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NETWORK GOVERNANCE
February 2011
this project has been assisted by the NSW Government through its
“CONSTELLATION COLLABORATION”
Of all the network governance models identified and researched, the most similar
and sophisticated was the Constellation Collaboration, developed by Tonya
Surman from the Centre for Social Innovation specifically to:
...organise a group of interested parties to meet a need and
support multi-organisational partnerships without having to create
a new organisation to ‘hold’ the issue. It is a tool to help us
recognise and become conscious designers in a complex
ecosystem of organisational collaboration...
This governing model has been applied in a wide range of complex contexts,
wicked problems and ambitious objectives, which bodes well for seeking
sustainability in the New England.
These are summarised below and a more detailed summary of the network
governance principles applied by each of these is included in the Appendices.
Visa International
• Rules
◦ Governance is distributive.
◦ No individual, institution, or combination of either or both, is able to dominate deliberations or
control decisions
◦ No member has any intrinsic preferential position
◦ Power & function are distributive to the maximum degree
◦ No function is performed by any part of the whole that could reasonably be done by any more
peripheral part
◦ No power is vested in any part that might reasonably be exercised by any lesser part
• Resources
◦ Activities equitably owned by all participants
◦ Revenue from products & systems (eg two global electronic communication systems with thousands
of data centres communicating through nine million miles of fibre–optic cable, clearing a greater
number of electronic financial transactions in a week than the US Federal Reserve wire system does
in a year)
• Structures
◦ Multiple boards of directors within a single legal entity, none of which can be considered superior
or inferior, as each has irrevocable authority & autonomy over geographic or functional areas
◦ Infinitely malleable yet extremely durable. Capable of constant, self–generated, modification of
form or function without sacrificing its essential nature or embodied principle. Embraces diversity &
change
Rochdale Principles ~ Co-Operatives ~
• Rules
◦ Open & Voluntary Membership, Inclusive (Anti-Discriminatory)
◦ Democratic decision-making
◦ Agreements with other bodies are on terms that maintain autonomy
• Structures
◦ Representative Board ~ workers, investors, management, stakeholders, consumers, etc.
◦ Remuneration & Reward for Contribution & Investment
MODELS & VISA INTERNATIONAL ROCHDALE PRINCIPLES WATERFALL WAY ECO- CAIRNS CHARTER SUSTAIN NORTHERN RIVERS (CLIMATE CHANGE
PRINCIPLES (CHAORDIC^^ ~ CO-OPERATIVES ~ TOURISM INITIATIVE COLLABORATION)
ORGANISATION)
LEADERSHIP & Multiple boards of directors Representative Board Waterfall Track Steering Committee that will
within a single legal entity, ~ workers, investors, Stewardship Council be the principal forum for on‐going strategy
COORDINATION none of which can be management, superceding New development, co‐ordination and governance of their
considered stakeholders, England Eco-tourism collaboration in pursuit of the objectives of the
superior or inferior, as each consumers, etc. Society Climate Change Collaboration Agreement
has irrevocable authority & Paid overall co- (detailed below)
autonomy over ordination, including Steering Committee’s mission will be to engage
geographic or functional board roles, plus specialist stakeholders & communities in setting agreed
areas. funded project leaders climate change action goals & targets for the region
The core of the enterprise Zones have own flavour, & then to promote & support local self-organised
has no knowledge of or be locally owned & led initiatives to advance these goals
authority over a vast by communities & Signatories to the Agreement each appoint a
number of the constituent committed stakeholders representative to the Steering Committee
parts. No part knows the Chairing of Steering Committee meetings will rotate
whole, the whole does not between the representatives of partner organisations
know all the parts & none Preparation of meeting agendas, business papers &
has any need to. The the keeping of minutes will be the responsibility for
entirety, like all chaords – the Action Team
including those called Steering Committee meetings will be held according
body, brain & biosphere – to a calendar of pre-arranged dates at venues
is largely self–regulating. provided by North Coast TAFE with video
conferencing facilities available.
DECISION- Governance is distributive. Democratic Waterfall Track Work together in Steering Committee decisions will be made by
No individual, institution, or Stewardship Council transparent consensus. Failing a consensus, matters can be
MAKING combination of either or would consist of self- planning resolved by voting in which case partner
both, is able to dominate organising, stakeholder processes to organisations will each be entitled to one vote
deliberations or control discussion forums & would define milestones, Steering Committee is forum for agreeing strategic
decisions be concerned with monitor directions, priorities & collaboration protocols:
No member has any setting overall policy for performance, • Open to all participating organisations
intrinsic preferential track evaluate goals & • Selects & oversees the Action Team
position operations & objectives as a • Can create Working Groups
development in flexible response • Not engaged with operational details
conjunction with the to the dynamic Decisions about the planning & implementation of
network organisation & nature of agreed collaborative projects, on-going coordination
addressing issues raised partnerships & operational details can be best handled by a
by various stakeholder Respect each smaller group selected by the collaborating
forums & setting policy partner’s organisations & accountable to them
accordingly aspirations & Steering Committee has the authority to form working
Ensure accountability for accommodate groups & sub‐committees as it considers necessary to
funds raised their operational advance the purposes of the Agreement & to make
Collaborative planning needs, including recommendations to the signatories
methodologies & co- respect for social To maximise innovation, SNR seeks to minimise
managing by regional & cultural values procedural constraints
stakeholders, agencies & Raise awareness
communities for informed
Co-managed through decision-making
zone based Facilitate
management equitable
DISTRIBUTION OF All advantage must result Remuneration & Win-Win for all Positive outcome Conflict of Interest ~ No person should obtain a
from individual ability & Reward for stakeholders (ie. there for all parties private benefit or advantage by virtue of being part
RETURNS initiative. it cannot be Contribution & can not be trade-offs Establish equitable of the Northern Rivers Climate Change Collaboration
bought, traded, raided, or Investment where economic gains access for all (NR3C) or any of its working groups. Additionally, no
sold, since ownership is jeopardise the integrity of parties to one should use their position within the NR3C to
held in the form of ecosystems, a expertise & unfairly influence or decide a matter where they
perpetual, non– community's sense of resources have a real or perceived private interest. These
transferable membership place or undermines any Value each principles apply to pecuniary & non pecuniary
rights one group’s cultural party’s conflicts of interest.
However, that portion of identity contributions –
the business created by acknowledging
each member is owned traditional inputs
solely by them, is reflected such as financial
in their share prices & can capital & less
be sold to any entity tangible factors,
eligible for membership such as
intellectual
property
Demonstrate a
commitment to
ethical investment,
supporting eco-
STRUCTURE Power & function are Autonomous & Co-Operative (central Separate Action Team ~ smaller group mandated to make
distributive to the Independent node, inclusive, place- government’s decisions on implementation & operational matters:
maximum degree (Agreements with based management roles in • Selected by Steering Committee & accountable
No function is performed other bodies are on model ~ multi- partnerships, as an to it
by any part of the whole terms that maintain stakeholder, network eco-tourism • Mandated to act within the policy framework set
that could reasonably be autonomy) organisation) provider, & as a by the Steering Committee
done by any more Memorandums of regulator of eco- • Can form Working Groups, gives them their briefs
peripheral part Understanding with tourism to avoid a & supports their operations
No power is vested in any Partners, Landholders, conflict of interest • Decision-making transparent to all collaborating
part that might reasonably Stakeholders organisations
be exercised by any lesser Monthly track
part management meetings Working Groups ~ task-focussed groups formed as
with zone co-ordinators & needed to implement Action Team decisions:
agency representatives • Volunteers nominated by collaborating
On-going organisations
communications & • Each working group is given a specific brief &
eReporting mandated to act within it
• Working groups are accountable to the Action
Team
COMMUNITY Employees receive modest Provide education & The Track network is a Community Engage all sections of the community in
salaries by commercial training to members regional social enterprise partners are understanding & formulating
RETURN &
standards. They & the community providing economic, actively involved responses to climate change
BENEFITS demonstrate a simple Work for the social & environmental in & benefit from
truth: given the right sustainable returns for its community
circumstances, from no development of their communities, places, capacity-building
more than dreams, communities peoples, businesses & initiatives relating
determination & the liberty environments to local eco-
to try, quite ordinary tourism initiatives,
people do extraordinary in accordance
things with the principle
of prior informed
consent
WIDER Infinitely malleable yet Co-operatives Work together to Achieve the widest possible community involvement
extremely durable cooperate with each ensure in formulating specific climate change mitigation,
NETWORK & Capable of constant, self– other & contribute to partnerships adaptation & sustainability transition goals & targets
BENEFITS generated, modification of the movement benefit natural
form or function without areas in which
sacrificing its essential eco-tourism
nature or embodied occurs
principle Ensure eco-
Embraces diversity & tourism in natural
change & protected areas
Attract people & makes a positive
institutions comfortable contribution to
with such conditions & those areas
provide an environment in
which they can flourish
PERFORMANCE Collaborative monitoring Actively Avoid wasteful duplication of effort & will collaborate
of holistic indicators of participate in to achieve the most efficient & equitable
& sustainability partnership deployment of available resources
EFFECTIVENESS activities & Establish & monitor key indices of sustainability in the
establish regular, region and review the regional climate change goals
clear & open & targets against these indices & evolving national &
communication international standards
strategies
Ensure eco-
tourism regulatory
systems reward
best practice,
taking a
performance
based approach
rather than
managing for
minimum
standards
ROLE, SERVICES 3,000 staff in 21 offices in Own the Brand Incubate potential The principal joint initiative will be a campaign of
13 countries on 4 Lobby & negotiate with partnerships community engagement & mobilisation know as
& PRODUCTS continents coordinate this governments & others as Share knowledge Sustain Northern Rivers. This will be the brand for all
2/3rds of a trillion dollar to funding support for & adapt individual public activity & promotion
Other Network-Based Governance Models identified & reviewed Greening Australia ~ Habitat 141 & Gondwana Link