KULIAH UMUM

Sekretariat IA ITB, Jakarta –

20 November 2010

INTRODUCTION TO
FLOATING STRUCTURE

Indratmo Jaring Prasojo

(indratmo.prasojo@gmail.com)
AGENDA

1.Main Ideas
2.Basic Concepts
3.Type and Function of Floaters
4.Semi-Submersible
5.Tension Leg Platform
6.Spar
7.FPSO
8.Conclusion
Main Ideas
Limitations on Fixed Structure (cont’d)

Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths

up to about 1,700 ft (400 m)
More than 400 meter? COMPLIANT TOWER
typically used in water depths ranging from 1,500 to
3,000 feet (400 to 550 m)
Main Ideas
Compliant Towers
Main Idea
Limitations on Fixed Structure (cont’d)

• Tall structures result in resonant wave response

(structural natural period close to wave period)

• Increase in base shear and overturning moments

(stronger structure increases costs)

• Limitation on transportation barges

• Limitation on lifting barges capabilities

 Basic Concepts
1. Buoyancy must equal weight plus any external vertical forces
Buoyancy = weight + vertical loads Buoyancy < weight + vertical loads

Vertical loads include:

 Basic Concepts
Archimedes Principle

Where:
B = Buoyancy Force
ρ = fluid density
Vdisp = Displaced volume (volume terendam)
g = gravitational acceleration
 Basic Concepts
2. The weight shall be positioned such that the hull will not tip over
T T
y L
p P
h
o
o
n
S
e
a
s
t the TLP had
Due to Hurricane Rita, the sea star TLP lost its tether. Without tether
unbalanced weight distribution which made it tip over a
Hurricane Rita, September 2005 r
 Basic Concepts
3. There should be enough Reserve Buoyancy to maintain balance and stability
even with tanks flooded
 Basic Concepts

P-36 Semi-submersible There was deck hull

Study Cases Roncador Field off the coast of Brazil acting as reserve
buoyancy in
Thuderhorse which
saved it. No reserve
bouyancy available in
P-36.

Thunderhorse Semi-submersible
US$ 5 Billion, 150 miles offshore of Texas, GoM

June 2005 HURRICANE DENNIS March 2001 EXPLOSION

 Basic Concepts
4. The platform should stably support the deck above the highest wave crest
 Basic Concepts
SHIP NOMENCLATURE
 Basic Concepts
SHIP GEOMETRY
Moving forward
 Basic Concepts
STABILITY
Stability is the ability of a system to return to its undisturbed position after an
external force is removed (KrishThiagarajan – Handbook of Offshore Str)

Static
Due to steady wind force

Stability

Dynamic
When a sudden gust blows along with steady wind
 Basic Concepts
STABILITY
1. Transverse Stability

Positively Stable Negatively Stable = Unstable

 Basic Concepts
STABILITY K = Keel Point
Metacenter Point (M) G = Centre of Gravity
B = Centre of Buoyancy
M = Intersection between B and
centerline
GM = Distance between G and
M → Metacenter Height

STABLE, GM > 0
 Basic Concepts
STABILITY GM = KB + BM - KG
Metacenter Height (GM)
Second moment of waterplane area about x-axis
Submerged volume
 Basic Concepts
STABILITY GMl = KB + BMl - KG
2. Longitudinal Stability
 Basic Concepts
STABILITY
DYNAMIC Stability
The dynamic stability criteria for a ship or FPSO are set based on the stability requirement to
withstand a sudden environmental change, e.g. a gust of wind. Vessels that are intact are
required under the ABS certification to be
able to withstand a 100-knot (51 m/s) wind in a storm impact condition.
In a damaged condition, the vessel should have sufficient stability to withstand a 50-knot
(25.7 m/s) wind.
Type &function of Floaters
FUNCTIONS
1. Exploratory Drilling: Drillships, semi-submersible, Jack-ups, barges
2. Production and Drilling: Semi-submersibles, Spars, TLs
3. Production and Storage: Ship conversions, Newbuild ship & barges
4. Pipelaying: Barges, semi-submersibles
5. Construction/Derrick Vessels: barges, semi-submersibles

PARAMETERS TO SELECT FLOATER TYPE

1. Water Depth Platform drilling or MODU drilling
2. Environment
Wet or dry tree
3. Function
4. Export by pipeline or tanker
Type &function of Floaters
WET & DRY TREES
Reservoir drivers
Type &function of Floaters
HULL SELECTION CRITERIA
Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Before 1971
Lack of Consistency in design

Pentagone Rig Sedco 135 Rig

Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Between 1971-1980
Most Common Rigs today
Twin hulls
High mobility
Standardization
MODU Classification rules

Aker H3 Production Semi-submersible

Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Between 1981-1984
Twin Hulls
Well designed bracings
Hull type superstructure

Odyssey
Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Between 1984-1998
Larger
Deepwater
Harsh Environment

Marine 700
Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Between 1999 - 2009

Ultra Deepwater

Transocean Deepwater Nautilus

Semi-submersibles
HISTORY
Submersible Semi-Submersible

Between 2010 - …..

Ultra Deepwater

Petro Rig 1 – Sembcorp Marine

Semi-submersibles
FUNCTIONS
Production, Drilling &Workover

CAPABILITIES
Waterdepth: 80 – 3,000 m
Process capacity is up to 180,000 bpd

CURRENT PRESENCE
North Sea, Brazil, Asia, Gulf of Mexico (GoM)
Semi-submersibles
Semi-submersibles
Semi-submersibles
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
1 Consist of deck, multiple columns, pontoon and space frame bracings
2 Centre of gravity (cog) is above the centre of buoyancy (cob)
SPAR
stability is achieved by positioning cog* below cob*
TLP
stability is derived from the tendons
3 Main Functions of Semis:
a. To stably support a payload above the highest waves
b. To minimally respond to waves

Number, size, spacing of stability columns

Height of the deck

)* cog = centre of gravity; cob = centre of buoyancy
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

TERMINOLOGY

APIRP2T
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
More Rigid
(More Fixed) More Compliant

TLP
(heave, roll, Spar
pitch)
Energy

Semi

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Wave Period (s)

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
FUNCTIONS
Production, Drilling, Workover& Wellhead Support

CAPABILITIES
Waterdepth: 150 – 1,500 m
Process capacity is up to 220,000 bpd

CURRENT PRESENCE
North Sea, West Africa, Gulf of Mexico (GoM)
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
FLOATERS INSTALLED & UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Current TLP Depth Limit
45000

40000 Thunder Horse

35000 Ursa At lant is

Auger
Spars
Topsides Weight, tons

30000 Holst ein

Semis Large Topside
Mini-TLPs Wet Tree Market
25000 Mars Diana

Ram,/ Powell
TLPs Na Kika
MadDog
20000
Genesis
Kizomba (E-TLP) Magnolia
15000
Front runner Gunnison
Marco Polo Horn Mt n.
10000 Marlin
Devils Tower
Jolliet Nept une West Senu Medusa
5000 Boomvang/ Nansen Red Hawk
Prince
Typhoon Mat t erhorn
Morpet h Allegheny
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Minimal Facilities Market Water Depth, ft.

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TLP DEVELOPMENT (since 1983 = 25 TLPs)
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TYPES OF TLP
Shell’s Ram Powell TLP is located in
1. CONVENTIONAL 3,214ft of water at Viosca Knoll, block
956, in the Gulf Of Mexico

Shell’s Brutus TLP during topsides

installation in Corpus Christi, TX, in
2001.
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TYPES OF TLP
2. E-TLP
• Reason for leg extensions
– Wider tendon base for greater pitch
stiffness (stability)
– Smaller spacing of deck supports for
more efficient structure
– Lower rotational inertia for hull and
deck for lower pitch natural period
• Approximately 40 percent lighter hull than
for a comparable, conventional TLP.
• A large moonpool can accommodate
conventional top tension risers.
• De-coupling of tendon porch separation
distance from the topsides deck design
ABB produces maximum design flexibility.
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TYPES OF TLP
3. MODEC MOSES

• Key points of the TLP design

– minimal impact of wave loading
– minimum tendon tension to obtain required platform response.
– Low-cost tendon design with standard mill run tubulars, threaded
casing couplings and low cost top and bottom tendon connectors.
– A well and riser system with standard 9 5/8" casing
– short stroke riser tensioner.
– a lighter deck structure.
– Well drilling or workover capability utilizing leased compact,
lightweight, platform rigs.
– A flexible installation method using SSDV, Multi-Service Vessels, or
derrick barge
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TYPES OF TLP
4. MINI TLP

SEA STAR

• Monocolumn Hull • Tendons

– Stiffened plate construction
– Standard mild-grade,thin-plate steels
– Fabricated in small modules
– Assembled as complete unit at
quayside
– No ballasting required during operation
– Compartmentalized hull prevents
flooding
– Hull can be lengthened to increase
payload
– All compartments are accessible for
inspection
– Tubular steel elements
– Multiple,mechanically coupled sections
– Design fatigue life typically exceeds
1000years, (API-requirement 200 years)
– Tendon pairs have redundancy
– Tendons are neutrally buoyant to minimize
payload and hull displacement
– Fairings are installed on the tendons to
preventvortex-induced vibrations.
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

DESIGN DRIVERS
o Heave and pitch natural periods less than 4 seconds.
o Minimizing bending loads on TLP deck structure
o Minimizing (pitch-induced) tether tensions
o Acceptable offset and setdown
o Installation stability
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

PURPOSE OF TETHERS
• Stationkeeping – vessel offset kept to prescribed
limits (~5% of WD)
• Vertical stiffness – reduce heave, pitch and roll
motions to accommodate rigid vertical risers with
dry trees
• Lateral stiffness – minimize surge, sway and yaw
slow drift motions
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

INSTALLATION
• Conventional TLPs are
stable with deck load and
may be towed into position.
• Mini-TLPs and ETLP may not
be stable and require
derrick barge or external
temporary buoyancy for
installation
• This factor should be
considered in design
SPAR
FUNCTIONS
Production, Drilling, Workover, Wellhead Support & Oil Storage

CAPABILITIES
Waterdepth: 150 – 1,500 m
Process capacity is up to 220,000 bpd

CURRENT PRESENCE
Malaysia, Gulf of Mexico (GoM)
SPAR

Basic Parts:
SPAR
HARD TANK STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT
SPAR

Progression of SPAR
SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION
SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Truss Spar Wet Tow

SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Truss Spar Upending

SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Truss Spar Upended

SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Add solid ballast

SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Topside Lifting
SPAR
TRANSPORTATION & INSTALLATION

Topside Floatover Installation

FPSO
FUNCTIONS
Production, Storage & Offloading

CAPABILITIES
Waterdepth: 30 – 3,000 m
Process capacity is up to 200,000 bpd
Storage is up to 2 mmbbl

CURRENT PRESENCE
North Sea, North Atlantic, Canada, Mediterranian, Africa, Brazil, Asia
FPSO
TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OF NEW-BUILD FPSO

Typical Tanker Based FPSO

FPSO
FEATURES & ATTRACTIONS
FPSO
TYPICAL SIZE OF FPSO
FPSO
TYPICAL SIZE OF FPSO
FPSO
FPSO
MOORING SYSTEM
1. Turret Moored

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

2. Spread Mooring
FPSO
MOORING SYSTEM
1. Turret Moored

•All mooring lines are attached to turret

• All risers routed through turret
• Suitable for harsh environment
• Disconnection possible
• Current presence: North Sea, North Atlantic
FPSO
MOORING SYSTEM
2. Spread Moorings

• Mooring Lines are routed to optimum position on vessel

• Risers are routed alongside of vessel
• Suitable for moderate environment
• Current presence: Brazil, West Africa
CONCLUSION
Existing Function of Floaters
CONCLUSION
Rules of Thumb for Configuration Sizing
CONCLUSION
Rules of Thumb for Configuration Sizing
REFERENCES
1 Lecture Slides on Design of Floating Structure course – National
University of Singapore
• Dr. John Halkyard
• Prof. KrishThiagarajan
• Guest Lecture from SBM Offshore
2 Handbook of Offshore Engineering
• Dr. John Halkyard
• Prof. KrishThiagarajan
3 Handbook of Offshore Engineering
4 www.offshore-technology.com
5 Other websites