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1) The study investigated the relationship between mindfulness skills and emotion regulation in 404 undergraduate students.
2) Results found that mindfulness and self-compassion were correlated with better emotion regulation even after controlling for depression, anxiety, and stress.
3) Mindfulness and self-compassion uniquely predicted emotion regulation over and above the influence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, suggesting these skills may help facilitate adaptive emotion regulation.
1) The study investigated the relationship between mindfulness skills and emotion regulation in 404 undergraduate students.
2) Results found that mindfulness and self-compassion were correlated with better emotion regulation even after controlling for depression, anxiety, and stress.
3) Mindfulness and self-compassion uniquely predicted emotion regulation over and above the influence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, suggesting these skills may help facilitate adaptive emotion regulation.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Descargue como PDF, TXT o lea en línea desde Scribd
1) The study investigated the relationship between mindfulness skills and emotion regulation in 404 undergraduate students.
2) Results found that mindfulness and self-compassion were correlated with better emotion regulation even after controlling for depression, anxiety, and stress.
3) Mindfulness and self-compassion uniquely predicted emotion regulation over and above the influence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, suggesting these skills may help facilitate adaptive emotion regulation.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formatos disponibles
Descargue como PDF, TXT o lea en línea desde Scribd
Shannon M. Erismana, Kristalyn Salters-Pedneaultb, and Lizabeth Roemera
a University of Massachusetts Boston b Now at VA Boston Healthcare System contact: shannon.erisman@umb.edu
ABSTRACT (SD = 7.186). The racial backgrounds identified by
This study investigated the correlational relationship participants were as follows: 18.8% Asian/Pacific Islander, between mindfulness skills and emotion regulation in an 13.1% African American/Black, 7.7% Hispanic, 6.2% attempt to elucidate the role of mindfulness in healthy emotion multiracial, 4% other, 2.7% Middle Eastern, and 0.7% Native regulation. Questionnaires were distributed to 404 (254 American. female and 191 male) undergraduate students at a large, urban Measures university. Results indicate that mindfulness does correlate The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS- with emotion regulation, even while controlling for symptoms 21: Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) is composed of three scales: of depression, anxiety and stress. These results provide depression, anxiety, and stress. Each scale consists of seven support for the usefulness of mindfulness skills in facilitating items, which are rated on a four-point Likert-type scale. adaptive emotion regulation. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS: Gratz & Roemer, 2004) contains 36 items, measured on a five- INTRODUCTION point Likert-type scale, that assess six facets of difficulties in Emotion regulation has been inconsistently defined in regulating emotion: nonacceptance of emotional responses the literature. Some researchers have conceptualized emotion (accept), difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior (when regulation as controlling emotional experience (e.g., Kopp, upset; goals), impulse control difficulties (when upset; 1989). Others consider emotions as potentially serving a impulse), lack of emotional awareness (aware), limited access valuable function, and therefore conceptualize emotion to effective emotion regulation strategies (strategies), and lack regulation more broadly. Such a definition of emotion of emotional clarity (clarity). In this study, we used the regulation may include the ability to act in accordance to overall score as well as the goals, impulse control, and values while experiencing negative emotion (Gratz & Roemer, strategies subscales, as these subscales do not conceptually 2004). More generally, adaptive regulation of emotion may overlap with definitions of mindfulness, whereas the other involve the ability to flexibly regulate emotion in accordance three (accept, aware, and clarity) do. with what the environment demands (Thompson, 1994). The Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS: Mindfulness may be one way to work towards Brown & Ryan, 2003) is a 15-item questionnaire that assesses adaptive emotion regulation. Mindfulness has been defined a single factor, present attention and awareness. The items are as “paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the rated on a six-point Likert-type scale. present moment, and nonjudgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS: Neff, 2003) was More recently, Bishop and colleagues (2004) conceptualized included to assess the nonjudgmental, compassionate aspect of mindfulness as the maintenance of attention on the present mindfulness, which is not directly captured by the MAAS. It moment, as well as bringing a quality of curiosity, openness, contains 26 items, rated on a five-point Likert-type scale. It and acceptance to that awareness. Mindfulness, through includes six subscales: self-kindness, common humanity, bringing awareness to emotional experiences in a way that is mindfulness, over-identification, self-judgment, and isolation. compassionate and nonjudgmental, may facilitate a healthy The self-kindness subscale was used in this study as a measure engagement with emotions (Hayes & Feldman, 2004). of accepting responses to one’s experiences. The current study is a preliminary investigation of the relationship between mindfulness and emotion regulation, as RESULTS measured by self-report questionnaires. A measure of Zero-order correlations were conducted to examine depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was also the relationship between emotion regulation and mindfulness incorporated in the study in order to determine whether variables. Analyses revealed significant intercorrelations mindfulness has a unique relationship with emotion between these variables (see Table 1). regulation, beyond the expected shared relationship with Table 1. Intercorrelations between mindfulness and emotion symptoms of distress. Therefore, we hypothesized that regulation scores mindfulness would be correlated with emotion regulation. DERS total Goals Impulsivity Strategies Furthermore, we hypothesized that mindfulness would uniquely predict emotion regulation, beyond the anticipated MAAS -.48* -.36* -.39* -.39* shared relationship with symptoms of distress. SCS kindness -.37* -.19* -.26* -.32*
METHODS A series of hierarchical regressions were conducted
A total of 404 (141 male, 254 female) undergraduate in order to determine if mindfulness and self-compassion students from a large, urban university completed predicted emotion regulation, beyond variance accounted for questionnaire packets as part of a larger study. Participants by symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress (see table 2). ranged in age from 18 to 67, with a mean age of 23.16 years 2 Table 2. Summary of last step of regression equations individual’s functioning across important domains of their predicting DERS scores, with DASS scales in the first step lives (such as work and relationships). Therefore, these results Outcome R2Δ Mindfulness Self- indicate the potential benefit of incorporating mindfulness variable (MAAS) β kindness skills in treatments aimed at alleviating problems related to (SCS) β emotion dysregulation. This preliminary study suggests that DERS total .06* -.17* -.22* both awareness and self-compassion/kindness may facilitate Goal .02* -.15* -.09* the development of adaptive emotion regulation. Impulse .03* -.11* -.14* While these results are encouraging, there are several Strategies .02* -.04 -.15* limitations to be considered. The difficulty in measuring *p < .05 mindfulness is exemplified by the use of two different questionnaires in order to adequately capture this construct, The first regression analysis examined the ability of and may limit the conclusions that can be drawn from this mindfulness and self-compassion scores to predict total study. Furthermore, the use of self-report questionnaires has emotion dysregulation scores. The overall model was inherent limitations, which could be addressed by significant (Adj R2 = .52, F[5,403] = 88.12, p < .001). The incorporating multiple methods of measurement (e.g., DASS scales significantly predicted emotion dysregulation behavioral and physiological measures) in future research. total scores (R2Δ = .46, FΔ = 114.39, p < .001). Mindfulness Also, this examination of correlational relationships in a cross- and self-compassion scores significantly predicted emotion sectional design does not test the proposed causal relationship dysregulation, over and above the variance accounted for by between mindfulness and emotion regulation. Finally, while stress, depression, and anxiety (R2Δ = .06, FΔ = 26.68, p < these participants are more diverse than many undergraduate .001). In addition, mindfulness and self-compassion scores samples, further research should employ a broader sample to each emerged as significant unique predictors of emotion increase generalizability and also specifically examine the dysregulation scores (β = -.17, t = -4.26, p < .001;β = -.22, t = potential moderating effects of sociocultural variables such as gender, race, ethnicity and social class. -5.98, p < .001). The remaining regressions were also conducted with the REFERENCES DASS scales entered in the first step, and the MAAS and self- Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. kindness subscale of the SCS entered in the second step; D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A however each utilized a different subscale of the DERS as the proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: dependent variable, in order to assess the relationship of Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241. mindfulness to an aspect of emotion regulation with less Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being conceptual overlap. The overall model predicting difficulties present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological engaging in goal directed behavior was significant (Adj R2 = well-being. Journal of Personality & Social .24, F[5,403] = 26.26, p < .001) as was the overall model Psychology, 84(4), 822-848. predicting difficulties with impulse control (Adj R2 = .36, Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional F[5,403] = 46.47, p < .001) and limited access to emotion assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: regulation strategies (Adj R2 = .50, F[5,403] = 80.32, p < Development, factor structure, and initial validation .001). 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Regulation of distress and negative remained when shared variance associated with symptoms was emotions: A developmental view. Developmental accounted for and when elements of emotion regulation that Psychology, 25(3), 343-354. overlap conceptually with aspects of mindfulness were Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the removed. These revealed that mindfulness (both Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: awareness/attention and self-compassion/kindness) showed Psychological Foundation. significant unique relationships with emotion regulation Neff, K. (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale overall as well as with impulse control and goal attainment to Measure Self-Compassion., Self & Identity (Vol. 2, difficulties when distressed. Self-compassion/kindness showed pp. 223): Psychology Press (T&F). a unique relationship with limited access to regulation Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in strategies as well. search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Emotion dysregulation may underlie a variety of Research in Child Development, 59(2), 25. psychological difficulties and may also interfere with
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