the area in those directions to
which gases or vapors might normally be carried.
However, a stronger breeze can so accelerate the
dispersion of vapors that the extent of the potential
hazardous area would be greatly reduced. Thus
‘area limits recommended for Division 1 or Division
2 locations must be recognized from experience,
yather than from any theoretical diffusion of vapors.
6.3 Transition Zones
‘Another concept which must be understood is that
there is usually a transition zone between a Division
1 location (potentially hazardous under normal
conditions) and a non-hazardous location.
Obviously one side of an imaginary line cannot be
normally hazardous and the opposite side never
hazardous, There will be a zone which could be
hazardous under abnormal conditions. These
conditions might be unfavorable air cucrents, and
abnormally large release of flammable material etc.
6.3.1 Consider the case of a source which releases
flammable material during normal operation. This
source is surrounded by a Division 1 location
which, in turn, is surrounded by a larger concentric
Division 2 location. Division 2 is the transition
zone, Everything outside the Division 2 zone is
nonclassified.
6.3.2. Now consider a source which releases
flammable material only under abnormal conditions.
It might be a pipeline or pressure vessel with
valves, flanges, or screwed pipe connections
containing flammable gases. In this case there is no
Division 1 location. ‘The pipeline or pressure vessel
would have to leak, and that would not be normal.
However, the pipeline or pressure vessel might leak
under abnormal conditions. Thus the vessel is
surrounded by @ Division 2 zone. Everything
‘outside that zone is nonclassified.
6.3.3. It is quite easy to acquire an exaggerated
conception of the extent of Division 1 locations. It
takes constant mental discipline to think in terms of
what can happen under normal conditions. Surely
the failure of equipment is not a normal condition.
‘Such an occurrence is abnormal in every sense of
the word, This does not mean the abnormal is not
‘a consideration in the overall picture. That is the
significance of Division 2 - the transition zone
which normally exists between a source of hazard
and a non-hazardous area. In these areas the law of
probability comes into play. Probability of Failure
6.4.1 Pipelines and pressure vessels seldom fail.
Furthermore, the NEC requirements for electrical
installation in Division 2 locations are such that a
spark can occur in a flammable gas-air mixture only
in the event of a breakdown of electrical equipment.
This is also infrequent. As an example, assume
that both the electrical and process equipment fail at
the rate of once every 8,000 hours (once a year)
The failure of both types of equipment during the
same hour is unlikely. These assumed failure rates
are high, and the failures would usually have to
occur during a time interval shorter than one hour.
‘On a realistic basis, the possibility of simultaneous
failure is very remote.
6.4.2 When classifying facilities there should be
careful evaluation of prior experience with the same
or related types of installations. It is not enough to
merely point to a potential source of vapor within
me building and proceed immediately with the
ion of the extent of the Division 1 and
indicated that a particular design concept is
10
apparently sound, a more restrictive classification
for similar installations is unjustifiable.
Furthermore, it is conceivable that an area might be
reclassified from Division 1 to Division 2, or from
Division 2 to unclassified, based on experience.
Vapor-Tight Barriers
6.5.1. There could be cases in which a vapor-tight
barrier might serve to completely prevent the gas or
vapor spread from a classified area, A sealed
vapor-tight barrier, utilized to limit the extent of a
classified area, is a wall consisting of continuous
building material having no air gaps, doors, louvers
or penetrations. The vapor barrier may be
structural, membrane, or coated type. Structural
barriers include rigid sheets of plastic, metal and
insulation board impervious to water vapor flow due
to their physical composition. Membrane barriers
include metal foils, treated papers, and plastic
films. Coating barriers may be semifluid, mastic,
and paint type material.
6.5
6.5.2 Pipe and conduit should be installed around
the vapor barrier and conduit sealed in accordance
with the NEC Section 501-5. SECTION 7 - RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR
DETERMINING EXISTENCE, DEGREE AND
EXTENT OF CLASSIFIED LOCATIONS
7.1 Procedure
‘The recommendations for determining the degree
and extent of classified locations have been
developed by survey and analysis of the practices of
a large segment of the gas industry and by careful
weighing of pertinent factors. With this
background, it is recommended that the existence,
degree, and extent of classified locations be
determined in accordance with the following
procedure. ‘The procedure requires answering a
series of questions. An affirmative answer to any
question verifies the existence of a classified area as
defined in Article 500 of the NEC.
Step 1 - Need for Classification
The need for classification is indicated by an
affirmative answer to the following question: Are
immable gases, vapors or liquids present or may
they be present in quantities sufficient to produce
explosive or ignitable mixtures?
Step 2 - Assignment of Classification
If an affirmative answer results from Step 1, the
following questionnaire should be used to determine
the assignment of classification.
Division 1 locations may be distinguished by an
affirmative answer to any one of the following
questions:
1. Ts a flammable gas, vapor, or liquid
concentration likely to exist in the air
continuously, intermittently or periodically
under normal conditions?
2. Is a flammable gas, vapor, or liquid
concentration likely to occur frequently
because of maintenance, repairs or leakage?
3, Would an abnormal condition in process,
lL
storage, or other equipment be likely to
cause | an electrical-system failure
simultaneously with the release of flammable
gases or vapors?
4. Is a flammable gas, vapor, or liquid
handled, processed, or stored in an
inadequately ventilated location?
Division 2 locations may be distinguished by an
affirmative answer to any one of the following
questions:
1, Is the location an adequately ventilated one
in which flammable gases, vapors, or liquids
are processed, handled or stored in suitable,
‘well maintained piping systems or containers
from which they can escape only during
abnormal conditions?
2. Is the location adjacent to a Division 1
Jocation, or can gases, vapors or liquids leaic
into the location as through trenches, pipe or
ducts?
3, If mechanically-induced ventilation is used,
could failure or abnormal operation of
ventilating equipment permit gas or vapor
mixtures in air to build up to flammable
concentrations?
Step 3 - Extent of Classified Locations
“The extent of a classified location is determined by
applying the recommended distances given in
‘Appendix C with considered engineering judgement,
evaluating both existing and planned installations. APPENDIX A APPENDIX A
CHA FEL, BLE. val
‘A flammable material is capable of being ignited easily. Flammable mixtures of material and
air are capable of propagating flame (burning or exploding) when ignited.
‘The flammable range of atmospheric mixtures of a gas or vapor defines for a given temperature
the limiting proportions of the specified gas or vapor in air between which a flammable mixture
results, These may range from less than 1 percent by volume of vapor to as much as 75 percent
by volume (hydrogen). However, normal hydrocaroons have upper limits between 6 and 15
percent, ‘The probability that the concentration must first pass through the flammable range to
reach the upper limit.
‘The flammable range for various gases usually found in gas utility plants are
Natural Gas 4.5% to 14.5% in air
Liquefied Natural Gas 2.0% to 9.5% in air
Manufactured Gas 4.5% to 28.0% in air
Hydrogen 4.0% to 75% in air
‘The flash points of liquids, as used herein means the minimum temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit at which a flammable liquid will give off flammable vapor. It is determined by
appropriate test procedure and apparatus specified in the latest edition of NFPA Standard No.
30, lammable and Combustible Liguids Code.
Note: A very complete compilation of Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases
and Volatile Solids may be found in NFPA Standard No. 325M.
NEC Grouping of Atmospheric Mixtures with Similar Explosive Characteristics.
‘The explosive characteristics of air mixtures of gases or vapors vary with the specified material
involved. For Class I locations, Groups A, B, C and D, the classification involves
determinations of maximum explosion pressure, maximum safe clearance between parts of @
clamped joint in an enclosure, and the minimum ignition temperature of the atmospheric
mixture. Equipment must be approved not only for the class, but also for the specified group
(Gee below) of the gas or vapor that will be present. For the purposes of testing, approval, and
‘area classification, various mixtures have been grouped in the NEC on the basis of their
characteristics, Facilities have been made available for testing and approving equipment for use
in the following atmospheric groups:
Group A: Atmospheres containing acetylene,
Al Group B:
Group C:
Group D:
Group E:
Group F:
Group G:
Atmospheres containing hydrogen, fuel and combustible gases containing
more than 30% hydrogen by volume, or gases or vapors or equivalent
hazard such as butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and acrolein.
‘Atmospheres such as cyclopropane, ethyl ether, ethylene or gases or
vapors of equivalent hazard,
‘Atmospheres such as acetone, alcohol, ammonia, benzene, benzol, butane,
gasoline, natural gas, propane, or gases or vapors or equivalent hazard.
‘Atmospheres containing combustible metal dust or other combustible
dusis.
‘Atmospheres containing carbon black, charcoal, coal, or coke dust.
‘Atmospheres containing combustible dusts having resistivity of 10% ohm-
centimeters or greater.
See the NEC and NFPA 497M for a complete listing.
Selection of Electrical Equipment on the Basis of Flammable Atmosphere Characteristics.
‘To assure conformance with the NEC, equipment must be chosen which is approved for the
specific atmospheric mixture involved. It must not be assumed, for instance, that Group D
‘equipment would be satisfactory in Group B atmospheres. APPENDIX B VENTILATION
Ventilation is required to dilute any concentrations of natural gas that may occur in a
building or enclosure during normal operation, Although many codes and standards for
Ventilation rates for various occupancies have been published, very few address dilution rates
of flammable gases or vapors. Two standards that particularly address ventilation of flammable
materials is the N.F.P.A. 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquid Code and N.F.P.A. S94
‘Standard for Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquified Natural Gas.
Yentilation Tates to be at least 1 cfm of air per square foot of building area and are referenced
for purposes of this publication.
Natural ventilation is unpowered airflow through intentional openings in a building or
enclosure. It is caused by pressures from wind and indoor/outdoor temperature differences.
Natural air flow through intentional openings will be used as a method to provide adequate
ventilation for building up to 2000 square feet and having little or no internal vertical airflow
resistance. ‘This method is valid for both lighter-than-air and heavier-than- air gases. Vent
openings must be located near floor areas for heavier-than-air gases and near ceiling areas in
order to adequately ventilate the building. The calculation method that follows is described in
the 1989 "ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals", Chapter 23 and it is recommended that the
equations be fully understood in order to properly apply them.
For buildings larger than 2000 square feet, the above methodology may impose large heat
makeup air requirements in cold-weather climates. It is recommended therefore that the Fugitive
Emission Method of Ventilation as described in the "API Recommended Practice 300 (RPSO0)
dated June 1, 1991 be used
BL TION CA
'As described in the section under Natural Ventilation Flow Rates in Chapter 23, "Infiltration and
Ventilation", of the "A,SJELR,A.E, Handbook of Fundamentals", 1989 Edition, it is found
that there are two natural forces acting on a building for moving air into, through, and out of
a building. These forces are:
1) Wind forces
2) Temperature differences between air inside and outside of a building.
Example
Determine the airflow and ventilator configuration required to adequately ventilate 2 9"-4" x 9'-
4° x 8°-0°H instrument building located offshore in the Gulf of Mexico between New Orleans,
Louisiana and Galveston, Texas.
From the "A.S.H.R.A.E, Handbook of Fundamentals", Chapter 24, titled "Weather Data",
the average wind velocity is 12 knots or 13.8 MPH (12 Knots/HR x 1,152M/Knot).
The handbook recommends the use of fifty percent of the average or 6.9 MPH for design
vvAssume an average temperature difference between the inside and outside of the
building to be 100F.
‘To determine the size of opening for proper ventilation caused by wind forces, Equation (18)
of Chapter 24 is used.
Q=C.CAV where: Q = air flow, cfm
A = free area of inlets or outlets, sq. ft.
V = wind velocity, mph
C, = effectiveness of openings
(C, is assumed to be 0.5 to 0.6 for perpendicular winds
and 0.25 to 0.35 for diagonal winds)
C, = unit conversion factor = 88.0
‘The criteria set forth as adequate ventilation of a building is the larger requirement of the
following two conditions:
I. _ Complete air change of a building in less than 5 minutes.
TL 1.5 eubie feet of volume flow through an opening in the building per minute, per
square foot of floor area (a safety factor of 1.5 is applied to the 1.0 cu. ft. per
sq. ft. bldg. area). For a9'-4" x 9°-4" x 8'-0% building, the required air flow is the larger of the following:
Criteria I:
Volume = 9.33" x 9.33" x 8.0°
Volume = 696.4 cu. ft.
Volume/Min = 696.4 cu. ft./5 min.
Volume/Min = 139.3 cu. ft./min,
Criteria TI:
Floor Area = 9.33" x 9.33°
Floor Area = 87.0 sq. ft.
Volume/Min = 1.5 cu. ft./min./sq. ft. x 87.0 sq. ft.
Volume/Min = 130.6 cu. ft/min.
sThe critical flow set forth above is 139 cfim. This value will be taken as the minimum for
adequate ventilation of the building.
‘Two types of louvered vents are used in this building. The four wall vents are 16" x 18" with
movable louvers. According to the manufacturer, the free area of the louver is 42% of the gross
ines, The door vents have non-movable louvers and a free area of 57% of the gross area.
There are two 12° x 12° door vents and one 24° x 24" door vent in the building,
Total number of High Inlets:
16"x18"x42% = .84-sq. ft.
16"x18"x42% = _.84 sq. ft.
1.68 sq. ft.
Total number of Low Inlets:
16"x18"x42% = .84 sq. ft.
16"x18"x42% = -84 sq. ft.
12"x12"x57% = .57 sq. ft.
12"x12"x57% = .57 sq. ft.
24"x24"x57% = 2.28 sq. ft.
5.1 sq. ft.
‘agin a.case like this, where the inlet area exceeds the outlet area, the A,S.HLR.A.E, Handbook
of Fundamentals recommends that the smaller area be used for calculation purposes. To
compensate for the larger inlet area, the A.S.H.R.A-E. recommends that the total air flow must
be inereased. Refecencing Fig. 5 of the A.S.H.R.A.E.. the specific recommendation for an inlet
eeeD outlet area ratio of 3 10 1 (S.1 sq, f/1.68 sq. ft. = 3) is that the total air flow be
increased by 33%.
Retuming tothe ar flow equation fora wind force striking 2 louvered opening diagonally, the
total air flow is as follows:
B3 Q=C,C,Av (133%)
Q = (88.0)(0.35)(1.7 sq. ft.)(6.9 MPH)(1.33)
Q = 480 cfm
‘Therefore, the air flow provided is more than adequate to meet the requirements of 139 cfm.
If only one 12*x12” vent is considered as inlet area with the wind striking perpendicular to the
vent, the ratio of outlet area to inlet area is 3 to 1 and the air flow can be increased by 33%.
‘The total air flow in this situation is:
A= C.CAv (133%)
Q = (88.0)(0.60)(0.57 sq. f1.)(6.9 MPH)(1.33)
Q = 276 cfm
‘Therefore adequate flow is provided even in this situation. Vents are placed on all four
sidewalls at low points and on two opposite sidewalls at high points, in order to provide
optimum air flow under a variety of wind conditions.
‘The most critical condition for adequate ventilation would be in the case of no wind. Under
these conditions, building ventilation would depend entirely on temperature differences inside
‘and outside the building and the resulting stack effect. The following equation is given in
Chapter 23, A.S.HLR.A.E, Handbook of Fundamentals, 1989 Edition, for air flow due to
convective forces:
Q = C,KARGAMT,-T ITS
Where: air flowrate, cfm
discharge coefficient for opening (65% for effectiveness of openings
should be reduced to 50% if conditions are not favorable.
height from lower opening to Neutral Pressure Level
(height at which the interior and exterior pressures are equal), ft.
‘unit conversion factor = 60
building interior temperature, OR
= building exterior temperature, OR
nap & KO
4 ‘Assuming an indoor temperature of 800F and outdoor temperature of 900F and neutral pressure
level of 4° (approximately 50% of building height):
Q = 60(0.65)(1.68 sg. ft.)[2(32.2 fps?) 28/712" /fi.(550-540/550)°(1.33)
Q = 145 cfm
Since this air flow is more than the required minimum of 139 cfm, adequate ventilation is
provided under dead calm conditions. APPENDIX C PROCESS VENT......--
Fig. 1: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 2: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
PROCESS VALVES c
Fig. 3: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 4: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 5: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
ATMOSPHERIC VENT .
Fig. 6 Class J, n 2, Enclosure
Fig. 7: Class I, Division 1, Enclosure
NATURAL GAS PRESSURE VESSEL .....-- 00sec eeeeeeceeeeee ct
Fig. 8: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Arca
Fig. 9: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
GAS AFTERCOOLERS
Fig 10: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Arca
FIRED EQUIPMENT 2.000. see eee ee eee e seen ern ne seees ce
Fig. 11; Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
GENERAL PIPING FACILITIES (SHT. 1) ....-------+++ acini OF
Fig. 12: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 13: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
GENERAL PIPING FACILITIES (SHT. 2)... -- 22-2 - 000s eereees cs
Fig. 14: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 15: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
INSTRUMENTS VENTS «2... 0-00 ceeeee cece cece eee e eee eneee co
Fig. 16: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 17: Adeguately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 18: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
INSTRUMENTS THAT USE FLAMMABLE GAS ....---- 22-0000 c10
Fig. 19: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 20: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 21; Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area INSTRUMENTS THAT DO NOT USE FLAMMABLE GAS ......--- + cit
Fig. 22: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 23: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 24: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
SAMPLE VALVES, INSTR. VALVES, ASSOC. DEVICES
Fig. 25: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
26: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 27: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
VAPOR TIGHT AND NON-VAPOR TIGHT WALLS (SHT. 1) ....----- C13
Fig. 28: Enclosed Area with Vapor Tight Wall
Fig. 29: Enclosed Area, Division 2 with Vapor Tight Wall
VAPOR TIGHT AND NON-VAPOR TIGHT WALLS (SHT. 2) ......... Cl4
Fig. 30: Enclosed Area, Division 1 with Non-Vapor Tight Wall
Fig. 31: Enclosed Area, Division 2 with Non-Vapor Tight Wall
PROCESS CONTROL ENCLOSURE ........ 0000s e000 ee eee cis
Fig. 32: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Arca
; 33: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
REGULATOR VAULTS (SHT. 1)...
Fig. 34: Adequately Ventilated Area
Fig. 35: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 36: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
REGULATOR VAULTS (SAT. 2)
Fig. 37: Adequately Ventilated Area
Fig. 38: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig, 39: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
OUTDOOR REGULATOR ENCLOSURE ....-- 0000+ se eeeeee cis
Fig. 40: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 41: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
COMPRESSOR BUILDINGS ......-- 2-2-2. -ee000s emeseryan ca
Fig. 42; Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed Area
Fig. 43: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 44: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
SEMI ENCLOSED COMPRESSOR SHELTERS ....-------2+++00+ 20
Fig. 45: Adequately Ventilated Semi Enclosed Area
Fig. 46: Tnadequately Ventilated Semi Enclosed Area STORAGE TANKS .
Fig. 47; Combustible Liquid
Fig. 48; Flammable Liquid
STORAGE TANKS ......00200 000 ceeeereereettete eee C2
Fig. 49: Above Grade Tank
Fig. 50: Below Grade Tank
Fig. Sl: Above Grade Refrigerated TAnk
PROCESS AREAS . . . ®
Fig. 52: Adequately Ventilated Non-Enclosed A1
Fig, 53: Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 54: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
COMPRESSOR/PUMP AREAS
Fig. 55: Adequately Venti
Fig. 5 Adequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
Fig. 57: Inadequately Ventilated Enclosed Area
POINT SOURCES
Fig. 58: Ne
Gas/Heavier Than Air Gas FOR: NATURAL GAS
TITLE: RECOMMENDED CLASSIFICATION OF A
DIVISION 1
DIVISION 2
PROCESS VENT
‘A process vent consists of any pipe or tubing that releases full pipeline
pressure gas. This would include such devices as station blowdowns,
vents, or relief valves. Enclosed areas that contain process vents are
Glassified Class I, Division 1 to the extent of the enclosed area.
isk
ENT UNE
REA
FIG.1: ADEQUATELY VEN" =
vapor THT BESRRR
wa LEER REELS
ESSER
see
EERE
RES 2
BSSeee A
SSSI IIS “Ld
SRF y
ENTILATED ENCLOSE A
cRADE.
FIG.2: vi
ae FOR: NATURAL GAS Baad DIVISION 1
TITLE: RECOMMENDED CLASSIFICATION FOR PROCESS
Process valves are used for open/close and throttling applications. They include
but are not limited to block valves, check valves, control valves and regulators.
Yalves require classification regardless of the type of end connections. Classific~
ation is based on possible leakage through the stem packing, flange connections,
screwed connections, or the belted top works in the case of check valves.
1s
‘WELDED END, SLocK
Uy OR CHECK VANE
FIG.3: us TT NM
VAPOR TIGHT
JOR NON-VAFOR,
‘THOME WALL
FIG.4:
EQUATEL AREA
108
NoN-Vapor TIGHT
vA
Poeoeicocaea
Re
Be
FIG.S: IN Ls
-c2- FOR: NATURAL GAS RESRRE piston 1
BRR
TITLE: RECOMMENDED CLASSIFICATION FOR AN
| ATMOSPHERIC VENT LE ohare =
An atmospheric vent is any opening that allows a vapor mixture
to freely release to the atmosphere. They consist of building
roof vents, building ridge vents and atmospheric tank vents.
piper VENT
VAPOR TIGHT OR
NON-VAPOR TIGHT WALL
an
FIG.6: ‘CLOSURE
ORI
SRNR oY
KING
RIO
eR
eR OL
KSC
RSI
ORR Y
ROSE
secaneregeete
CR
Sesrcrctatnreanal
RRR
cy
i
5
x}
eS
oe
x
iy
VAPOR TIGHT WALL
Ws
SO
x
.
5
aces
YS
MON=VAPOR TIGHT WALL
ay
oe
oC
x
También podría gustarte
- Uniones Dobles H-H Con Asiento Laberíntico (XUMHH)Documento1 páginaUniones Dobles H-H Con Asiento Laberíntico (XUMHH)Micael ReyukAún no hay calificaciones
- IRAM 2184-11 2016 Protección Contra Los RayosDocumento108 páginasIRAM 2184-11 2016 Protección Contra Los RayosMicael Reyuk100% (1)
- Riel DINDocumento2 páginasRiel DINMicael ReyukAún no hay calificaciones
- 55 VK Instalarunipolar EsDocumento2 páginas55 VK Instalarunipolar EsMicael ReyukAún no hay calificaciones
- 51 TKC TKP EsDocumento5 páginas51 TKC TKP EsMicael ReyukAún no hay calificaciones
- Catalogo Energia Temporal PDFDocumento2 páginasCatalogo Energia Temporal PDFMicael ReyukAún no hay calificaciones
