MOBILE PHONE JAMMER

Project Report 2010-2011

Submitted by
N.ABUTHAHEER - Reg.No . 29316659
D.BALU - Reg.No . 29316778
R.MANIVANNAN - Reg.No . 29316696
M.ARAVINTH - Reg.No . 29322973
S.MURALI - Reg.No . 29322984
C.SRINIVASAN - Reg.No . 29322988

Under the Supervision and Guidance of

Tmt. L.K.Asmitha B.E.
Lecturer

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

of State Board of Technical Education, Chennai.

KOTTAI MARIYAMMAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Minnampalli (PO), Karipatti (Via),

Salem – 636 106.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 KOTTAI MARIYAMMAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

SALEM.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Project Report 2010-2011

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide report of the project work entitled

“MICROCONTROLLER BASED HUMAN DETECTION USING LIVE BODY

SENSOR”

Submitted by

Name :……………………………

Reg.No :…………………………….

During the year 2010-2011

Project Guide Head of the Department

Submitted for the Board Practical Examination in Project Work, Entrepreneurship,

Environment and Disaster Management and Viva Voice Held on…………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

Submitted by

N.ABUTHAHEER - Reg.No . 29316659

D.BALU - Reg.No . 29316778
R.MANIVANNAN - Reg.No . 29316696
M.ARAVINTH - Reg.No . 29322973
S.MURALI - Reg.No . 29322984
C.SRINIVASAN - Reg.No . 29322988

We declare that the Project on MOBILE PHONE JAMMER is the work

done by us, and to the best of our knowledge. A similar work is submitted to the

“DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING”.

This project is submitted on the partial fulfillment for the award of

“Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering”

STATION:

DATE :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost we wish to divulge our heart felt thanks to our beloved Chairman

Thiru. K.Palaniyappan, beloved Secretary Thiru.K.Chettiyannan and other trust members

for providing all the facilities made to develop our project successfully.

We are intensely obliged to our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Principal

Tmt.N.Thillaikarasi M.E., MIE, PGDHRM for her patronage and excellent facilities made

available to accomplish this project successfully.

We express our profound gratitude and thanks to our Head of the Department-

Thiru.S.Sabarinathan AMIE who has provided necessary & valuable guidance and

encouragement to complete this project.

We are highly indebted to express our thanks to our guide Tmt. L.K.Asmitha B.E.
for his valuable and continuous guidance, suggestion, constructive critics & encouragement,

which contributed immensely in completing this project successfully.

We have to express our thanks to all staff members, lab assistants and friends for their kind

co-operation and constant encouragement rendered to make our project successful.

Last but not least, we are acutely belated in thanking out beloved parents and family for this
virtuous support.

ABSTRACT
A mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones from
receiving signals from base stations. When used, the jammer effectively disables cellular
phones. These devices can be used in practically any location, but are found primarily in

places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive because silence is expected.
 INTRODUCTION

The rapid proliferation of cell phones at the beginning of the 21st century to near ubiquitous
status eventually raised problems such as their potential use to invade privacy or contribute to
rampant and egregious academic cheating. In addition public backlash was growing against
the intrusive disruption cell phones introduced in daily life. While older analog cell phones
often suffered from chronically poor reception and could even be disconnected by simple
interference such as high frequency noise, increasingly sophisticated digital phones have led
to more elaborate counters. Cell phone jamming devices are an alternative to more expensive
measures against cell phones, such as Faraday cages, which are mostly suitable as built in
protection for structures. They were originally developed for law enforcement and the
military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists. Some were also designed to
foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosives. The civilian applications were apparent,
so over time many companies originally contracted to design jammers for government use
switched over to sell these devices to private entities. Since then, there has been a slow but
steady increase in their purchase and use, especially in major metropolitan areas.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER UNIT

OSCILLATOR AMPLIFIER ANTENNA

Circuit diagram
 Power supply

+ 1 2 V

4 X 1 N 4 0 0 7 1 3
I C 7 8 0 5 + 5 V

2
+ +
A C 2 2 0 V - +
1 0 0 0 M F D \ 05 .0 1 V M D F 1 0 0 M F D \ 2 5 V

1 2 V / 5 0 0 m A
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
 POWER SYSTEM

Every electronic system we need low voltage DC power supply in different electronic
circuits operated in different power supplies, the ratings depending upon load current and
voltage. The load current depending on load resisistance i.e load current is inversely
proportional to load resistance. So the matched designation of power supply is very important
to every electronic circuit.

In this circuits we need two power supplies .All ICs are worked on regulated DC
power 5v with GND. Relay derive worked on dc 12v with GND .This unit consist of
transformer, rectifier, filter & regulator. AC voltage typically 230v RMS is connected to a
transformer which steps that AC voltage down to the level of the desired Ac voltage .A Diode
rectifier then provides a bridge rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor
filter to produce a DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or Ac
voltage variations. A regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not
only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same DC value even the DC voltage
varies somewhat,. OR the load connected to the output DC voltages changes.
BLOCKDIAGRM:

Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator

TRANSFORMER:

A Transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower
the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. It works with
the principle of mutual induction. In our project we are using step down transformer for
providing a necessary supply for the electronic circuits .In our project we are using a (12-0)
v/500mA.
RECTIFIER:

The Dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a process
called full wave rectification. It uses 4 diodes in a bridge configuration. From the basic bridge
configuration. we see that two diodes (say D2 &D3) are conducting while the other two
diodes (D1&D4) are in “off” state during the period t = 0 to T/2.Accordingly for the negative
of the input the conducting diodes are D1&D4.Thus the polarity across the load is the same.
FILTER:

The filter circuit used here is the capacitor filter circuit where a capacitor is connected
at the rectifier output, and a DC is obtained across it .The filtered wave form is essentially a
dc voltage with negligible ripples, which is ultimately fed to the load.

REGULATOR:

The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally regulated. The
voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of the
changes in supply variations, load variation and temperature changes. Here we use one fixed
voltage regulator namely LM7805.The IC 7805 is a+5 voltage regulator.

3-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulators

The LM341 and LM78MXX series of three-terminal positive voltage regulators

employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-operating area protection which
make them virtually immune to damage from output overloads. With adequate heat sinking,
they can deliver in excess of 0.5A output current. Typical applications would include local
(on-card) regulators which can eliminate the noise and degraded performance associated with
single-point regulation.

 Internal thermal overload protection

 Internal short circuit current-limiting
 Output transistor safe
 ea compensation
 Available in TO-220, TO-39, and TO-252 D-PAK packages
 Output voltages of 5V, 12V, and 15V
 Output current in excess of 0.5A
OPERATION
OPERATION

As with other radio jamming, cell phone jammers block cell phone use by sending out
radio waves along the same frequencies that cellular phones use. This causes enough
interference with the communication between cell phones and towers to render the phones
unusable. On most retail phones, the network would simply appear out of range. Most cell
phones use different bands to send and receive communications from towers (called
frequency division duplexing, FDD). Jammers can work by either disrupting phone to tower
frequencies or tower to phone frequencies. Smaller handheld models block all bands from
800MHz to 1900MHz within a 30-foot range (9 meters). Small devices tend to use the former
method, while larger more expensive models may interfere directly with the tower. The
radius of cell phone jammers can range from a dozen feet for pocket models to kilometers for
more dedicated units. The TRJ-89 jammer can block cellular communications for a 5-mile (8
km) radius.

Interestingly enough, less energy is required to disrupt signal from tower to mobile
phone, than the signal from mobile phone to the tower (also called base station), because the
base station is located at larger distance from the jammer than the mobile phone and that is
why the signal from the tower is not as strong.

Older jammers sometimes were limited to working on phones using only analog or
older digital mobile phone standards. Newer models such as the double and triple band
jammers can block all widely used systems (CDMA, iDEN, GSM, et al.) and are even very
effective against newer phones which hop to different frequencies and systems when
interfered with. As the dominant network technology and frequencies used for mobile phones
vary worldwide, some work only in specific regions such as Europe or North America.

Components of a jammer include:

Antenna

Every jamming device has an antenna to send the signal. Some are contained within
an electrical cabinet. On stronger devices, antennas are external to provide longer range and
may be tuned for individual frequencies.

Circuitry

The main electronic components of a jammer are:

Voltage-controlled oscillator — Generates the radio signal that will interfere with the
cell phone signal

Tuning circuit — Controls the frequency at which the jammer broadcasts its signal by
sending a particular voltage to the oscillator

Noise generator — Produces random electronic output in a specified frequency range

to jam the cell-phone network signal (part of the tuning circuit)
 RF amplification (gain stage) — Boosts the power of the radio frequency output to
high enough levels to jam a signal

Power supply

Smaller jamming devices are battery operated. Some look like cell phone and use cell-
phone batteries. Stronger devices can be plugged into a standard outlet or wired into a
vehicle's electrical system.

The jammer's effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,
indoor & outdoor settings, presence of buildings and landscape, even temperature and
humidity play a role.

There are concerns that crudely designed jammers may disrupt the functioning of
medical devices such as pacemakers. However, like cell phones, most of the devices in
common use operate at low enough power output (<1W) to avoid causing any problems.
VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR
VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator designed to be

controlled in oscillation frequency by a voltage input. The frequency of oscillation is varied
by the applied DC voltage, while modulating signals may also be fed into the VCO to cause
frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM); a VCO with digital pulse output may
similarly have its repetition rate (FSK, PSK) or pulse width modulated (PWM).

Types of VCOs

VCOs can be generally categorized into two groups based on the type of waveform
produced: 1) harmonic oscillators, and 2) relaxation oscillators.

Harmonic oscillators generate a sinusoidal waveform. They consist of an amplifier

that provides adequate gain and a resonant circuit that feeds back signal to the input.
Oscillation occurs at the resonant frequency where a positive gain arises around the loop.
Some examples of harmonic oscillators are crystal oscillators and LC-tank oscillators. When
part of the resonant circuit's capacitance is provided by a varactor diode, the voltage applied
to that diode varies the frequency.

Relaxation oscillators can generate a sawtooth or triangular waveform. They are

commonly used in monolithic integrated circuits (ICs). They can provide a wide range of
operational frequencies with a minimal number of external components. Relaxation oscillator
VCOs can have three topologies: 1) grounded-capacitor VCOs, 2) emitter-coupled VCOs,
and 3) delay-based ring VCOs. The first two of these types operate similarly. The amount of
time in each state depends on the time for a current to charge or discharge a capacitor. The
delay-based ring VCO operates somewhat differently however. For this type, the gain stages
are connected in a ring. The output frequency is then a function of the delay in each of stages.

Harmonic oscillator VCOs have these advantages over relaxation oscillators.

• Frequency stability with respect to temperature, noise, and power supply is

much better for harmonic oscillator VCOs.
• They have good accuracy for frequency control since the frequency is
controlled by a crystal or tank circuit.

A disadvantage of harmonic oscillator VCOs is that they cannot be easily

implemented in monolithic ICs. Relaxation oscillator VCOs are better suited for this
technology. Relaxation VCOs are also tunable over a wider range of frequencies.

Control of frequency in VCOs

 Voltage-controlled oscillator schematic - audio

A voltage-controlled capacitor is one method of making an LC oscillator vary its

frequency in response to a control voltage. Any reverse-biased semiconductor diode displays
a measure of voltage-dependent capacitance and can be used to change the frequency of an
oscillator by varying a control voltage applied to the diode. Special-purpose variable
capacitance varactor diodes are available with well-characterized wide-ranging values of
capacitance. Such devices are very convenient in the manufacture of voltage-controlled
oscillators[note 1] For low-frequency VCOs, other methods of varying the frequency (such as
altering the charging rate of a capacitor by means of a voltage controlled current source) are
used. See Function generator.

The frequency of a ring oscillator is controlled by varying either the supply voltage or
the capacitive loading on each stage.

Voltage-controlled crystal oscillators

A voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) is used when the frequency of

operation needs to be adjusted only finely. The frequency of a voltage-controlled crystal
oscillator can be varied only by typically a few tens of parts per million (ppm), because the
high Q factor of the crystals allows "pulling" over only a small range of frequencies.

There are two reasons for using a VCXO:

 To adjust the output frequency to match (or perhaps be some exact multiple of) an
accurate external reference.

Where the oscillator drives equipment that may generate radio-frequency interference,
adding a varying voltage to its control input can disperse the interference spectrum to make it
less objectionable. See spread-spectrum clock generation.

A temperature-compensated VCXO (TCVCXO) incorporates components that

partially correct the dependence on temperature of the resonant frequency of the crystal. A
smaller range of voltage control then suffices to stabilize the oscillator frequency in
applications where temperature varies, such as heat buildup inside a transmitter.

VCO design and circuits

Tuning range, tuning gain and phase noise are the most important factors of the basic
design of a VCO. Generally low phase noise is preferred in the VCO. The important elements
that determine the phase noise of an oscillator are the material, transistor's flicker noise
corner frequency, the loaded Q of the resonator and the final signal to noise ratio.

Most commonly used VCO circuits are the Clapp and Colpitts oscillators. The more
widely used oscillator of the two is Colpitts and these oscillators are very similar in
configuration.

VCOs generally have the lowest Q-factor of the used oscillators, and so suffer more
jitter than the other types. The jitter can be made low enough for many applications (such as
driving an ASIC), in which case VCOs enjoy the advantages of having no off-chip
components (expensive) or on-chip inductors (low yields on generic CMOS processes).
These oscillators also have larger tuning ranges than the other kinds, which improves yield
and is sometimes a feature of the end product (for instance, the dot clock on a graphics card
which drives a wide range of monitors).
Applications

VCOs are used in:

 Electronic jamming equipment

 Function generators,
 The production of electronic music, to generate variable tones,
 Phase-locked loops,
 Frequency synthesizers used in communication equipment.

Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator as a Clock Generator

A clock generator is an oscillator that provides a timing signal to synchronize

operations in digital circuits. VCXO clock generators are used in many areas such as digital
TV, modems, transmitters and computers. Design parameters for a VCXO clock generator
are tuning voltage range, center frequency, frequency tuning range and the timing jitter of the
output signal. Jitter is a form of phase noise that must be minimised in applications such as
radio receivers, transmitters and measuring equipment.

The tuning range of a VCXO is typically a few ppm (parts per million) corresponding
to a control voltage range of typically 0 to 3 volts. When a wider selection of clock
frequencies is needed the VCXO output can be passed through digital divider circuits to
obtain lower frequency(ies) or be fed to a PLL (Phase Locked Loop). ICs containing both a
VCXO (for external crystal) and a PLL are available. A typical application is to provide clock
frequencies in a range from 12 kHz to 96 kHz to an audio digital to analog converter.
ADVANTAGES OF THIS PROJECT
Advantages of This Project

 Help to block cell phones in public places

 Help to fight against spy bugs

 Help to block academic cheating

 Help militaries and police forces

APPLICATION
Application

 Hospitals, medical centers or where medical instruments should not be disturbed by

cellular signal.

 Theatres, cinemas, museums, art galleries, etc.

 Conference rooms and offices.

 Libraries and schools.

 Restaurants & high security premises that should be free from cellular phone
communication.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

WEBSITE REFERENCE

www.datasheetarchive.com
 www.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

BOOK REFERENCE

1, How Stuff Works: How Cell Phone Jammers Work

2, How Cell Phone Jammers Work

3, ComLaw Management - Series- Notification that the Australian

Communications and Media Authority prohibits the operation or supply, or
possession for the purpose of operation or supply, of specified devices

4, Radiocommunication Act of Canada

5, Cellphone jamming technology will be placed in all NZ prisons |

NATIONAL | NEWS | tvnz.co.nz

CONCLUSION
Conclusion
 This techniques for jamming cell-phone communication, noise attack and spectrum
distortion technique. Our project is to come up with a new technique which is more robust
and cost effective. In this project, we have compared the performance of old jamming
technique with the new technique in various aspects like cost, power consumption, design
complexity, robustness, coverage area, components availability and performance.
Cost estimation
 Cost estimation

VCO unit 2000/-

Amplifier 2000/-

Power Supply unit 1500/-

________________

Total 5500/-
________________
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Basics of Entrepreneurship

It is a well-known fact that the scope of for absorbing the ever increasing number of
unemployment in government departments is very much restricted on account of various
factors. Absorption of unemployment people government service takes place either on
account of retirement of the existing staff or due to launching of development programs. The
employment so generated covers only a segment of the unemployed. The private sector is
also offering very little opportunity to the young unemployed people due to various reasons.
In such adverse situation the Indian youth has to wage a bitter fight to solve the problem of
unemployment.

The plan document of our country lays emphasis on self-employment to reduce

unemployment in the country. We are a developing country and there is a wider scope for the
development of self employment to all types of job. Industrial development in a country
depends greatly upon the type of human resources the country possesses. A country may be
rich in material resources and capital, but if entrepreneurship is lacking, the utilization of
resources would not be as expected. The developing economics of resources would not be as
expected.

Concept

Entrepreneurship prevails environment in a country. Entrepreneurship being an

innovator who introduces something new into the economy, a method of protection not yet
tested by experience in the branch of manufactured concerned, a product with which the
consumes are not familiar, a new source or raw materials, or a new market higher exploited
and similar other innovations. An entrepreneur is one who starts an industrial venture or a
business of his own. Entrepreneurship would include undertaking manufacturing activities,
business or crafts etc., Entrepreneurship is also associated with a risk assuming function.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is said to be a person who organizes, manages and issue the risk for a
business or enterprise. Commonly entrepreneur is understood to be those persons who start
build their own enterprise rather than taking up a job. Entrepreneurship is the trait taking up
own enterprises.

Role of entrepreneurship

An entrepreneur is a part of industrial society. He is responsible for not only making

his own source of live hood but also for creating avenues of employment for others and
making additions to the gross national product. If a larger number of entrepreneurs set up
enterprise of their own, there is a great deal of transformation of an area. The industrial
entrepreneurs are thus the agents of charge in removing back wardens and disparities of an
area. An entrepreneur has a great social responsibility.
An enterprise consists of not only those who manage it but a host other segments of society,
workers, consumers, the state and the surrounding community.

Some of the qualities are inherent but the others are mostly acquired. Broody speaking
four qualities are the most important one, e.g. intelligence, motivation, knowledge and
opportunity. While the first one is inherent, a continuous process generally gains the
knowledge, the qualities of entrepreneurs further be sub-divided as under

 Capacity to take risk

 Capacity to work hard
 Desire for deferred consumption
 Capacity to take advantage of an external situation
 Imagination
 Emulation
 Initiative
 Sociability and flexibility
 Inventive ability and
 Knowledge, both informative and technical.
Expectation

 Increase number of industries is expected from the entrepreneurs that

they will help to.
 Increase production
 Earn foreign exchange through exports
 Develop the underdeveloped parts of the country.
 Develop economy

Small – scale industries facilitate production of consumer goods locally and help
reduction of prices. Some of the important measures of assistance now available are briefly
noted below:

1. Technical assistance: complete technical, economic and managerial

 consultancy services are provided to SSO through Small Industries Services
Institute (SISI) and Industrial Extension centers.
2. Assistance for obtaining raw materials: small – scale units are helped to obtain
controlled indigenous raw materials through state director of industries and
imported raw materials through State Trading Corporation of India (STC).
3. Supply of machinery Hire Purchase: The National Small Industries
Corporation (NSIC) is giving assistance to small scale units by supplying
machinery to them on deferred credit basis.
4. Marketing assistance: SS units are helped to market their products through
Trade centers and by participating in government’s Stores Purchase
Programme.
5. Assistance to small entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Development programmer
is conducted by SSI and Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO)
to give necessary training to young entrepreneurs. District Industries Centre
(DIC) provides under a single – roof all the services and support required by
the small and village industries at pre – investment, investment, investment
and post investment stages.
6. Financial assistance : SS units are helped by providing various financial
assistance like loans, subsides, and hire – purchase scheme through various
agencies like State Finance Corporation NSIC, State Directorates of
Industries, commercial banks, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) ,
and National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) .
7. Special incentives : Special inducements like the following are offered by the
government for development of entrepreneurship.
a. Capital subsidy up to 15% in backward areas
b. Income Tax exemption for five years.
c. Exemption from Central excise duty.
d. Deduction of depreciation from net profit.
e. Concessions in Stamp duty.
f. License to import raw material.

Self-employment schemes

The following are the four important government schemes for prompting self-
employment.

i. District Manpower Planning and Employment Generation Council

The Council prepares a list of investment opportunities in the self-
employment in the district. The major objective of the council is to remove the
handicaps and difficult faced by the youth in entering self-employment project.

ii. Employment Exchange

A special Vocational Guidance Unit functioning in every Employment
Exchange with the object of giving guidance and motivation to unemployed
persons to take up self employment ventures. In addition to furnishing information
on self-employment projects, until also helps in obtaining loans from the banks.

iii. The Prime Minister Scheme for providing self-employment to educated

Unemployed youth.
The objective of the scheme is to encourage the educated unemployed
youth to undertake self-employment ventures in industry, service and business
through provision of a package of assistance.

The scheme covers all unemployed youth who are matriculates and above, and in
the age group of 18 to 35 years. District Industries Centers (DIC) are assigned the
operational responsibility of the scheme.

iv. Self employment scheme for TRYSEM – trained youth

TRYSEM stands for “Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment”,
It is a scheme by which rural youth are trained in semi engineering trades in
Industrial Training Institutes and Polytechnics. lThey youth are provided wit5h
financial and other assistance from Government I the form of subsidy drawn from
Integral Rural
Development Program (RDP) and as credit from commercial banks RS.3000 to
Rs.10,000.

The Scheme is implemented by a Task Force under the Chairmanship of District

Collector and with District Employment Officer as Member Secretary and Project officer
(DRDA). DDO and Lead Bank Manager as members.

Product Selection

A prospective entrepreneur should first prepare a shore list of product lines that he
wants to establish. Then, he should select the product to be manufactured based upon market
survey and demand survey, financial implementations involved, technical know-how
available, and his own experience in the line.

Market survey involves the following:

• Study similar product available in the market that can be probable

Competitors.
• Analyze them in regards to their utility, quality and cost.
• Check whether it is a seasonal product or needed through out the year.
• Find the probable extend of the market.
• Find whether the product can be exported.
• Explore the possibility of manufacturing in collaboration with a foreign
company.
• A demand survey is made to determine
 Whether survey demand for the product is or inelastic.
 The trend of the demand.
 The composition and pattern of the potential users.

Site Selection

The important factors to be considered in selecting the site for an industry are given
below.

• Nearness to raw material: It will reduce the cost of transportation of raw

materials to the factory.
• Nearness to market: It will reduce transportation cost of the finished products
 and also help to catch the share of the market.
• Easy availability of labor: If highly skilled workmen are required, it is better to
locate the plant near a large town.
• Availability of power and fuel: Electrical power and fuel required for the plant
should be easily obtainable in the area, Reliability of power supply must be
ensured.
• Availability of water: Water for drinking and for other purposes should be
easily available. If the process requires large quantity of water, then the plant
should be located near a major water source.
• Land-topography: Cost, probability of floods. Earthquakes, etc are to be
considered.
• Industrial areas: Notified industrial areas will be advantageous due to the
availability of ready infrastructure and other benefits.
• Other major factors: Presence of related industries, facilities for expansion,
housing facilities, and nearness of public amenities like hospitals and schools,
security problems, local and attitude of local people.

Plant Layout

Plant layout means the disposition of the various (equipments, material, manpower,
etc) and services of the plant within the area of the site selected. Plant layout begins with the
design of the factory building and goes up lathe location and movement of a worktable. All
the facilities like equipments, raw material, machinery, tools fixtures,

Workers, etc, are given a proper place. In deciding the place for equipment, the supervisors
and workers who nave to operate them should be consulted.

There are three types of plant layout:

1. Process Layout (functional layout) in which all machines or process of the

same types is grouped together in the same area.
2. Product Layout (line layout) in which equipments regardless of process is
arranged as per the sequence of operations in which a given product will be
manufactured.
3. Layout by fixed position (static product layout) in which the product is too big
(e.g. ship, airplane) or too heavy to be moved from one place to another and is
 consequently fixed in one place, and men and machines are brought to the
product to perform the required operations. Whatever by the type required,
certain basic principles must be observed. While preparing the plant layout.

These are:

1. Placement of facilities in a logical and balanced manner.

2. Minimum movements for workers and materials
3. Smooth and continuous flow of operations
4. Optimum space utilization.
5. Flexibility
i. Private Limited Company
ii. Public Limited Company
Each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. An entrepreneur’s choices of the
type of the organization will primary depend upon the nature of the business to be started and
his own preferences together with the amount of capital he can contribute.

Registration

The prospective entrepreneur in the small – scale sector need not obtain any Industrial
Licenses, provided the item of manufacture is not governed by special regulations. However,
to facilitate identification, the Directorate of Industries (through District Industries Center -
DIC) issues certificates registering a unit as a Small Scale / Ancillary / Tiny Unit.

Registration is done is two stages, Via, provisional and permanent. The issue of
Provisional certificate almost automatic, with Unit / ail validity of 6 months and with a
further extension for another 6 months.

Financial Assistance

With a view to ensure adequate of funds, the small scale Industrial frame work for the
flow of Financial Assistance to small

scale sector comprises of banks (Commercial Banks, Co-Operative banks, Regional rural
banks). State Financial Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation INSIC and State
Small Industries Corporations (SSIDCS).

The NSIC and SSID’S provide Financial Assistance in the form supply of Machinery and
hire purchase basis.

A National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has recently

been setup to meet the financial requirements of artisans, Small Scale Industries, Industries
those engaged in the field of Handicraft and other rural craft.

Commercial Banks

The Reserve Bank of India issued instructions that no worth wile proposals of the
Small scale unit should be rejected merely on the ground that these are not supported by
adequate security. The commercial Banks have been advised by the Reserve Bank of India to
give special Attention to the needs of the priority sector borrowers, particularly of the weaker
section.

Small scale Industrial units also being charged lower rates of interest on their
borrowings from commercial Banks.

State Financial Corporations

Provide medium and long-term Loans to Small Scale Industries, granting Loans raised
by Industrial undertakings and differed payments and subscribing to stocks, Shares and bonds
of an Industrial Concern.

Lead Banks

The Scheme is designed to enable the bank to work effectively as an Instrument of

development. Under the scheme, the district in the country have allocated to different
commercial banks each of whom is expected to act as a consortium and as a leader of the
financial institutions operating in allotted districts in matters relating to deposit mobilization,
identifying of prospective avenues for financial assistance and ensuring adequate credit flow
for the various development programs of the districts.

Institutional support

The success of Small Scale industries depends solely on the well – established
institutional setup. In order to accelerate the small industries development, government at the
central and state levels has setup a number of development agencies / institutions. Functions
of some these are mentioned.

1. District Industries Center (DIC)

Each district has a DIC at its headquarters. The main responsibility of DIG is to act as
the chief coordinator or multi functional agency in; respect of various governments
can get all assistance from DIC for setting up and running the industry in rural areas.
Each DIC has one General Manager in the rank of Joint Director of industries as the
head and seven managers each looking after separate functional area.

• Identification of Entrepreneurs.
• Selection of Projects
• Provisional registration under SSI
• Purchase of fixed Assets
• Clearances from Various Departments.
• Assistance of Raw Material supplies.
• Interest – Free Sales Tax Loan
• Subsidy Schemes.
• Training Programs
• Self – employment for Unemployed Educated Youth.
District Industries Centers are supposed to provide pre – investment and post –
investment assistance to entrepreneurs under one roof.

2. Small Industries Development Organization

SIDO is a policy-making, co-ordination and monitoring agency for the development
of small – scale entrepreneurs. It maintains a close liaison with government, financial
institutions and other agencies, which are involved in the promotion and development
of small-scale units.

Functions

The main functions of the SIDCD are co-ordination, industrial development and
industrial extension service. Some important functions are:

a. To assess the requirements of indigenous and imported raw materials and components
 for the small-scale sector and to arrange their supplies.
b. To collect data on consumer items, which are imported and encourage the setting up
of new units giving them coordinate assistance.
c. To prepare model schemes, projects reports and other Technical literature for
prospective entrepreneurs.
d. To assist and advise the Controller of Capital issues in regard to the issue of import
licenses and the imposition of import restrictions on various products whose
manufacture has already been undertaken indigenously be the existing or new units.
e. To secure reservations of certain products for the SSIS.

3. National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC)

The NSIC was setup in 1955 with the objective of supplying machinery and
equipment to small enterprise on a hire-purchase basis and assisting them in procuring
government orders for various items of stores. The corporation’s head office is at
Delhi and it has four regional officers at Delhi, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, and
eleven branch offices. It has one central liaison office at Delhi and depots and sub-
centers.

3. The main functions of NSIC are

• To develop small scale units as ancillary units to large scale industries.

• To provide SSIS with machine on hire-purchase basis
• To assist small enterprises to participate in the stores purchase Programme of the
Central Government.
• To assist small industries with marketing facilities.
• To distribute basic raw materials through their depots
• To import and distribute components and parts actual small scale users in specific
industries and
• To construct industrial estates and establish and run prototype production-cum-
training centers.

4. Directorates of Industries of the State Governments

The small-scale industries are a state subject and, therefore, the development and
implementation of the schemes of assistance to SSIS is the primary responsibility of the State
Government Directorates of Industries of Industries in each State do the work relating to the
development of industries in general and small scale industries in particular. Each directorate
is staffed with administration and small scale industries in particular. Each directorate is
staffed with administration and technical officers at State staff in each district.

Forms of Business Enterprise Topics

• Sale Proprietorship
• Partnership
• Private Limited
• Public Limited
• Co-operatives
• State enterprise

Sole Proprietorship

• Ownership when applied to an industrial enterprise means title to and possessions of

the assets of the enterprise, the power to determine the policies of operation, and the
right to receive and dispose of the proceeds.
• It is called a single ownership when an individual exercise and enjoys these rights in
his own interest.
• A business owned by one man is called single ownership.
• Single ownership does well for those enterprises, which require little capital and lend
themselves readily to control by one person.
• Examples of enterprise run by single owner are printing press, auto retail trades,
service industries and small engine forms.
• In single ownership, one person contributes the original assets to start the business,
maintains and controls business operation, reaps full benefits in terms of profit and
full liable for all debts associated with the business.

Partnership

• A single owner becomes inadequate as the size of the business enterprise grouse. He
may not be in a position to do away with a1 the duty and responsibilities of the grown
business.
 • At this stage the individual owner may associate with him more persons who have
either capital to invest or possess special skill and knowledge to make the existing
business still more profitable.
• Such a combination of individual traders is called partnership.
• Partnership may be defined as the relation between persons who have agreed to share
the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Individuals
with common purposes join and partners and they put together their property, ability,
skill, knowledge, etc, for the purpose of making profits.
• In brief, partnership is an association of two or more (up to 20) persons to carry an as
co-owners of a business for profit.
• Partnerships are based upon a partnership agreement which i.e. generally reduced to
writing.
• It should cover all areas of disagreement among the partners. It should define the
authority, right and duties of each partner.

It should specify how profit and losses will be divided among the partners, etc.

Private Limited

• The capital is collected from the private partners; some of them may be active while
others are sleeping.
• Private limited restrict the right to transfer shares, avoids public to take up shares or
debentures.
• The number of members is between two and 50, excluding employee and ex-
employee, share holders.
• The company need not file document such consent of directors, list of directors, etc.
the register of joint stock companies.
• The company need not obtain from the register, a certificate of commencement of
business.
• The company need not circulate the balance sheet, profit and loss account etc, among
its members, but it should hold its annual general meeting and place such financial
state rents in the meeting.
• A private company must get its accounts audited.
• A private company has to send a certificate along with the annual return to the register
 of joint stock companies stating that it does not have shareholders more than 50
excluding the employee and employee shareholders.
• Actually, a private joint stock company resumes much with partnership and has the
advantage that big capital can be collected than could be done so in partnership.

Public Limited

• In public limited company, the capital is collected from public by issuing shares
having small face value (Rs. 50,20,10).
• The number of share holders should not be less than 7, but there is no limit to their
maximum number.

Co-operatives

• The main aim of the co-operative is to eliminate profit and provide goods an services
to the members of the co-operative cost.
• Members pay fees or buy shares the co-operative, and profits are periodically
redistributed to them.
• Since each member has only one (unlike in joint stock companies), this avoid the
concentration of control in few hand.
• In a co-operative, there are share holders, a board of directors and elected officers
similar to the corporation.
• There are periodic meetings of share also.
• Special laws deal with the formation and taxation of co-operatives.
• Co-operative organization is a kind of voluntary, demo craft ownership formed by
some motivated individuals for obtained necessities of everyday life at rat.es less than
the market. The principle behind the co-operative is that of co-operation and self.