Evolution of Solid

Waste Management

ECW 532 – Solid Waste Engineering And Management

Week 1 ( 3 hours )
 Learning Outcome
 At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to :
1. Define the terms waste, solid waste and municipal solid
waste, solid waste management. (CO1, PO1)
2. Have an overall understanding of management aspects
related to municipal solid waste. (CO1, PO1)
3. Understand the functional element in SWM. (CO1, PO1)
4. Acquire knowledge on integrated solid waste
management. (CO1, PO1)
Contents

1 Definition of Solid Waste

2 Classification of Solid Waste

3 Solid Waste Management

4 Case Study In Malaysia

 Definition Of Solid Waste
 John T. Pfeffer
◦ Any solid material in the material flow pattern that is
rejected by society
 T.V. Ramachandra
◦ The organic and inorganic waste materials produces by
society which do not carry any value to the first user
 George Tchonbanoglous
◦ All the waste arising from human and animal activities
that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless
or unwanted
 M. Fuad
◦ Any kind of material throw by human or animal activities
where normally unusable and useless
Solid Waste Definition
 US EPA
◦ Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other discarded material,
including solid , liquid, semi-solid, or contained
gaseous material resulting from industrial,
commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and
from community activities, but does not include solid
or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or
dissolved materials in industrial discharges
 Me….
Solid Waste Evolution
 In the primitive society human and animal
always used the sources from earth to
support their life.
 When human increase, the management of
solid waste become important issue
 Human start to throw waste in many area in
their society which then cause disease
 Start in nineteen century, public health
become very important aspect
 Industrial revolution highly produce a new
type of waste which have toxic, nuclear and
dangerous
Solid Waste Evolution
 The hazardous waste start to pollute
water, soil and air
 From the effect of waste to human and
environment, many agencies had try to
built a regulation and guideline to manage
solid waste
 However, without accurate data the final
disposal of solid waste still give impact to
environment
 Solid Waste Evolution
Dumping on land

Dumping in A C Feeding to hog

water
Old
Concept

E D Reduction /
Plowing into a soil Incineration
 Evolution in Vehicle

Lorry equip with mechanical

system
1975

Small Truck
1950

Solid tire truck

1925

Horse drawn
cart
1900
 Solid Waste Problem

Protection of Public Health

- hazard to human
- Visible, audible or odorous intrusion
Problem with
Minimum Cost management
-They like to chose the minimum
cost concept
of solid
waste
Environmental Acceptability
-contamination of aquifers, watercourses
and land
 Classification of Solid Waste

Classification
Solid Waste

Sources Base Type Base

Depend on sector and Depend on physical,
activities chemical and biological
characteristics
 Source Base Classification
1. Domestic/Residential : Reject solid material that originate
from single and multifamily house (Garbage, rubbish, trash,
Ashes, Bulky Waste)
2. Municipal wastes: Solid residue that result from municipal
function or services. (Street refuse, dead animals, abandoned
vehicles,WWTP, WTP Park and beach waste and landscape
waste)
3. Industrial wastes: wastes not considered municipal or
hazardous wastes. (commercial/institutional and process waste)
4. Agricultural : Resulting from agricultural activities pose
significant and unique problems. (Confined animal feeding, crop
residue)
Type Base Classification
1. Garbage : Contain putrescible rotting organic matter
which produce an obnoxious odor and attract rats and
other vermin (food waste).
2. Ashes & Residue : Substance remaining from the
burning of wood, coal, charcoal.
3. Combustible & non-combustible waste : waste that can
be burn to change the properties (paper, cardboard) or
cannot be burn at all (glass)
4. Biodegradable & non-biodegradable : substance
consisting of organic matter (food waste) or consist of
inorganic and recyclable material (can)
Type Base Classification
5. Hazardous waste : Wastes that pose a substantial
danger - ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, biological or
toxicity (radioactive substance, chemicals, wastes
hospitals/biological research facilities, flammable wastes,
and explosives).
6. Construction & demolition
7. Farm waste
8. Dead animals
9. Sewage waste
Degradation Time For Waste

Degradation
Type of Waste
Time
Paper 10 – 30 days
Catton cloth 2 – 5 months
Biodegradable Woolen Items 1 years
Wood 10 – 15 years
Organic Waste A week or two
Metal Product 100 – 500 years
Biodegradable
Plastic Bag 105 years
Glass Undetermined
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
 An operations associated with solid waste
management system
 Each operation accomplishes a specific
purpose in the chain of actions require to
manage the solid waste satisfactory
◦ Protection of environmental health
◦ Promoting environment quality
◦ Supporting the efficiency and productivity of
the economy
◦ Generation of employment and income
 Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Functional Element (Waste Stream)

On site
Waste Handling Waste
Generation Add&Your Text Collection
Storage

Processing Transfer &

Waste & Recovery Transport
Disposal
Factor affecting SWM System
1. Quantities and Characteristic of Waste
 Depend on the income level of family
2. Climate and seasonal variation
 Temperature, wet & dry seasons
3. Physical characteristic of an urban area
 Road system, traffics, house layout
4. Financial and foreign exchange constrain
5. Cultural constrain
6. Management and technical resources
Factor affecting SWM System
4. Financial and foreign exchange constrain
◦ Equipment, vehicle, fuel & labor cost
5. Cultural constrain
◦ Holiday, festival, religion event
6. Management and technical resources
◦ Professional & skill worker
Marketing Diagram

Open Dumping Open Dumping

Marketing Diagram

Open Dumping Open Dumping

Marketing Diagram

Open Dumping River

Marketing Diagram

Ship Graveyard Heavy Industries

Case Study In Malaysia
 Due to growing population and increasing consumption, the amount of
solid waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia went up from 16,200 tons per
day in 2001 to 19,100 tons in 2005, an average of 0.8 kilogram per capita
per day.
 In Kuala Lumpur waste generation is about 3,000 tons a day and forecasts
show that this will increase further in coming years.
 Modern lifestyle has led to more acute waste problems, convenience
products generally require more packaging, improvident habits associated
with greater affluence lead to greater quantities of waste, as demonstrated
by discarded wrappers from the inevitable fast food outlet, and the modern
day waste contains a higher proportion of non-degradable materials such
as plastics.
 Approximately 95-97% of waste collected is taken to landfill for disposals.
The remaining waste is sent to small incineration plants, diverted to
recyclers/re-processors or is dumped illegally.
Case Study In Malaysia
 The government has adopted a National Strategic Plan for Solid
Waste Management with emphasis on the upgrading of unsanitary
landfills as well as the construction of new sanitary landfills and
transfer stations with integrated material recovery facilities.
 A new Solid Waste Management Bill is expected to be adopted by
parliament in March 2007. The bill is expected to drastically change
the structure of solid waste management in Malaysia and to open
up for the development of a completely new business sector.
 New concessions on for example domestic waste management will
be introduced, recycling is expected to be highlighted, and handling
of specific types of solid waste like plastic, paper etc. is likely to be
included.
Case Study In Malaysia
 A number of Malaysian investors are looking into this area, and
many are looking for foreign partners with the necessary expertise.
 Solid waste management is a priority area under the 9th Malaysian
Plan, as can be seen by the intention of the government to set up a
Solid Waste Department which will be entrusted to enforce the
Solid Waste Management Bill.
 Denmark and Malaysia have co-operated in the area of
environment protection since 1994, and more than 100 projects
have been carried out.
Case Study In Malaysia
 In the next few years the cooperation will continue within strategic
environmental planning, waste handling, handling of hazardous
substances, sustainable energy use and projects generating
Certified Emission Rights, the so-called CDM-projects.
 In relation to CDM-projects, Danish companies could potentially be
involved as buyers of Certified Emission Rights or/and as supplies
for the specific project.
Case Study in My Housing Area
C l i c k t o e d i t c o m p a n y s l o g a n

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