Centre Number Candidate Number Name

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
GEOGRAPHY 0460/02
Paper 2
October/November 2006

1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Ruler
Protractor
Set square

1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer all questions.

The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 3.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

This document consists of 15 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

SP (SC/CGW) T04236/4
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1 Study the map extract of an area in Zimbabwe. The scale is 1:50 000.

(a) Fig. 1 shows the area of the Buhwa mine.

20

19

18
26 27 28 29

Fig. 1

State the map evidence for mining in this area.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Study the Ngezi River from the western edge of the map at 200225 to the railway bridge at
297217.

(i) State the direction of flow of the river.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe the features of the river and its channel.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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(c) Fig. 2 shows the south-western part of the map extract.

24

Feature A

23
r
ive
z iR
N ge

22

21

800

20

900

19 1000

1100

1200
18 1200 1100 00
10

900
17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1000 contours in metres

Fig. 2

(i) Name feature A shown on Fig. 2.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) On Fig. 2, use the correct letter to label the position of

an area of gentle slopes (G),

an area of steep slopes (S),
a ridge (R). [3]

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(d) Study the linear pattern of huts in the north-east of the extract, east and south of Gundekunde
B.C. (320260).

Give two reasons for this settlement pattern.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(e) Fig. 3 shows a cross section from west to east from 300225 to 350225.

WEST EAST

height in
metres
900
800
700
300225 350225

Fig. 3

On Fig. 3, use labelled arrows to show the positions of

(i) the Ngezi River,

(ii) Gundekunde Hill. [2]

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(f) A conveyor, marked on the map, is used to transport minerals from near the quarry at 216178
to Mukwakwe Siding at 225234.

(i) Measure the length of the conveyor. Give your answer in metres.

……………. …………….metres [1]

(ii) The conveyor starts at 1300 m above sea level and falls to 760 m above sea level.
Calculate the average gradient of the conveyor.

Horizontal distance = ...........................

Difference in height = ...........................

Gradient = 1 in .................................... [1]

(iii) Measure the bearing from grid north of the conveyor from its high point at the quarry to
its low point at the siding.

……………………………………degrees [1]

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2 Fig. 4 shows the GNP per head (a measure of wealth production) and the percentage of the
population living in urban areas for some countries in South America.

4000 Uruguay

3000 Brazil Chile

Venezuela
GNP per
head
2000

(US$) Paraguay
Colombia
Suriname Ecuador
1000
Bolivia

Guyana
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
percentage of population living in urban areas

Fig. 4

(a) (i) Which country shown on Fig. 4 is most urbanised?

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Trinidad had a GNP per head of US$3 750 and an urban population of 67%. On Fig. 4,
mark with a dot and label the position of Trinidad. [1]

(b) (i) Describe the relationship between GNP and urban population shown on Fig. 4.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest one reason for this relationship.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) Fig. 5 shows the population pyramids for Peru and Argentina.

Peru Argentina
age
males age females males females
85+
80+ 80-84
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
percentage of total population percentage of total population

Fig. 5

Describe the differences in population structure between the two countries in

(i) the percentage of 0-14 year olds, ......................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) the percentage of 15-34 year olds, ....................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) the percentage of 35+ year olds, .......................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) life expectancy. ...................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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3 Fig. 6 shows major roads and passenger railways in southern Namibia. Photograph A (Insert)
shows part of the B1 road and Photograph B (Insert) shows part of the C13 road.

B1 N
Okahandja
Karibib B2

B2

Swakopmund Windhoek B6 Gobabis

Walvis Bay

B1 Western
Kalahari
Namib Desert
Desert
C21
Mariental
C19

C14
B1
Helmeringhausen

C13
B4
Keetmanshoop
B4
Luderitz Aus
ATLANTIC
OCEAN B1
C12

Karasburg

B1

0 200
tarred road
km gravel road
railway

Fig. 6

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(a) (i) State the letter and number of the road which links Karibib and Swakopmund.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which two towns, shown on the map, do not have a railway link?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Which town is furthest by tarred road from Walvis Bay?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A person wishes to travel by road between Windhoek and Luderitz. Two routes are possible.
These are

Route A Via Keetmanshoop (B1, B4),

Route B Via Helmeringhausen (B1, C21, C14, C13, B4).

Using evidence from Fig. 6 and Photographs A and B only, suggest reasons for choosing
each route.

Reasons for choosing Route A and rejecting Route B

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Reasons for choosing Route B and rejecting Route A

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

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4 Fig. 7 shows river flows for the Salmon River in Idaho, USA. The data are for May, June and July
2001 and 2003.

3.0

2.5

2.0

river flow
depth
1.5
(metres)

1.0

0.6 0.6
0.5

May June July

0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10
date
2003 2001

Fig. 7

(a) Look at the highest flow in 2003. State the water depth and the date.

Depth of highest flow ……………………… metres

Date of highest flow ………………………… [2]

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(b) Suggest reasons for the variation in river flows shown in Fig. 7.

..................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) The Salmon River is used in summer for water sports such as rafting and canoeing. Table 1
shows the hazard rating for different river flow depths.

River flow depths (metres) Rating

More than 1.8 Extremely Hazardous

1.5 – 1.8 Hazardous

0.6 – 1.4 Normal

Less than 0.6 Low water hazards

Table 1

(i) Estimate the number of days with low water hazards between May 1st and July 10th
2001.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Estimate the number of days which were hazardous or extremely hazardous due to high
flows between May 1st and July 10th 2003.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Flows are measured continuously on rivers around the world. Name one other use for this
information.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

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5 Fig. 7 shows the changes in life expectancy between 1970 and 2002 in some countries in west
Africa and south Asia.

80 80

Sri Lanka
70 70
Maldives
India
Pakistan
60 60
life Ghana
expectancy
(years)
50 Togo 50

Nigeria Bhutan
B. Faso Ivory Coast
40 40
Niger

30 30
1970 2002 1970 2002

West African countries South Asian countries

B. Faso = Burkina Faso

Fig. 8

(a) (i) Which country had the highest life expectancy in 2002?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which country showed a decrease in life expectancy between 1970 and 2002?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Life expectancy in Afghanistan in south Asia increased from 38 in 1970 to 43 in 2002.
Plot this information on Fig. 8. [1]

(iv) Which country showed the greatest increase in life expectancy?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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(b) Fig. 9 shows life expectancy and gross national income per head for the same countries.

Sri Lanka
800

700

600 Ivory Coast

Bhutan
gross
national 500
India
income
per head 400 Pakistan
(US$)
300 Nigeria
Togo Ghana
Afghanistan
Burkina Faso
200
Niger
100

0
30 40 50 60 70 80
life expectancy (years)

south Asian country

west African country

Fig. 8

(i) Describe the general relationship between life expectancy and gross national income per
head.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe the differences in gross national income per head and life expectancy between
the west African countries and the south Asian countries.

..........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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6 Fig. 10 shows an area where four settlements have been affected by a major earthquake. Table 2
describes the effects of the earthquake on the four settlements.

rivers

village A settlements
modern town

dam and reservoir

bridge (collapsed)

port
tarred road
village B

gravel road
sea

0 5
km

Fig. 10

Settlement Earthquake effects

landslides and mudflows, collapse of dam, buildings
village A
sink and collapse, gravel road washed away, flooding
minor building damage, broken windows, tsunami
minor building damage, damage to road bridge, broken
windows
collapse of old, traditionally-built housing, fire, gravel
road washed away

Table 2

(a) Complete Table 2 by adding the correct settlements. [2]

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(b) Give two reasons why it was difficult to get relief aid to village A after the earthquake.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Fig. 11 shows the site of village A.

SW 1 km NE
weak sand and clay
reservoir
site of village A earth dam

hard bedrock

Fig. 11

Use the information on Fig. 11 to explain the causes of the following earthquake effects on
the village.

Flooding ....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

Landslides and mudflows .........................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

Sinking and collapse of buildings ..............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Name one area of the world where earthquakes occur.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

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BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 3. Photograph A; D. Kelly © UCLES

Question 3. Photograph B; D. Kelly © UCLES

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.

0460/02/O/N/06