МАССОВАЯ

РАДИО
БИБЛИОТЕКА

Основана в 19�7 году

Выпуск 1101

В.Г.Бориеов

Юный
радио-
любитель
Издание седьмое. переработа'ffное
и дополненное

® «Ǭ廳ǵǰdz.DzǰРǹǺȇ»
КǰȀǰǵǭВ

1985
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 ЮНЫЙ ДРУГ!

Эта книга всего лишь Букварь

который полюжет тебе сделать первые шаги к
познанию Большой радШJmехншш и ее
спутницы электроники. Но и на -Jmo.м коротком
участке пути к ·заветнои цели тебя ожидают и
трудности которые прш)ется 11реодолевать. и,
конечно же, радости успехов.
Сначала я познакомлю тебя
с некоторыми событиями, и"меющими прямое
отношение к истории радШJ начну строить и
налаживать щюстенькие прие.лтики, на 11римере
которых ты будешь ,юз11авать
азб�ные истины ос,юв электро-
и радШJтехники Не теряйся, если 11а этом эта,1е ты
почувствуешь себя 11ервоклассником, как это было
несколько лет назад, когда ты впервые перешагнул
,юрог школы Затем начнешь изучать и
конструировать юмерительные приборы, без чего
11росто нельзя переходить к освоению более
сложнои радШJсmпаратуры Пото.л,1 ...
Впрочем, не будем забегать вперед. Вее.лtу свое
время. Сеичас же запо.лmи главное: если хочешь
стать радШJлюбителем не на словах а на деле,
накапливай знатт, опыт, вырабатывай в себе
у,юрство
и настойчивость в достижении цели. Не пасуй 11еред
трудностя.ми Тогда на твоем пути к познанию
чудесницы-радиотехники будет открыта шщхжая
дvрога .. , 1ридет уверенность в своих силах, а v11a
11е, 1ременно станет пршю( �ипь радости творчества.
Желаю тебе на этом пути 60.1ьших успехов!
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15
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16

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Korepep B pa3HhIX ·yCJIOBHHX o6nanacr
HeO,nHHaKOBOH npOBO,UJIMOCThlO TOKa. Ha-
XO,UHll{HeCH B HeM MeTaJIJIMIJeCKHe onHJIKH
B o6hIIJHhIX ycJIOBHHX OKa3hlB8lOT TOKY
60J1bllloe conpOTHBJieHHe, T . e. nJIOXO rrpo-
nycKalOT ero. 8 3TO BpeMH TOK B nepBOH
uenH, B KOTopy10 BKJIIOlfeHa o6MOTKa pe-
ne, HaCTOJihKO MaJI, IJTO HKOpb pe.ne He
npHTSITHBaeTCH K cepLI,elJHHKy. Ho KaK
TOJihKO Ha Korepep HalfHyT ,neikTBOBaTb
3JieKTpOMarHHTHbie BOJIHbl, conpOTHBJie-
HHe CJIOH OIJHJIOK yMeHhllIHTCH, a TOK nep-
BOM uenH pe3KO B03pacTeT. B 3TOT MO-
MeHT HKOph pene npHTHnrnaeTcH K cep,netJ-
HHKY H, KOCHYBllIHCh BHHTa 3, 3aMhIKaeT
uenh 3JieKTPH'lecKoro 3BOHKa. Cpa3y >Ke
npHTHnIBaeTCH HKOpb 3JieKTpOMarmna
:non u:enH. H MOJIOTOlfeK ynapHeT no 'la-
rne'IKe 3BOHKa. Ho HKOpb 3JieKTpOMarmna
3BOHKa OTXOAHT OT KOHTaKTHoH npy>KHH-
KH H pa3pbIBaeT BTopyio u:enh. Teneph MO-
JIOTO'leK 3BOHKa. OTnyUlCHHhIH 3JieI<Tpo-
MarHHTOM, y,n:apfleT no Korepepy H BCTpfl-
x1rnaeT onHJIKH, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaH HX 60Jib-
llIOe conponrnneHHe. Ecn11 3JieKipoMar-
HHTHhie BOJIHhI npOJlOJI>KalOT B03J(eHCTBO-
BaTh Ha KOrepep, MOJIOTOIJeK aBTOMaTHlfe-
CKll y napsieT TO no lfallielJKe 3BOHKa, TO no
Korepepy.
Korna A. C. IIonoB npHcoenHHHJI K Ko-
repepy aHTeHHy, 'IYBCTBHTeJihHOCTh IIpH-
eMHHKa 3aMeTHO nOBhllllaJiaCh. B 3TOM
311umpuvec1<uu
3bOHOK
0
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-----i1i1111111111--
/jamopeR _ _ _ _ __,
PHc. 15. 3cKH3RhIH npHeMHHKa
A C. Tionosa
17
CJiyqae npHeMHHK pearHp0BaJI Ha pa3p.SI)],hl
M0JIHHH, rrp0HCX0WII.UHe Ha paCCT0SilrnH
.no 30 KM. A TaK KaK npHeMHHK pearHp0-
Ba.JI He T0JihK0 Ha HCKYCCTBeHH0 C0J.na-
BaeMbie 3JieK-rp0MarnITTHbie B0JlHbI, HO
H Ha Te, K0T0pbie B03HHKaIOT B aTMoc<t>epe
nepe.ci; rpo3oH, A. C. TionoB Ha3Ban ero
rp0300TMeTqHKOM.
Cnycnr MeHee ro.na TI0CJie HCT0pHqecK0-
ro 3ace.naHHfl: PyccKoro <l>H3HKO-XHMHqe-
CK0ro o6meCTBa, 24 MapTa 1896 r. npo-
ITT0UIJio H0Boe KPYIIH0e co6bITHe B HCT0-
pHH pa.nHo. B noT .neHb A. C. TionoB
,D.0KJia,llbIB8JI yqeHl,IM 0 B03MO'>KH0CTH
nepe.uaq11 H npHeMa pa.LJ.H0CHrHaJI0B C 3a-
TIHCblO Ha JieHTY Tenerpa<t>Horo annapaTa.
Kor.n.a .noKna.nq}fi( yMom<, B ay,wrropHH
nocm,rmaJicH CTYK Tenerpa<t>Horo annapa-
Ta, coe.n.HHeHH0r0 C npHeMHHK0M: AneK-
caH.LJ.p CTenaH0B11q npHHHMaJI pa.n1mrpaM-
MY, nepe.n.aBaeMyro ero 6JIH)J(aunnrM no-
M0IUHHK0M TieTpOM H1n<OJJaeBHqeM Pbr6-
KHHblM. 3-ro 6bUia nepBaH e MHpe pa,mm-
rpaMMa.
CoBepUieHCTBYH npH60pbI, A. C. IlonoB
II0CTeneHH0 yeeJIHqJIBa.JI ,D.aJihH0CTh ,D.eH-
CTBHH pa.LIH0CBSI3H. BecHOH 1897 r. 6hIJIH
rrepe.naHhl pa,LUi0C.HrHaJibl c KOpa6JIH Ha
6eper Ha pacCT0HHHe 640 M. A JlBYMH ro-
.n.aMH TI03>Ke, B 1899 r., II0CJie 0TKpbITHSl
B03MO)l{HOCTR npReMa pa,nROCRfH3JIOB
c TI0M0IIJ.hlO Tene<t>oHHblX Tpy6oK Ha cnyx,
Pnc. E. Pa,n.1rncTaumu1 A. C. ITorroea ua o. rornaHJJ,
18
Jla.TihH0CTh pa)J.H0CBSl.3H .n.ocnrrJia y)Ke
35 KM. 3To 6blJ1 HOBbIH 6JIHCTaTeJihHbIH
ycnex H3o6peTaTeJI.H pa.LJ.H0, TIOCJIY>KHBWH.H
T0JI'IK0M K ,llaJibHeiiUieMy pa3BHTHIO pa-
,llHOTeJierpa<t>a B PoccHH.
O,nHaKO T0JihK0 cJiyqaii TI0M0r
A. C, TionoBy ,D.0Ka3aTh >KITTHeHffYIO Heo6-
X0,!U-IM0CTh H0B0ro cpe,nCTBa CBSI3ll.
B HOH6pe 1899 r. 6poHeHoceu. «reHepaJI-
a.D.MHPaJI AnpaKCHH» eo epeMH cHe>KHoro
IllT0pMa cen Ha KaMHH y nyCThlHHbIX 6epe-
roB 0. rorJiaH,n B <l>HHCKOM 3aJIHBe. OT
oCTpoea .uo 6n11>KaHUiero tta MaTepHKe
r. KOTKH (<l>HHJI.HHJlHHJ 0K0JI0 44 KM. Cna-
caTeJihHbie pa60Tbl 3a,nep)KHBaJIHCh H3-38
TPY.UHOCTH np0KJia,nKH np0B0,UHOH JIHHHH
CB.H3H Me)K)].y 0C'fP0B0M H MaTepHK0M. Ha
II0M0lllb npmillIO pa,nH0. A. C . IlonoB
11 TI. H. Phr6KHH .nn» o6ecneqeHHH Hane>K-
HOE .D.BYCT0pOHHeH CB.H3H ycTaH0BHJill Ha
0CTp0Be ll MaTepHKe npHeMH0-nepe,uaro-
IUHe pa,llH0CTaHI.l,HH. JIHHHSI paJlH0CBSI3H
.n.eHCTBoeana c <t>eepanH no arrpeJib 1900 r.,
TI0Ka BeJIHCb cnacaTeJihHhle pa60Thl. 3a
3T0 epeMH 6blJ10 nepe.n.aH0 H rrpHHSIT0 440
pa.n.11orpaMM. O)lHa H3 HHX 0Ka3a.Jia JIIO-
,D.SIM Heol..{eHHMYIO ycJiyry.
CnyqHJIOCb 3T0 6 cpeBpaJIH 1900 r.
n. H. Phr6KHH, HaXO,D.HBllilIBCfl: Ha 0. ro-
rnaH.n;, npHHHJI OT A. C. Tiorroea H3 r. KOT-
KR pa.uRorpaMMy: «KoMaHMPY «EpMa-
Ka>>. OKOJ10 JiaeeHcaapH 0T0pBaJI0 JihJlI.iffY
C pLI68IC3.MH. 0:KIDKHTe IlOMOlllb». Jle.uo-
JCOn «EpMaK» HCMC)lJlCHHO BblIIICJI Ha no-
HCICH B Mope H CHSIJI c Ilb.llHHbl 27 pLJ6a-
ICOB. JlJOAH 6LIJIH cnaceHJ,I 6naro,AapJI pa-
.nuo.
TaK .llCHCTBOBaJia nepBaSI B MHpe nHHHSI
p8..llHOCBSl3H, TaK pa.llHO 38.BoeBano npa.Bo
Ha )l(}IJHb.
A. C. IlonoB c,AeJian eme o)lHo oqem,
BR)l(HOe OTKpblTHe. JleTOM 1897 r. BO Bpe-
MR OnLITOB no nepe,na11e pa,II,HOCHrHanoB
c lpaHcnopmoro cy.llHa «EBpona» Ha
KpCiicep «A4>pHica» BM 61,mo 3a.Me11eao,
'ITO Kor.na Me)l(Jly nHMH Kopa6nJIMH npo-
XOJIHJI ICaJCOH-nH60 TpeTHH Kopa6nb, CJILI-
WHMOCTb CHHUl.JIOB }'MCHbWanacb HJIH .na-
)l(C BOBCC npona.nana. B CBSIJH C 3THM
ywfem.IH BLICKaJan MLICJib O BO3MO)l(HOCTH
06HapyxcueaTb npu noMontH pa,nHonpHeM-
HHICa Kopa6nH, HaXO)lHlIJ,HCCB Ha nyTH pa-
)UIOBOJIH. TaKHM o6pa30M, OH yKa..t TI
DYTb IC pa,nuonoKaUHH-COBpeMeHH0MY
cpe,nCTBy o6Hapf)l(CHHSI H onpe.neJieHHSI
MecTOilMO)l(CHHSI npe~eTOB Ha 3CMJie,
Ha BO.llC, B B03)1.yxe H KOCMOCe.
Benmco 3Ha11em1e TPY.llOB A. C. IlonoBa.
OH nepBblM npa.BHJil,B0 OUCHHJI orpoMHoe
npaKTH11CCICoe 3Ha1lCHHe 3JICKlpOMar-
BBTBhIX BOJIH, cyMeJI noCTa.BHTb HX Ha
cnyx6y 1lCJIOBCICy II TeM caMblM noJIO)l(HJI
Ha'laJIO HOBOH 3nOXH B pa3BHTHH MHpoBOH
HayICH H TCXHHICH - 3noxH pa,nHOTC'XHHICH.
Ho no-HaCTOSlllleMy 3acnyn1. BeJIHKoro
pyccKoro yqeHoro O:UCHCHLI 6blJIH B HaweH
crpaee Ton1,Ko nocJie BeJIHKOH OKT.smp1,-
Cl'.OH COIUlaJIHCTH1lCCICOH peBOJIIO:UUH. Ilo-
CfaHOB.JICHHCM COBeTCICoro npaBHTeJlbCTBa
«06 O3HaMCHOBaHHH 50-JICTHSI CO )lHSI
ll306peTCHHSI pa,ZlHO A. C. IlonOBLIM» Haw
Hapo.n c 1945 r. OTMC'laeT 7 MaJI KaK )];eHb
pa.AHO. 3THM )l(C IlOCTaHOB.JICHHCM yqpe:>K-
J],CHhl 30noTaSI MC.llaJib HMCHH A. C. IIo-
.IJOBa, npHc}')l(JlaeMajl COBCTCKHM H 3apy-
6excHhIM 3a Bbl.llalOIUHCCSI Ha-
yqeHbIM
y'IHhle pa6oTbl H H300peTCHHSI B o6naCTH
pa,n11O, Harpy.nm,IH 3H31lOK «Ilo11CTHLIH pa-
.nHCT CCCP», KOTOpbIM Harpa)l(JlaJOTCSI
mma, cnoco6CTByioIIUie ceoHM TPY.llOM
pa3BHTHIO pa,nHOTCXHHKH, pa.nuomo6u-
TCJil,CTBa, opraHHJaUHH pa.z:(HOBe[UaHHSI
H TeJICBH)lCHHJL B JleHHerpa.ne C03)laH My-
3CI: A. C. IlonoBa. HMSI A. C. Ilonosa ao-
cn Bcecol03Hoe Ha}"IHO-TeXHH'ICCICoe o6-
~CCTBO pa.llHOTCXHHKH, 3JICIClp0HHKH
u CBSIJH, Kyit61,rmeBCICaB pa,llH0Be[UaTCJib-
HaJI cramtHSI, Hay'IHO-HCCJie,noBaTCJlbCKHH
HHCI'HTYT pa.nHOsemaTeJibBoro npueMa
H alC}'CTHKH.
MLI, C0BeTCICHe nio.nu, CBSITO "'ITHM na-
MSITI, pyccICoro y11eeoro A. C. Ilonosa,
.naewero 11enoBe11eCTBy pa,ZlHo.
«rA3ETA BE3 BYMArH H BE3 PAC-
CTO.ffHliA»
B .llCHb no6e.D,bl OICTB6pbcJCOH peBOJIIO:UHH,
7 HOSI6pSI 1917 r., pa)lHOCTaH:UU.sI ICpCHCepa
«Aepopa» nepe.naJia o6paw,eHHe «K rpa-
)l(JlaHaM PoccuH !», nanHcaHHoe B.Jia,IJ,HMH-
poM HnbH'IOM JleHHHblM H a.upecoBaHHoe
MlfJIJIHOHaM 1PY~HXCJI. B HCTopu11ec1CHe
.llHH BeJIHICoro OKTS16pSI pa,llHOCTaHIUUI
Mono.uofi crpaHbI CoBeToB nepe.uaeaJIH
no,nnHcaHHLie BOJK,neM peBOJIIO~HH pa,llHO-
rpaMMLI «BceM, BCCM, BceM !», B KOTOpblX
.naBanHCL YJCa3aHHJI opraHa.M B.JiaCTH Ha
MeCTax, onpoeepranHCL ICJieBeTa H nolKL
6yp)l{ya3HH o C0Berc1Cofi pecny6mnce. Pa-
,_.,,1mrpaMM1>1, npHHSITbIC HJ :UCHlpa peBO-
illOUHH IleTporpa,na, ne1:1aTanHCI, H WHpO-
K0 pacnpoc-rpaHSIJIHCb eo MHorux ropo.nax
Clp3Hbl.
BJia)lHMHp liln,H'I, CJie,nHBWHH BHHMa-
TCJibHO 33 pa3BHTHCM pa,nHOTCXHHICH, BH-
)lCJI B HCH orpoMHYJO opraHH3YJOlllYIO CH-
.Jiy. 29 HIOnJI 1918 r. HM 6LIJI no)lIIHcaH
.ueKper CoBeTa Hapo,nHbIX KoMHccapoB
0 :ueHTpailH3a:nHH pa,nHOTeXHH'ICCJCOro .ne-
na B crpa.He. B 3TOM )l{e ro.lly no yicaJa-
HHIO JleHHHa B HHXCHCM HoBropo.ue (HhIHe
r. ropbICHH) 61,ma co3,naaa pa.uuona6opa-
TopuSI. 3ro, no cyxueCTBy, 61,1JI nepBbIH co-
BeTCKHH pa,nHOTCXHH'ICCKHH ynHBepCHTeT,
CblrpaBWHH 6oJibWYJO pon1, B pa3BHTHH
palIHotl>HICa:UHH H pa,nHOBCIUaHffll B Hawe:e
ClpaHe. Ilo3:>Ke HHxceropo.ucJCoH na6opa-
Topuu 6LIJio npHCBOCHO HMSI B. H. Jle-
HHHa, oaa ,nea)l(JlLJ Harpa)l(JleHa op.ueaoM
Tpy.uoooro Kpacaoro 3HaMCHH.
Huxceropo.ucJCoH pa.uHona6opaTopuefi
pyKoBO.llHJI Kpyneeiiwuii pyccICHH uJo6pe-
T~Ten1, B o6naCTH pa,nuo, C03.llaTeJib
nepBbIX MOJ.UHhIX pa.zi;HoBemaTCJlbHhIX
CTaHIUfii MuxaHJI AJieKcaH,llpoBH11 lioll'I-
BpyeBH'I. Ilo.u ero pyIC0BO.llCTBOM 6bIJIO
aanaxceHo npou3BO.llCTBO pa,nHonaMn,
a 0CCHblO 1920 r. 3aKOH11eHa IlOClpOihca
nepBoH pa,llHOTCJie«i>oHHOH CTaimHH, nepe-
)laBa.BWeH no pa.uuo :>KHByio 11en0Be11ecxyio
pe11b Ha 6om,wHe paCCTOBHHSI.
Kor.ua B. H . JleHHH Y3Han 06 3THX pa-
6onix, OH HanHcaJI B TeilJIOM .npyxcecKOM
nHCLMe npocl>eccopy M.A. Boaq-Jipyeeu-
qy: «raJe-ra 6e3 6}'Marn u 6e3 paCCToB-
mm», KOTOPYJO BLI C03)laeTe, 6y.ueT BeJIH-
KHM )leJIOM».
B MapTe 1920 r. 3a no,n:nHc1>10 B. H.
JleeHHa 6LIJIO npHHSITO IlOCTaHOB.JICHHe
19
CoBera Tpy.ua H O6opom,1 o nocTpomce
B MocKBe UettTPaJihHOH pa.uHoTeJie<l>oH-
HOH cram.urn c pa,z:u,,ryc0M ,lleHCTBHH 2000
Bepcr. HeCKOJihKO noJJJ.Hee B. 11. Jlemrn
B JanHCKe, a.n:pecoBaHHOH B CoBeT Ha-
p0J].HhlX KoMHccapoB CCCP, nHca.JI:
«... BcH PoccIDI 6yJleT cnyruaTh ra3ery, 'IH-
TaeMy10 B MocKBe». A qepe3 JJ.Ba ro.ua,
B 1922 r ., BCTynaeT B CTpOH nepBaH pa.UH0-
BelllaTeJibHaH CTaHUHH, no T0My npeMeHH
caMaji M0IUHaH B MHpe. B 1924 r. CoBeT
HaponHhIX KoMHccapoB CCCP npHHH-
MaeT nocraH0BJieHHe «O 'laCTHhix npM-
eMHblX CTaHUHHX», IlOJIO:>KHBlliee HalJa.JIO
unrpoKOH pa11HoqmKau1rn crpaHbI, pa3BM-
THIO pa,n:H0BemaHHSI H paJ].HOJII06HTe;lb-
CTBa. B TOM :>Ke 1924 r. MH0f0tJHCJieHHbie
.upy3hH pa.rum, yane'leHHbie pa.uHOTeXHH-
KOH, noJiy'IHJIH nepBblM H0Mep CB0ero
>Kypttana «PaiumJ1106menh». C Hero-To,
nepeHMeHoBaHHOrO Il03:>Ke B «Pa.u110
<fJpoHT», a 3aTeM B JKYPHaJI «Pa,LUiO», no
cyr.uecTBy, H HaqaJiaCh JieT0ilMCb C0BeTCK0-
ro pa,ll,liOJII06HTeJihCTBa. Ha'laJICH BbIDYCK
pan11.onpHeMHHK0B, .ueTa.JieH D.JJH caM0-
CTOSITeJihHOro H3rOTOBJieHHH pa,llHOanna-
paTyphl. PammBelllaHHe Bee 6oJihllle CTa-
HOBHTCH 1])H6YHOH C MHJIJ1HOHHOH ay,llH-
TOpHeH, 0 KOTOpoii Me'ITa.JI BeJIJiKHH MJibH'I.
TaK 3apO,llHJIOCb~ H Ha'laJIO pa3BHBaThCSI
COBeTCKOe paJl.HOBelllaHHe, a BMecTe C HHM
H pa.n:HomofoneJihCTBO.
*
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cemb10 paduoBeu,amellbHblx cmaH11uu u pa-
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nep6ou 1-1eo6xodu.Mocmu Haiue20 6bima.
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23
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24
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rrponcxo- TTOHHMaTb 3TO Hano TaK. 3a BpeMH O)lHO-
ro nepno.o:a TOKa B aHTeHHe rrepenaT':lHKa
B npocTpaHCTBe BOKpyr Hee B03HllKaeT O)l-
Ha pa.[(HOBOJIHa. lJeM BbIIIIe 'IaCTOTa TOKa,
TeM 6oJibme cJie,o:yromnx npyr 3a )lpyroM
panHOBOJIH H3Jiy':laeTCSI aHTeHHOM B Te'Ie-
HHe Ka)K)];oii CeKyH)lhl. .UorrycTHM, 'IaCTOTa
co6e- TOKa B aHTeHHe pannocraHunn cocTaBJISieT
l Mru. 3Ha':lnr, nepnon 3Toro TOKa n eo3-
ieJie¢oHa 6y)KneHHoro MM :rneKTpOMarHUTHOro IIOJISI
paBeH O)lHOH MHJIJIMOHHOM noJie ceKyH)lbl.
3a 1 c pa)lHOBOJIHa npoXO.llHT paCCTO.IIHHe
300 000 KM, HJIH 300 000 000 M. 3a onHy
MMJIJIHOHHY~ JlOJIIO ceKyHnbI OHa npoii;:i;eT
paCCTOSIHHe B MHJIJIHOH pa3 MeHbIIIe, T. e.
300000000: l 000000. CJJenoeaTeJibHO,
nmma BOJIHbJ naHHoii pannocraiumn paB-
Ha 300 M.
l-lTaK, )lJIUHa BOJIHbl pa)lHOCTaHUHH Ja-
BHCHT OT 'IaCTOTbI TOKa B ee aHTeHHe: 'IeM
60JibUie 1IaCTOTa TOKa, TeM KOpoqe BOJIHa,
H Hao6opoT, l.feM MeHbllle lfaCToTa TOKa,
TeM JlJIHHHee BOJIHa. qTofo,1 Y3HaTb JlJIHHY
BOJIHbl paJlHOCTaHI(l-rn:, Ha.no CKOpOCTb pac-
rrpocrpaHeHJUI pallHOBOJIH, Bbipa)J(eHHYIO
B MeTpax, pa3)leJIHTb Ha 'iaCTOTY TOKa B ee
aHTeHHe. M Hao6opoT, 'IT06bI Y3HaTb lfa-
CTOTY TOKa B aHTeHHe pa,LI,HOCTaHUHH,
Ha)lO CKOpOCTb pacrrpOCTpaHeHIUI pa.n.no-
130JIH pa3)leJIHTb Ha AJIHHY BOJIHbl 3TOH
pa.D.HOCTaHUHH.
,[(mi nepeBOJla lfaCTOTbl TOKa rrepeJlaT-
lfm<a B Merarepuax B JJ,mrny BOJIHhI a Me-
rpax H o6paTH0 y.n.o6HO IlOJib30BaTbCSl Ta-
KHMH 4>opMyJiaMH:
l(M) = 300/f (Mni:); r (Mru) = 300/l (M),
r)le A (rpeqecKaSI 6yKBa «mIM6.n.a»)- JJ,JIHHa
BOJIHbl; f- lfaCTOTa KOJie6amfii, 300- CKO-
pOCTb pacrrpOCTpaHeHHSl pa)lHOBOJIH, Bbl-
pa)J(eHH3Sl B TbICSl'laX KHJIOMeTpoB B ce-
KYHAY-
Xoqy Te6si: rrpe.n.yrrpe;:unh: He nYTaii rro-
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TaeT pa.llHOCTaHUHSl, C .uaJibHOCTbIO ee )leH-
CTBHSI, T. e. C paCCTOSIHHeM, Ha KOTOpOM
nepe)la'ln )TOH CTaHUHH MOrYT 6bITb
npnHSITbl. ,ll,aJibHOCTb )leHCTBHSl pa.D.HO-
CTaHJ..Urn. rrpaBna 3aBHCHT OT JlJlliHbl BOJI-
fill, HO He OTO)J(JleCTBJISleTCSI C Hero. TaK,
rrepe.lla'la CTaHUHH, pa6oTaJOmen Ha BOJIHe
llJIHHOH B neCKOJibKO )leC»TKOB MeTpOB,
MO>KeT 6bffb yCJibIIIIaHa Ha paCCTOSIHHH
B HeCKOJibKO TblCSllf KHJIOMeTpOB, HO He
BCerJla CJibIIIIHa Ha 6onee 6JIH3KHX pac-
CTOSIHHSlX. B TO >Ke BpeMSI rrepeJlal.fa pa-
JlHOCTaHUHH. pa6oTaromeiI Ha BOJIHe JlJIH-
HOH B GOTHH H TbICSl'IH MerpOB, lfaCTO He
CJiblllIH3 Ha TaKHX 60JibllIHX paCCTOSIHHSIX,
Ha KOTOpbIX CJiblllIHbl nepe.ua'IH KOpOTKO-
BOJIHOBblX CTaHil;HH.
l1TaK, Ka:xci)aR pa<}uoBeUjameJtbHGR
cmaHtfUR pa6omaem Ha onpei)eJteHHOU, om-
Bei>eHHOU 0JtJ-t Hee 'lucmome, HG3bl6aeMou
HecyUjeU. ,ll,mrnbl BOJIH pa3JIH'IHbIX pa.D.HO-
CTaHIJ;HH HeO)lHHaKOBbl, HO CTporo rro-
CTOSIHHbl JlJISI Ka)J(,ll,OH H3 HHX. 3TO H .n.aeT
B03MO>KHOCTb npHHnMaTb rrepe)lal.fn Ka-
)KJlOH pa.D,HOCTaHUHH B OT.D,eJibHOCTH, a He
BCe OilHOBpeMeHHO.
PA,[(110BEII(ATEJ1bHblE ,[(11AOA-
30Hbl BOJIH
BecbMa IIIHpoKllH yqaCTOK pa)lHOBOJIH, OT-
Be)leHHbJH JlJISl panHOBemaTeJibHbIX CTaH-
UUH, ycJIOBHO Il0Jlpa3neneH Ha HeCKOJibKO
,ll,nana30HOB: AJIHHHOBOJIHOBblH ( COKpa-
meHHO ,[(B), cpe)lHeBOJIHOBbIH (CB), xopoT-
KOBOJIHOBbIH (KB), ynhTpaKopoTKOBOJI-
HOBbIH (YKB). B Harneii crpaHe J.l,JlllHHOBOJI-
HOBbIH nHarra30H OXBaTbIBaeT panno-
BOJIHbl JlJlHHOH OT 735,3 JlO 2000 M, 'ITO
COOTBeTCTByeT qacroTaM 408- 150 Kru;
cpe,n;HeBOJIHOBblH - pa)lHOBOJIHbl .D,JIHHOH
OT 186,9 )IO 571,4 M (panHO'iaCTOTbI
1605- 525 1<ru); KOpOTKOBOJIHOBbIH- pa-
JlHOBOJIHbl AJIHHOH OT 24,8 JlO 75,5 (pa)lHO-
'laCTOTbl 12,1 - 3,95 Mru); ym,TpaKOpOT-
KOBOJIHOBblH-paJlHOBOJIHbl .D,JIHHOH OT
4, 11 no 4,56 M (panHOl.faCTOTbl
3--65,8 Mru).
Pa)lHOBOJIHbI YKB 11Harra3ona Ha3bI-
aaroT TaK)J(e MeTpOBblMH BOJIHaMn; B006-
me )Ke yJibTpaKOpOTKHMH BOJIH3MH Ha3bl-
BaIOT Bee BOJIHbl KOpo':le 10 M . B 3TOM
.D.HarraJOHe Be.D,yTCSJ TeJieBH3HOHHbie nepe-
.n.a•m, pa60T3JOT CBSl3Hble pa.D.HOCT3HUHH,
o6opy.D,OBaHHbie Ha aBTOMalllHHaX IlO)Kap-
HOH oxpaHbl, TaKCl:l, MeJlHUHHCKOro o6cny-
>KHBaHHSl HaCeJieHl:ISI Ha AOMY, 6e30IIaCHO-
CTH YJIU':lHOro ABH)J(eHHSl.
Pa)lH0 1IaCTOTbl KOpOTKOBOJIHOBblX Be-
maTeJibHbIX CTaHI.{l:IH HepaBHOMepHO pac-
rrpeneJieHbl no .D,HarraJoHy: 6oJibIIIe BCero
ux pa6oTaeT Ha BOJIHax AJIHHOli OKOJIO 25,
31, 41 H 50 M. COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMy KO-
pOTKOBOJIHOBblH pa.D.HOBeruaTeJibHbIH JlHa-
naJOH rronpa3nensi:eTcsi: Ha 25, 31, 41
H 50-MeTpOBblH IIOIDIHaIIa30Hbl.
CorJiacHo Me)J(nyttaponHoMy cornarne-
mno BOJIHa AJIHHOH 600 M (500 Kru) OTBe-
neHa JlJISl rrepena'll:l CHrHaJIOB 6enCTBHSl
Kopa6nsi:MH B Mope- SOS. Ha 3TOH BOJIHe
pa6oTaIOT Bee MOpCKHe aBapHHHble pa-
.D,HOIIepenaT'IHKl:l, Ha 3Ty BOJIHY HaCTpOeHbl
npHeMHHKH crracaTeJibHbIX CTaHUHll H MaSl-
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P A,[(MOTTEPE,[(AqA
ECJlH CJIO>KHOe TeXmt'leCKOe OCHameHHe
pa.D,HOBeruaTeJibHOH CTaHUHU H3o6pa3HTb
yrrpomeHHO B Bl:l)le YCJIOBHblX 3HaKOB
H IIpSlMOyrOJibHHKOB, TO IlOJif'IHTCSl ee
CTpyKTypHaSI cxeMa B TaKOM BHJle, KaK rro-
Ka3aHO Ha pl:IC. 18. 3.n.ecb IISlTb OCHOBHblX
IIpH60pOB If ycrpoHCTB: cry.r.U1liHblH MH-
KpOq>OH, yCl:IJIHTeJib 3BYKOBOH lfaCTOTbl
(Jq), reHepaTop KOJie6aHHH pa,Ll,HO':laCTOTbl
(Pq), YCHJIHTeJib MOlll;HOCTH KOJie6aHHH
pa,IlHOl.faCTOTbl U aHTeHHa, H3Jiylfaroma51
3JieKTpOMaIBHTHyIO 3Heprl:IIO pa,UHOBOJIH.
noxa CTYAHliHhlH MHKpOq>OH He BKJIIO':leH,
B aHTeHHe CTaHUHH Te':leT TOK BblCOKOH
(Hecymeil), HO CTporo IIOCTOSIHHOH lfa-
CTOTbl If aMTIJIHT Y)];bl (CM. JieBbie ':laCTH
25
 ncpc.uaT'IHKa 3JICKTpOMarHHTHaR 3HCprHR
t1UKpO(JJDH (CM. npaBblC 11aCTH rpa<pHKOB Ha pHC. 19).
l.lcM 60JiblliC 11acr0Ta TOKa, nocrynaromc-
ro H3 pa.n:H0CTY.UHH B ncpc.uaT'IHK, TCM
Ycu11ume11b C 60JibUieii 11aCTOTOH H3MeHRJOTCR aMnJIH-
31/
TY.Ubl TOKa B aHTeHHC.
TaK 3BYK, npco6pa30BaHHbIH MHKpO<pO-
HOM B 3JICKTpH1-1CCKHC KOJIC6aHHR 3BYKO-
BOH 11aCTOTbl, nony11aeT «nyTCBKy» B 3<pHp.
Ilpouccc H3MCHCHH.SJ aMIUIHTY.U BblC0K0-
11acTOTHblX KOJie6aHHH no.u .lICRCTBHCM
Mody1111map TOKa 3ByKOBOH 11acTOTbl Ha3bIBaJOT aMn./lU-
u lj Cu II umellb 1--~----l► I
MDlll,HOCfflU mydHOU ModyARlfueu (AM). l13MCHRCMhie
)KC no aMilJIHTy,a:c TOKH BhlCOKOii 'laCTOTbl
B aHTCHHC H H3JIY1faCMhIC CJO pa.UHOBOJIHbl
HOCRT Ha3BaHHe MOdyAup06llHl-iblX KOAe6a-
HUU pa,IlHO'laCTOTbl.
KpoMe aMnJIHTY.lIHOii Mo.uymra;HH cyme-
CTBYCT eme TaK Ha3hmacMaSJ llacmomnmi
reHepamop
Pl/ ModyAJ1t/UJ1 (l.IM). IlpH TaKOM BHJJ.C Mo.uy-
~
mmHH H3MCHReTCR qacTOTa, a aMilJIHTy.a:a
Kone6aID1ii pa.uuo11acT0ThI B aHTeHHe pa-
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HOM cTam:um CTOTHyIO Mo.uymmmo npnMeHSilOT' HanpH-
Mep, JJ)rn ncpe,aa'IH 3BYKOBOro conpOBO-
rpaqmKOB Ha pHC. 19). AHTCHHa npH 3TOM )K,IleHHR B TCJICBH.lICHHH, B pa.LlHOBCLQaHHH
H3Jiy'IaCT pa}lHOBOJIHbI HCH3MCHHOR Ha YKB. B pa.uHoHcmaHMH Ha ,l],B, CB
AJIHHbl H MOll.{HOCTH. Ho BOT B CTY.Ulill " KB HCilOJib3yror TOJibKO aMilJIHTY.lIHyro
BKJilO'IUJIH MHKpO<pOH, H JIIO.UH, Haxo.usi- MO.UyJIRUIHO.
ll.{HCCR 3a .UCCfilKU, COTHH H TblCR'IH KHJIO- Pa.UHOBOJIHbl He MOryT 6bITb o6Hapy-
MCTpOB OT pa)lHOCTaHUHH, ycJibIIIIaJrn 3Ha- )KCHbl HH 0.UHHM opraHOM HaIIIHX ':IYBCTB.
KOMblii roJIOC )lHKTOpa. Ho CCJIH Ha HX nyTH BCTpC'IaeTCR npOBO)l-
l.ITO )KC B 3TO BpCMR rrpmtCXO.UHT HHK, OHM OT.UaIOT eMy 11aCTb CBOCH 3Hep-
B ncpc.n,aT1111Kc pa.zlHOCTaHii;H1-1? KoJic6a- rHH. Ha 3TOM RBJieHHH H OCHOBaH npHeM
mrn 3BYK0BOH 'IaCTOTbl, C03)laHHblC MU- pa.uHonepe.a:a11. Y JiaBJIHBaHHC 3HeprHH pa-
KpO<pOHOM R yCHJICHHblC CTy}lHHHblM ycH- .D:HOBOJIH npHCMHHKOM ocymcCTBJIRCT aH-
JIHTCJICM 31.l, no,ualOT B TaK Ha3bIBaCMblH TCHHa pa.u1-1onp1-1eMHnKa. OTAaBa.SJ aurcHHC
MO.UYJIRTOp, BXO.UffiUHH B yCHJUffCJib MOlU- 'laCTb 3llCKTpOMarHHTHOH ::mcprHH, pa.u1-10-
HOCTH ncpc.uaT'IHKa, H TaM, B03,ueiiCTBYR BOJIHbl HHJlYllRPYJOT B HCH MOJlYJIHpO-
Ha TOK BblCOKOii qaCT0TbJ rcHcpaTopa, H3- BaHHhle KOJie6aHHR pa,LlHO'IaCTOThl.
MCHRJOT cro aMilJmTy.n,y KOJIC6aHHH. OT B npHCMHHKC HMCJOT MCCTO npoucccbl,
noro H3MCHReTCR H3JIY1IaCMaR aHTCHHOli o6paTHhIC TCM, KOTOpbIC rrpOHCXO.D:.HT
B cry.a:1rn Iii Ha ncpc)IaT'IHKe pa.u1-1ocTaH-
UHH. EcJilf TaM 1BYK nocJieJJ,OBaTCJibHO
~ M1J1<pa{/JDH
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c:::, KOJie6amrn 3BYKOBOii 'IaCTOTbl, a 3aTeM
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r
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a 3aTCM B 3ByK. B npOCTCIDIICM npHCMHH-
KC, pa6oTaJOLQCM TOJlbKO 6Jiaro.uapSI 3HCp-
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CTOTbl .ueTeKTOpOM, a 3TH KOJIC6amrn
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TOK BhlCOKOli 'iaCTOThl B aHTeHHe nepeAaT'IHKa B 3BYK - r OJIOBHblMH TCJIC(pOHaMH.
U3MeH.HeTCSI IIO aMIIJilfTYAe Ho Be.lib aHTCHHY npneMHHKa npOHH3bl-

26
Ba.JOT pa,Ul10B0JIHbl MHO)KeCTBa pa.rum-
CTaHUHH, B036y}l(J{ajf B Heu Mo.r:i:yJIHpo-
BaHHhre KOJie6aIDUI caMbIX Pa3Jilfl:IHbIX
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nepBblH rrpHeMHl1K Ha e1IrHaJibl pa.uuo-
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non ,D;eHCTBHeM eOJIHe'iHbIX H3Jiy'leHHH
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HOH 300-400 M, MOr}'T 6hITb npHHjfTbl Ha
paCCT0SIHHH, B ,llBa-TpH pa3a MeHbllleM,
'leM eurHaJihl CTaHUHH TaKOH lKe M0ll.(HO-
CTH, HO pa60Ta10meii Ha B0JIHe lIJIHHOtt
1500- 2000 M. qT06bI IlOBbICHTb ,oaJib-
H0CTb .r:i:eiieTBHH CB CTaHl.\HH, npHX0.OHTCH
yneJIH'iHBaTb MX MOll.{H0CTb.
27
 B BC'iCpHee If HO'iHOC BpCMSI cyTOK nepe-
Aa'fll .D:B H CB pallHOcTaHUHH MO)l(HO
CJihIIJJaTh Ha 66JihllIHX paCCTORHlUIX, 'iCM
nHeM. .[(eno B TOM, 'iT0 H3Jly'iaCMaSI BBepx
1faCTb 3Hepnm panHOBOJIH 3TJIX CTaHUJIH
AHCM 6eccnentto TCpSICTCSI B aTMOCq>epe.
Ilocne )KC 1axona Comma HH>KHHii cnoH
HOHOCq>CphI HCKpHBJIRCT HX TIYTh TaK, 'iTO
OHH B03BpamaIOTCSI K 3CMJ1C Ha TaKJIX
paCCTOSIHHSIX, Ha KOTOpblX np11eM 3THX
CTaHUHH TIOBCpXHOCTHhIMH BOJIHaMH y)l(e
HCB03MO)l(CH.
Pan110BOJIHhIKOpOTKOBOJIHOBOrO nHana-
30Ha CWibHO nornomaIOTCSI 3eMJICH
H TIJIOXO orn6aIOT ee TIOBCpXHOCTb. Il03TO-
MY y)l(e Ha paCCTOSIHHJI B HCCKOJihKO ne-
CRTKOB KHJIOMCTpOB OT TaKHX pa,n:HOCTaH-
llllH HX IIOBCpXHOCTHhlC BOJIHhl 3aTyXaIOT.
Ho 3aTO npOCTpaHCTBCHHhIC BOJIHhl MOryT
6hITb o6ttapy>KCHhl npHCMHHKaMH Ha pac-
CT0SIHHH B HCCKOJibKO ThICSl'i KWIOMCTpOB
OT HHX If ,Ua)l(e B npOTHBOITOJIO>KHOH TO'iKC
3eMJIH. McKpHBJICHHC nyn1 npOCTpaH-
CTBCHHhIX KOp0TKHX BOJIH IIpOHCXO,UHT
B HOHOCq>epe. BoHnR B JIOHOCcpepy, OHH
MOrYT npOHTJI B HCH O'iCHh ,nJIHHHhIH ITYTb
H BCPHYThCR Ha 3eMJIIO ,UaJICKO OT pa,uHO-
CTaHUHH. OHM MOryT COBCplllHTh Kpyroc-
BCTHOC TIYTCllICCTBJIC - HX MO)l(HO npHHSITh
,Ua)l(e B TOM MCCTC, rne pacnOJIO)l(CHa
nepe.uaroma51 crattnnsi. 3n1M H o6bSICHSieT-
csi ceKpeT xopolllero pacnpocTpaHCHHSI KO-
pOTKHX BOJIH Ha 60JihllIHC paCCTOSIHHSI .ua-
)l(C rrpH MaJlbIX MOIUHOCTSIX nepeAaT'iHKa.
Ho npH pacnpoCTpaHCHJIH KOpOTKJIX
BOJlH MOrYT o6pa30BbIBaTbCSI 30Hhl, rne
rrepeAalfH KB pa.UHOcTaHuHH Boo6me He
CJlhllllHhl. Mx Ha3hIBaIOT 301-tQMU MOJlllQHUJl
(CM. pHC. 20). flpOTSl)l(CHHOCTh 30Hhl MOJI-
'iaHHSI 3aBHCHT OT LIJIHHbl BOJIHhl If COCTOSI-
HHR HOHOCcpepbI, KOTOpoe B CBOIO O'iCpC.Ub
3aBHCHT OT llliTCHCHBHOCTH COJIHC'iHOrO
H3Jiy'iCHHSI.
y JibTpaKOpOTKHC BOJIHbl no CBOHM
CBOHCTBaM HaH6onee 6JIH3KJI K CBCTOBhIM
JIY'faM. Om1 B OCHOBHOM pacnpOCTpa-
HSIIOTCSI npSIMOJillHCHHO H CWibHO rrorno-
maIOTCSI 3CMJICH, paCTHTCJibHhlM MHpOM,
pa3JIH'iHbIMH coopy)l(CHHHMH, npe)lMeTa-
MH. TTo3TOMY YBCPCHHbIH npHCM cHrHaJioB
YKB CTaHUHH noBepxHOCTHOH BOJIHOH
B03MO)l(CH rnaBHbIM o6pa30M JIHlllb TOr-
na, KOr.ua MC>KDY aHTCHHaMM nepe.uaT'iHKa
If npHCMHHKa MO)l(HO MblCJICHHO rrpOBCCTH
npSIMYIO JIHHHIO, He BCTpeqaromyro no
BCCH DJIHHC KaKnX-Jrn6o npeIIRTCTBHH
B BHAC rop, BOJBbllllCHHOCTCH, JICCOB. Mo-
HOCq>epa nnsi YKB no.uo6Ho creKny MR
CBeTa - «np03pa'fHa>>. Y JibTpaKOpOTKHC B0-
JIHhI ITO'ITH 6ecnpeIISITCTBCHHO npoxonSIT
qepe3 Hee. TT03TOMy 3TOT nHanaJOH pa-
nHOBOJIH HCTIOJib3YIOT ,nJISI CBR3ll C HCKyc-
CTBCHHbIMH cnyTHHKaMH 3eMJIH H KOCMH-
1fCCKHMJI KOpa6mIMM.
EECEL(A TPETbJI BceB03MO>KHbIX KOHCTpyKunii aHTeHH
MH0ro. EOJibllla» 11aCTh H3 HHX - 3T0
.llJlMHHbie rrp0B0,lla, IT0)],HBTble BblC0K0 Ha.a
3eMJieii. AHTeHHbl 3THX B11)],0B Ha3bIBaIOT
Hapy>KHblMM, TaK KaK OHM Haxo.u»TCB CHa-

3
TBOl1 IlEPBblH PA,[(110-
PY>KH 3)],aHHH. Te >Ke aHTeHHbI, K0T0phle
pacrronaraIOT BHYTPH 3,llaHMH, Ha3bIBaIOT
K0MHaTHbIMH
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MJIH BHyTpeHHMMM.
aHTeHHbl
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ITO
Ha-
rrp11eMHblM CBOH-

IlPl1EMHl1K Te6e, ITOKa 'ITO Ha'IHHaromeMy pa.n110-

JIIOfo1TeJIIO peKOMeH.uyro coopy,n:MTb Ha-
PY>KHYIO aHTeHHy. O.nHaKO CHa'IaJia C)],e-
JiaH 3a3eMJieHHe. )],eJIO B TOM, 'ITO rro.n
,z:i:eiiCTBMeM aTMOCqJepHbIX pa3p».D,0B B rrpo-
BO)],e Hapy>KHOH aHTeHHbI M0ryT HaKanm1-
BaTbCSJ CT0Jih 3Ha1I11TeJibHbie 3JieKTpH1Ie-
CKHe 3ap».D,bI, 'ITO 0HH 6y,nyT omymaTbCB
np11 npHK0CH0BeHHH K np0B0)],y. Coe)],HHMB
>Ke c· 3eMJieii np0B0IJ. 6y,nyrneii Hapy>KHOH
aHTeHHbl, TbI 0TBe)],elllh 3ap».D,bl B 3eMJIIO.
3a3eMJieHHe. Bo3MO>KHO 6JIM>Ke . K 0KHY,
qepe3 K0Topoe TbI npe.unoJiaraelllh BB0-
.UMTh np0BOila 3a3eMJieHMB 11 aHTeHHbl, Bbl-
poii »My TaKOH rJiy611Hhl, r,ne 3eMJISI BCer-
.ua coxpaH»eT BJiary. B »My yJI0>KH KaKoii-
HH6y,nh MeTaJIJill'IeCKMH npe,nMeT, HanpH-
Mep cTapoe, HO He 3ap>KaBeBI.llee Be,z:i:po
llpaKmu'-leCKOe 31-taKOMCmeo C paouomex- (p11c. 21, a) MJIM JIHCT 0UMHK0BaHHoro >Ke-
1-tUKOU 06bl'-l1-to 1-ta'-lu1-taemcR c nocmpou1<u Jie3a (p11c. 21, 6) pa3MepaMH npHMepHo
caMozo npocmozo paouoeeUJ,ameflb1-tozo npu- 50 X 100 CM, npe)],Bap11TeJibH0 npHnaSIB
eM1-tu1<a- oeme1<mop1-tozo. Coeemy,o u me6e K HeMy 0Tpe30K np0B0)],a TaKOH ,lJ:JIHHbl,
1-te 1-tapywamb :,my paouoJZ106umeilbCKy10 1IT06bl np0TBHYTh ero )],O TB0ero pa6011ero
mpaOUlJU10. MecTa. MeTaJIJIM'IecKHii npe)],MeT 3aCbITih
Ho Oeme1<mop1-tblU npueM1-tUK, KaK, 3eMJieii, HO OCTOp0>KHO, 'IT06bI He nepepy-
enpo'-leM, u 1-te1<omopb1e npocmbie mpa1-t1u- forrh nonaT0H np0B0.ll 3a3eMJieHMB, II xo-
cmop1-tbze u JZaMnOebie npueM1-tuKu, 1-te 6yi>em pOI.ll0 yTpaM6yii 3eMJIIO. IlocJie 3TOr0
yi>oeflemeopumeilb1-to pa6omamb 6e1 xopo- rrp0B0A 3a3eMJiemrn rrpHKpem1 K cTeHe .uo-
weu a1-tme1-t1-tbt u 1a3eMJZe1-tuJl. C 1-tux no- Ma CK06aMM, c.ueJiaHHbIMH 113 rB03)],eH HJIH
3mOMY me6e u npui>emcR 1-ta'-lamb ceou CTaJibH0H np0B0JI0KH.
nepebte npa1<mu'-lec1<ue wazu e paouomex1-tu- EcJIH Thi >KMBel.llh B ropone, TO 3a3eMJie-
1<e. H11eM M0ryT CJIY>KHTh Tpy6bl B0)],0Tip0B0-
)],a, ueHTpaJibH0ro nap0B0ro HJIH B0)],BH0-
ro 0T0TIJieHMB, TaK KaK OHM MMeIOT
xopOI.llllll 3JieKTpH'IeCKHH K0HTaKT C 3e-
MJieii. Tpy6y (no B03M0>KH0CTH 6JIH>Ke
AHTEHHA M 3A3EMJIEHME K TB0eMy pa6o'IeMy MeCTy) Ha.no OCT0-
P0>KH0 3a1111CTHTh )],0 6necKa HaITMJlhHM-
CJIOBO «aHTeHHa» npmllJIO K HaM 113 rpe- K0M H Tyro o6MOTaTb 3T0T yqaCT0K
11ecKoro B3bIKa. rpeKH Ha3bIBaJIH aHTeH- Tpy6u KOHUOM 3aq11meHH0ro Me.o;Horo
HOii IllYITaJibUa HJIH YCMKl-1 HaCeKOMhlX. rrp0B0.Ua, KOTOpblH noii.o;eT K npHeMHHKy.
flpHeMHa» aHTeHHa :no TO>Ke IllYfiaJibUa, Ha.ue>KHblH K0HTaKT rrpOBO)],a c Tpy6oii
K0T0pbIMH OHa «3aXBaTbIBaeT>> 113 rrpo- M0>KH0 c.o;eJiaTb " C fIOMOll.lhIO. MeTaJIJIH-
CTpaHCTBa 3Hepnno pa.D,H0B0JIH. qeM 'IeCK0rO X0MyTa (pnc. 21, B).
60Jibl.lle 3Heprmf np11eMHHK IT0JIY'IHT OT Hapy*uaH auTeuua. Jly'Illle Bcero co-
CBOeii 8HTeHHbI, TeM rpoM'Ie OH 6y.ueT pa- opy,z:i:11Th r-o6pa3HYIO aHTeHHY, HanoMM-
60T8Tb. 3TO oco6eHHO Ba>KH0 .UJIB )],eTeK- Haromyro BHelllHMM Bll)],OM 6yKBY «r»
T0pHoro np11eMHIIKa, KOTOpblll pa6oTaeT (pHC. 22). TaKa» 8HTeHHa C0CT0HT 113 npo-
11cKJII01IHTeJibH0 6Jiaro,z:i:apsr 3Hepnrn pa- B0.lla .llJlHHOH 20-40 M, no.uBel.lleHHOr0
.UH0B0JIH. C IT0M0ll.lhlO onop-Ma'IT Ha BblC0TY

29
 11eK, HJIH Me,llHylO npOBOJIOKY TOJill.{HHOH
1,5- 2 MM. B Kpai%HeM c11y11ae MO>KHO HC-
TIOJib30BaTb OUHHKOBaHHYIO CTaJibHYIO
IDIH >KeJie3eyIO npOBOJIOKY TaKOH >Ke TOJI-
ll.{HHbl. Eonee TOHKaSJ npOBOJIOKa He ro-
nHTCSJ, aHTeHHa H3 Hee TIOJIY'lHTCSJ Henpoq-
HOH. HenpHro;wa ,lJ,JISJ ameHHbl aJIIOMH-
HHeBaSJ npOBOJIOKa, TaK KaK Ha B03nyxe
OHa CTaHOBHTCSJ xpynKOH H 06p1,maeTCSJ.
)l{enaTCJibHO, 1IT06hl ropH30HTaJibHaSJ
11aCTb, CHH>KeHHe H BBOA aHTeHHbI 6bIJIH
a} C,l.l,eJiaHbl O)lHHM 0Tpe3KOM npOBO,[{a. Ecm1
HCT npOBona Heo6xonHMOM ,lJ,JIHHbI, TO co-
CJJ;HHSICMbie y11aCTKH rrpoB0A0B HY)KH0 3a-
1IHCTHTb no 6necKa, rrpO'IHO CKpyTHTb
H o6SJ3aTeJibHO nporraSJTb MeCTa CKpyTOK.
Onpe,r:i:eJISJSJ MecTa IIO)lBecu,1 ropH30H-
TaJihHOH 11acr11 aHTeHHhI, y11HThIBai% B03-
MO>KHOCTh HCIIOJib30BaHHSJ KpblllIH CBOero
)lOMa. DJIH3KO K >KCJie3HOH Kpblllle AOMa
H Han ,r:i:epeBbSJMH aHTeHey nO,r:i:BellIHBaTb
He peKOMeH)],yeTCSJ. ECJIH Herro,r:i:aJieKy rrpo-
XO)],SJT npOBO)la 3JieKTpH1IeCKOrO OCBell.{e-
HHSJ, TO ropH3OHTaJibHYIO 11aCTb aHTeHHbI
PHc. 21. 3a3eMJiem1e pacnonaraii no B03MO>KHOCTH rrepneHAH-
KYJISipHo HM H nonaJibllle OT HHX.
10-15 M Han 3eMnei%, M cHmKemrn-Toro 11Meii B BH.llY: Kame2oputtec1<u 1anpe-
>Ke mrn TaKoro >Ke npoBona, CBMcaromero UJGemcfl ,wi)Bewueamb npoBoi) attmeHHbl
BHM3, KOHeu KOTOporo nonKJIIO'IaIOT K pa- Hai) JlUHUJlMU '3.lleKmpulleC1W20 OC6eUJeHUJl,
.rumnpMeMHHKy. Ty 'IaCTb CHH>KeHHSJ, KOTO- meJte<JjoHHblMu u opyzuMu npoeooaMu•
py10 BBOnSJT B noM, Ha3bIBaIOT BBonoM aH- a ma1<:>1ee Kpenumb wecmbl K eoi)ocmo'lHblM,
TeHHbl. qeM ,lJ,JIHHHee ropH30HTaJihHaSJ 6eHmUJlfltJUOHHblM u i)blMOxoi)HblM mpy6aM,
11aCTb aHTeHHbI, H 11eM Bbillle Hall 3eMJieH me11e<JjoHHblM cmoJt6aM, cm0Jt6a1vt 3JLeKmpu-
OHa nonHSITa, TeM JIY'Illle pa.rumnpHeM. tlec1<020 oceeu,eHuR.
An» TaKOH aHTeHHbl yno6HonpHMeHMTb J],JISJ Ma'lT, ycTaHaBmmaeMblX Ha KpbI-
aHTeHHblll KaHaTHK - MHOrO>KIDibHblH npo- 3-4 M,
lllaX noMOB, H}'>KHbI llleCTbl ,lJ,JIHHOH
Bon, CBHTblH H3 TOHKHX Me,llHblX npoBOJIO- )],HaMeTpOM y OCHOBaHHSJ 8-10 CM, a

PHC. 22. Y CTJX)UCTBO r-o6pa3HOH aHTeHHbl

30
 /i/!l)f(
Omm111KKa
/'-
P11c. 23. KpenneH11e Ma'f lbl aHTeHHhI Ha Kphrrne K CTBony He KpeTIH - BO speM.si: BeTpa Ka-
y BepllIHHbl 4- 5 CM. B ceJibCKOM MeCTHO-
CTH B KaqeCTBe O,UHOH H3 onop MO:>KHO HC-
nOJib30BaTb .uepeBO. K llleCTaM, OTCTyna.si
OT BepnmHhl Ha 15- 20 CM. npHKpenH no
TpH 0Tpe3Ka CTa.JlbHOM npoBOJIOKH AJIHHOH
HeCKOJlbKO 6oJibllle )lJIHHbl llleCTOB; OHH
6yAYT OTTH:>KKaMH. Ha sepunrne O,LIHOro
H3 llleCT0B yKpenH 6JIOK. TTponyCTH 1.£epe3
ttero np01IH}'lO BepeBKY, a nyq11.Ie TOHKHR
MeTa.JIJlliqecKHM Tpoc )lJIH no)lbeMa ropH-
30HTa.JlbHOH qaCTH runemn,1, a B )la.JlbHeH-
llleM ,llJIH peryJIHpOBKH ee HaT»:>KeHHH. TToA
Ma'IThl ofooaTeJU,HO C,UeJJaH JlOJ.UaTble
onopHh1e nnomaAKH c rHe3,naMH AJISI HX
OCHOBaHHR (pHC. 23). Y CTaHasmmaTb
MaqTbl yno6Hee BllBOeM: O)lHH )lep:>KHT
Ma'iTY B BepTHKa.JlbHOM nono:>KeHHH,
a .upyroii 3aKpenm1eT ee OTTSl:>KKH tta
KOCTbIJISIX rum rB031lIDC, B6HTblX B Kpbillly.
EcnH KpOBJI.SI :>Kene3Ha.si, orr»:>KKH MO}l(HO
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(pHC. 24, 6), 11cnoJih3yeMbIX ,UJ1.SI KOMHaT-
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JlOJI)KHO 6bITb He MeHee qeM no l)Ba H30-
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(Tpocy), nepeKHHYTOM qepe3 6noK Ha BTO-
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rH6bl. Ty qaCTb npoBO)la, KOTOpa.si 6yJleT
CHH}l(em,1eM, apeMeHHo, noKa He 3aKOH-
q1111.Ih no.m,eM H KpenneHHe ropH30HTa.Jih-
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,ua, MeCT0 ero CKPYTKH C ropH30HTa.JlbHhlM
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T»rHBaTh npoBOll ropH30HTa.JlbHOfO nyqa
He CJTeJJ.yeT, TaK KaK BO BpeM.SI 3HMHHX MO-
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npOBOll HaT.SlrHBaeTCSI H MO:>KeT o6opBaTb-
C.SI: HJIH IIOJIOMaTb onopbl.
qT06bI CHH:>Keirne He 6onTa.JIOCb H He
conpHKaCa.JIOCh C KpoBJieii HJIH ApyrHMH
qacnIMH Jl0Ma, yKpenH Ha CTeHe HJIH Ha
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KOM H npHBH:>KH K HeMy npOBOJl CHH:>KeHHSI.
ECJTH B KaqecTae OJlHOR onopbl aHTeHHbl
HCIIOJib30BaTl, )lepeao, TO K ero CTBOJIY
HY)l(HO npHBH3aTb lllecT C 6JIOKOM Ha KOH-
ue, KaK noKa3aHO Ha puc. 22. CBo6oAHhlii
KOHeu TPO~ nponymeHHbIR qepe3 6noK,
qaromeec.si: AepeBo Mo:>KeT o6opsaTh npo-
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HOfO nyqa aHTeHHhl.
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y )laCTCH coopy.UHTb r-o6pa3H}'l0 aTeHHy
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OKHa, qepe3 KOTOpoe aHTeHHY 6yAelllb
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:>KHBelllh Ha nepBOM HJTH BTOpOM ::na)l(e,
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H O)lHOMaqTOBOH, HanpHMep THTia «MeTeJI-
Ka» (pHC. 25). OHa COCTOHT H3 40-80
npyTKOB npoBOJI0KH 6e:i H30JISJUHH TOJI-
J.UHHOH 1,0-1,5 MM H ,!l,JIHHOM no 40-50 CM.
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31
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nepeKJI1011aTenb.
B OTBepCTHe ,llJISI aHTeHHoro BBO,lla C Ha-
py)l(HOJi CTopOHbl BCTaBh ¢ap¢opoayio BO-
pom<y, a C BHyrpeHHeii - BTYJIKy. BcraBh
B Hfil pe3MHOBYlO, IlOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpHJIHYlO
HJlH HHYlO H30JISIUHOHHYlO Tpy6Ky' a 11epe3
Tpy6Ky nponyCTH KOHeu npoBO,lla CHH:>Ke-
HHJI. EcJIH HeT ¢ap¢opOBblX BOpOHKH
H BTYJIKH, MO:>KHO o6oiiTHCb O.UHOR H30JISI-
UHOHHOH Tpy6Koii.
TipoBO.Il 3a3eMJieHHSI BBO,llH 6e3 H30JISI-
UHOHHblX MaTepHaJIOB, TOJibKO co CTO-
poffhl KOMHaTbl BCTaBb B OTBepcrHe BTyJI-
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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42
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poTKaSI )KHpHaSI qepTOlJKa, nepeceKaIOIUaSI-
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KOH,ll.eHCaTopa Cl OT 100 ,D.O 300 n<l>.
MO)KHO liCIIOJih3OBaTh y)Ke HMe10wy10cS1
y Te6SI KaTylllKY c <peppHTOBhIM cTep)KHeM,
KOTOpbIM 6y,neT BbIIIOJIHSITb <pyHKIIHIO
noncrpoeqHoro cep,nellHHKa. Ho, pa-
1yMeeTCSI, MO)KHO HaMOTaTb HOBYIO, 6onee
KOp0TKYIO KaTyllIKY, a B KalleeTBe no.n-
cTpoellHHKa MCIIOJih3OBaTb OTpe3OK <pep-
pHT0BOro CTep)KHSI no )J,JIHHe KapKaca Ka-
TYllIKM. Cep,netJHIIK yKpem1 Ha naHem-1
npHeMHHKa HeIIO,ll.Bli)KHO, a HaCTpaHBaTb
KOHTYP Ha BOJIHY paJJHOCTaHUHH 6y,nelllh
nepeMeIUeHHeM KaTyllIKH B,D.OJib cep,D.elJHH-
Ka. HacTpoHB TaKHM cnoco6oM KOHTYP,
3aKpenH KapKaC KaTyllIKH Ha cepP,ellHHKe
Kanneii KJieSI.
IlOJib3YSICh TaKHM nptteMHliKOM, IIOMHH,
lJT0 B ero KOHTYP BXO,ll.SIT eMKOCTb " liH-
.ll.YKTHBHOCTb aHTeHHbI. TIOJTOMY nptt Il0,ll.-
KJIIOlJeHHH K HeMy ,npyroii attTeHHhl KOH-
TYP npH,ll.eTCSI CHOBa IIO,ll.CTpaHBaTh.
BO3MO)KHbIE HE11CITPABHOCTl1
)],eTeKTOPHhIM nptteMHHK SIBJISieTCSI Hatt6o-
Jiee np0CTbIM pamlOTeXHIIlleCKlfM ycTpoii-
CTB0M. O.n:HaKO " B HeM, KaK H B CJIO)KH0M
npHeMHHKe, Moryr 6bITb HenonanKH, K0-
T0pbie Ha.no yMeTb HaXO,ll.liTh H ycTpaHSITb.
MeHbI1Ie ncero HenenpaBHOeTeii 6brnaeT,
KaK npaBHJI0, B nptteMHHKe, ,neTaJill K0TO-
poro yKpem1ettb[ npOlJH0, M0HTa)K BhIII0JI-
HeH aKKyparHo, a see eoe.rmHeHHSI Ha)le)K-
H0 nponaSIHbI.
Ho ecnn see )Ke nptteMHHK nepecran pa-
6oTaTb liJIH pa6oTaeT C rrepe60SIMH, 3Ha-
llliT, r.ne-To o6pbIB, HeHa,ll.e)KHbIH HJIH eo-
BCeM IIJI0X0ii KOHTaKT, np0H30IIIJ10 K0p0T-
KOe 1aMbIKaHHe. Ha.no npe)K)le scero
noeM0TpeTh. HeT JIM BHelllHHX II0Bpe:>Klle-
HHii B KaTyIIIKe, xopolllo 1111 npncoe,nu-
HeHbI aHTeHHa li 3a3eMJieHHe, B nopSIJlKe
Jlll nepeKJIIOllaTeJih. Tiponepb 11cnpaBH0CTh
aHTeHHbI H 3a3eMJ1eHHSI H HX BB0Jl0B, no-
CMOTpH, He conp1-rnacaeTCSI JIM np0B0,ll. aH-
TeHHhI C KaKHM-JIH6o npe.rIMeT0M, qepe3
43
KOTOpblll MO)KeT 6bITb yTetJKa TOKa M3 aH-
TeHHbl B 3eMJUO IlOMliMO rrpMeMHMKa. Ee-
JIM BHeUIHMX IlOBpe)K,n:eHHH. B npMeMHMKe,
attTeHtte M 3a3eMJiemui: He o6Hapy)Ketto,
3H8':IMT, r.n:e-TO HapyllllUICSI KOHT8KT
B C8MOM nptteMHHKe. qaIUe Bcero IlJIOXMe
KOHT8KTbl IlOSIBJISilOTCSI B rrepeKJIIO':laTeJISIX
H:3-38 OTBePTbIB8HIISI raeK M BIIHTOB BO
BpeMSI H8CTpORKII, ITJIOXOH 38':IMCTKM MOH-
T8)KHOrO npoBona B MecTax coen1IHeH1IH.
IlpM '.HOM nplieMHHK B006me nepecTaeT
pa6oT8Tb HJIM nepenatJII npMHMM8lOTCSI co
3H8 tIMTeJibHbIM TpeCKOM.
HettcnpaBHOCTb MO)l(eT 6bITb 0. a caMoii
K8TYUIKe, eCJIII OHa H8MOTaHa He M3 ueno-
ro OTpe3Ka npoaona II MecTa coenHHeHMSI
He nponaSIHbI. TaKHe CJiytJaH 6hIB8lOT HaH-
6oJiee qacTo, ecrrn npMeMHHK noJiro ttaxo-
)lHJICSI B CbipOM MecTe: OT CblpOCTII coe,n:H-
Hemrn OKHCJISIIOTCSI, HapyUialOTCSI 1JieKTPH-
~IeCKHe KOHTaKTbI.
KaKHe eme MOryT 6bJTb HeHcnpaBHOCTM
B nplieMHMKe?
IlOCMOTplI Ha cxeMy caoero rrpHeMHMKa
H OTBeTb Ha TaKHe BOilpOCbI. Ey.n:eT JIM pa-
6oTaTb npMeMHHK, ecJIM 6JIOKHpOBO':IHbIM
KOH,n:eHC8TOp OKa:>KeTCSI <<npo6HTbJM» (ero
o6KJia)lKH coe.n:MHeHbI)? qTO npOM"JOii.n:eT,
ecnM coe)lHHSilOTCSI npOBO.UHMKM UIHypa
rOJIOBHbIX Teneq>OHOB? Ey,n:eT JIM pa6o-
T8Tb npHeMHMK, eCJIM CJiytJaHHO coe.n:HHSIT-
CSI 11aqano M KOHel{ KOHTypuoii KaTyUIKH
HJIM Ha,n:nOMSITCSI ee OTBO.UbI?
3a.n:aii: ce6e eme pSI,n: no.n:o6HhIX Bonpo-
COB II OTBeTb H8 HMX. Tor.n:a Te6e 6y.n:eT
ner':le OTbICKMBaTb He1Icnp8BHOCTM B npM-
eMHMKe H ycrpaHSITb IIX.
B BOCbMOH 6ecene Thi Y3Haelllb o npo6-
HMKax M npM6opax, c ITOMOIUblO KOTOpbIX
06JiertJaeTcSI oueHKa KatJeCTBa ,n:eTanen,
KOHTaKTOB. coenHHeHHM. HMM TO:>Ke MO)K-
HO BOCilOJib3OB8TbCSI .UJISI OTblCKaHMSI HeMc-
npaBHOCTeH B ,n:eTCKTOpHOM np11eMHMKe.
*
B 3mou 6eceiJe R 3amp0Hyfl moflbKo
npa1<:mu'-lec1<:y10 cmopoHy nocmpoeHUR npo-
cmeuiuezo paiJuonpueMHUKa. no3HaKoMUfl
c npuHt,1uno.1H Ha1'epmaHUR u «1'meHUR» ezo
cxeMbl. Ho 3iJecb no1'mu HU'-le20 He 6blflO
CKU3QHO O CQlvlOM 6U:>fCHOM - O CYUJHOCmU
pa6omb1 KOJ1e6ameJ1bH020 KoHmypa. iJemeK-
mopa, meJ1e<fioH06 u npueMHUKa 6 tJCflOM,
o mex R6JleHURX u npeo6pa3o6aHURX, Ko-
mopbie npoucxoiJRm 6 ezo tJenRx. Pano6op
06 3moM nouiJem 6 CJ1eiJy10u;eu 6eceiJe.
EECE~A YETBEPTAfl
4
KAK PAEOTAET PA)J;l-IO-
TIPI1EMHI1K
B ,11060M paouoeeiqame11 bHOM npue,iwuKe,
He3a6UCUAIO om ezn C./10:>KIWCmu, COBepUleH-
HO n6R1ameJtbuo ecmb mpu :J.11eMe1-una,
o6ecne"utu110U1ue eMy pa6omocnoco611ocmb.
3mu '.)fieMeltmbl - K011e6ame.lbHblU K011myp.
Oeme1<n1op U me.11eq><J1-1bl li11U, ec.11U npUeMIIUK
c ycu.11ume11eM 3 l.J. £>w-w.itul/ecKaR zoAoBKa
np!IMO?O u111y"eHUR. THOU nepfihlU npUeM-
HUK, co6pam11,1u u ucnbima1H-1biu e xooe
npeOblOJ,'UfeU 6eceobl. cocmo1vz mo.11bKO u1
Jmux mpex JJteAteHnwe. Ko11e6ame.11bHblU
l{(JHmyp. 6 KomOpblll 6XOOU.1U awneHHQ
C 1a1eM1leHUe.M., o6ecnetJU6allU npueMHUKY
llaCmpoUK_v IIQ 60.lHY paOUOCmQHl/UU , Oe-
meKmop npeo6pa10Bbl6Qfl ,\,toOy.11upoHaHHb1e
Ko:1e6a11uq pa()uotJacmombl B Ko.rze6a11U.q
JB)'KOBOU tJacmombl, Komopble me.11eif>om,1
npeo6paJ06bl6Q:lU 6 16yK. Ee1 JIU'( UJIU 6e1
JII06ozo U3 IIUX paouonpueM He603MO]ICeH.
B 1'e.u cyUf 11ocm1, oeucmBwi Jmux 06111a-
me:1b11b1x 1/lt'Me1-tm06 paouonpueMllOlO
rcmpoilcmBa?
K0.1EEA1EJlbHblH KOHTYP
YcrpOHCfBO npOCTefuucro Kone6aTeJibHO-
ro K01nypa 11 ero cxeMa 1no6pa)KeHb1 11a
p11c. 38. OH, KaK B11lli1Wb, C0CTOHT 113 Ka-
TylUK.11 L 11 KoH.neHcaTopa C, 06pa3y1-0umx
3aMKHYTYJO :meKTpMtiecKy10 uenb. n pH He-
KOTopb1x YCJIOBMSIX B K0HType MoryT B03-
HliKaTb M cyweCTBOBaTb JJieKTPMlfCCKI1C
KOJie6amrn. TI03TOMy ero M H33bIB3IOT K0-
11e6aTeJTbHhlM KOHTypoM.
flpMXO)]JfJIOCb JIM Te6e Ha6JTIO}l3Tb Ta-
KOe smneHMe: B MOMeHT BbIKJllOlfCHMSI nM-
T3HMSI 3.JieJ<TpOOCBenneJihHOH JiaMITbl Me-
)KJlY pa1MblK3IOIUMMMCSI KOHT3KT3MM BbI-
KJIJ01IaTeJIS1 ITOSIBJISICTCSI MCKpa. ECJIM cny-
tf3HHO coe}lMHHTb BbIBO,D;bl ITOJIJOCOB 6aTa-
peu 3JieKTpMtiecKoro KapMaHttoro ¢ottap11-
Ka (qero HY:>KHO H36eraTb), B MOMeHT HX
pa3be}l.11HeHMSI Me:>K,ny HHMM TaK:>Ke npo-
CK3KHBaeT MaJieHbK3SI MCKpa. A Ha 33BO-
nax, B uexax q>a6pHK, r}le py6HJTbHMKaMH
pa3pbIB3JOT 3J1eKTpMtieCKMe uerrM, ITO KO-
TOpblM TeKyT TOKH 60JiblllOll CMJibl, MCKpbl
MoryT 6b1Tb CTOJib 3H3lfMTeJibHbIMM, lfTO
rrpMXOJJ:MTCSI npHHMM3Tb Mepbl, lfT06bI OHM
He npMtIMHMJIH npe.n:a ~1enoneKy, BKJI10tfa10-
meMy TOK. TT01 1eMy BO3HHKaIOT 3TM MCK-
pbl?
J.h nepnon 6ece.ru,1 ThI y:>Ke JHaernb,
lfTO BOKpyr npono,n:HMKa , c TOKOM cy1ue-
crnyeT M3rHJ.fl Hoe noJie, KOTOpoe MOiKHO
M306pa3MTb B BH,ne 33MKHYTbIX Mar-
HHTHblX CHJTOBbIX J1MHl1H, npOHM3bIB3lOIJll1X
oKpy~awmee ero rrpoCTpaHcrno. O6.Hapy-
)l(MTh 3TO IlOJie. ecJrn OHO ITOCTOSIHJiOe,
MOiKHO C JTOMOWbJO MarHMTHOH CTpeJ1KM
K0Mnaca. EcnH OTKJIJOlfMTb npoBOilHHK OT
MCTO 1 1HMKa TOKa, TO ero MCqe3a10wee Mar-
HMTHOe rro11e, pacceMnastch n npocTpatt-
cTne, 6yneT MHJJ.ynMponaTb TOKM B 61111-
)K3RlllMX OT Hero .npyrMX rrpOBOilHHKax.
TOK HHAYUHpyeTCSI H B TOM npOBO}lHMKe,
KOTOpbIH C03ll3JI 3TO MarHMTHoe IlOJie.
A TaK K3K OH Haxo)lHTCSI B caMOH ryme
CBOHX :>Ke MarHMTHblX CHJIOBblX JIMHHH.
n tteM 6y,n:cr Mtt.nyu11ponaThCSI 6onee
CHJTbHblll TOK, qeM B JIJ060M JlpyroM npo-
B0}lHMKe. HanpaBJieHMe 3TOrO TOKa 6y}leT
T3Kl1M )Ke, K3KHM OHO 6bUIO B MOMeHT
pa3p1,rna npoBO)].HMKa. 11ttatfe roaopst, MC-
11e3a10mee MarHMTHoe none 6y}leT no}l}lep-
:>KMBaTb C03MJOmHn cro TOK .no Tex nop,
IIOKa OHO CaMo He HCtle3tteT, T. e. no.n-
HOCTblO He 1npacxo,nyeTCSI CO}lep:>Kawa.SICSI
B HeM 3HeprMSI. CJie)lOBaTeJibHO, TOK
P11c. 38. IlpoCTettwHii :me1n-p11qecKHH Ko11e6a-
Te.'lhHbli1KOH TYp
45
 B npOBO.[.(HHKe Te'lfeT H noene TOro, KaK
BbIKnJOqeH HeTO'lfHHK TOKa. HO, pa3yMeeT-
esi, He,nonro- HH'lfTO>KHO MaJiyJO ;::i:onIO ee-
KYHJJ:hl.
Ho Be.Uh B pa30MKHYTOH uenn JJ:BH>Ke-
HHe ::meKTpOHOB HeB03MO>KHO,- B03pa3Hlllh
Thl. )],a, ::rro TaK. Ho noeJie pa3MbIKaHHSI
• uenH :meKTpH'lfeCKHH TOK MO>KeT HeKOTO-
poe BpeMSI Te'lfh lfepe3 B03JlYlllHblH npoMe-
>KYTOK Me>K.ny pa3be)lI-I.HeHHbIMH KOHUaMH
npoBO)lHHKa, Me>K.ny KOHTaKTaMH BhIKJIIO-
'l3Te-nSI HnH py6HJibHHKa. BOT 3TOT TOK 'lfe-
pe3 B03JJ:YX H 06pa3yeT ::meKTpnqeeKyIO
HeKPY-
3-ro flBneHHe H33bIB3IOT CQlvlOWti}y,c-
lfUeU, a 3neKTpnqeeKy10 eHJiy (He nyTatt
e flBneHHeM HHJJ:YKUHH, 3H3KOMbIM Te6e no
nepBOH 6ece.ne). KOTOpall no.n )leHeTBHeM
neqe3a10mero MarHHTHoro nonsi nomi:ep-
>KHBaeT B HeM TOK,- 3fle1<mpoi)BuJ-1CyUJeU cu-
/lOU CQMOUHi)y1<1JUU HJIH, eoKpameHHO,
3)],C eaMOHHJJ:YKUHH. qeM 6onh1IIe 3)],C
caMOHHAYKUHH, TeM '3H3'lfHTenbHee MO>KeT
6bITb HeKpa B MeeTe pa3pb1Ba 3neKTPH'lfe-
eKOH uenn.
5IBJieHHe eaMOHHJJ:YKUHH Ha6JII-O)laeTeSI
He TOnbKO npH BhIKJIIO'lfeHHH, HO H npH
BKJIIO'lfeHHH TOKa. B rrpocrpaHeTBe, OKpy-
>KarorueM rrpOBOJJ:HHK, MarHHTHOe none
B03HHKaeT cpa3y npn BKnIO'lfeHHH TOKa.
BHa'lfaJie OHO ena6oe, HO 3aTeM O'lfeHb 6bI-
eTpO yeHJIHBaeTefl. YeHnHBaromeecSI Mar-
HHTHoe none TOKa TaK)Ke B036y>KnaeT TOK
eaMOHHJlYKUHH, HO 3TOT TOK HanpaBneH
HaBCTpeqy oeHOBHOMY TOKy. TOK eaMOHH-
JlYKUHH Me1IIaeT MrHOBeHHOMY yBenH'lfe-
HHIO oeHOBHOro TOKa H pocry MarHHTHoro
nonfl. O)lHaKO qepe3 KOpoTKHll npoMe>Ky-
TOK BpeMeHH OCHOBHOll TOK B rrpOBO)],HHKe
rrpeO)loneBaeT BCTpe'lfHblll TOK caMOHHJJ:yK-
UHH H )lOCTHraeT HaH60nh1IIero 3Ha 1 1eHHfl,
MarHHTHOe none eTaHOBHTefl IlOCTOSIHHbIM
J,{)leikTBHe eaMOHHJJ:YKUHH rrpeKpamaeTefl.
5IBJleHHe caMOHH)lYKUHH MO>KHO cpaB-
HHBaTh e SIBneHHeM HHepUHH. CaHKH, Ha-
rrpHMep, Tpy;:i:Ho e)lBHHYTh e Meera. Ho
KOi )la OHH Ha6epyT eKopoeTb, 3anacyTCll
KHHeTH'lf~eKOH 3Heprnei1 - 3Heprnen )lBH)Ke-
HHSI, HX HeB03MO>KHO OeTaHOBHTb MrHO-
BeHHO. TipH TOpMO>KeHHH eaHKH IIpO)IOn-
>KalOT eKOnh3HTh )lO TeX nop, noKa
3anaceHHaSI HMH 3HeprHSI JJ:BH>KeHHfl He H3-
paexo)lyeTeSI Ha rrpeo)loneHne TpeHHSI
0 CHer.
Bee nH npOBO)lHHKH o6Jia)laIOT 0)],HHa-
KOBOll eaMOHHJJ:YKUHeif? HeT ! qeM JIJIHH-
Hee npoBO)lHHK, TeM 3Ha'lfHTCJlhHee eaMO-
HH.LJ.yKUHR B npoBO)]J-IHKe, eBepHyTOM
'B KaTynIKy, SIBneHHe eaMOHHAYKUHH eKa-
3hIBaCTCSI eHJihHee, 'lfeM B npflMOJIHHeHHOM
46
rrpOBO)],HHKe, TaK KaK MarHHTHOe none Ka-
>K)],Oro BHTKa KaTylllKH HaBO)lHT TOK He
TOnhKO B :JTOM BHTKe, HO H B coee)lHHX
BHTK3X 3TOH KaTylllKH. qeM 6onhllle )],JIH-
Ha npoBO)la B KaTylllKe, TCM )lOnbllle 6y-
.neT eymecTBOBaTb B HeWTOK eaMOHHJJ:YK-
UHH rroene BhIKJIIO'lfeHHSI OCHOBHOrO TOKa.
l1 Hao6opOT, Il0Tpe6yeTeSI 6onbllle BpeMe-
HH nocne BKnIO'lfeHHSI OeHOBHOrO TOKa,
'lfT06hI TOK B uenH yBeJIH'lfHJieSI )lO onpe)le-
neHHOro 3H3'lfeHHSI H yeTaHOBHJIOeb no-
eTOSIHHOe no enne MarHHTHOr o none.
3anOMHH: C60UCm6o npo6oi)HU1<06
BllURmb Ha mo1< 6 Ifenu npu U3MeHeHuu e20
3Hal.leHUR HQ3bl6G10m UHi)y1<mU6HOCmb10,
a Kamyurnu, 6 1<.0mOpblX Hau60J1ee CUJlbHO
npo.116J1.11emc.11 ::,mo cBoucmBo,- 1<amyw1<aMU
CQMOUHi)y1<lfUU UJIU UHi)y1<mU6HOcmu. 1leM
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1Hal.lumeJ1bHee 6J1U.11em oHa Ha mo1< 6 'JJ1e1<-
mpul.lec1<ou 1Jenu.
HraK, KaTylllKa HHJlYKTHBHOeTH npe-
nsiTeTByeT KaK HapaCTaHHIO, TaK 11: y6hrna-
HHIO TOKa B 3neKTPH'lfCCKOll uenH. ECJIH
OHa HaXO)lHTell B uenH rroeTOSIHHOro TOKa,
BnHSIHHe ee eKa3hrnaeTeSI TOnbKO npH
BKJIIO'lfeHHH H BhIKnJO'lfeHHH T0Ka. B uenH
>Ke nepeMeHHoro TOKa, r)Ie 6eerrpephIBHO
H3MeHSII-OTell TOK H ero MarHHTHOe none,
3.ll,C eaMOHHAYKTIHH KaTylllKH )leifeTByeT
Bee BpeMSI, noKa Te'lfeT TOK. 3To 3neKTpH-
qeeKoe SIBJieHHe H Henonh3yeTCfl B nepBOM
3neMeHTe KOne6aTenbHOrO KOH1 ypa npH-
eMHHKa - KaTylllKe HHJJ:YKTHBHOeTR.
BTOphIM 3neMeHTOM KOne6aTeJlbHOro
KOHTypa npHeMHHKa SIBnSieTCSI «HaKOnH-
Tenb» 3neKTpnqeeKHX 3apSI,Ll.OB- KOH)leHea-
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nlleT eo6oii )lBa rrpOBO)lHHKa 3JieKTPH'lfe-
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nnacTHHhl, Ha3bIBaeMble o6Kna)lKaMH KOH-
)leHea Topa, pa3)leneHHhle )lH3neKTpHKOM,
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KOH)leHeaTOpOM Tb] y>Ke nonb3OBaJieSI BO
BpeMSI onhITOB e npoeTeHlllHM npHeMHH-
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'1feCKafl eMKOeTh 3Toro rrpn6opa.
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KJIIO'lfHTh HeTO1 1HHK noeTOflHHOro TOKa
(pHe. 39' a), TO B o6pa30B3BllleHell uenH
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1;::i:e eeTb JJ:H3neKTPHK. BO3HHKaeT TOK? Kor-
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TO'lfHHK noeTOSIHHOro TOKa. eBo6o)lHhie
 II0JI0)KeHMSI noK0SI, a 3aTeM rrpHKJia.UbIB3Th
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XOB Kaqenett - nonyqMTh 60.JihlllMe aMIIJIH-
TYAbl Kone6aHMtt. ,n:a)Ke MaJieHhKMtt
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110)].TaJIKMBaTh HX. 4To IIpOM30H)IeT )l3Jlh-
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rneiksi uenH H3'1MH3IOT ,UBHr3TLCSI B CTO- K0T0poe BpeMSI CB060llHO Ka•iaIOTCSI, aM-
potty IIOJIO)KHTeJibHOro IlOJIIOCa HCToqHMKa TTJIMTyJJ.a MX KOJie6aHMM II0CTerreHH0 y6bl-
TOKa, 06pa3ysi KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIM Il0T0K BaeT, KaK rOBOpSIT, KOJie6aHHSI 3aTyXaIOT,
::meKTpoH0B BO BceM uenM. 8 pe3yJihTaTe 11, HaK0Heu, Ka'IeJIM OCTaH0BSITCSI.
o6KJia,UKa K0H,UeHCaTopa. KOTopasi coe,uH- TipM CBOOOAHhIX KOJie6aHMSIX Ka'IeJieii,
HeHa C noJI0>I<HTeJihHbIM II0JIIOC0M 11CT0'I- T3K )Ke K3K CB060L{HO II0ABellleHHOr0
HHK3 T0Ka, o6e.iurneTCSI CB06o,uHhIMH :meK- M3SITHHI<a, 3a11aceHHa»- II0TeHuMaJih-
TP0HaMH H 33pSI)KaeTCSI Il0JI0)KHTeJihH0, HaSI - 1HeprMSI rrepexo)J.MT B KHHen1:qe-
a ,upyra}'J o6Kna,uKa o6oramaeTcsi ceo- c1<y10 - 3HeprMIO LlBM)KeHirn, KOT0paSI
60.LlHhIMH 3JieKTP0HaMH M, CJie)J.oBaTeJibHO, B KpattHeM BepxHeH T0qKe BHOBh nepexo-
3apsi)KaeTCSI OTPlll.I3TeJihH0. KaK TO.JlhK0 )lHT B II0TeHUM3JlhHYIO, a qepe3 )J.OJIIO ce-
K0H)J.eHC3TOp 3apSI,UMTCSI, KpaTKOBpe- KYHLlhl - 0ilSITh B KMHeTMqecKyIO. I1 TaK )J.0
MeHHhlM TOK B uenM, H33hIBaeMhlM TOKOM Tex nop, noKa He M3pacxo.uyercsi Bech Ja-
3ap}'J,UKH KOH)J.eHcaTopa, rrpeKpaTMTCSI. rrac 3HeprMM Ha npeo.uoneHMe TpeHMSI Be-
Ee.JIM MCTO'IHMK T0Ka OTKJIIQqHTh OT peBOK B Mecrax no)].Beca Kaqenett H conpo-
K0H)J.eHC3TOpa, TO K0H)J.eHCaTop 0Ka)Kel CSI nrnneHMSI Bo3.uyxa. TipM CKOJih yro.uHo
33pSI)KeHHhIM (pMC. 39, 6). Tiepexo)J.y M36hI. 60JihlllOM Janace 3HeprMM CB060,llHhie K0-
T0'IHhIX 3JieKTp0HOB C 0)].HOM o6KJ13)].KH Ha ne6amrn Bcer.ua SIBJISIIOTCSI 3aTyxaIOIUMMM:
JJ.pyry10 rrpenSITCTByeT )J.M3JieKTpMK. Me- c Ka)K)].hIM KOJie6aHMeM MX aMilJIHTY.ua
)KJJ.Y o6KJI3)].KaMM KOH,UeHCaTopa TOKa He yMeHhlllaeTCSI M KOJie6aHMSI Il0CTeileHH0
6y,ucr, a HaKOnJieHH3SI MM 3JleKTpMqecKaSI COBCeM 3aTyxaIOT - KaqeJIM 0CTaHaBJIM-
3HeprMSI 6yJJ.eT cocpe,uoToqeHa B 3fleKTpM- BaIOTCSI. Ho rrepMO)J., T. e. BpeMH, B reqeHMe
qecK0M none ,UH::meKTpMKa. Ho CTOHT o6- K0T0poro rrpoMCXO)J.MT 0L{H-0 KCme6aHMe,
KJI3,UKH 3ap}'J)KeHHOro K0H.n:eHcaTopa co- a 3HaqMT, M •IaCTOTa KOJie6aHMM OcTaIOTCSI
e,UMHMTh KaKMM-JIH6o rrpoB0.llHMK0M (pMC. II0CT0SIHHbIMM.
39, B), «JIHlllHHe» 3JleKTp0Hhl 0TpMua- O.uHaKO, eCJIM KaqeJIM BCe BpeMSI Il0)J.-
TeJihHO 33pSI)KeHHOM o6KJI3.llKM nepeii.uyT TaJIKMBaTh B TaKT c MX KOJie6aHMSIMM
110 3TOMY rrpOB0.UHMKY Ha .upyry10 o6Knan- M TeM CaMhIM Il0II0JIHSITh IlOTepM 3HeprHH,
KY, r)J.e MX He,uocraeT, 11 K0H,UeHCaT0p pa3- pacxo.uyeMoH Ha rrpeo;:i.oneHMe pa3JIMqHhIX
PSILl11TCSI. B3T9M cnyqae B o6pa3oBaBlllett- T0pM03SilllMX CHJI, KOJie6aHMSI CTaHyT He3a-
csi uenM T3K)l(e B03HMKaeT KpaTK0Bpe- TyxaIOIUMMM. 3To y)Ke He CB060)J.Hhie,
MeHHhlll TOK, H33hIB3eMhIM TOK0M pa3pSI,u- a BhlHY)KIIeHHhie KOJie6aHMSI. OHM 6yJJ.yT
KH K0H)J.eHCaTopa. Ec1rn eMKOCTh K0H,UeH- )].JIMThCSI )J.0 TeX nop, IIOKa He rrepecTaHeT
caTopa 6011hll1asi, M OH 3apsi)KeH no LieMCTBOB3Th BHelllHSISI Il0IITaJIKI1B3IOIUa}'J
3Ha'IHTeJihHOro HarrpSI)KeHMSI, M0MeHT ero cirna.
pa3pSIIIKM corrp0BO)KIIaeTCSI Il0SIBJieHMeM 51 BCII0MHMJI 311ech 0 Ka'IeJISIX Il0T0MY,
3Ha'IMTeJihHOM HCKphl B TpeCKa. qT0 cpH3M'IeCKMe SIBJieHMSI, rrpoMCX0)J.SIIUMe
CBOMCTBO K0H,UeHCaTopa HaKanJIHBaTb 8 T3K0H MeXaHH'IeCKOM KOJTe6aTeJihHOM CM-
3JieKrpHqeCKHe 3apSI,Uhl H pa3pSI)KaThCSI qe- CTeMe, O'IeHh CX0)KM C SIBJieHMSIMM B -rneK-
pe3 110,uKJII0'IeHHhle K HeMy npoB0,UHHKM TpMqecK0M KOJie6aTeJihHOM KOH Type.
HCilOJih3yeTCSI B KOJie6aTeJihHOM K0HType 4T06hI B K0HType B03HMKJIM 3.JieKTpMqe-
paJJ.MOilpHeMHMKa. CKMe KOJie6aHMSI, eMy Hano coo6mMTh
A Terreph, IOHhlM .upyr, BCil0MHM o6hIK- 3Hepr1110, KOTopasi «II0)J.T0JIKHYJia» 6hI
H0BeHHhie KaqeJIM. Ha HMX M0)KHO pacKa- B HeM 3JieKTp0Hhl. 3To MO)KH0 C)J.eJiaTh,
•mBaThCSI TaK, qTo «nyx 3aXBaTbJB<:\eT>>. 33pSI)J;lIB, HaIIpMMep, ero K0H.n:eHCaTop.
4To AJISI 3Toro Hano CAenaTb? CHaqana Pa30pBeM BhIKJIIO'I3TeJieM s KOJie6a-
Il0,.'],T0JIKHYTh, 'IT06bI BhIBeCTM Ka'Ie.JIH H3 TeJihHhIM K0HTYP M rro.uKJU0'IMM K o6Knan-

47
K8M ero KOH)].eHC8TOpa HCTO'-IHHK IlOCTOSIH-
H0ro TOKa, K8K IlOK838H0 Ha pHC. 40
cneBa. KOH)].eHcaTop 38pS1.LJ.HTCSI )].O Ha-
npmKeHHSI 6aTapeH GB. 3aTeM OTKnI01 1HM
6aTapeIO OT KOH)].eHcaTopa, a K0HTYP 3aM-
KHeM BhIKn10t.JaTeneM S. JIBneHHSI, K0-
T0pble Tenepb 6y.n.yT np0HCX0)].HTb B KOH-
Type, 1no6pa)KeHbI rpacpHt.IeCKH Ha pHc. 40
crrpaBa.
B MOMeHT 38MhIKaHHSI KOHTypa Bbl-
KnIO'-I8TeneM BepXHSISI 06Kna.n.Ka K0H)].eHca-
TOpa HMeeT nonO)KHTenbHbIM 3apsi:.n.,
a HH)KHSISI- OTplil.{aTenbHbIM (pHC. 40, a).
B 3T0 BpeMSI (TO'-IKa O Ha rpacpHKe) TOKa
B KOHType HeT, a BCSI 3HeprHSI, HaKorrneH-
HaSI KOH)].eHC8TOpOM, cocpe.LJ.OTO'-IeHa
B 3neKTpHt.IeCKOM none ero )].H3neKTpHKa.
IlpH 38MblK8HHH KOH)].eHCaTOpa Ha Ka1yw-
KY K0H)].eHC8TOP Hat.JHeT pa3pSl)K8TbCSI.
B K8TYWKe JTOSIBnSleTCSI TOK, a BOKpyr ee
BHTK0B - MarHHTH0e none. K M0MeHTY
nonHOM pa3pS1,ll.KH KOH)].eHcaTopa
(pHC. 40, 6), 0TMet.JeHH0MY Ha rpacpHKe UH-
cppoii 1, Kor.n.a HanpS1)KeHHe Ha ero 06-
KJia.n.Kax yMeHhlllHTCSI )].0 Hyrni, TOK B Ka-
TYIIIKe H 3Hepnrn MarHHTHOro nonSI .uo-
CTHrHyT H8H60nbWHX 3Ha 1eHHH. Ka3aJIOCb
1 TOK. 3neKTpH11eCKHe KOne6aHHSI. Ho 3T0T
6bI, 1 1T0 B 3TOT MOMeHT TOK B K0HType
)].0n)KeH 6hIJI rrpeKpaTHTbCSI. '.:horo, 0,llH8-
KO, He npOH30M)].eT, T8K K8K OT ;::i:eMCTBHSI
3Jl:C C8M0HH.ll.YKUHH, CTpeMSlllleHCJI no.n.-
.n.ep)K8Tb TOK, )].BH)KeHHe :meKTPOH0B
B K0HType 6y.n.eT npo;::i:0n)K8TbCSI. Ho T0nh-
KO )].0 Te~ nop, noKa He H3pacxo.n.yeTCSI BCSI
3HeprHSI MarHHTHOro nonSI. B K8TYllIKe
B '.HO BpeMSI 6y.n.eT Tet.Jb y6bIB8IOIUHM no
3H8t.JeHHIO, HO nepB0Hat.JaJihH0r0 H8Ilpa-
BneHHSI HH)].ytmpoBaHHblH TOK.
PHc. 40. 3JleKTpH'IeCKHe KOJ1e6aHHSI a KOHType
48
K MOMeHTY BpeMeHH, 0TMe'IeHH0MY Ha
rpacpHKe umppoii 2, Kor;::i:a 3HeprHSI Mar-
HHTHoro nonSI H3pacxo.n.yeTCSI, K0H)].eHca-
T0p BH0Bb OK8)KeTCSI 38pSl)KeHHhIM, TOnhK0
Tenepb Ha ero HH)l(Heii o6Kna.n.Ke 6y.n.eT
nonO)KHTenhHbIH 38pS1,ll., a Ha BepxHeii- OT-
pm.{aTeJihHblH (pHc. 40, B). Teneph 1neK-
Tp0Hh1 Ha1 myT o6p8TH0e )].BH)KeHHe - B H8-
rrp8BJieHHH OT BepxHeii 06Kn8)].KH qepe3
K8TyllIKY K HH)KffeH 06Kn8)].Ke KOH)].eHCaT0-
pa. K M0MeHTY 3 (pHC. 40, r) K0H,ll.eHC8T0p
pa3pS1,ll.HTCSI, a M8rHHTH0e none KaTyIIIKH
)].0CTiffHeT HaH6onbwero 3H8'-IeHHSI.
11 onSITb 3,UC CaMOHH)].YKUHH «nor0HHT»
no rrpoBo)].y K8TYIIIKH 3JTeKTpOHbI, nepe3a-
pS1)1(8SI TeM C8MblM KOH)].eHca TOp.
B MOMeHT BpeMeHH 4 (pHC. 40, .n.) co-
CT0SIHHe 3JTeKTp0H0B B KOHTYP 6y.n.eT Ta-
KHM )Ke, KaK B rrepBOHa1 18JlbHhIM MOMeHT
0. 3aKOHl.J:HJIOCb O}lH0 nOJIH0e KOJTe6aHHe.
EcrecTBeHHO, '-ITO 38pSl)KeHHhIH KOH)].eHca-
TOp BH0Bb 6y.n.eT pa3pSl)KaThCSI Ha KaTyrn-
KY, nepe3apSl)K8TbCSI H npoH30HJlYT BT0-
poe, 38 HHM TpeTbe, 1 1eTBepToe H T. Jl.
Kone6aHHSI. Jl:pyrHMH CJI0BaMH. B K0HType
B03HHKHeT nepeMeHHbIH 3neKTpH'-IeCKHH.
Kone6aTeJibHhIM npouecc B K0HType He 6e-
CKOHet.JeH. OH npo.n.on)KaeTCSI DO TeX nop,
IlOKa BCSI 3HeprHSI, nonyt.JeHH8SI K0H)].eHca-
T0p0M OT 6aTapeH, He H3pacxo;::i:yeTCSI Ha
npeo.n.oneHHe corrp0THBneHHSI npoBo.n.a Ka-
TYllIKH K0HTypa. Kone6aHHSI B K0HType
CB060)].Hbie H, CJie)].OB8TenbH0, 38TyxaIO-
IUHe.
KaKOBa l.J:8CT0Ta T8KHX KOJie6aHHll
3neKTp0H0B B KOHType? qT06bI no.n.po6-
Hee pa306paTbCJ1 B 3TOM Bonpoce, coBe-

t )].yKTHBHOCT H K3TYUIKH. qeM 60JibWe 'IHC-
Puc. 41. rpa<pHKH 1<0J1e6aHHil: npocTeil:wero
Mas!TIIHI<a
Tyro npoaecn1 TaKoH OilhIT c npoCTeHunlM
MaSITHHKOM. Ilo,nBeCb Ha HHTKe )].JIM.HOH
100 CM rnapHK. crrenJieHHblH H3 IlJ13CTMJIH-
H3, MJIH MHOH rpy3 MaccoH ! 20-40 r (Ha
pHC. 41 JlJIMHa M3SITHm<a 0903H3'tfeHa 11a-
THHCKOH 6yKBOH I). BbIBeJlH M3SITHHK H3
nOJIO)KeHHSI paBHOBeCHSI H, IlOJib3YSICb lfa-
caMH C ceKyH}lHOH CTpeJIKOH, COC'IHTaii,
CKOJlbKO IlOJIHbIX KOJJe6aHHH OH ,D,e11aeT 33
I MMH. Ilp11MepHo 30. C11e.nonaTeJibHO, tJa-
CTOTa KOJJe6aHHH 3Toro MaSITHHKa paBHa
0,5 ru, a nepHOJJ. 2 c . 3a nepHOJl noTeH-
UHaJibHaSI 3HeprHSI M3SITHHKa )].B3>K)lbl
nepexo)lHT B KM.Rel H'tfeCKYIO, a KMHeTM'Ie-
CKaSI B IlOT eHUHaJibHylO. YKopOTH HM.Tb
H3IlOJIOBMHy. qaCToTa M3j1T HHK3 yneJIH-
'IHTCSI npHMepHO B IlOJITOpa pa3a H BO
CTOJlbKO >Ke pa3 yMeHblll1ffCSI nepHO)]. K0-
11e6aHMH.
3ToT OilblT n03BOJISieT cne11aTb BblBO)l:
C yMeHbrnemteM )].JIHHbI MaSITHHKa lfaCTOTa
ero co6CTBeHHbIX KOJie6aHHM yaeJIM.''llrnaeT-
CSI, a nepHO)l nponopuMOH3JlbHO yMeHb-
rnaeTCSI.
l13MeHSISI )].JIM.HY no)].BeCKH M3SITHMKa,
no6eHCSI, tfT06bI ero 'tfaCTOTa KOJie6aHHH
paBHSIJ13Cb 1 ru. 3To )].OJI>KHO 6bITb npH
JlJIIDie HHTH OKOJIO 25 CM . TipM 3TOM rre-
pHO)l KOJie6aHM.H MaSITHHKa 6yneT paBeH
1 C. KaKMM fo,1 Thi He IlblTaJICSI C03)l3Tb
rrepBOH3 'tf3JibHbIH pa3Max M3SITHHKa, qa-
CTOTa ero KOJie6aHHH 6yneT HeHJMeHHOH.
Ho CTOHT TOJlbKO YKOpOTHTb HJJH YAJIH-
HHTb HHTKY, KaK 1 13CTOTa KOJie6aHMH cpa3y
M3MeHHTCSI. IlpM OJJ.HOH M TOH >Ke )].JIM.He
HHTKH Bcerna 6y)].eT O)lHa M Ta )Ke lfaCTOTa
KOJie6aHMH. 3TO co6cTBeHHaSI lfaCTOTa K0-
11e6aHHH M3SITHMK3. Tiony'IHTb 33)].3HHYlO
'l3CTOTY KOJie6aHMH MO)KHO, Il0)].6HpaSI
)].JUIBY HM.T H.
Kone6aHHSI HHTSIHOro M3SITHMK3 - 33TY-
X3l0ll.(He. OHM MoryT CT3Tb He3aTyxaromH-
MH TOJlbKO B TOM c11y1 1ae, eCJIH M3SITHHK
B T3KT C ero KOJie6aHHSIMH c11erKa IlO)lTaJI-
KMB3Tb, KOMileHCMpysi T3KMM o6pa30M TY
JHeprMIO, KOTopyro OH 33Tp3'Il1BaeT Ha
4- 202
npeO)lOJieHHe corrpOTHBJieHHSI, 0Ka3b1Bae-
M0f0 eMy B03JlYXOM, 3Heprmo TpeHHSI,
3eMHOrO npHTSI>KeHHSI.
Co6cTBeHH3SI 'tf3CTOTa xapaKTepHa
H )].JISI 3JieKTPHlfeCKOro KOJie6aTeJibHOrO
KOHTypa. Otta 33BMC1ff, Bo-nepBbIX, OT MH-
110 BHTKOB H .nHaMeTp K3TYWKH, TeM 60Jib-
llle ee HHJJ.YKTHBHOCTb, TeM 60JibUie 6y)].eT
)].JIHTeJJbHOCTb nepHO)].a K3>K)].Oro KOJie6a-
HH.SI. Co6cTBeHH3Sl 'tf3CTOTa KOJie6aHMH
a KOHType 6yneT COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeHbUie.
11, Hao6opoT, c yMeHbUieHHeM HHJJ.YKTHB-
HOCTH K3TYUIKH COI<p3THTCSI nepHO)l K0J1e-
6am1H - B03p3CTeT co6CTBeHHaSI 'tf3CTOT3
KOJie6aHHii a KOHType. Bo-BTOpbIX, co-
6CTBeHHaSI 'tf3CTOT3 KOJie6aHHH B KOHType
33BMCHT OT eMKOCTH ero KOH.lleHcaTopa.
lfoM eMKOCTb 60Jibllle, TeM 6oJibllIMH 33-
PM MO>KeT H3KOilHTh KOH)leHcaTOp, TeM
60Jibllle UOTpe6yeTCSI BpeMeHH .llJISI ero
nepe3apflJlKH, TeM MeHbllle 11aCTOTa KOJie-
6aHHH a KOHType. C yMeHbllleHHeM eMKO-
CTH KOH)].eHC3TOpa 'l3CTOT3 KOJie6aHHH
B KOHType B03pacTaeT. T aKHM o6pa30M,
co6CTBeHHy10 tf3CTOTY 33Tyxarommc KOJie-
6aHMH B KOI-trype MO>KHO pery1111poBaTb
H3MeHeHHeM HH)].yKTHBHOCTH K3TYllIKH MJIH
eMKOCTH KOH}leHcaTopa.
Ho B 3J1eKTpH 1 1eCKOM KOHType, KaK H
a MexaHH'tfec1<oii 1<011e6aTeJ1bHOH cnCTeMe,
MO:>KHO IlOJIY'IHTb H He3aTyxaromHe, T. e.
BbIHy)I()].eHHbie KOJie6aHHSI, ecJIH npH K3-
)I()].OM KOJie6aHHH IlOilOJIHSITb KOHTYP )].0-
rtOJIHHTeJibHblMH nopumrMH 3J1eKTpH1Ie-
CKOH 3HeprHH OT K3I<Or0-JIH6o HCTO'IHHKa
nepeMeHHOro 1 oKa.
KaKHM >Ke o6pa30M B KOHType npHeM-
HHKa BOJ6y)I()].alOTCSI H IlOJUJ.ep:>KHB3lOTCSI
He3aTyxa1omne 3J1eKTpH'IeCKHe K011e6a-
HMS1? Ko11e6aHHSI pa)].MO'tf3CTOTbI, B036y-
)I()].3lOIUHeCSI B aHTeHHe npHeMHHKa. 3TM
KOJie6aHHSI coo6maroT KOHTYPY nepaoHa-
qaJihHbIH 33pSI)]., OHM >Ke H IlOJ1)].ep>KHB3lOT
pHTMH'IHhie KOJie6aHHSI 3JleKTpOHOB B KOH-
Type. Ho HaH6011ee CHJJbHbie He3aTyxaio-
mHe KOJie6amrn n KOHType npHeMHHKa
B03HHK3IOT TOJlbKO B MOMeHT pe30H3HC3
co6cTBeHHOH 'tf3CTOTbl KOHTypa C 'l3CTO-
T0H TOKa B aHTeHHe. KaK 3TO IlOHHMaTb?
JlIO)].H CTaprnero IlOKOJieHHSI paCCK33bl-
BalOT, 6yJJ.TO a Ilerep6ypre OT rne)lllIHX
B HOry COJ1)].3T o6BaJJHJJCSI ErHileTCKHH
MOCT. A MOf JI0 3TO CJIY'tfHTbCSI, BH)].HMO,
npH TaKHX o6cTOSITeJibCTBax. Bee COJI)].aTbl
pHTMH'IHO rnaraJJH no MOcry. MoCT OT
3TOro craJI paCK3'IMBaTbCjf- KOJie6aTbCSI.
Ilo CJiytfaHHOMY CTe'leHHIO 06CTOSITeJTbCTB
G06CTBeHH3Sl 113CTOT3 KOJie6aHHH MOCTa
COBnana C qaCTOTOH rnara COJ1}13T, H MOCT,
49
KaK fOBOpSIT, BOIIIeJI B pe30HaHC. PHTM
CTpOSI coo6maJI Mocry BCe HOBbie H HOBbie
IIOpUHH 3HeprHH. B pe3yJibTaTe MOCT Ha-
CTOJibKO pacKal.J:aJICSI, 1.J:TO o6pyurnncsi:
CJia:>KeHH0CTb BOHHCK0rO CTp0SI HaHecna
Bpe.n. MOCTy. EcJIH 6bI pe30HaHCa co6-
CTBeHHOH qacTOTbl KOJie6aHHH MOCTa c 1.J:a-
CTOTOH rnara con.n,aT He 6bIJIO, c MOCTOM
HH1.J:ero 6b1 He cny1.J:IDI0Cb. Ilo3TOMY, Me-
:>K.D.Y rrpo1.J:HM, rrpn rrpoxo:>K.n,eHHH con.n,aT
no cna6hIM MOCTaM rrpHHSITO rro.n,aBaTb
KOMaH.n,y «c6HTb Hory».
A BOT orrhIT. Ilo.n,oiI.n.n K KaKoMy-Hn-
6y.n,h CTPYHHOMY MY3hIKaJihHOMy HHCTpy-
MeHTY l1 rpOMKO KpHKHH «a»: KaKaSI-TO H3
cTpyH OT30BeTcsi- 3a3BY1.J:HT. Ta H3 HHx,
KOTOpasi OKa:>KeTCSI B pe30HaHCe C qaCTO-
TOH 3T0f0 3ByKa, 6y.n,eT KOJie6aTbCSI CHJib-
Hee OCTaJibHbIX crpyH - OHa-TO l1 OT30BeT-
CSI Ha 3ByK.
Eme O}lHH OIIbIT-C MaSITHHKOM. HaTSIHH
ropH30HTaJibHO HeTOJICTYIO BepeBKy. IlpH-
BSI:>KH K Hell TOT :>Ke MaSITHHK H3 HHTH
I{ IIJiaCTl{JIRHa (pnc. 42). IlepeKRHb qepe3
BepeBKY eine o.mrn TaKOH :>Ke MaSITHHK, HO
c 6onee LUIRHHOH HHTKOH. ,l].nnHy 110.n.ae-
cu, 3TOfO MaSITHHKa MO:>KHO H3MeHSITb,
rro.n,nirHBasi pyKoiI CBo6o.n,HhIH KOHeu, HHT-
KR. Ilpnee.n.n MaSITHRK B KOJie6aTeJibHOe
.n,BH:>KeHHe. IlpH 3TOM rrepBbIH MaSITHMK
TO:>Ke CTaHeT KOJie6aTbCSI, HO c MeHbIIIeH
aMllJIHTYAOH. He OCTaHaBJIHBaSI KOJie6a-
HRH BTOpor O MaSITHHKa, IIOCTeIIeHHO
yMeHbIIIaH .D,JIMHY ero rro.n,BeCKR - aMIIJIH-
Ty,n:a KOJie6aHMH rrepBoro MaSITHHKa 6y,n:eT
yBeJIM'IRBaTbCSI. B 3TOM OIIbITe, HJIJIIOCTpH-
PYIOIUeM pe3oHaHC MeXaHH'IeCKHX KOJie6a-
HMH, rrepBblH MaSITHRK SIBJISieTCSI rrpneMHM-
KOM KOJie6aHHH, B036y)K)laeMbIX BTOpbIM
MaSITHHK0M. IlpRl.J:HHOH, BbIHY:>K.LlaIOmeiI
rrepBblH MaSITHRK KOJie6aTbCSI, SIBJISIJOTCSI
rrepHO.D.WieCKHe KOJie6aHHSI pacTSI:>KKH c qa-
CTOTOH, paBHOH qacTOTe KOJie6aHHH BTO-
poro MaSITHHKa. BbIHY:>K.LleHHhie KOJie6aHRSI
rrepBoro MaSITHHKa 6y AYT HMeTb MaKCH-
PHc. 42. OnLIT, umnocTpHpyiom:uii. SIBJieHue pe-
30HaHca
50
MaJihHYIO aMIIJIHTy.n,y Jllllllb Tor.n.a, KOrn:a
ero co6CTBeHHaSI 1.J:aCTOTa COBIIa.n.aeT c qa-
CTOTOH KOne6aHHH BTOporo.
TaKRe IDIH rro.n,06Hble SIBJiemrn, TOJlbKO,
pa3yMeeTCSI, 3JieKTPR1.J:eCKOfO rrpORCXO:>K.IIe-
HHR, Ha6n10.n,aJOTCSI I{ B KOJie6aTeJihHOM
KOHType rrpReMHHKa. OT }leHCTBHSI BOJ1H
MttorHx pa.n.11ocTattu11iI B rrp11eMHOH aH-
TeHHe B036y)K)laJOTCSI TOKM caMbIX pa3-
JIH1.J:HbIX 1.J:aCTOT. HaM :>Ke l13 Bcex KOJie6a-
HHH pa.n.noqacTOT Ha)],O BbI6paTb TOJibKO
HecymyJO 1.J:aCTOTY TOH pa.D,HOCTaHUHR,
nepe.n,al.J:R KOTOpOH Mbl XOTHM CJiylllaTb.
,l].JISI 3T0f0 cne.n.yeT TaK rro,n:o6paTb 'IMCJIO
BHTKOB KaTyllIKM M eMKOCTb KOH,n:eHcaTopa
Kone6aTeJihHoro KOHTypa, 1.J:T06h1 ero co6-
CTBeHHaSI 1.J:aCTOTa COBrra.n:ana C 1.J:aCTOTOH
TOKa, C03.n,aeaeMoro B aHTeHHe pa,ll;H0BOJI-
HaMR HHTepecyJOmeH Hae cTamurn.
B 3TOM cnyqae B KOHType B03HMKHYT Hall-
6onee CHJibHbie Kone6aHMSI c HecymeiI qa-
croToii TOH pa,n:nocraHURH, Ha BOJIHY KO-
TOpOH OH HacTpOeH. 3To I{ ecTb Hacrpoii-
Ka KOHTypa rrpHeMHRKa B pe30HaHC
C 1.J:aCTOTOH rrepe.n.a10ineiI CTaHl.{RR. IlpR
3TOM CRfHaJibl .n,pyrnx CTaHUHH COBCeM He
CJiblllIHbl HJIH rrpocJiyllIHBaJOTCSI 01.J:eHb TH-
xo, TaK KaK B036y->I<)laeMble HMR KOJie6a-
HH.Sl B KOHType 6yJJ:yT BO MHOfO pa3 6onee
cna6bIMH.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, HacrpaHaasi KOHTYP
caoero rrepBoro rrpneMHHKa B pe30HaHc
C HecymeH qacTOTOH pa.n.nocraHUHH, Tbl
C ero IIOMOIUblO KaK 6bI OT611pan, BbI,n:e-
mm KOJie6aHHSI 1.J:aCTOTbl TOJibKO 3TOH
CTaHUHH. qeM nyqrne KOHTYP 6y.n,eT Bbl)],e-
JISITb HY:>KHbie KOJie6aHRSI M3 aHTeHHbl, TeM
BbIIIIe ceJieKTHBHOCTb rrpHeMHHKa, TeM
cna6ee 6y.n.yT IIOMeXH co CTOpOHbl .n.pyrnx
pa.n.MocraHUHii.
)],o CHX rrop SI paCCKa3blBaJI Te6e O 3aM-
KHyTOM KOJie6aTeJibHOM KOHType, T. e.
KOHType, co6CTBeHHaSI 1.J:aCTOTa KOTOporo
orrpeJJ:eJISieTCSI TOJibKO HHJJ:YKTHBHOCTblO
l\fiTynIKH H eMKOCTblO KOH.n,eHCaTopa,
o6pa3yJOIUHX ero. O,uHaKO BO BXOilHOH
KOHTYP rrpHeMHHKa BXO.D.SIT TaK>Ke aHTeHHa
H 3a3eMJieHHe. '..:ho y:>Ke He 3aMKHYThIH,
a OTKpbITbIH KOJie6aTeJibHblH KOHTyp. ,l].e-
JIO B TOM, 1.J:TO rrpOBOJl aHTeHHbl H 3eMJISI
SIBJISIJOTCSI «06KJia)],KaMH» KOH.n,eHcaTopa
(pnc. 43), o6nanaJOmero HeKOTopoiI 3JieK-
Tpn1.J:ecKoiI eMKOCTblO. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
,uJIHHbl rrpOBO)la I{ BbICOTbl aHTeHHbl Ha.n:.
3eMJieH 3Ta eMKOCTb MO:>KeT COCTaBJHITb
HeCKOJibKO COTeH IIHKOcpapa.n.. TaKOH KOH-
neHCaTop Ha pHC. 34, a 6bIJI IIOKa3aH
IIITpHXOBbIMH JIHHHSIMM. Ho Be,n:b aHTeHHY
H 3eMJIIO MO>KHO paccMaTpHBaTb H KaK He-
IIOJIHbIH BHTOK 60JibllIOH KaTyIIIKH. CTaJIO

C no BeJIH'IHHe c qacToToii rrponyCKaeMoro
PHc. 43. AHTeHHa H 383eMJieHHe- oTKphITbIH
Kone6areJihHbIH KOHTYP
6hlTh, aHTeHHa H 3a3eMJieHne, B3SITbie BMe-
CTe, o6nana1-0r ell{e " HHAYKTHBHOCTbl-0.
A eMKOCTb COBMecrno C HHA)'KTHBHOCTbl-0
o6pa3}'1-0T Kone6aTeJihHbIH KOHTYP-
TaKo:ii KOHTYp, SIBJI.Sll-OIUHHC.SI OTKpbITJ..IM
KOJie6aTeJibHhlM KOHTypoM, TO)l{e 06nc1-
}laeT co6CTBeHHOH qacTOTOH Kone6aHHH.
BKJI1-0qasi Me)KJJ.y aHTeHHOH H 3eMneii Ka-
T)'lllKH HHA)'KTHBHOCTH H KOHJ].eHCaTophI,
Mhl MO)l{eM H3MeHSITh ero co6CTBCHHYIO
1IaCT0Ty, HaC1 paHBaTh ero B pe3oHaHC
C 1IaCT0TaMH pa3HbIX pa,n:llOCTaHI..{HH. KaK
3TO JJ.CJiaCTCSI Ha npaKTmce, Thi J)l{e
3Haelllb.
51 He Oll1H6ych, eCJIH CKa)l{y, 'ITO KOne6a-
TCJibHhIH KOHTYP SIBJIBeTCSI «cepw.i:eM» pa-
n;nonpHeMHmca. 11 He TOJlhKO p aJJ.HO-
npHeMHmca. B 3TOM Thi em:e y6e,ri:HlllbCSI.
Ilo3T0MY eMy SI H yn;eJIHJI MHor o BHRMa-
HHSI.
flepexo)l{y KO BTOpoMy 3JieMeHTY npH-
eMHRKa - ,n;eTeKTopy.
)];ETEKTOP 11 .[(ETEKTI1POBAHME
B TBoeM nepBOM npHeMHHKe pom, JleTeK-
Topa BhlllOJIHSIJI JlHOJl. flo}lpo6Ho O ero
yCTpoliCTBe H pa6oTe Mb) noroBopRM
B llleCTo:ii 6ece)le. Ceirqac )l(e JIHlllh CKa)l(y,
'ITO OH SIBJISICTCSI JlBYX3JieKTpO/lHhlM nony-
npOBO.ZJ:HHKOBblM npH6opoM, 06na.ua1-0-
IUHM OJlHOCTOpoHHeH 3JieKTp0npOBOJl-
HOCTbl-O: xopolllo n poBOllHT TOK o .rmoro
HanpaBJieHHSI H IlJIOXO - TOK o6paTHoro
HanpaBJieHHSI. ,[(JISI npoCTOTbl )KC o6bSICHe-
HlfSI pa6oThl JlHO,n;a KaK }lCTeKTopa 6y,n;eM
C'fHTaTb, 'ITO T OI( o6parnor o HanpaBJieHHH
OH B006ll{e He npoBOD;RT H SIBJISICTCSI llJISI
~ro KaK 6hI H30JISITOpoM. 3To CBOHCTBO
.ZJ:RO}la HJIJII-OCTp HpyCT rpa<}mK, H306pa-
)l{eHHhlH Ha pHC. 44: JlllOJl 6ecnpensi:T-
CTBeHHO nponycKaeT qepe3 Ce6SI IlOJIO)l{H-
TeJibHhie nonyBOJIHhI nepeMeHHoro TOKa
4*
H COBceM He nponycKaeT OTpHUaTeJibHble
nonyBOJIHbl. OrpHUaTeJibHhie nonyBOJIHbl
JlHOJl KaK 6hl cpe3aeT. B pe3yJibTaTe TaKo-
ro ,n;e:HCTBHSI llHO}la nepeMeHHbrn TOK npe-
o6pa3yeTCSI B TOK nynhCHPYI-011{.HH -TOK
0/lHOro HanpaBJieHHSI, HO H3MeH.SII-OW:HHCSI
qepe3 Hero TOKa. 3roT npeo6pa3oBa-
TeJibHhIX rrpouecc, Ha3hIBaeMbIB 6blnp.RMJle-
HUeM nepeMeHH020 moKa, Jle)l{.HT B OCHOBe
}leTeKTHpoBaH.HSI rrpllHSIThlX paJJ.HOCRrHa-
JIOB.
IlOCMOTpH Ha rpa«tmKH, IlOKa3aHHbie Ha
pHc. 45. OHM lfJIJII-OCTpHpyI-OT npouecc1:,1,
npo.HCXOJl.Slll{He B 3HaKOMOH i:e6e JlCTeK-
TOpHOH uem1 npoCTeiirnero npHeMHHKa
Ilo}l ,n;eHCTBlleM pa,n;HOBOJIH B KOHT)'pe
nplleMHHKa B036y)l{}lalOTCSI MOJlYJIHpo-
BaHHbie Kone6aHHSI pa,n;Ho'laCTOThl (pHC.
45, a). K KOHTYPY nollKJI1-01IeHa uenh, co-
'"'To.Simasi R3 n;ROJla H rene<PoHoB. .[(JIB
3TOH QenR Kone6aTe.JibHbIH KOHT)'p .SIB-
JISleTC.SI HCTO'IHHKOM nepeMeHHOro TOKa
paJJ.HO'laCTOThI. IlocKOJibKY JlHOJl npony-
CKaCT TOK TOJihKO OJlHoro HanpaBJieHHSI,
TO MOJJ.YJIHpoBaHHhie Kone6aHHSI pa.[(HO'la-
CTOThl, noCTynaI-Oll{He B ero uenb, 6yllYT
liM BhIIlpBMneHhI (pnc. 45, 6), HJIH, roBOpSI
lllia'le, npo.n;eTeKTHpoBaHhI. ECJIH npoBeCTH
II.IrpHXOBYl-0 JIHHHl-0, orH6a10ll{y1-0 aep-
Puc. 44. .[(uo.a npeo6pa3yeT nepeMeHHhIH TOK
e nyJibcHpy1011.{HH
t
+
t
oJ
PHc. 45. rpafJ)mn, HJJJIJ-OCrpHpyromHe .n:ereKrn-
poeaHue MO.llYn HpOBaHHbIX KOne6aHHH pa,nHO-
'IacTOTbl
51
 lllllHbI BhlITpSIMJieHHoro TOKa, TO ITOJIY'IHT-
CSI «pHcyHOK» TOKa 3BYKOBOH 1.faCTOTl,l, KO-
TOpbIM Mo.n,ynHpOBaH TOK, nOCTynaJOllllffl
B aHTeHHy paLU10CTaHI.~HH BO BpeMSI nepe-
,n;a'IH.
ToK, IlOJI)"-IHBlllHHCSI B pe3yJibTaTe .n;e-
TeKTHpoBaHHSI COCTOHT 113 HMnynhCOB pa-
)11101-IaCTOTl,I, aMilJIHTY)1hl KOTOphIX ll3Me-
HSIIOTCSI co 3BYKOBOH 1IaCTOTOH. Ero M0)K-
HO paCCMarp1rnaTh KaK cyMMapHbIH TOK
II pa3JIO)l(HTh Ha ,n;Be COCTaBJISIIOIUHe: Bbl-
COKO'faCTOTHYJO H HIDKOl.faCTOTHYJO. .Hx
Ha3bffialOT COOTBeTCTBeHHo BblCOKO'IaCT<)T-
HOH H COCTaBJISIJOIUeH 3B}'KOBOH 'IaCTOThl
nyJlhCHpy10mero ToKa B npocTeiillleM
npHeMHHKe COCTaBJISIIOll{aSI 3ByKOBOH 'fa-
CTOTbI H,UeT 1Iepe3 rene<f}OHbl " npeo6pa-
3yeTCSI HMH B 3ByK.
ronoBHOfl TEnE<l>OH
Tene<f)oH - TpeT1>e, nocne.n;ttee 3BeHo npo-
CTeii1IIero np11eMHHKa, KOTopoe, o6pa3Ho
Bhipa)KaHCh, «BhI,D:aeT roTOBYIO npo,JJ.yK-
UlllO» - 3ByK. 3To O,n;HH H3 CTapeHllllfX
3JieKrpoTexmr-IeCKHX np116opoB. ITO'ITH 6e3
H3MeHeHHSI coxpaHHBlllHH CBOH OCIIOBHhie
1IepTbI no HalllHX 1IHeH.
,l],1rn ,n;eTeKTOpHhIX H MHOrHX npoCTeii-
lllHX rpaH3HCTOpHbIX rrpHeMHHK0B HCilOJlh-
3YlOT rOJIOBHbie Tene<f)oHhl, HanpHMep TH-
ITOB TOH-1, Tr-1. TA-4. 3To 1ma nocne-
,n;0Ba1 enhHo coe,n;11HeHHhlX Tene<f)oHa,
y)lep)KHBal01IIHXCSI Ha oronoBbe. OTBep-
nc/J>-OCHblf
Hll 'COHP4HU'( J
rqn1 c MeMOfJaHa
J<pb!Wf'D
a)
0)
Puc. 46. Y CTponcTBO 3JieKTpoManrnnmro re-
Jiecl>oHa
52
HeM KphlllIKY 0.[lHOro 113 Tene<f)oHOB (p11c.
46. a). Ilo)l Hero HaXOlIHTCSI Kpyrnast )Ke-
CTSIHaSI nnaCTHHKa - MeM6patta. CHSIB
0CTOpo)KHO MeM6paHy, M1,l YBH)1HM lIBe Ka-
TylllKH, Haca)KeHH.hle Ha nOJilOCHbie HaKo-
Hel.fHHKH IlOCTO.SIHHOro Marnma, Bnpecco-
B8HHoro B Kopnyc. KaTylllKH coe,n;HHeHhl
nocne.n;oBaTeJihHO, a KpaiiHHe BhIBOllhl HX
np11nastHhl K CTep)KeHhKaM, K KOTOpblM
C Hapy)KHOH CTOpOHhl rrpH IlOMOll{H 3a-
)KHMHhlX BHHTOB Il0)1KJI101IeH lllHyp
C 0)1HOnomocHbIMH lllTenceJihHhIMH BHJ1-
KaM11.
Ka1< pa60TaeT Tene<f)oH? MeM6paHa, co-
3,n;a10ma.S1 3BYK, HaXO.n;HTCSI B03ne no-
JilOCHblX HaKOHe'IHHKOB Marnma H 0ilH-
paeTCSI Ha 6opTHKH xopnyca (p11c. 46, 6).
Ilo.n; ,n;eHCTBHeM nonst MarHHTa OHa He-
MHoro rrpor1-16aeTCS1 B cepe,n;HHe, HO He
npHKaCaeTCSI K IlOJilOCHblM HaKOHe'IHHKaM
MarHHTa (Ha pHC. 46, 6-CilJIOlliHast JIHHHSI).
Kor.n;a 1Iepe3 xarylllKH Tene<f)oHa re1IeT
TOK, OH C03,n;aeT BOKpyr KaTyrneK MarHHT-
Hoe none, KOTopoe B3aHMo,n;eiiCTByeT c no-
neM nocT0SIHHoro Mannna. CHJia :noro
e,n;HHoro Marm1rnoro nonst, a 3Ha'IHT,
n CHJia npHTSl)KeHHSI MeM6paHbI K no-
JilOCHblM HaKoHe'IHHKaM 3aBHClff OT Ha-
npaenemrn TOKa B xaTyrnKax. Tip11 o,n;HOM
HanpaBJieH11H, Kor,n;a HarrpaBneHHst Mar-
HHTHbix CHJIOBhlX mrnHii KaTyllleK H Mar-
HHTa COBna,n;aJOT H HX ITOJISI CKJia,n;hIBalOT-
C.SI, MeM6paHa CHJlhHee npHT.SlrHBaeTCSI
K IlOJIIOC8M Marmna (Ha p11c. 46,6-HH)K-
HSISI rnTpHXOBaSI JIHHHSI). ITp11 ,n;pyroM Ha-
npaBJieHHH TOKa CHJIOBbie JIHHHH KaTyllleK
H M8fHHTa HarrpaBJieHhI BCTpe1IHO II o6m:ee
none CTaHoBHTCH cna6ee, 'IeM none MarHH-
ra. B 3TOM cny1Iae MeM6paHa cna6ee npH-
TstrHBaercst IlOJU0CHhlMH HaKoHe'IHHKaMH
H, BhlilpSIMJISIS!Ch, HeCKOnhKO y.n;ansteTCSI OT
HHX (p11c. 46, 6 - BepXHSISI lllrpHXoBaSI nn-
HHSI). EcnH 1Iepe3 KaTylllKH Tene<f)oHa npo-
nycKaTh nepeMeHHbIH TOK 3ByKOBOH 'Ia-
CTOThI, cyMMapHoe MarHHTH0e none CTa-
HeT TO YCHJIHB8ThCSI, TO ocna6JISIThCSI,
a MeM6paHa 6y,JJ.eT TO np116JIH)KaThCSI
K Il0JIIOCHhIM HaKoHe'IHHKaM MarHHTa, TO
0TXOJ],HTh OT HHX. T. e. KOJie6aThCSI c 'Ia-
CTOTOH TOKa. Kone6JISICh, MeM6paHa C03-
,n;aCT B oxpy)l(aJOLUeM npoCTpaHCTBe 3BY-
KOBhie BOJIHbl.
C nepBoro B3rmula MO)KeT noKa3aTbCH,
1.fTO IlOCTOSIHHhlH MarHHT B TeJie<f)oHe He
tty)KeH: KaTyrnm MO)l(HO Ha,n;eTh Ha )l(eJie3-
HYJO HeHaMarHH'IeHHylO IlOJ],KOBKy. Ho 3TO
He TaK. 11 BOT no'IeMy. )Kene3Hast Il0)1KOB-
Ka, HaMarHH'IHBaeMaSI TOJihKO TOKOM B Ka-
TylliKax, 6y,n;eT npHTSlrHBaTh MeM6paHy
He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, 11,n;eT JIii TOK 1Iepe3
KaTylllKH B OL(HOM HanpaBJieHlrn HJIH JJ.PY-
roM. 3Ha1IHT, 3a o,n:mi nep11O.n nepeMeHHo-
ro TOKa MeM6patta np11nmeTCSI BO BpeMSI
nepBoro nonynep11O.n;a, oToHJJ.eT OT Hero
H eme pa3 rrpHTSIHeTCSI BO BpeMSI BToporo
nonynepuo.n;a, T. e. Ha OJJ.HH rrep11O.n; rrepe-
MeHHoro ToKa (p11c. 47,a) oHa c,neJiaeT ,n;Ba
Kone6aHH.SI (p11c. 47, 6). EcJIH, HarrpHMep,
'IaCTOTa TOKa 500 ru, TO MeM6paHa Tene-
<Jx)Ha 3a 1 c CJJ.enaeT 500- 2= 1000 Kone6a-
HHH H TOH 3ByKa HCKa3HTCSl - 6yJJ.eT B)].BOe
Bblllle. Bpsi.n; JIH Hae ycTpoHT TaKoii Tene-
<f)oH.
C IlOCTOSIHHhlM )KC MafHHTOM .neno o6-
CTOHT 11Ha11e: rrpH O)].HOM nonynepHO)].C
npoHCXO)].HT YCRJieHHe MarHHTHoro no-
JISI - y)Ke npHTSIHyTaSI MCM6paHa nporneTCSI
ell.{e 6onhl11e; rrp11 .n;pyroM nonynep11o)Ie
none ocna6eBaeT u MeM6paHa, Bhlnpsi-
MJISI.SICb, OTXO)].HT }laJJblllC OT TIOJII-OCOB
MarHMTa. TaKHM o6pa30M, npH HaJIH'IHH
[lOCTO.SIHHOrO MarnHTa MCM6paHa 33 O)IHH
nepHOJ]. rrepeMeHHOro TOKa J].enaeT TOJibKO
O.ll.HO Kone6aHHe (pHC. 4 7, B) H TeJie<f}oH He
HCKa)l(aeT 3ByK. IloCTOSIHHbffl MarHHT, Kpo-
Me Toro, [lOBhllllaeT rpOMKOCTb 3By1-IaHHSI
Tene<f)oHa.
Terreph pa36epeM TaKoii Borrpoc: 3a11eM
rrapaJIJICJlbHO roJIOBHblM Tene<f)oHaM TIOA-
KJII01f3IOT 6JIOKJipoB01IHhffl KOH)].eHcaTOP?
KaKoBa ero ponb?
3neKTpH1ICCK3SI CMKOCTb 6JIOKHpoB01fHO-
ro KOH)].CHcaTopa T3KOBa, 'ITO 11epe3 Hero
CBo6onHO rrpoxonsiT TOKH BbICOKOH qa-
CTOTbl, a TOKaM 3BYKOBOH 1faCTOfbl OH
OK33bIBaeT 3Ha11HTeJibHOe corrpoTHBJICHHe.
Te11e<f}oHhr, Hao6opoT, xopolllo rrpony-
CKaIOT TOKH 3ByKOBO:H 1faCTOThl H oKa3bI-
BaIOT 6oJibllloe corrpoTHBJleHHe TOKaM Bbl-
COKOH 1I3CTOTbl. Ha 3TOM y11aCTKe JlCTeK-
OiJHo KoneoaHlle
PHc. 48. B TO'lKe a ne- V
reKTopHou uerrn COCTa-
BlliDOlUHe nyru,c.11pyJO-
Ulero TOKa pa3}leJHUOT-
CSl, a B TO'lKe 6 coen.11-
HSJ.IOTCSJ
TOpHoii uem1 BhICOKO'IaCTOTHbffl nynhCH-
PYIOlllHH TOK pa3)].CJISleTCSI (Ha pHC. 48 - B
TO1fKe a) Ha COCTaBJISIIOlUHe. KOTOpbie .n;a-
nee H.UYT: BhlCOKO1f3CTOTHaSI - 11epe3 6no-
KHpoB01fHblH KOH)].eHcaTop C6n, a COCTaB-
JISIIOll.{aSI 3BYKOBO:H 1I3CTOTbI- 11epe3 Tene-
<f}ottbl B. 3aTeM COCTaBJISIIOlUHC COeAH-
HSIIOTCSI (Ha pHC. 48 - B TO1fKC 6) H )].a.Jtee
OTISITb H,ll;yT BMCCTC.
Ha3Ha11eH11e 6nOKHPOB01fHOrO KOH)].CH-
caTopa MO)KHO 061,sicHHTb eme TaK. TeJie-
<f)oH H3-3a HHepTHOCTH MCM6paHbl He MO-
)KCT OT3b1BaTbCSI Ha Ka)K,!I,blH BhlCOKO'Ia-
CTOT Hbill HMilYJibC TOKa B )].eTCKTOpHoii
u;eTIH. 3Ha1fHT , 1IT06bI Tene<f)oH pa6oTaJI,
Ha)J,O KaK-TO «crna)].HTh» BbICOKO'Ia-
CTOTHble HMrryJibCbI, «3anoJIHHTb» rrpo-
BaJlbl TOKa Me)K)].y HHMH. 3Ta 3a,na11a H pe-
lllaCTCSI c IlOMOlUblO 6noKHpOBO'IHOro
KOH)].CHCaTopa cne,nyIOlUHM o6pa30M. Or-
)].CJibHbie BbICOKO1I3CTOTHhie HMIIYJihCbl 3 a-
pS1)KalOT KOH)].CHCaT op. B MOMeHTbl MC)l(JlY
HMTIYJihCaMH KOH)].CHCaTop pa3p.Sl)l(aeTC.SI
11epe3 TeJie<f)oH, Ja[TOJIHSISI TaKHM o6pa30M
«npoBaJibl» MC)l()ly UMITYJibCaMH. B pe-
3YJibTaTe 11epe3 Tene<f)oH H)leT TOK O)].HOfO
HanpaBJieHliSI, HO H3MeHSll01UHHCSI no BeJIH-
tJ:HHe CO 3ByKOBO:H tJ:aCTOTO:H, KOTOpbffl
H npeo6pa3yeTCSI 11M B 3ByK.
Ellle Kopo11e O ponH 6JIOKHpOB01IHOro
KOH)].CHcaTopa MO)KHO CKa3aTb TaK: OH
$HJihTPyeT CHrHaJI 3BYKOBO:H 11aCTOTbl, Bbl-
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n nepe.n;a11a CJihllllHa cna6ee. 3To oco6eH-
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craHu;Hii.
53
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54
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56
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BJieHHSI npHHSIT OM (IlHllIYT OM) - no RMe-
HH HeMemmro c})HJHKa r. OMa. Conpon1-
eneHHe 1 OM cpaBmITeJibHO He60JiblllaSI
3JieKTpH1IeCKaSI eeJIH'IHHa. TaKoe conpoTH-
BJiem.fe TOKy oKa3bIBaeT, HanpHMep, 0Tpe-
30K Me,n:noro npoeo.na ,n:HaMeTpoM
0,15 MM H .n:nuttoii 1 M. CorrpoTHBnemte
HJ1TII HaKaJia naMnO'IKH KapMaHHoro JJJeK-
TPHtJeCKOro c})onapsi 01<ono l O OM, narpe-
BaTenbHoro JneMeHTa 'JneKTporrnHTKH ne-
CK0JlhK0 .n,eCSITKOB OM. B pa,n:HOTeXHHKe
11ame npHXO)].HTCSI HMeTb .neno C 60J1bllIH-
MH, qeM OM HJIH HeCKOJibKO ,n:eCSITKOB OM,
corrpoT11BJieHHSIMH. CorrpoTHBJieH11e BblC0-
KOOMHOrO TeJ1ec})otta, HanpRMep, 6oJibllle
2000 OM; conpoTHBJieHHe rronyrrpoBOAHH-
KOBoro .n11011.a, BKJlI-O'leHHoro B He npony-
CKa1-0meM TOK nanpaeneHHH, HeCKOJibKO
COTeH TblCSlq OM. 3Haelllb, KaKoe conpoTH-
BJieHHe 3JieKTJ)H'ieCKOMY TOKY OKaJblBaeT
TBoe Teno? OT 1000 11.0 20000 OM. A co-
npoT1-1enettHe pe3HCTOpoB - cneuHaJibHblX
.n:era11en, 0 KOTOpbIX SI 6y11.y eme roBopHTb
B 3TOH 6ece11.e, MOryT 6b1Tb ,no HeCKOJlbKHX
MHJIJIHOHOB OM H 60J1bll1e. 3ni: .n,eTaJIH,
KaK 1·b1 y)l{e JHaellib (no pnc. 33), Ha cxe-
Max 0603na11a1-0T B e1-rne npsiMoyroJibHH-
KOB.
B MaTeMaTH'IeCKHX c})opMynax conpoTH-
BJiem1e 060Jna11a1-0T nanmcKoii 6yKBoH R.
TaKYI-O )Ke 6yKBY c-raesiT H eo3ne rpac})H'le-
cKHX o60JHa11eirnii peJHCTopoB Ha cxeMax.
,ll.JISI Bbipa)KeHHSI 60JibU111X conpoTHBJie-
mrn peJHCTopoi ucnonh3yI-OT 6onee
KpynHhle e.llHHHUbl: KHJIOOM (coKpameHHO
ITHllIYT KOM), paBHhIH 1000 OM, H MeraoM
(coKpameHHo ITJtllIYT MOM), paBHhIH
1000000 OM, HJ111 1000 KOM.
57
 ConponJ.BJiemrn np0B0.D,H11K0B, 3JieKTp11-
qecK11X ueneii, pe311CTopoB 11:n11 .D,pyrn:x .D,e-
Ta.rreii li3MepruoT cneu11a.rrbHblMl1 np1160-
paM11, HMeHyeMbIMl1 0MMeTpaMH. Ha cxe-
Max 0MMeTp o6o3Ha'lalOT KPY)KK0M
c rpeqecKoii 6yKBoii n
(oMera) BHyTpli.
3JIEKTPl1l.JECKOE HATIPJDKEHl1E
3a e,z:mmui:y :meKTpRifecKoro Hanp.srn(emrn.
3JieKTPOl1BH)Kymei% CHJihI (3.ll:C) npHHSIT
B0Jibl: (B qecTb HTa.JibSIHCKoro q)H3HKa
A. BonbTa). B cl)opMynax HanpSI)KeHue
o6o3Haqa10T narnHCKOH 6yKBoii U ('lli-
TaeTCSI «y»), a CaMy e.D,liHliUY HanpSI)Ke-
HliSI - B0JibT- 6yKBOH B. Hanp11Mep. IlH-
lllyT: U = 4,5 B; U = 220 B. E.D,1iH11ua
B0JibT xapaKTep113yeT HanpSI)KeH11e Ha KOH-
uax npoBO.D,HHKa, yqacTKe 3JieKTP11qeCKOH
uen11 liJIU IJOJIIOCax liCTOifHliKa TOKa. Ha-
rrpSI)KeH11e 1 B- :no TaKaSI 3JieKTpHifeCKaSI
Bem1qHHa, KoTopasi B rrpoBo.D,HliKe conpo-
THBJiemieM 1 OM C03,uaeT TOK, paBHhlii
1 A.
EaTapesr 3336JI, npe.D,Ha3HaifeHHaSI .D,JISI
IIJlOCKOro KapMaHHOrO 3JieKTpuqecKoro
Q)OHapsr, KaK TbI y)Ke 3Haelllb, COCTOl1T 113
Tpex 3JieMeHT0B, C0e.D,liHeHHhIX nocne.D,oBa-
TeJibH0. Ha 3THKeTKe 6aTapeH M0)KH0
rrpoqHTaTb, IfT0 ee HanpSI)KeH11e 4,5 B. 3Ha-
IfHT, HanpSI)KeHHe Ka)K)].oro 113 3JieMeHTOB
6aTapeu 1,5 B. Hanpsi)KeH11e 6aTapeu
<<Kpotta» 9 B, a HanpSI)I(em1e 3JieKTpoocBe-
nnenbHoii cen1 M0)KeT 6hITb 127 mm
220 B.
HarrpSI)KeH11e 113MepSIIOT BOJlbmMempoM ,
IT0.D,KJUOlfaSI npu6op 0.D,H0HMeHHbIMH 3a-
)KHMaMH K Il0JIIOCaM HCT0lfHHKa T0Ka lUIH
napa.rrnenhH0 yqacTKY uemI, pe3HCTopy
mm .D,pyroii Harpy3Ke, Ha KOTopoii Heo6-
XO.D,HMO li3MepHTb neHCTBYIOIUee H a Heii
HanpSI)KeHHe (pHC. 51). Ha CXeMaX B0JibT-
MeTp o6o3HaifalOT naT11HCKoii 6yKBoii u npsi)KeHHII, HaIIpHMep O HanpSI)KeH1111 3JieK-
PHc. 51. BofilTMe-rp nonxmo"IalOT napanneJTh-
Ho Harpy3Ke JIJIH llCTO'IHllKY TOKa, nttTaJ-OIUero
3JieKTptt'Iecxyio uenh
58
B Kpy)KKe, a psi.D,oM- PU. .D:nsi oueHK11 Ha-
npsi)I(eHHH npHMeHSIIOT u 6onee KpynHylO
eAJiHHIJ,y - KHn0B0JibT (nmnyT KB), co-
0TBeTCTBYIOIUYl-0 1000 B, a TaK)Ke 6onee
MeJIK11e eAlIHHUhl - MHJIJIHB0JibT (nHlllyT
MB), paBHhIH 0,001 B, 11 MHKpoB0JibT (nli-
lllYT MKB), paBHhIH 0,001 MB. 3n1 Hanpsi-
)KeHm1 U3MepSII-OT C00TBeTCTBeHH0 KUJl0-
80/l bmMempaMU, MU/l/lUBO/lbmMempaMU
11 MUKpOBOJlbmMempaMU. TaKHe rrpu6op1,r,
KaK Ii B0JibTMeTphI, Il0.llKJIIOlfaI-OT napa.rr-
neJibH0 HCT0lfHHKaM T0Ka mm yqaCTKaM
ueneii, Ha KOTOpbIX Ha]lo U3MepHTb HanpSI-
)l(em1e.
BblSICHHM Tenepb, B lfeM pa3H11Ua Il0HSI-
Tl1H «HarrpSI)KeH11e» I{ «JJieKTpo.D,BH)KYIUaJI
cmia».
3neKTpO.D,BH)KYIUeH CHJIOH Ha3bIBalOT
Hanpsi)Kem1e, ,ri:eii:CTBy1-0mee Me)Kny non10-
caM11 HCTOlfHHKa TOKa, IlOKa K HeMy He
IlO,UKJII-OifeHa BHelllHJISI uenb - Harpy3Ka,
HanpHMep naMTI0'lKa HaKaJIHBaHHSI HJilf
pe3HCT0p. KaK T0JibK0 6y.D,eT Il0.D,KJII-OifeHa
BHelllHSISI uenb 11 B Heit: B03H11KHeT TOK, Ha-
npSI)KeH11e Me>K,11,y TIOJIIOCaMH 11CTOifHHKa
T0Ka ~ CTaHeT MeHbllle. TaK, HanpHMep,
H0BbIB He 6bIBIIIHH eme B ynoTpe6nemm
raJibBaH11IfeCKIIH 3JieMeHT 11MeeT 3.1::(C He
Mettee 1,5 B. IlpH no,UKJII-OlfeHHH K HeMy
Harpy3KH Hanpsr)Kem1e Ha ero non1-0cax
CTaH0BlffCSl paBHbIM IIpHMepHo 1,3--1,4 B.
no Mepe pacxonoBaHHSI 3Hepr1111 3JieMettTa
Ha TIHTaHHe BHenrneii uen11 ero Hanpsi)Ke-
H11e nocreneHHo yMeHb1IIaeTCSI. 3neMeHT
C'll1TaeTCSI pa3pH,!l11BlllHMCSI H, CJieD,oBa-
TeJibHO, Hero11HbTM )],JISI: D,aJibHeHIIIero npu-
MeHeH11SI, KOr.D,a HanpSI)KeH11e CHtt)KaeTCSI
110 0,7 B, X0TSI, ecnu 0TKJllOlfHTb BHelll-
Hl-01-0 uerrb, ero 3.D:C 6y,ueT 6onbllle :noro
HanpSI)KeHl1SI.
A KaK ou.eHHBaIOT nepeMeHHOe HanpSI-
)I(eHlie? Kor11a roBopslT o nepeMeHH0M Ha-
TpOOCBeTHTeJibHOH ceTH, TO HMelOT B BHD.Y
ero ,ueiICTByIOIUee 3HalfeHHe, COCTaBJISIIO-
IUee npHMepHo. KaK 11 ,ueRCTBYI-OIUee 3Ha-
IfeHHe nepeMeHHoro T0Ka, 0, 7 aMnJIHTy,u-
Horo 3Ha'leHl1SI Hanp>1)l(eH11SI.
3AKOH OMA
Ha puc. 52 noKa3aHa cxeMa 3HaKoMoii Te-
6e npocTeihneii JneKTpuqecKoii uerru. 3Ta
3al\1KHyTaSI uenb COCTOHT H3 T})eX 3JieMeH-
T0B: HCT0lfH11Ka HanpSI)KeHHSI: - 6aTapeH
GB, noTpe6uTem1 ToKa - Harpy3Kn R, Ko-
Topoii M0)KeT 6hITb, Hanp11Mep, HHTb Ha-
KaJia 3JieKTPHifeCKOH naMilbl HJil1 pe311-
CT0P, H rrpoBO,[J:Hl1KOB, coeD,11HSIIOW11X 11C-

T01IlUIK HanpsnKemur: C Harpy3KOH. Me)KD,y
npoIJ:liM, ecmi :ny [\enh D,0TI0JIHHTh Bbl-
KJII0IJ:aTeJieM, TO IlOJIY'IHTCSl IlOJIHaSI CXeMa
KapMaHHoro 3JieKTPHIJ:eCKoro <lxmapsi.
Harpy3Ka R, o6na.n:aJOmasr orrpeD,e-
neHHhIM conpon-rnJiem-1eM. SIBJISleTCSI
yqacTKOM uem1. 3HaIJ:eHHe TOKa Ha 3TOM
yqaCTKe uenn Jaanc1n OT ,uei1:CTBy10mero
Ha HeM Hanpsi)KeHHsi H ero conpoTHBJie-
HHSl: IJ:eM 60Jibllle HarrpSl)KeHHe H MeHbllle
corrpomBJieHne, TeM 66JibllIHM TOK 6yD,eT
H,[J,TH no yqaCTKY uenH. 3-ra 3aBHCHMOCTb
T0Ka OT HarrpSl)KeHHSl H corrpOTHBJieHml
Bbipa)KaeTCSl CJieD,y10mei1: <t>opMyJIOH:
I= U/R,
rD,e 1- ToK, Bbrpa)KeHHhIH B aMnepax, A;
U - Hanpsi)KeHHe B BOJihTax, B; R- conpo-
nrnJieHne B oMax, OM. lIHTaercsr 3To Ma-
TeMaTHIJ:ecKoe Bbipa)KeHHe TaK: moK
e yttacmKe 11enu npRMO nponop11uoHaAen
HanpR:»eeHwo Ha HeM u o6pamno nponop-
11uonaAeH ezo conpomueJleHwo. 3-ro ocHoB-
HOH 3aKOH ::meKTpoTeXHllKH. HMeHyeMhm
3QK0HOM OMa (no <t>aMHJIHR r. OMa), AJISI
yqacTKa 3JieKTPHIJ:eCKoH uenu.
3aKOH OMa MO)KHO 3anncaTb eme TaK:
u = IR HJIH R = u/1.
l1cnom,3ysi 3aKOH OMa, MO)KHO no D.BYM
H3BeCTHbIM 3JieKTpH'IeCKHM BeJIHIJ:HHaM y3-
HaTb He1nBeCTHy10 rpeTbJO. BoT HeCKOJib-
KO rrpHMepoB npaKTHIIeCKOro npHMeHeHHSI
JaKoHa OMa.
llepeblu npuMep. Ha yqaCTKe ueTIH,
o6naD,aJOIUeM conpoTHBJieHHeM 5 OM,
D,eHCTBYeT Harrpsr:)KeHne 25 B. Ha.n:o y3HaTb
3HaIJ:em1e ToKa Ha 3TOM yqacTKe uenn.
Pelllem1e: I= U/R = 25/5 = 5 A.
Bmopou npuMep. Ha yqacTKe l_\enn D,eH-
CTBYeT ttanpsr:)KeHne 12 B, co3D,aBasr: B HeM
TOK, paBHblii 20 MA. KaKOBO corrpOTHBJie-
HHe 3Toro yIJ:aCTKa uenn?
Ilpe)KD,e Bcero TOK 20 MA HY)KHO Bbipa-
3HTb B aMnepax. 3To 6yD,eT 0,02 A. Tor,ua
R = U/I = 12/0.02 = 600 OM.
Tpemuu npuMep. 1Iepe3 yqacroK uenu
COrrpoTHBJieHHeM 10 KOM TeIJ:eT TOK
20 MA KaKoBo Harrpsr:)KeHHe, D,eHCTBy10-
mee Ha 3TOM yqaCTKe uenn?
3D,eCb, KaK H B npeD,bI,n:ymeM npnMepe,
TOK .llOJI)KeH 6hlTb Bbipa)KeH s aMrrepax
(20 MA = 0,02 A), a conpoTHBJieHHe
B oMax (10 KOM = 10000 OM). Cne,uoBa-
TeJibHo, U =IR= 0,02 - 10000 = 200 B.
Ha UOKOJie JiaMilbl HaKaJIHBaHHSI nno-
CKOro KapMaHHoro <t>oHapsr: BhIIIITaMnoBa-
Ho: 0,28 A n 3,5 B. 0 qeM roBOpSIT '.ITH
CBeD,eHHSI? 0 TOM, l{TO JiaMnO'IKa 6yD,eT
HOpMaJibHO CBeTHTbCSI npn TOKe 0,28 A,
KOTOpbIH o6ycJIOBJIHBaeTCSI Harrpsr:)KeHHeM
3,5 B. IloJib3YSICb 3aKOHOM OMa, HeTpy.n:-
HO IlOD,ClffiTaTb, 1
-ITO HaKaneHHaSl HHTb
JiaMnO'IKH HMeeT corrpOTHBJieHHe R =
= U/1 = 3,5/0.28 = 12,5 OM.
3To, IlOD,'IepKHBaJO, conpoTHBJieHHe Ha-
KaJieHHoit HHTH JiaMilOl{KH. A conpoTHBJie-
HHe OCTbIBllleH HHm 3Ha'IHTeJ1bHO MeHb-
llle.
3aKoH OMa crrpaBeD,JIHB He TOJibKO )].JISI
y11aCTKa, HO H AJISI BCeH 3JieKTpH11ecKoii ue-
TIH. B 3TOM CJiy11ae B 3Ha'leHHe R noD,CTa-
BJISieTCSl cyMMapHoe conpoTHBJieHne ecex
3JieMeHTOB uenH, B TOM llHCJie H BHyTpeH-
Hee corrpomBJieHHe HCTO'IHHKa ToKa. 0.n.-
HaKo rrpn rr,pocTeiiumx pac1JeTax ueneii
o6bI'IHO npeHe6peraIOT conpOTHBJieHHeM
CoeD,HHHTeJibHbIX rrpoBOD,HHKOB H BHyTpeH-
HHM corrponrnJieHHeM HCTO'IHliKa TOKa.
B CBSl3H C 3THM npHBeD,y eme OD,HH npn-
Mep. Harrpsr:)KeHHe :meKTpoOCBeTHTeJibHOH
CeTH 220 B. KaKoii TOK noTe11eT e uenu,
eCJIH conpoTHBJieHHe HarpyJKH paBHO
1000 OM? PellleHne: I = U /R -=
= 220/1000 = 0,22 A. IlpnMepHo TaKoit
TOK noTpe6nsr:eT 3JieKTpn11eCKHH nasr:JibHHK.
BceMI-I 3THMH <t>opMyJiaMH, BbITeKaIOIUH-
MH If3 3aKOHa OMa, MO)KHO ITOJib30BaTbCSI
n AJISI pac1JeTa uerreii rrepeMeHHoro ToKa,
HO rrpH yCJIOBHH, eCJIH B uensr:x HeT KaTy-
llleK HH.llYKTHBHOCTH H KOHD,eHCaTopoB.
Tenepb paCCMOTpHM TaKOH Bonpoc: KaK
BJIHSieT Ha TOK pe3HCTOp, BKJIIO'laeMbIH
B uerrb nocJieD,oBal eJibHO C Harpy3KOH HJIH
napanneJibHO ei1:?
Pa36epeM TaKoii npHMep. Y Hae HMeeT-
csr: naMno11Ka OT Kpyrnoro 3JieKTpnqecKoro
<lxmapsr:, pacc~mTaHHasr Ha Hanpsr:)l(eHue
2,5 B n TOK 0,075 A. Mo)KHO JIH IlHTaTb
:ny JiaMnOIJ:KY OT 6aTapen 3336JI, HaIJ:aJib-
Hoe Hanpsr:)KeHne KOTopoH 4,5 B? HeTpyD,-
HO no.n:CIJ:HTaTb, 'ITO HaKaJieHHasr: HHTb
3TOH naMnO'IKH HMeeT conpoTHBJieHHe He-
MHOfHM 6oJibllle 30 OM. ECJIH )Ke ITHTaTb
ee OT CBe)l(eii. 6aTapen 3336JI, To qepe3
HHTb HaKana JiaMnOIIKH, no 3aKoHy OMa,
noii,neT TOK, noIJ:TH B~oe npeBbllliaIO-
lIDIH TOT TOK, Ha KOTOpbrn OHa pacc~nna-
Ha. TaKOH neperpy3KH HHTb He BbI,Uep)KHT,
OHa nepeKaJIHTCSl H pa3pyllIHTCSI. Ho 3TY
JiaMrrOIJ:KY Bee )l(e MO)KHO mffaTb OT 6aTa-
peH 336JI, eCJIH IlOCJieD,OBaTeJibHO B uenb
BKJIIO'llffb D,o6aBO'IHblH pe3HCTOP conpo-
59
 BO'IHhlM pe3HCTOpOM HJIH, K8K roBOpSIT,
na.uaeT Ha HeM, 6y,neT TeM 66JibllIH.M, 1:leM
6oJibllle conpoTHBJieHHe 3Toro pe3HCTopa.
3Hast TOK H conpoTHBJieHne ,no6aBO'IHoro
pe3HCTOpa, na.ueHHe Hanpst)KeHll.SI Ha HeM
nerKO TIO.D,C'IHTaTh no 3H8KOMOH Te6e <t>op-
H Z,58X0,075A
Myne U = IR. 3.uecb U - na.uem1e HanpSI)Ke-
HHst, B; I -TOK B uen11, A; R - conpoT11Bne-
Hne ,.rJ.o6aBO':IHOro pe3HCTopa, OM.
IlpnMeHHTeJibHO K HarneMy npH.Mepy
pe3HCTOp R (pHC. 53) norac1rn H36bITOK
Hanpst)KeHHSI: U = IR = 0,08 • 25 = 2 B.
OcTaJlhHOe Hanpst)KeHne 6aTapeH, paBHOe
npH6JIH3HTeJibHO 2,5 B, na.uano Ha HHTH
naMilO':IKH.
Heo6X01IHMoe conpoTHBJieHHe pe3HCTO-
pa MO)KHO HaHTH no ,npyroii 3HaKOMOH Te-
Pnc. 53. .D:o6aBO'IHhlH pe3JICTOp, BKJIJO'IeHHblH 6e <t>opMyne R = U/I, rne R-HCKOMoe co-
B uenb, orpaHJI'IJIBaeT TOK B )TOH uenJI npoTHBJieHHe ,no6aBO'IHOro Pe3HCTopa,
OM; U - Harrpst)KeHHe, KoTopoe Heo6xo,nH-
n-1BJiem1eM 25 OM, KaK :no noKa3aHo Ha MO noracHTh, B; I - TOK B uenH, A. ,[(m1
pHC. 53. B 3TOM cny1:1ae o6mee conpoTH- Halllero npHMepa (pHc. 53) corrpoTHBJieHHe
BJieHHe BHerrrneii uenH 6y,.rJ.eT paBHo □pH­ no6aBO':IHOro pe3HCTopa paBHO: R =
MepHo 55 OM, T. e. 30 OM- conpoTHBJ1e- = U/I = 2/0,075';:;;;,27 OM. l13Memrn co-
HHe HHTH naMITO':IKH H rrmoc 25 OM - co- npoTHBJieHHe, MO)KHO YMeHblllaTb HJIH
rrponrnneHHe no6aBO-"IHoro pe3HCTopa R. YBeJIHIJHBaTb HanpSl)KeHHe, KOTopoe na-
B uerrH, cne,noBaTeJTbHo, rroTe1:1eT TOK, naeT Ha ,no6aBO':IHOM pe31l.CTOpe, ll. TaKHM
paBHbIH rrpHMepHO 0,08 A, T. e. TIO':ITH Ta- o6pa3oM perymipoBaTh TOK B rrenH.
KOH )Ke, Ha KOTOpbIH paCC':IHTaHa HHTh Ha- Ho no6aBo'IHhiii pe3HCTop R B TaKoii
Kana naMITO':IKH. 3Ty JI8Mil0':1Ky MO)KHO uenH MO)KeT 6hlfb nepeMeHHbIM, T. e. pe3H-
IlHT8Tb OT 6aTapeM H C 6onee BblCOKHM CTopoM, conpOTHBJieHHe KOToporo MO)KHO
Ha□pst)KeHHeM H na)Ke oT 3neKTpoocBeTH- H3MeHSITb (pHC. 54). B 3TOM cny1:1ae C no-
1 enhHoii ceTH, ecnH rro,no6paTh pe3HCTop MOlUhlO .UBJl.)KKa pe3MCTopa MO)KHO IIJlaB-
COOTBeTCTBy10wero conpOTHBJieHHSI. HO ll.3MeHSITb HanpSl)KeHHe, IlOlIBO.l].HMOe
3TOM npHMepe no6aBO':IHhlH pe3HCT0p
B K Harpy3Ke H, a 3Ha'IHT, nnaBHO perynH-
orpaHH"IHBaeT TOK B uenH no Hy)KHoro poBaTh TOK, npoTeKaJOI.I{HH qepe3 3TY Ha-
HaM 3Ha':leHHSI. 4eM 6oJibllle 6y,neT ero co- rpy3Ky. BKJIJO'leHHhIH TaKHM o6pa3oM
rrpoTHBJieHHe, TeM MeHhllle 6y,.rJ.eT u TOK nepeMeHHbIH pe3HCTOp Ha3bIBaJOT peocTa-
B ueTIH. B ,naHHOM CJiy'Iae B uenb 6bIJIO TOM. C II0MO~hlO peoCTaTOB perynHpyioT
BKn101:1eHo rrocne,noBaTeJihHO D,Ba corrpoTH- TOKH B uenSIX rrpHeMHMKOB H ycmrnTeneii:.
BJieHHSI: corrpoTHBJieHHe H:HTH JiaMTIOlJ:KH Bo MHOrHX KHHOTeaTpax peocTaTbl HC-
H corrpoTHBJieH11e pe3HCTopa. A np11 no- IlOJlh3YJOT .llJISI unaBHoro rallleHll.SI CBeTa
cJie,noBaTeJihHOM coe,.rJ.HHeHll.H conpoTHBne- B 3pHTeJibHOM 33Jle.
HHii TOK O.D,MH8KOB BO BCex TO'IKax uerrH. Ecrh, o,.rJ.HaKo, 11 npyron cnoco6 rron-
Mo)KHO BKJIIO'l8Tb aMrrepMeTp B n106yio KJI10qemrn Harpy3KH K HCTO':IHll.KY ToKa
1O'1Ky uenH, " BCIO.llY OH 6y,neT IIOK83bl- C ll.36bITO':IHblM Hanpst)l{eHHeM -TO)l{e C no-
BaTb OJI.HO 3Ha'leHll.e. 3To SIBJieHHe MO)KHO MOlUhlO rrepeMeHHoro pe3HCTopa, HO
cpaBHHTb C TIOTOKOM B0.Z:U,I B peKe. PycJio BKJUO':leHHoro noTeHQHOJvteTpoM, T. e. ,.rJ.e-
peKll. Ha pa3JIH':IHhIX yqacTKaX MO)KeT 6h1Th JIHTeJieM Ha□pst)KeHHSI, KaK □oKa3aHO Ha
lllll.poKll.M HJIH Y3Kll.M, rny6oKHM mrn MeJI-
KHM. O1maKo 3a onpeneneHHhIH npoMe)Ky-
T0K BpeMenH 1:1epe3 □onepeqHoe ce1:1eHHe
n106oro yqacTKa pycna peKH Bcerna npo-
xo,nHT O.D,HH8KOBOe KOJIH'leCTBO BO)],bl.
}],o6aBo'IHbiii: pe3HCTop, BKJI101:1aeMhiii
B ue□b nocJie,noBaTeJibHO C Harpy3KOH
(KaK, HanpHMep, Ha pHC. 53), MO)KHO pac-
___+_~-~---
CMaTpll.B8Tb KaK pe3HCTOp, «raCSllUll.H»
CB ~.58
1:1ac1 h Hanpst)KeHHst, ,neikTBy10~ero B uenH. Puc. .54. Pery JIHPOBaHne ToKa B u.enn c no-
Hanpst)Kem1e, KoTopoe racHTCSI ,no6a- MO~hIO pe3JICTOpa

60

P11c 55 Peryn11posatt11e Hanp»)Kettm1 Ha Ha-
rpy3Ke R2 QenH C Il0M0I.QblO nepeMeHH0r0 pe-
3HCTOpa Rl
pile. 55. 3,n:ecb R 1 pe3HCTOp, BKJIIOtieHHbIM
IlOTeHI..{HOMeTpOM, a R2- Harpy3Ka, KOTO-
poii MO)KeT 6bITb Ta )Ke JiaMilOtIKa HaKa-
JIHBaHHSI HJIH KaKOM-TO .n:pyroii npH6op.
Ha pe3MCTope Rl rrpOMCXOJJ:HT rra,n:eHHe
HanpSI)KeHHR HCTOtIHHKa TOKa, KOTOpoe qa-
CTHtIHO HJIH IIOJIHOCTblO MO)KeT 6bITb no-
,n:aHO K Harpy3Ke R2. Kor.n:a .D:Blf)KOK pe-
3HCTopa HaXOJJ:HTCSI B Kpaii:HeM HH)KHeM
IlOJIO)KeHHH, K Harpy3Ke HanpSI)KeHHe BO-
o6me He no,n:aeTcsi (ecJIH :no naMnOtIKa,
oHa ropcrh He 6y.n:eT). no Mepe nepeMe-
meHHSI ,llBH)KKa pe3HCTopa BBepx MbI 6y-
.neM no,n:aaaTh ace 6oJihIIIee HanpSI)KeHHe
K Harpy3Ke R2 (eCJIH 3TO JiaMilOtIKa. ee
HHTb 6yne-r HaKaJIHBaThCR). Kor,n;a )Ke ,ll;BH-
)KOK pe3MCTOpa Rl OKa)KeTCSI B KpaiiHeM
aepxHeM IlOJIO)KeHHH, K Harpy3Ke R2 6y,n:eT
no.n;aHO ace HaIIpSI)KeHHe HCTOtIHJIKa TOKa
(ecnH R2-naMTIOtIKa KapMaHHoro <l>oHapSI,
a HanpSI)KeHHe HCTOtIHHKa TOKa 60JibIIIOe,
HlITb JiaMilOtIKll neperop1n). MO)KHO Oilbl-
THhIM nyTeM HaMTll TaKoe IIOJIO)KtHMe
.lIBIDKKa nepeMeHHOro pe3HCTOpa, IIpH KO-
TopoM K Harpy3Ke 6y ,n:eT no,n:aHo Heo6xo-
,n:HMoe eii Hanpsi)KeHJie.
TiepeMeHHbie pe3HCTOpbI, BKJIJOtiaeMhie
IlOTeHl.{HOMeTpaMH, nmpoKO HCITOJib3YIOT
J],JISI perynnpoaaHHR rpOMKOCTH B rrpHeM-
HHKaX II ycHJIHTeJISIX 3q_
Pe3HCTOp MO)KeT 6hITb Henocpe,n:CTBeH-
HO IIO.lIKJIJOtieH napaJIJieJibHO Harpy3Ke.
B TaKOM cnyqae TOK Ha 3TOM yqacTKe Qe-
Illl pa3aeTBJISle-ICSI ll HJJ:eT .lIBYMSI napaJI-
JieJihHbIMH nyTSIMll: qepe3 .n:o6aaotIHhIM pe-
3HCTOp 11 OCHOBHYIO Harpy3Ky. Han60Jib-
IllHH TOK 6y ,n:eT a Bel Bil c HaHMeHbllllIM
corrponrnneHHeM. CyMMa )Ke TOKOB o6eMx
eeTeeii 6y.lieT paeHa T0KY, pacxo,n:yeM0MY
Ha IlMTaHHe BHeIIIHeii uenJI.
K napaJJJieJibHOMY coe,n:HHeHHIO np116e-
ra10T B Tex cnyqasix, Kor,n:a Han,o orpaH11-
q11Th TOK He BO aceii: l.{eilH, KaK rrpH IlOCJie-
,llOBaTeJihHOM BKJIJOtieHHH no6aBOtIHoro
pe3HCTopa, a TOJihKO B KaKOM-TO yqacTKe
ee. .D:o6aBOtIHhie pe3MCTOpbI IlOllKJIJOtiaJOT'
ttanpHMep, rrapanneJihHO MHJIJIHaMTiepMe-
TpaM, qTo6hI HMH MO)KHO 6b1JIO II3MepSITb
60JibIIIHe TOKH. TaKHe pe3HCTOpbl Ha3bI-
aaJOT IIIYHTMpy10m11M11 HJI11 IIIYHTaMH.
Cnoao wyHT 03HatiaeT «OTBeTBJieHHe».
I1H,D;YKTI1BHOE COTIPOTI1BJIEHI1E
B Qen11 rrepeMeHHoro TOKa Ha 3Ha tieHHe
TOKa BJIJISieT He TOJibKO conpOTHBJieHHe
npOBO,ll;HJIKa, BKJIIOtieHHOro B Qenb, HO
II ero lIHAJKTHBHOCTh. Ilo3TOMY B uernIX
nepeMeHHoro TOKa pa3JIHllaJOT TaK Ha3bl-
eaeMoe OMHtiecKoe HJIH aKmue1we conpo-
mue11eHue, onpe.n:ensieMoe caoi1:cTBaMH Ma-
Tep11a11a npOBO.lIHJIKa, H UH0yKmU61lOe co-
npomue11eHue, onpe,n:enSieMoe HHJJ:YKTHB-
HOCThJO npOBOJJ:HHKa. TipHMOH npOBOJJ.HHK
o6na,n;aeT cpaBHHTeJihHO He6oJibllIOM HH-
nyKTHBHOCTblO. Ho eCJIH 3TOT npOBOJJ,HHK
caepHyTh B KaTYIIIKY' ero HH.lIYKTHBHOCTb
yaeJIHtIHTCSI. TipH 3TOM yeeJIHtIHTCSI II co-
rrpOTHBJieHHe, OKa3bIBaeMoe HM rrepeMeH-
HOMY TOKy,-TOK B uerr11 yMeHblllHTCSI.
C yaeJIHtieHHeM tiaCTOTbl TOKa HH.D:YKTHB-
HOe conpOTHBJieHHe KaTylllKH TO)Ke yaenH-
tIHBaeTCSI.
3arrOMHH: conpomue11eHue KamyiuKu UH-
oy,amteHocmu nepeMeHHOMy moKy eo3pa-
cmaem c yee11ulleHueM ee uHOyKmueHocmu
u llacmombl npoxoORUJe20 no Heu moKa.
3To CBOMCTBO KaTyIIIKH HCilOJib3YIOT
B pa3JIHtIHhIX Qensix npHeMHHKOB, Kor.n:a
Tpe6ycrcSI orpaHH'IHTb TOK BblCOKOM qa-
CTOTbl HJIM BhI.lieJIHTb KOJie6aHHSI BhICOKOM
qacTOTbl, B BbIIIpHMHTeJIRX nepeMeHHoro
TOKa 11 BO MHOrHX ,n;pyr11x cny11aRX, C KO-
TOpbIMH Te6e IIpH.D:eTCSI IIOCTOSl"HHO CTaJI-
KHBaTbCSI Ha npaKTHKe.
E,n;HHHl.{eM HH.D:YKTHBHOCTH SIBJISleTCSI
reHpH (rH). I1HAJKTHBHOCTblO l rH o6na-
,n:acr TaKaSI KaTyIIIKa, y KOTOpOH npH H3-
MeHeHHH TOKa B Heii Ha I A a TetieHHe 1 c
pa3BHBaeTCSI 3.D:C caMOlIH.UYKUHH, paB-
HaSI l B. 3Toi1: e,n:HHHl.{eii IIOJib3YIOTCSI J],JISI
onpe,n:eneHHSI HH.D;YKTHBHOCTH KaTyllleK,
KOTOpbie BKJIJO'iaJOT B QeIIH TOKOB 3BYKO-
BOM tiaCTOTbl. l1HAJKTHBHOCTb KaTyllleK,
IICilOJih3yeMbIX B KOJie6aTeJihHblX KOHTY-
pax, H3MepRIOT B TbICSltIHblX JJ:OJISIX reHpH,
Ha3hIBaeMbIX MHJIJIHreHpH (MrH), HJIH eme
B ThICSitIY pa3 MeHbIIIeii e,n:HHHUeii - MHKpo-
reHpH (MKrH).
MOlllHOCTh I1 PAEOTA TOKA
Ha HarpeB HHTH HaKaJia 3JieKTp1111ecKOM
HJIII 3JieKTpOHHOH JiaMilhI, 3JieKipOnaRJib-
HHKa, 3JieKTpOilJIHTKH HJIII HHOro rrpH6opa
3aTpatIIIBaeTCSI HeKOTopoe KOJIHtieCTBO
3JieKTp03HeprHH. 3Ty 3HeprHJO, OT,n:aeae-
MYJO HCTOtIHHKOM TOKa (1rn11 nonyqaeMyJO
OT Hero Harpy3KOM) B TetieH11e 1 c, Ha3bI-
BaJOT MOll.lHOCTbJO TOKa. 3a e,n:HHHUY
MOlllHOCTll TOKa npMHSIT BaTT (BT). BaTT-
3TO MOll.lHOCTh, KOTopy10 pa3BHBaeT no-
61
CTOSIHHhIR TOK 1 A npH aanpsDKCHHH 1 B.
B <t>opMyJiaX MOII.J.HOCTb TOKa o603HaqaJOT
JiaTMHCKOR 6yI<Boii p (qHTaeTCSI «Il3>>).
3JICKTpffqecKyIO MOIUHOCTb e eaTTax no-
Jiyqa10T YMHO)KCHHeM HanpR)KCHHR B BOJlh-
Tax Ha TOK B aMncpax, T. c.
P=U-1.
ECJIH, Hanpmtcp, HCTOqHHK IlOCTOmIHO-
ro TOKa HanpIDKCHHCM 4,5 B C03,UaCT B u.c-
IlH TOK 0,1 A, TO MOII.J.HOCTb TOKa 6y.ucT:
=
P = U •I= 4.5 •0,1 0,45 BT. TioJih3YRCh
3TOH <t>opMyJioii, MO)KHO, Hanpmtcp, no.u-
cqHTaTb MOIUHOCTh, norpe6JIRCMYIO JiaM-
noqKoii IlJIOCKoro KapMaHHoro <t>oHapa,
ecn11 3,5 B yMHO)KHTh Ha 0,28 A. TioJiyqHM
OKOJIO 1 BT.
lif3MCHHB :ny <t>opMyJiy TaK: I= P/U,
MO)KHO Y3HaTh TOK, npoTCKalOIUHH qepe3
3JICKTpHqccKHH np116op, CCJil1 H3BCCTHhI
noTpe6JISICMaR HM MOII.J.HOCTh 11 IlO,UBO,UH-
MOC K HCMY HanpSJ)KCHlfC. KaKOB, HailpH-
Mep, TOK, H.UYIUHH qepC3 3JICKTpHqccKHH
na.SIJihHHK, CCJIH H3BCCTHO, qTo npH HaDpSI-
)KCHHH 220 B OH noTpe6nae-r MOIUHOCTh
40 BT?
I= P/U = 40/220 ~ 0,18 A.
EcJIH H3BecTHhl TOK H conpoTHBJICHHC
UCilH, HO HCH3BCCTHO HanpIDKCHHC, MOIU-
HOCTb MO)l(HO IlOAC':IMTaTb no TaKOH <t>op-
MYJIC: p = 12R. Kor.ua )KC H3BeCTHbl Ha-
npR)KCHHC, .uciiCTey10mee B u.cnH, H conpo-
THBJICHHC 3TOH u.cnH, TO .um1 no.ncqcTa
MOIUHOCTH HCil0Jlh3YIOT TaKy10 <t>opMyJiy:
P = u2/R.
Ho eaTT-cpaBHlffeJibHO He60JiblllaH
C.UMHHUa MOII.J.HOCTH. Kor.ua npHXO,UHTCH
HMC'fb ,UeJio C 3JieKTpHqCCKJfMH ycrpoii-
CTBaMH, np116opaMH HJIH MaIIIHHaMH, no-
Tpe6JIRIOIUHMH TOKH B ,UCC.HTKH, COTHH aM-
nep, HCilOJlh3YIOT C.LIHHHUY MOIUHOCTH KH-
JIOBan (nHIIIyT KBT), paeny10 1000 BT.
MomHOCTH 3JICKTPOJlBHraTCJICH 3aBO,UCKHX
CTaHKOB, Hanpmtep, MoryT COCTaBJIRTh OT
necKOJihKHX C,UHHHU. .uo ,UCCRTKOB KHJIO-
BaTT.
KonHqCCTBCHHhIH pacxo.u 3JICKTp03HCp-
rHH 01.(CHHBalOT BaTT-CeKyH,UOH, xapaKTC-
pH3YIOII.J.CH C.UHHHUY 3Heprm1 - Jl)Koynh.
Pacxo.u 3JICKTpO3HCprHH onpe.ueJIRIOT YM-
HO)KCHHCM MOII.J.HOCTH, IlOTpe6JIRCMOH
npH6opoM, Ha BpeMR cro pa60Tbl B ceKyH-
.uax. EcJIH, HanpHMcp, naMnoqKa nJiocKoro
:mcKTp0qccKoro cpoHapHKa (ce MOIUHOCTh,
KaK Thi ~ c 3Haellih, OKOJIO 1 BT) ropeJia
25 c, 3HaqHT, pacxo.u 3HCprHH COCTaBHJI
25 BaTT-CCKYHJl. 0.uHaKO eaTT-CCKYH)la -
BCJIHqMHa oqcHb MaJia.H. Tio3TOMY Ha
npa.KTHKC HCnOJih3yIOT 6oncc 1<pynHh1e
62
CJlliHHl.(bI pacxo.ua 3JICKTp03HcprHH: narr-
qac, rcKTOBarr-qac H KHJioBarr-qac.
1·ho6hI pacxo.u 3Hcprm1 6hIJI Bhipa)KCH
B earr-qacax HJIH KHJioearr-qacax, tty)KHO
COOTBCTCTBCHHO MOIUHOCTb B earrax HJIH
KHJIOBaTTaX YMHO)KHTb Ha BpeMH B qacax.
EcnH, HanpHMep, npH6op noTpe6nsie-r
MOII.J.HOCTb 0,5 KBT B TcqcHHC 2 q, TO pac-
XO)l 3HCprHH COCTaBHT 0,5. 2 = 1 KBT. q;
1 KBT • q 3HcprHH 6y.ucT TaK)KC H3pacxo.uo-
eaH, CCJIH I.(Cilb 6y)lCT IlOTpe6JIHTb (mm
pacxo.uoeaTb) MOIUHOCTb 2 KBT n TcqcHHC
nonyqaca, 4 KBT e TcqcHHC qCTBepTH qaca
H T. ,U. 3JICKTpHqecKHR cqe-rqHK, YCTaHO-
BJICHHhIH B )lOMC HJIH KBapTHpe, TllC Thi
)KHBCIIIb, yqHTbIBaCT pacxo.u 3JICKTp03Hep-
rHH B KHJIOBaTT-qacax. YMHO)KHB IlOKa3a-
HHH cqcTqHKa Ha CTOHMOCTh 1 KBT · q
(4 KOil. ), Thi Y3HaClIJb, Ha KaKy10 cyMMY H3-
paCXO,UOBaHO 3HCprHH 3a HC)leJIIO, Mee.Hu.
IlpH pa6oTC C raJibBaHHqcCKHMH 3JIC-
MCHTaMH HJIH 6aTapCHMH fOBOPRT 06 HX
3JICI<TpHqccKOH CMKOCTH B aMilCp-qacax,
KOTopaSI Bbipa)KaCTCH npOH3BC,UeHHeM 3Ha-
qcHHH pa3pR,UHOrO TOKa Ha )lJIHTCJlbHOCTb
pa60Tbl B qacax. HaqaJibHaH eMKOCTb 6a-
TapeH 3336Jl, Harrp11Mep 0,5 A- q_ Ilo.ucqH-
Taii: CKOJihKO epeMCHH 6y.ue-r 6aTapea HC-
npcpbIBHO pa6oTaTb, CCJIH pa3pIDKaTb ee
TOKOM 0,28 A (TOK JiaMiloqKH <t>oHap»)?
IlpHMcpHo o.UHH 11 TpH qcTecpn1 qaca. Ec-
JIH )KC 3TY 6aTape10 pa3pIDKaTb 6oncc HH-
TCHCHBHO, HanpHMCp, TOKOM 0,5 A, OHa
6y)lCT pa6oTaTb MCHblIJC 1 q_ TaKHM o6pa-
30M, 3HaR CMKOCTb faJibBaH11qecKoro 3Jie-
MCHTa HJIH 6aTapCH H TOKH, IlOTpC-
6m1CMbIC HX Harpy3KaMH, MO)KHO no.ucqH-
TaTb npHMCpHoe epCMR, B TcqcHHC KOTOpo-
ro 6y.UYT pa6oTaTh 3TH XHMHqecmc HC-
ToqHHKH TOKa.
HaqaJihHaR CMKOCTh, a TaK)KC peKOMeH-
D.YCMbIH pa3pR,UHhlH TOK HJIH conpoTHBJIC-
HHC BHCIIIHCR I.(CilH, orrpe,UCJIRIOIUee pa3-
pHJlHhIH TOK 3JICMCHTa HJIH 6aTapeH,
yKa3blBal-OT HHOr.ua Ha HX 3THKCTKax HJIH
B cnpaeoqHoii JIHTCpaTypc.
TPAHC<I>OPMAQMJJ TIEPEMEHHO-
ro TOKA
TicpeMCHHhIH TOK BblfO,UHO OTJIHqaeTCH OT
IlOCTORHHOro TOKa TCM, TIO OH xopollio
IlOMaCTCR TpaHc<t>opMHpOBaHHJO, T . C.
npeo6paJoeaHHIO TOKa OTHOCHTCJlbHO BhJ-
COKoro HanpIDKCHHH B TOK 6once HH3Koro
aanpR)KCHHR, HJI11 Hao6opoT. TpaHc<t>op-
MaTopbI Il03BOJIRIOT nepeAaBaTb ncpe-
MCHHhIH TOK no npOBO)laM Ha 60JihlIJHC
paCCTORHHH C Ma:m,IMH IlOTCpHMH 3HCprHH.
.[(Jisi: :noro nepeMeHHoe HanpIDKeHne, BhI-
pa6aThIBaeMoe Ha 3JieKTpoCTaHI.lHSIX reHe-
paTopaMH, C noMOIUblO TpaHcq>OpMaTOpOB
noBbIIllalOT AO HanpSI)KeHHSI B HeCKOnhKO
COTeH TbICSllf BOJibT H «IlOCbIJiaIOT» no JIH-
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B JI3TI npn OAHOH H Toii )Ke nepeAaBae-
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H cenax Ha paCCTOS1HHH COTeH H TbICSllf KH-
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)KeHHe noHJI)KaJOT TpaHc<}lopMaTopaMH AO
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notIKH ocaemeHHSI, 3JieKTpo,n;anraTem1
H Apyrne 3neKTpH1-IecKHe npH60pbI.
TpaHc<t>opMaTOpbI nrn:poKO np1-1MeHSIIOT
H B paAHOTeXHl-IKe.
CxeMaTHlfecKoe yCTpOHCTBO npoCTeH.llle-
ro TpaHcq>opMaTopa noKa3aHo Ha pnc. 56.
OH COCT0HT H3 ABYX KaTyllleK H3 H30nnpo-
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6paHHbIH H3 IlJiaCTHH cneuHaJibHOH, TaK
Ha3brnaeMOM TpaHcqiopMa TOpHOH CTaJIH.
O6MOTKH TpaHcq>OpMaTopa H3o6pa)KaJOT
Ha cxeMaX TaK )Ke, KaK KaTyIIIKH HH.llyK-
THBHOCTH, a MarmnonpoBOA - nHHHeH Me-
)KLJ:y HHMH. .D:eiiCTBHe TpaHc<}lopMaTopa
OCHOBaHO Ha SIBJieHHH 3 JieKTpoMarHHTHOH
HHAYKUHH. TiepeMeHHbIH TOK, TeKyIIUIH no
OLJ:HOH H3 o6MOTOK TpaHC<}lopMaTopa, co-
3AaeT BOKpyr Hee H B MarHHTOnpoao.ue
nepeMeHHoe MarHHTHoe none. 3To none
nepeceKaeT BHTKH ,ll,pyroii o6MOTKR TpaHC-
<}lopMaTopa, 1m.nyLU-1pysi: B Heil nepeMeHHoe
HanpSI)I(eHHe TOH )Ke 1-IaCTOTbl. EcJIH K 3TOH
o6MOTKe Il0AKJIIOlfHTb KaKyIO-nH60 Ha-
rpy3KY, HanpHMep naMny HaKamrnaHHSI, TO
B nony11HBII1eiicsi: 3aM KHyToii uenH noTetieT
nepeMeHHbIH TOK - naMna craHeT ropeTb.
O6MOTKY, K KOTOpoii nOABO).{HTCSI nepe-
MeHHoe Hanpsi:)KeHtte, rrpeJJ.Ha3HatiaeMoe
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a.) oJ
PHc. 56. TpaHc<}>opMaTop c MarHHTOnpOBO,O:OM
H3 CTanH:
a - y cTpOHCTBO B ynporn;eHHOM BH,ne; 6- cxeMa-
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6U'-l1·WU, a o6MOTKY, B KOTopoii HHAYUH-
pycrcsi: nepeMeHHoe Hanpsi:)KeHHe- emopull-
1-1.ou.
HanpIDKeHHe, KOTopoe rronyqaeTcsi: Ha
KOHI.{aX BTOpHtIHOH o6MOTKH, 3aBHCHT OT
COOTHOllleHHSI 1-IHcen BHTKOB s o6MOTKaX.
TipH OAHHaKOBOM 1-IHCJie BHTKOB HanpsDKe-
HHe Ha BTOpHtIHOH o6MOTKe npH6nH3H-
TenhHO paBHO HanpIDKeHHIO, no,n;BeAeHHO-
MY K nepBHlfHOH o6MOTKe. ECJIH BTOpHtI-
HaSI o6MOTKa TpaHC<})OpMaTopa COAep)KHT
MeHbllJee 1-IHCJIO BHTKOB, qeM nepBHlfHaSI,
TO II Hanpsi:)Kem-1e ee MeHbIIIe, lleM ttarrpsi:-
)KeHHe, IlO)lBO)lHMOe K nepBH1IHOH o6MOT-
Ke. 11 Hao6opoT, eCJIH BTOpHtIHaSI o6MOTKa
COAep)KHT 6onhIIIe BHTKOB, 1-IeM nepBHll-
HaSI, TO pa3BirnaeMoe B Heii: HanpIDKeHHe
6yAeT 6onhIIIe HanpIDKeHHSI, n0ABO).{HMoro
K nepBH1IHOii: o6MOTKe. B nepBOM CJiyqae
TpaHc<}lopMarop 6yAeT TIOHH)KaTb, BO
BTOpOM IlOBbllllaTh nepeMeHHoe Harrpsi:-
)KeHHe.
Hanpsi:)KeHHe, HHAYUHpyeMoe BO BTO-
ptttIHOii: o6MOTKe, MO)KHO AOBOnhHO T01IHO
nOAC1IHTaTh no OTHOIJJeHIUO 1IHcen BHTKOB
06MOTOK rpaHc<}lopMaTopa: BO CKOnhKO
pa3 oHa HMeeT 6onhIIIee (mm MeHblllee)
1IHCJIO BHl KOB no cpaaHeHRJO C 'IHCnoM
BHTKOB nepBH1IHOH o6MOTKH, BO CTOnhKO
)Ke pa3 Harrpsi:)Kettne Ha Heil 6yAeT 6om,llle
(mm MeHhIIIe) no cpaBHeHHIO c HanpS1)Ke-
HtteM, n0ABOAHMbIM K nepBHlfHOii: o6MOT-
Ke. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJIH OAHa o6MOTKa
TpaHc<}lopMaTopa HMeeT 1000 BHTKOB,
a BTOpasi: 2000 BHTKOB, TO, BKJIIOlfHB nep-
BYIO o6MOTKY B ceTh n ep eMeHHor o TOKa
C HanpIDKeHHeM 220 B, Mbl nony11HM BO
BTOpoii: o6MOTKe HaIIpIDKeHHe 440 B - :no
nOBbllllalOIUHH TpaHC(pOpMaTop. ECJIH )Ke
HaIIpIDKeHtte 220 B noABecTH K o6MOTKe,
HMeIOmeii 2000 BHTKOB, TO s o6MOTKe, co-
Aep)Kameii: 1000 BHTKOB, Mbl nony1IHM Ha-
rrpSI)KeHHe 110 B - 3TO noHH)KaIOIIIHH
TpaHc<}lopMaTop. O6MOTKa, HMe10ma51
2000 BHTKOB, B nepBOM cnyqae 6yJJ.eT BTO-
pHtIHOH, a BO BT0pOM cnyqae- nepBH1IHOH.
Ho, rronh3YSICb TpaHc<}lopMaTopoM, Thi
He )],On)KeH 3a61,1eaTh O TOM, qTo MOlll-
H0CTb TOKa (P = u. I), K0T opyIO MO)KHO
nony'IHTb B uenH BTOpHtIHOH o6MOTKH,
HHKOrJJ,a He npeBbIIIIaeT MOIUHOCTH TOKa
nepBHlfHOH o6MOTKH. 3 T o 3HatIHT, 1-ITO rro-
JIY1IHTb OT BT OpHtIHOH 06MOTKH OAHY H T Y
)Ke MOIUHOCTb MO)KHO, nOBbIIIIasi: HarrpSl)Ke-
HHe H yMeHhIIIaSI TOK, JIH6o IIOTpe6n si:.H OT
Hee noHH)KeHHoe Harrpsi:)KeHHe rrpH yaen H-
1-IeHHOM TOKe. C n eAOBaTenhHO, IIOBbIIIIaSI
Ha rrpsi:)KeHHe MhI npoHrphrnaeM B 3Haqemm
TOKa, a Bhrnrphrna si: B 3 Ha1IeHHH TOKa, 06si:-
3aTen bHO rrpoHrphrnaeM B HaIIpIDKeHHH.
63
 )lJrn mrramrn pa.n:11oannapaTypb1 OT ce-
™nepeMeHHoro TOKa qaCTO HCilOnh3YIOT
TpaHccpopMaTOpbI C HeCKOJibKMMII BTO-
p11qHbIMII o6MOTKaMH C pa3nllqHbIM lflIC-
noM BIITKOB. C IlOMO[UblO TaKHX TpaHC-
cpopMaTOpOB, Ha3bIBaCMbIX CCTCBbIMII, 11n11
TpaHccpopMaTopaMH n11raH11». nonyqa10T
HCCKOnhKO HanpIDKCHMH, IllITaIOIUIIX pa3-
HbIC QCillI.
Ha116onhIIIaH MO[UHOCTb TOKa, KOTOpaSI
MO:>KCT 6bITb TpaHccpopMHpOBaHa, 3aBHCIIT
01 pa3Mepa MarHmonpoBo,n:a TpaHccpop-
MaTopa 11 ,n:11aMeTpa npoBo,n:a, 113 KoTopo-
ro BblilOnHCHbI o6MOTKII. qeM 6onbIIIC
o6bCM MarHHTOilpOBO,n:a, TCM 6onb11IaH
MO[UHOCTb ToKa MO:>KCT 6bITb TpaHccpop-
MHpoBaHa. TipaKTHqeCKII :>Ke B TpaHccpop-
MaTope acer,n:a 6ecnone3HO Tepxercx
qacTb MOlllHOCTII. Tio3TOMY MOlllHOCTb
B nenH BTOpllqHOH o6MOTKII (mm cyMMa
MOlllHOCTeii, nonyqaeMbIX OT BCCX BTO-
p11qHblX 06MOTOK) BCCTJia HCCKOnbKO
MCHbllIC MO[UHOCTII, norpe6nxeMOH
BlfqHoii o6MOTKOH.
Ho mpa1tc<fiopMqtnOpbl no-
3ailOMHH:
cmO.RHHblU moK He mpa11c<fiopMupy10m. Ec-
n11, O,UHaKO, B nepBIIqHOH o6MoTKe TpaHC-
cpopMaTopa TeqeT nynhCHpy10m11ii TOK. TO
BO BTOpliqHoii o6MOTKC 6y,n:eT lfHJzylllIPO-
BaTbCSI nepeMeHHOC HanpH:>KCHIIC, qacTOTa
KOToporo paBHa qacTOTC nynhcaQHH TOKa
B nepBHqHOH o6MOTKC. 3To CBOllCTBO
TpaHccpopMaTopa IICilOnb3YCTCH ,UJIH
.UYKTIIBHOM CBH31I MC)l(Jly pa3HbIMII uemi:-
MH, pa3,n:eneHMH nynhCHpy10mero TOKa Ha
ero cocTaenx10m11e 0 pH.Ila .n:pyr11x ueneil,
0 KOTOpbIX pa3r0B0p 6y,n:CT enepe,n:11.
Bee TpaHccpopMaTOpbl co CTaJibHhIMII
MarH1uonpoBo.n:aM11 11 MarH11Tonpoeo.n:a-
MM 113 :>KCnC30HHKeneBbIX cnnaBOB (nep-
MaJinox) Ha3bIBaIOT HII3KoqacTOTHhIMII
TpaHccpopMaTopaMH, TaK KaK OHII
ro,n:Hbl TOnhKO ,n:nx rrpeo6pa30BaH11» nepe-
MCHHoro HanpH:>KCHHH HII3KoqaCTOTHoro
.n:11ana30Ha. Ha CXCMax HII3KO'IBCTOTHbIC
PHc. 57. BbICOKOtJaCTOTHbie TpaHcipopMaTOpbl
6e3 cep,ne'IHHKOB (cneBa KaTylllKH TpaHc<pop-
MaTopa C 06ll(HM KapKaCOM; cnpaBa - KaTylIIKM
1paHe<pOpMaTopa Ha OT,neJlhHhIX °Kapxacax;
B ueHrpe -- o6o3Ha1Jett11e Ha cxeMax}
64
TpaHccpopMaTOpbI o603HaqaIOT 6yKBOH T,
a MX o6MOTK1I-pMMCKMMl1 n11cppaM1I.
TipHHQIIIl ,n:eikTBIIH BbICOKoqacTOTHblX
TpaHccpopMaTopoB, npe,n:Ha3HaqaeMbIX AJISI
TpaHc<f>opMaUHII Kone6aHHH BbICOKOH qa-
CTOTbl, TaK:>KC OCHOBaH Ha '.:lnCKTpOMarHHT-
HOH MH.UYKUHII. 0HH MoryT 6hITb KaK
C cep,n:eqH11KaMH, TaK H 6e3 cep,n:eqHHKOB.
Hx o6MOTKII (KaTyllIKH) pacnonaraIOT Ha
O,UHOM HJIH pa3HbIX KapKacax, HO o6»3a-
TCnhHO 6nH3KO O.UHY K .n:pyroH (pHC. 57).
flpH IlOHBneHHH TOKa BbICOKOH qacTOTbI
B O,UHOH H3 KaTyIIICK BOKpyr HCC B03HII-
KaeT 6hICTponepeMCHHOC MarHHTHOe none,
KOTOpoe HH.UYllHpyeT BO BTOpOH KaTyIIIKC
HanpIDKCHIIC TaKOH :>Ke qacTOTbl. KaK H
B HM3KoqacTOTHbIX TpaHccpopMaropax, Ha-
npIDKCHMe BO BTOpMqHoii KaTyllIKC 3aBHCIIT
OT COOTHOIIICHMH q0cen BMTKOB B KaTyllI-
KaX.
):(nx ycm1eH1IH CBH3ii MC:>K,n:y KaTyllIKaMII
B BbICOKoqaCTOTHbIX TpaHccpopMaropax
nep- 11cnonb3YIOT cep,n:eqHIIKH B BM,Ue CTCp:>KHCH
HJIM Konen (pHC. 58), npe.n:cTaBnHIOmHe co-
6oii crrpeccoBaHHYIO Macey M3 HeMCTaJinM-
qecKnx MaTep11aJ10B. Mx Ha3bIBaIOT MarHH-
TO,UH3nCKTpnqecKHMll Hnll BbICOKoqa-
CTOTHbIMH cep,n:eqHI{KaMH. Ha116onee pac-
npocrpaHCHbI cpeppHTOBbIC cep,n:eqHifKH.
C O)lHHM H3 TaKHX cep)leqHIIKOB - cpeppH-
TOBblM crep:>KHeM - Thi y:>Ke HMen .n:eno BO
BTOpOH 6ecene. <l>eppHTOBblll cepneqHHK
IIH- He TOnbKO yc11nHBaeT CBH3b Me:>K,n:y KaTyllI-
KaMH, HO H IlOBbilllaer IIX IIH.n:JKTHBHOCTb,
Il03TOMY OHH MoryT HMeTb MCHbllIC BHT-
KOB no cpaBHCHHIO C KaTyIIIKaMH TpaHC-
cpopMaTopa 6e3 cep,n:eqHHKa.
MarHMTO,UH3JICKTpHqecKHll cep,n:eqHMK
BbICOKoqacTOTHoro TpaHccpopMaTopa He-
3aBHCHMO OT ero KOHCTPYKUMH H cpopMbl
o6o3Ha qa10r Ha cxeMax TaK :>Ke, KaK Mar-
np11- HHTonpoBo ,n: HH3KoqaCTOTHoro TpaHccpop-
MaTopa,- npHMOH nHHHCH MC)K)ly KaTyIII-
KaMH, a o6MOTKH, KaK 11 KaTyIIIKH HHJWK-
THBHOCTH,- naTHHCKHMH 6yKBaMH L.
Puc. 58. BbICOKOtJaCTOTHbie TpaHC<pOpMaTOpbl
C MarHMTO)IH3JJeKTp11tJeCKHMl,J cep,ne'JHMKaMM
(cneBa - co CTep:JI<:HeBbIM, cnpaBa C KOJJbUCBbIM
(ropoimaJihHbIM) cep,netJHMKOM)
P.E3:HCTOPbl 3Toro THna IlOKa3aHa B HeCKOJibKO yse.1111-
qeHHOM BH)],e Ha PHC. 59, a. Ero OCHOBOii
3-ro .uera.rrn, no)Ka.rryii, HaH6onee MHoro- CJIY)KHT KepaMHqecKa}l Tpy6Ka, Ha noBepx-
q11cneHHb1 B npHeMHHKax H yCHJlHTe.JUJX. HOCTb KOTOpoii HaHeceH cnoii cneUHa.llbHO-
B TpaH3HCTOpHOM npHeMHHKe cpe.uHeii ro CII.118B8, o6pa3y10mero TOKOilpOBO)],Sl-
CJlO)KHOCTH, HaIIpliMep, HX MO)KeT 6bITb my10 n.11eHKY TOJII..I.U1HOH 0, 1 MKM. y BbICO-
20- 25 IIITYK. 11cnonb3YIOT )Ke Hx .um1 KO0MHbIX pe3HCTOpOB 3T0T cnoii MO)KeT
orpaHHqeHHSI TOKa B uem1x, )lJlSI C03,LlaHHSI liMeTb $opMy CilHpaJIH. Ha K0HQbl CTep)K-
Ha OT)],eJibHblX yqacrKaX ueneii Ila)],eHHii HSI C TOKOilpOBO)],ruI.{HM IlOKpbITHeM Ha-
HanpSI)KeHHll, )lJlSI pa3)],eJieHHSI nyJibCHpy10- npeCCOB8Hbl MeTa.11n11qecKHe KOJIIla qKM,
mero TOKa Ha ero COCTaBJISIIOUlHe, )].)ISi pe- K KOTOpbIM npHsapeHbl KOHT8KTHbie Bbl-
rynHpOBaHHSI rpOMKOCTH, TeM6pa 3ByKa B0)],bl pe3HCTopa. Csepxy Kopnyc pe3HCTO-
11 T. )],. pa noKpbIT BnarocTOHKOii UBeTHOii
.[(JISI pe3HCTOpOB cpaBHHTeJibHO He6onh- 3MaJiblO.
IIIHX conpoTHBJieHHM, paccqHTaHHbIX Ha Pe311cropb1 MJIT 113roTOBJIS1IOT Ha
T0KH B HecKOJibK0 ,nec.HTKOB MHJl.JIHaMnep, MOIUHOCTl1 pacceSIHHSI 2, 1, 0 ,5, 0 ,25
HCil0Jih3YIOT TOHKYIO Ilp0B0JI0KY H3 HH- H 0.125 BT. :Hx o603HaqaIOT COOTBeT-
KeJIHHa, HHXpOMa H HeK0T0pbIX Apyr11x CTBeHHO: MJIT-2, MJIT-1, MJIT-0,5,
~1eTann11qecK11x cnnasos. 3To npoeo- MJIT-0.25 11 MJIT-0,125. BHelllHHii BH.Ll
AOl.l Hble pe3HCT0pbI. .[(nSI pe3HCT0p0B 3THX pe311crop0B H ycJIOBHbie H306pa)Ke-
60JiblIIHX conpOTHBJieHHii, paccq11TaHHbIX HHSI MO[UHOCTeii pacceSIHHSI Ha rrpHHUH-
Ha cpaBHHTeJibHO He6oJiblIIHe TOKH, HC- IIHa.llbHblX cxeMax IlOKa3aHbl Ha pHC. 59, 6
fl0Jlb3YIOT pa3n11qHbie CIIJiaBbl MeTa.JIJI0B H B. Co BpeMeHeM Thi HayqHIIIbCSI pacrro3-
11 yrnepo)],, K0T0pbie T0HKHMH CJIOSIMH Ha- HaBaTb MO[UHOCTH pacceSIHHSI pe3HCTOpOB
H0CSIT Ha H30JISIUH0HHbie MaTepHaJibl. 3TH no HX BHelllHeMy BH,Uy.
pe3HCTOpbl Ha3blBaIOT Henp060AO'I.HblMU Hau60JibIIIee B03MO)KHOC OTKJIOHCHHC
pe3HCTOpaMH. J],CHCTBHTCJib HOro conpOTHBJlCHHSI pe3H-
KaK rrp~BOJI0qHb1e, TaK H HenpoB0- cropa OT HOMHHa.llbHOro Bbipa)KaIOT
noqHbJe pe3HCT0pbl M0[yT 6b1Tb no- B rrpOI.~CHTaX. EcJm, HanpliMep, HOMHHaJI
c moRHHblMU, T . e. C HeH3MeHHbIMH conpo- pe3HCTopa 100 KOM c .Ll0nyCKOM 10% +
THBJieHH.SIMH, H nepeMeHHblMU, conpoTH- 3T0 3Haq11T, qro ero $aKTHqCCKoe conpo-
B.lleHHSI KOT0pbIX B npouecce pa60Tbl THBJICHHe MO)KCT fihITb OT 90 J],O 110 KOM.
MO)KH0 H3MeHSITb OT HeK0TOpbIX MHHH- HoMHHaJibI IlOCT0SIHHbIX pe3HCTOpOB, Bbl-
Ma.llbHblX )],0 HX MaKCHMa.llbHblX 3HaqeHHii. rrycKaCMbIX Haweii npOMbllllJICHHOCTbIO,
OcIIOBHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH pe3HCTopa: yKa3aHbl B npHJl0)KCHHH 3, II0MCIUCHHOM
H0MHHaJibH0e, T. e. yKa3aHH0e Ha ero KOp-
nyce conponrnneHHe, H0MHHaJibHaSI Mom-
J Ma11eB oe To1t onpo8odRi11,ilfl
HOCTh pacceSIHHSI H HaH60JibIIIee B03M0)K- noxpbtmue nll l'HKD llamyHHbJU
Hoe OTKJI0HeHHe J],eiiCTBHTeJibHOrO conpo- / Ko11n a 110K
THBJieHHSI OT H0MHHaJlbHOro. MomHOCTblO ,-,,,.--~=~
pacceSIHIDI Ha3blBaIOT TY HaM60JibIIIYIO
J

M0filHOCTb T0Ka, KOTopyIO pe3HCTOp M0-

)KeT )lJlHTeJibHOe BpeMSI BbI.Llep)KHBaTb
11 pacce11aaTh e BH.Ue Tenna 6e3 ymep6a
l(epOMU<JE'CKOfl~
mpyOKa
flp o8011011HbJU
I-
n.rrsr ero pa6oTbI. Ecn11, HanpHMep, qepe3 Bb18oiJ
a)
pe3HCT0p conpoTHBJieHHeM 100 OM TeqeT

~~~
TOK 0,1 A, TO OH pacceHBaeT MO[UHOCTb '-'")
1 BT. Ecnn pe3HCTOp H e paccqHTaH Ha Ta- .... c--; <::::i ~-
KYIO MOfilH OCTb, TO OH MO)KeT fibICTpO .'... ..... .....
o I
.___
<;;;
cropeTb. HoMH Ha.llbHaSI MOlllH0CTb pacceSI- ~ ~
'-::.
~ I t:
<::::

HHH - :no, n o cywecrsy, xapaKTepHCT HKa

3JieKTpHqecKoii npoqHOCTH pe3HCT0pa.
Harna IIp0MbllllJieHHOCTb BbIIlYCKa er no-
l
6)
CT0HHHbie H nepeMeHHbie pe3HCT0pbI pa3-

~~ ~~ ~~ ~! ~~
HblX KOHCTpyKUHii H H0MMHa.JI0B : OT He-
CKOJlbKHX OM .LlO J],ecSITK0B H COTeH Me-
ra.OM. :H3 IIOCTOSIHHbIX Ha1160.11ee pacnpo-
crpaHCHbI MeTaJIJIOilJieHO~ble pe3HCT Opbl
MJIT (MeT a.11.11113osaHHhie JlaKHpoBaHHbie {J)
Ten.11ocroiiK:0e}. KoHCTPYKUHSI pe311cropa Puc. 59. IlocTOSIHHhie pe3ucrnpb1

5- 202 65
e KoHue KHlffH. Ta6Jrnua 3Toro npm1o)Ke-
HHSI 6yneT TBOHM cnpaBOtIHbIM JIHCTKOM.
OHa ITO)].CKa)KeT Te6e, pe'.mCTOpbI KaKHX
HOMHHaJIOB H nonycKOB MO)KHO HCKaTh
e Mara3HHax 1-1m1 y ToBapmueii.
TiepeMeHIII,IR HenpOBOJIOqHblH pe3HCTOp
ycTpoeH TaK (Ha pnc. 60 pe3IICTop CTI-l
IlOKa3aH 6e3 3all{HTHOM KpblllIKH): K Kpy-
rJIOMY IlJiaCTMaCCOBOMY OCHOBaHIU0 npH-
KJieeHa ny)l(Ka H3 renmaKca, noKpbna»
TOHKHM CJIOeM Ca)KH, nepeMeIIIaHHOH C Jia-
KOM. 3-roT CJIOH, 06nana10m:Hii corrpoTII-
BJieHHeM, H SIBJISieTCSI co6creeHHO pa3HCTO-
poM. OT o6oHX KOHU0B CJIOSI cnenaHbI
BhIBO)Ibl. B ueHTp OCHOBaHHSI enpeccoeaHa
BTYJIKa. B Hell Bp~maeTCSI OCh, a BMeCTe
C OChlO $nrypHaSI reTHHaKCOBaSI IIJiaCTHH-
Ka. Ha BHeIIIHeM KoHue IlJiaCTHHKH yKpe-
IlJieHa TOKOCbeMHaSl llleTKa (nOJI3YHOK) H3
HeCKOJibKHX npy)KHHSlll{HX npoBOJIOtieK, KO-
Topax coenHHeHa co cpe,UHHM BbIBOJlHbIM
JieneCTKOM. TipH epam:eHHH OCH meTKa
nepeMemaeTCSI no CJIOIO Ca)KH Ha JJ:Y)l(Ke,
BCJie)].CTBHe qero H3MeH»eTCSI conpOTHBJie-
HHe Me)K,IJ.y cpeJJ.HlIM H KpaiiHHMH BbIBO)].a-
MH. Ceepxy pe3HCTop 3aKpbIT MeTa1111nqe-
CKoii KpbillIKOH, npenoxpaHSIIOJ.Uell ero OT
noepe)KneHM0..
TaK HJIH npIIMepHO TaK ycTpoeHbI no-
tITH Bee nepeMeHHble pe3IICTOpbI, B TOM
qifCJie THilOB en (ConpOTHBJieHHe Ilepe-
MeHHoe), CTIO (ConpOTHBJieHHe TiepeMeH-
HOe O6beMHoe) H BK. Pe3ncTopb1 TK oT-
JIHtiaIOTCSI OT pe3HCTOpOB BK TOJibKO TeM,
tITO Ha HX KpbIIIIKax CMOHTHpOBaHhI Bbl-
Ct70-0,J5
[17-f
cno- 1
R coenHHeHIIH pe3 HCT0p0B (pHC. 61, a) H X 06-
71(
Pnc. 60. KottCTPYI<n11H u r p acpH'ICCKOe U3o6pa-
)l(Clllie n epeMeHHhlX pe3HCT0 poB Ha CX.eMaX
66
KJIIOtiaTeJIH, lICilOJib3YeMbie AJISI BKJIIOtie-
HHSI HCTOqHHKOB ITHTaHHSL TipHHUHIIHaJib-
HO TaK )Ke ycTpOeHbI n MaJiora6apHTHbie
JJ:HCKOBbie nepeMCHHbie pe3HCTOpbI, HanpH-
Mep THrra CTI3-3e.
TiepeMeHHble HenpoBOJIO1IHhie pe3H-
CTOpbI H3rOTOBJISIIOT C HOMHHaJihHbIMH co-
npOTHBJieHIUIMH, HaqHHaH c 47 OM, c .uo-
nycKaMH OTKJIOHCHHSI OT HOMHHaJia 20,+
25 II 30%.
Ha npHHIIHilHaJibHhIX cxeMax, tIT06bl He
3arpOM0)KJl:aTb HX, HCilOJih3YIOT CHCTeMy
COKpameHHbIX o603HatieHHH conpoTHBJie-
HHM pe3HCTOpOB, npn KOTOpoii HaHMeHO-
eaHHSI e,n:HHHII HX corrpOTHBJieHHil (OM,
KOM, MOM) npn qnc11ax He cTaBSIT. TaKax
CHCTeMa o603HatieHHSI HOMHHaJibHblX co-
IIpOTHBJieHHH pe3HCTOpOB npHMeHeHa H
B 3TOM KHHre.
ConpomuelleHU.R pe3ucmopoe om 1 oo
999 OM o603HQIJQ10m HQ npUHlJUnUQAbHblX
cxeMax lJellblMU tJUCllaMu, coomeemcmey10-
UJUMU 0MOM, a conpomueAeHu.R pe3ucmopoe
om 1 00 999 KOM-lJUif5paMU, YKQ3bl6Q10UJU-
MU t.tUCll0 KUll00M, c 6y1<eou «K». EollbUtue
conpomueAeHu.R pe3ucmopoe yKa3b1ea10m
e Me,aoMax c 6yKeou «M ». BoT HeCKOJihKO
npHMepoe o6o3Ha tieHHSI conpoTHBJieHnii
pe3HCTOpOB Ha cxeMax: Rt 270 COOTBeT-
CTByeT 270 OM; R2 6,8K - 6800 OM; R3
56K-56 KOM (56000 OM); R4
220K-220 KOM (0,22 MOM); R5
1,5 M- 1,5 MOM.
Cpa3y )Ke cneJia10 oroeopKy: nnx no-
naem110mero 6oJihIIIHHCTBa pannon106n-
TeJibCKHx KOHCTPYKUHil 6e3 ymep6a AJISI
HX pa60ThI .n:onyCTHMO OTKJIOHeHHe OT
yKa3aHHbIX Ha cxeMax HOMHHaJIOB pe3H-
CTOpOB e rrpenenax no +
10-15%. 3To
3HatIHT, tITO pe3HCTOp corrpOTHBJieHHCM,
HaIIpHMep, 5,1 KOM MO)KeT 6bITh 3aMeHeH
pe3HCTOpOM 6JIH)KaMIIIero K HeMy HOMHHa-
Jia, T. e. pe3HCTOpOM C HOMHHaJIOM 4,7 HJIH
5,6 K0M.
Tipe,n:cTaBh ce6e TaKoii cnyqaii. Te6e Hy-
)KCH pe3HCTop onpeneJieHHoro conpoTH-
BJieHHSL A y Te6si HCT TaKoro, HO eCTb pe-
3HCTOpbI npynrx H OMHHaJIOB. Mo)KHO JIM
H3 HHX C0CTaBiffb pe3 HCT 0p HY)KHOro co-
npoTHBJICH HSI? Mo)KHO, K0HetIHO, eCJIH
3H aTb 3JieMeHTa p HbIH paCtieT Il0CJie,uoea-
TeJibHOro H napa11neJibHOro coenntteHHH
conpOTHBJieHHH 3JieKTpHtieCKHX ueneB
H pe3HCTOPOB. TipH nocnenoeaTeJU,H0M
mee corrpoTHBJieHne Ro6m pae Ho cyMMe
conpOTHBJieHHH ecex coenHH CHHbIX B 3TY
uenotIKY pe3HCT OpOB, T. e.
R o 6m = Rl + R2 + R3 H T.n.

--,
Rl I
----,
I I
~ RT
Roe111I I RZ
~ I
RZ I lllOM. Ilo3TOMY cymecTeyeT eme 6onee
I ____ .J
--..1
a) 5)
Pnc. 61. IlocJJeJlomnem,Hoe (a) H napannenh-
Hoe (6) coeJJ,HHeHHSI pe3HCT0poB
TaK, HanpHMep. ecn11 Rt= 15 KOM H
R2 = 33 KOM, To 0:x o6mee conponrnne-
mi:e Ro6m = 15 + 33 = 48 KOM (6nm1<aii-
nme HOM1rnaJihl 47 H 51 KOM).
TTpH napanJieJihHOM coe,nHHeHHH pe·m-
cTopoe (pHc. 61, 6) .Hx o6mee conponrnne-
HHe Ro6m yMeHblllaeTCH H ecer,na MeHhllle
conpoTHBJieHHH Ka)l(JJ,0ro OTJJ,eJihHO B3HTO-
ro pe3Hc1opa. PeJyJihTHpy10mee conpoTH-
eneHHe .u:enH HJ napanJieJihHO coe,nH-
HeHHbIX pe3HCTOpoB paCC'illThIBalOT no
TaKoii <t>oPMYJie:
Ro6m =Rt· R2/(Rl + R2).
,[1,onycTHM, tITO R 1 = 20 KOM, a R2 =
= 30 KOM. O6mee conpoTHBJieHHe yqacT-
Ka .u:emi:, COCTOHU{eii H3 3THX ,neyx pe3H-
CTOp0B, paBHO: Ro6m =
= Rt -R2/(Rt + R2) = 20-30/(20 + 30) =·
= 12 KOM. Kor,na napanneJihHo coe1m-
HHIOT JJ,Ba pe3HCTopa C 0)],HHaKOBblMM
HOMMHaJiaMH, MX o6mee conpoTHBJieHHe
paBHO IlOJIOBHHe conpoTHBJieHHSI Ka)l(JJ,Oro
H3 HHX.
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0 HeKOTOpbIX CBOBCTBax KOHJJ,eHCaTopa -
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SI Te6e y)l(e paccKaJhrnan. Tor.na )l(e ro-
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ero o6Kna.D.OK H tieM T0Hbllle cnoii ,nH3JieK-
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KOCTH SIBJIHeTCH <t>apa)].a (CoKpameHHO <I>),
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I
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,none <t>apa)].bI, KOTopyIO Ha3hlBaIOT MH-
Kpo<l>apa,noii (coKpameHHO MK<I>). B O)lHOii
<t>apa.D.e 1 000 000 MK<I>, T. e. 1 MK<I> =
..i-.
= 0,000001 <I>. Ho H 3Ta e,D,HHH.Qa eMKO-
R0r;w.l I
i.,J
CTH qaCTO OKa3hIBaeTCH CJllilllKOM 6oJib-
I MeJIKaH e,D,HHHUa eMKOCTH, HMeHyeMaSI IlH-
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Kpoq>apa)],bI, T. e. 0,000001 MK<l>; 1 MK<I> =
= 1000000 n<I>.
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CTOHHHbie HJIB nepeMeHHhie. xapaKTepH-
JyIOTCH npe)l(,D,e ecero MX eMKOCTHMH, Bbl-
pa)l(eHHhIMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO B IlHKO<l>apa-
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JI a npum;unuallbHblX CXeMaX eMKOCmb
K0Hi)e1-1,camopoe om 1 oo 9999 n<P y1<a3bl-
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poe om 0,01 Mr<<P ( 10000 n<P) u 6011biue-e
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OeHcamopa paeHa 4e110My llUC11y Mur<poif>a-
pao, mo 6 OmllUllUe Om o603HalleHUfl eMJ<O-
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u Hy/lb. IlpHMepbl o6o3HatieHII11 eMKOCTeH
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OTBeTCTByeT 47 n<I>, C2 3300 COOTBeT-
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0,047 MK<I> (47000 n<I>); C4 0,1 COOTBeT-
CTByeT 0, t MK<I>; cs 20,0 COOTBeTCTByeT
20 MK<I>.
Thi y)l(e 3Haelllb, lfTO KOH)leHCaTop
B npocTeiillleM BH)le npeJJ,cTaBllileT co6oii
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KOM. EcJIH KOH)],eHCaTop BKJIIOtfHTh B n:ellb
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KOH)leHcaTopa, IlOCTOHHHhIH TOK Tetfb He
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ee (Mbl He npHHHMaeM BO BHIIMaHHe MO-
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noJIHpHOCTh HanpSDICeHll11 Ha 3a)l(HMaX HC-
T0tfHHKa nepeMeHHOro TOKa nepHO)],HtfecKH
MeHSleTCH. 3HatfHT, ecJIB BKJilOtfHTh KOH-
JJ,eHcaTop B I..(eilb, IlHTaeMyIO OT TaKoro
HCTOtfHHKa TOKa, ero o6KJia)],KH 6y)].yT no-
nepeMeHHO nepe3ap»)KaThCH C qacTOTOH
67
:noro ToI<a. B pe3yJihTaTe B uen11 6y.ueT
npoTeI<aTh nepeMeHHhlH TOI<.
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nycI<aTh TOI<H BhlCOl<OH qacTOTbl H 0.LlHO-
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TOI<OB HH3I<Oii qacTOJbl. Pa)J,HOJIJ06HTeJIB,
HanpHMep, 1rnorna BMeCTO Hapy)l(HbIX aH-
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THTeJihHOH ceTH, no.u1<moqasi np11eMHHI<H
K HMM qepe3 I<OH,ll.eHcaTOP eMI<OCTblO
220- 510 n<l>. CnyqaftHo JIH s1,16patta TaKasi
eMK0CTb I<OH,ll.eHCaTopa? HeT, He cnyqaif-
H0. Ko.HJJ.eHcaTop TilI<OM eMI<OCTH xopomo
nponyc1<aeT TOKli BhlCOKOH qacTOThI, Heo6-
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01<a31,1BaeT 6oJihmoe conponrnneH11e nepe-
MeHHOMY To1<y qacToToii 50 ru, Te1<ymeMY
B cen1. 8 3TOM cnyqae KOH)J,eHCaTop CTil -
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pa nepeMeHHOMY I TOKY 3aBHCHT OT ero eM-
I<OCHI 11 qacTOThl TOKa: qeM 6oJihme eM-
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MeHbme ero eMKocTHoe conpoTHBJieHMe.
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C .LlOCTaToqHoH TOqHOCThl-0 onpen.eJIBTh no
Ta1<oii ynpoweHHoii <l>opMYne:
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r.ue Re - eMKOCTHoe conpon1.sneH11e I<OH-
.ueHcaTopa, OM; f-qacToTa To1<a, ru;
C -eMKOCTh .uaHHoro 1<0.HJJ.eHcaTopa, <l>;
QH<l>pa 6 - oKpyrJieHHoe .uo QeJlhlx e.u11HMU
3HaqeHMe 2n: (ToqHee 6,28, TaI< 1<a1< n: =
= 3,14).
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HomeHHIO I< nepeMeHHhIM TOI<aM, ecJIB HC-
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3Toro KOH)J,eiicaTopa 500 n<l> (500 n<l> =
= 0,0000000005 <l>). qaCTOTa TOI<a 3JieI<-
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CTOTY pan nocTaHQ1111 npHMeM 1 Mru
r
(1 000 000 u), qTo COOTBeTCTsyeT BOJlHe
.LlJI11HOH 300 M Ka1<oe conpoT11s11ett11e
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CTOTe?
Re =
= I/ (6 · 1 000 000 · 0,0000000005) ~ 300 OM.
A nepeMeHHOMY To1<y 3Jie1<TpoceT11?
68
Re= 1/(6·50·0,0000000005)~7 MOM.
M BOT pe3yJihTaT : I<OHlleHCaTop eM-
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(KoH)J,eHcaTop Tpy6qaThIH KepaMI1qe-
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a BTopasr - Ha BHelliHIOIO noeepXHOCTh
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maIOT B repMeTHqHbie <l>aJJ<l>opoBbie <<q:>yT-
JISipqHKl1)) C MeTaJIJIHqec1<HMH KOJIIlaq1<aMI1
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Mx cTaBSIT B Te QenH, B I<0T0pbIX TeqeT

Puc. 62. KepaMH"lecme KOH,ITeHcaTOpbt
CTOSIHHoii eMKOCTR
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OT ,npyra )lH3JieKTpHKOM {pHC. 63). 8 3TOM
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,noM nnacTHH 06pa3yeT KOH.[{eHCaTop. Co-
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B 6yMa:>KHbIX KOH)leHCaTopax (pile. 64)
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69
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TOM. 3Ty qeTblpeXCJIOHHYIO nonocy CKaTb)- Top MO)KeT BbJHTH HJ CTp0SI.
BaIOT B PYJIOH H IlOMema10T B aJIIOMHHHe- HoMHHaJibHhie eMKOCTH 3JieKTpOJIHTHlfe-
BbIH UHJIHH,apnqecKHH CTaKaH HJIH naTpOH- CKHX KOH,I1eHcaTOpOB IlHIIIYT Ha HX Koprry-
qHK. cax. <l>aKTHlfeCKaSI eMKOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb
J1:H3JieKTpHKOM KOH)WHCa ropa CJIY)KHT 3HaqHTeJlhHO 60Jlhllle HOMHHaJlhHOH.
CJIOH OKHCH. TioJIO)KHTeJlhHOH o6KJia)]KOH Ba)KHeiillleii xapaKTepHCTHKOH JII06oro
(aHO,llOM) SIBJI5leTCSI Ta JieHTa, KOTopaSI KOH,I1eHCaTopa, KpOMe eMK0CTH, SIBJI5leTCSI
HMeeT CJIOH OKHCH. OHa coe)lHHSieTCSI TaK)Ke ero HOMHHaJibHOe HanpSI)KeHHe, T. e.
C HJOJIHpoBaHHbIM OT KOpnyca nenecTKOM. TO HanpSI)KeHHe, npH KOTOp0M KOH,I1eHca-
BTopaa, OTpHUaTeJlhHaSI o6KJia,n:Ka (Ka- TOp MO)KeT IIJIHTeJibHOe epeMSI pa6oTa Th.
TO.II}-6yMara, nponHTaHHaSI 3JieKTp0JIH- He yTpa1IHBaSI CBOH CBOHCTBa. 3To HanpSI-
TOM qepe3 JieHTY, Ha KOTOpoH HeT CJIOSI )KeHHe JaBHCHT OT CBOHCTB H TOJIIllHHbl
OKHCH, coe,llJIHSieTCSI C MeTaJIJIJ,{qeCKHM CJIOSI ,llH3JieKTpHKa KOH,I1eHCaTopa. Kepa-
KopnycoM. TaKHM o6paJoM, Kopnyc MHqecKHe, CJIIO,llSIHhie, 6yMa)KHhie H MeTaJI-
SIBmieTCSI BbIBO,llOM OTpHuaTeJlhHOH, a HJO- no6yMa)KHbie KOH,I1eHCaTOpb1 paJJIHlfHbIX
JIHpoBaHHbIH OT Hero nenecTOK - BbIBO.lIOM THDOB paccqHTaHbl Ha HOMHHaJihHhie Ha-
IlOJIO)KHTeJlhHOH o6KJia,ri:KH 3JieKTpOJIHTH- npSl)KeHHSI OT 150 ,llO 1000 B H 6onee.
qecKoro KOH,I1eHCaTopa. TaK, B qacTHOCTH, 3neKTpOJIHTH1IeCKHe KOH,I1eHCaTOpbl Bhmy-
ycTpoeHbl KOH,I1eHcaTOpbI THilOB K3, CKaIOT Ha HOMHHaJlhHhle HailpSI)KeHJrn OT
KS0-3. KoHJieHcaTophI K3-2 oTJIHqa10TcSI HeCKOJibKHX BOJlhT ,llO 30-50 B H OT 150 ,llO
OT KOH,I1eHCaTopoB THDOB K3 TOJibKO 450-500 B. B CBSI3H C 3THM ux
Il0,llpa3,lle-
DJiacTMaccosoii BTYJIKOH C peJb6oii H raii- JISIIOT Ha )],Be rpynnhl: HU3K060Abmm,ie
KOH ,llJl51 KpenJieHHSI Ha naHeJIH. AJIIOMH- H 6blCOK060AbmHble. KoH,I1eHCaTOpbI nep-

Pttc. 65. 3JieKTPOJIHTH'ICCKHe KOH.nCHCaTOpbI

70
BOH rpynilhI HCil0ilb3YIOT B uem1x co cpaB- caTopa 6y11eT TeM 6oJib~. lfeM OOJibllle
HHTeJibH0 HeOOJiblIIHM HanpIDKeHHeM, B HeM TIJiaCTifH H lfeM MeHbllie paCCT0SI.HHe
a K0H,D.eHcaT0pbI BTOJ)OH rpynilhI - B ueWlX Me>K11y II0lIBIDKHhIMH H Heno11BH)l(HblMH
C 0THOCHTeJibH0 BhlC0KHM HarrpIDKeHHeM. rrnacrnHaMH.
TI0.u6upru1 K0HneHcaTOpbl .UJUI CBOHX B KOH.lleHcaTopax, II0Ka3aHHbIX Ha
KOHCTpyKl..(Hii, ecer,na o6paman BHHMaHHe pHc. 66 H 67, a, .UH3JieKTpHK0M cny>KHT
Ha HX H0MJrnanhHbie HanpIDICeHHH. B l..(entt B03,n:yx. 8 MaJiora6apHTHbIX >Ke KOH,UeHca-
C MeHblllHM HaIIp$I)KeHHeM, lfeM HOMH- Topax rrepeMeHHOii eMKoCTH (pHC. 67, 6)
HanhHoe, KOH,D.eHCaTOpbI BI<IlIOlfaTb MO>K- .UH3JieKTpHK0M MO>KeT 6hITb 6yMara,
H0, HO B l..(enH C Hanp.SI)KeHHeM, npeBbl- nnacTMaccoehie nneHKH, KepaMHKa. TaKHe
lliaIOll.UfM HOMHHaJibHOe, HX BKJIIOlfaTb KOH,D.eHcaT0pbI Ha3hIBalOT K0H,D.eHcaTopa-
HeJib3H. Ec1m Ha o6Kna.r:t:Kax K0H.lleHcaTopa Mll nepeMeHHoii eMK0CTH C TBep.UhIM 11H3-
0Ka>KeTc.H Hanpsi.>KeHHe, rrpeehllliaiowee ero JieKTpHK0M. TipH MeHblllHX ra6apHTax,
H0MHHaJibHoe HanpIDKem1e, TO .r:unneKrpHK lfeM K0H.lleHcaT0phl C B03,AYllIHbIM .UH3JieK-
npo6bCTCH. Tipo6HThill KOH.lleHCaTop He- TPHKOM, OHH M0ryT HMeTh 3HalfHTeJibHhie
npHro,neH ,nJIB pa6oThI. MaKCHMaJibHhie eMK0CTll. 11MeHHO TilKHe
TenepI, o KoH.JJ;eHcaTopax nepeMeHHOii K0H,D.eHcaTOpbl H npHMeHSIIOT .l1.JIB Ha-
eMKOCTH. CTJX)HKM KOJie6aTeJibHhIX KOHTyJ)OB MaJIO-
YCTpoiiCTBO rrpocTeiiwero KOH.lleHca10-' ra6apHTHhIX TpaH3HCT0pHbrx rrpHeMHMK0B.
pa nepeMeHHOii eMKOCTif Tbl BH,AHIIIh Ha HaH6onee pacnpocrpaHem,r KOH.lleHca-
pHc. 66. O,nHa ero o6KJiar{Ka - cTaTop - He- T0phI rrepeMeHH0.0 eMK0CTII, HMe10w:11e
no.ueH>KHa. BTopa11 - pOTOp-cKpeIIJieHa HalfaJibHYIO eMK0CTh B HeCK0JibK0 IlHKOc}>a-
C 0CblO. TipM epaw:eHHH OCH nnow:a,uh pa.u H HaH60Jiblll)'IO 240--490 n<l>. He HC-
rrepeKpbITHH o6Kna,uoK, a BMeCTe c HeIO KJIIOlfeHo, lfT0 OlIHH H3 TaKHX K0H,D.eHcaTo-
H eMKOCTb K0H)].eHcaTopa H3MeHHIOTCH. poe Thi y)l(e HCII0Jib30BaJI .l1.JIB HacTpoHKH
KoH.ueHcaTOpbI rrepeMeHHOii eMKOCTH, Teoero rrepeoro pa.n:i-mnpHeMHHKa.
npHMeHS1.eMbre e HacrpaneaeMhIX Kone6a- B np11eMHHKax c ,neyM.SI HacTpaHBaIOw:H-
TeJibHblX K0HTypax npHeMHHKOB, C0CT0HT MHCH KOJie6aTeJibHblMH K0HTJPaMH HC-
H3 11eyx rpyrrrr rrnacTHH (puc. 67, a), c,ue- Il0Jlh3YIOT 6JIOKH K0H,D.eHcaTopoe nepe-
naHHbIX H3 JIBCT0BOf0 aJOOMHHMSI. HJIB na- MeHHOii eMKOCTH (KTIE}. B 6noKe KTIE,
T}'HH. TinaCTillibI poTopa coe,nHHeHbI II0Ka3aHH0M Ha pHc. 68, ,nea K0H11eHC3TO-
OChlO. CTaTopHbie rrnacnnn,1 TaK:>Ke coe,nH- pa, J)OT0pbI K0T0pbIX HMeIOT 06my10 0Ch.
HeHbI H H30JIBJ)OBaHbl OT pcnopa. Tipn TipH epaw:eHHH OCH O.UH0BpeMeHHO H3Me-
Bpaw:emrn. OCH IIJlaCTHHbI CTaTopHoii HHIOTCH eMKOCTH o60HX KOH.lleHca T0poB.
rpynnbl nocTeneHH0 BXOlISI.T B B03.ll.YlllHbie O.u1rnOlfHbie K0H,UeHcaT0phl H 6JIOKH
3a30pbl Me>K.uy nJiaCTHHaMH pOTOpHoii KOH,D.eHcaTopoe rrepeMeHHO:H eMKOCTH
rpynnhI, oTqero eMKOCTb K0H,D.ettcaTopa C B03.l1.Yll1HbIM .UH~JieKTpHKOM Tpe6yIOT
IlJiaBH0 H3MemreTCH. Kor.ua rrnacTHHhl po- K ce6e 6epe>KHOfO OTH0llleHHH. ,Ua>I<e He-
ropa Il0JIHOCTblO BbIBe)leHhI H3 3a30J)OB 3Ha1fHTeJibH0e HCKpHBJleHHe HJIB 1rnoe no-
Me>K.UY nnacTHHaMH CTaT0pa, eMK0CTb Bpe>K.ueHHe rrnacrnH npHBO,I(HT K 3aMhIKa-
K0H,lleHcaTopa HaHMeHblllaH; ee Ha3bIBaIOT HHIO Me>KJlY HHMH. 11crrpaBneHHe >Ke rrna-
Ha'laJlhHOH eMKOCThlO K0H.lleHCaTopa. Kor- cnrn K0HneHcaTopa - JleJio cno>KHoe.
.ua J)OT0pHhie nnacTifHbl Il0JillOCTblO BBe- K qHCJIY K0H.lleHcaTopoe C TBep.UbIM
.n:em,1 Me>K,ny 1rnacrnHaMH cTaTopa, eM- L0-13JieKTPHKOM 0TH0CHTCH H rro.u-
KOCTh K0H,D.eHcaTopa 6y.ueT Ha.H60JibWeii, CTpoelfHble KOH.lleHcarophI, HBJUIJ0w:HecSI.
T. e. MaKCHMa.nbHOii Jl]ISI. J].aHH0f0 K0H.lleH- pa3H0BH.l1.H0CTblO KOH.lleHcaT0J)OB nepe-
caTopa. MaKCHMR.flbHR.H eMKOCTb K0H,D.eH-

P11c. 66. TipocTeiiurnii ICOHJ,leHcaTop nepeMeH-

~ oJ
PHc. 67. KoHJ,leHCaTOpbI nepeMeHHoii eMICOCTH
HOH eMICOCTH C B03.lzylliHblM (a) H TBep)lbIM (6) .llH3JieICTpHKOM

71

PHc. 68. O,nHa H3 KOHCTPYKQHii 6noKa K0H,neH-
caTopoB nepeMCHHOH eMK0CTH
MCHHOll CMKOCTH. qame BCero TaK11e KOH-
IJ,eHca TOpbl MCilOJib3YlOT IJ,Jl51 IlO.LJ:CTpOHKH
KOHTypoB B pe30HaHC, Il03TOMY HX Ha3bI-
BalOT IlO.LJ:CTpoe'-IHblMlI. KoHCTPYKUMM Ha-
H6onee pacnpocTpaHeHHblX IlO.LJ:CTpoeLJ:HbIX
KOH,IICHCaTopoB IIOKa3aHI,I Ha pMc. 69.
Ka)K.LJ:bIH 113 HHX COCTOHT H3 cpaBHMTeJibHO
MaCCHBHoro KepaMHqecKoro OCHOBaHH.H
H TOHKoro KepaMll'-ICCKoro L(HCKa. Ha 110-
BepXHOCTb OCHOBaHH51 (rron llHCKOM) Ii Ha
)];HCK HaHeceHbJ B BM.LJ:e CCKTOpoB MeTaJIJIH-
'-ICCKHe CJIOH, 51BJI51lOI.IIlICCH o6Kna;::i:KaMH
KOII)lCHCaTopa. IlpH Bpamemm .Il:HCKa B0-
Kpyr OCH M3MCH51CTC51 IIJIOIUa.n;b rrepeKpbI-
TH51 CCKTOpos-o6KJia,n:oK, M3MCHHCTC51 eM-
KOCTb KOHJlCHCaTopa.
KflK - / KllK-Z
EMKOCTb no.n:cTpOeLJ:HbIX KOH,IICHCaTOpOB
yKa3hIBalOT Ha ID( KOpnycax B BlI,n:e npo6-
HOf0 '-IMCJia, rne '-IMCJIHTCJib - HaHMCHbUia.H,
a 3HaMeHaTCJib HaH60JihUia.H CMKOCTb
,n:aHHOro KOH,IICHCaTopa. EcnH, HarrpMMep,
Ha KOH,IIeHcaTope yKa3aHO 6/30, TO 3TO
3Ha•mT, '-ITO HaHMCHbllla51 ero CMKOCTb
6 n<l>, a Ha1160.11bUia.H 30 rr<l>. Ilon-
cTpoeqHbie KOH,IICHCaTOpbl o6bI'-IHO MMClOT
HaHMCHblll)'JO CMKOCTb 2-5 rr<l>, a Ha-
M60Jiblll)'lO .n:o 100- 150 rr<l>. HeKOTOpble 113
HMX, HanpHMep KITK-2, MO)KHO MCIIOJib3o-
BaTb B KaqeCTBe KOH,IICHCaTopoB nepeMeH-
HOH eMKOCTM .n;JIH HacTpOHKM rrpoCThIX
O)];HOKOHTJpHblX rrpHCMHHKOB.
Kott.n:enca TOpbI, KaK 11 pe3MCTOpbI, MO~-
HO coe,n:HH.HTb napaJIJIC.IIbHO HJIH IIOCJIC.LJ:0-
BaTeJibHO. K coe,n:HHCHHlO KOHJ],CHCaTopoB
rrpM6eraJOT LJ:ame Bcero B Tex cnyLJ:a.HX,
KOr)la no.u pyKaMH HCT KOH,IICHCaTopa
HY)KHOfO HOMHHaJia, HO HMCIOTC51 .n:pynie,
11.3 KOTOpbIX MO)KHO COCTaBHTb Heo6xo1m-
MYJO CMKOCTb. EcJIH COCL(MHHTb KOH,IIeHca-
TOpbl napaJIJICJibHO (pHC. 70,a), TO HX o6-
ma51 CMKOCTb 6y,n:eT paBHa cyMMe eMKO-
CTell BCCX COCL(HHCHHhIX KOHllCHCaTopoB,
T.e.
Co6m = C l + C2 + C3 H T.n.
TaK, HarrpHMep, ec.rrn: C1 = 33 rr<l> 0
C2 = 4 7 n<l>, TO 06ma51 CMKOCTL 3THX .ZJ:BYX
KOH,IICHCaTopoB 6y,n:eT: Co61.1..l =
33 + 47 =
= 80 n<l>.
IlpH nocne,n;oBaTe.JibHOM COC.LJ:MHCHHH
KOHlICHCaTopoB (pHC. 70, 6) HX o6ma51 eM-
KOCTh scer.n:a MCHbUie HaHMCHbUieii CMKO-
cni.. BKJilO'-ICHHOH s uerrOLJ:Ky. 0Ha Il0Jl-
C'IMTbIBaeTC51 no <t>opMJJIC

Co6m = Ct · C2/ (Ct + C2).

Harrp11Mep, L(OrryCTMM, '-ITO Cl =

PHC. 69. ITo,ncTpoe':IHbie K0HJlCHCaT0pbI
cxeMaTH':lecKoe 060JHa1:1emte
= 220 rr<l>, a C2 = 330 n<l>; Tor.n:a Co6m =
H HX = 220- 330/(220 + 330) = 132 rr<l>. Kor.n:a
coe.n;MHSUOT IlOCJICAOBaTCJibHO .[O!a KOHJJ,eH-
CaTopa O.LJ:MHaKOBOH CMKOCTH, HX o6ma.H
CMKOCTb 6y.llCT B)];BOC MCHblllC CMKOCTH
Ka)l(,IJ.Oro H3 HHX.

CHCTEMA COKPAW:EHHOro OB0-

3HA qEHHR HOMHHAJlbHbIX
COI1POTI1BJ1EH11M PE311CTOPOB
11 EMKOCTEM KOH,nEHCATOPOB

Ha pe3HCTopax II KOH.LJ:CHcaTopax OTHOCH-

TCJihHO 60JlbllIHX pa1Mep0B HX HO-
MHHa.TibHblC conpoTHBJICHH 51 HJIH CMKOCTH
PHc. 70. flapannenbHoe (a) H nocnenosaTeJib- MapKHPYIOT, npHMCH51.H o6merrpHH.HTbie
Hoe (6) coe,nHHemrn: KoH)],eHcarnpoB COKpameHHbie o6o3tta LJ:eHH.H e.n:MHMU 3JICK-

72
TJ)H"IeCKHX BeJIH1IHH, a PSl.UOM - B03MO)l(Hoe
OTKJIOHeHHe OT HOMmmna B npoueHTaX,
HanpHMep: l,5 + 10%, 33 + 20 % . )];m1
o6o3Ha"IeHHSI :>Ke HOMHHaJJOB MaJiora6a-
pHTHhIX pe3HCTOpOB H KOH.lleHCaTopoB
npHMeHSUOT cnen:HaJibHbIH KOJl, cnara10-
IIIIrnC1I 113 ycJIOBHblX 6yKBeHHblX H I{H-
<l>POBblX 3HaKOB.
Ilo TaKoH cHcTeMe en.mrnn:y conpoTn-
eneHHH OM C0KpameHHO o6o3Ha"IalOT 6yK-
BOH E, KHJIO0M -6yKBoii K, MeraoM - 6yK-
eou M. CorrponrnJieHHR pe3HCTOpOB
100 JlO 910 OM Bbipa:>KaIOT e .lIOJISIX KM-
JIOOMa, a conpOTHBJieHHR OT 100000 .uo
910 000 OM B .nonHx MeraoMa. Ecnw
HoMHHaJibHoe conponrnneH11e pe3HCTopa
Bbipa:>KaIOT n:eJibIM 'IHCJIOM. TO 6yKBeHHoe
o6o3Ha"IeHHe e)llililll{bl H3MepeHH11 CTaBSIT
nocne :noro 'lHCJia, HanpHMep 33E
(33 OM), 47K (47 KOM), 1M (1 MOM).
Kor.ua )Ke conponrnJieHne pe3HCTopa BbI-
pa)KaJOT .uec.HTH'IHOH .upo6hl0 MeHbIIIe
e.uHHHI{hI, To 6yKBeHttoe o6o3Ha'leHHe e.un-
Hlll{hI H3MepeHHSI pacnoJiara10T rrepe.u quc-
JIOM, ttanpHMep K22 (220 OM), M47
(470 KOM). B1,1pa:>1<aSI corrponmJieHne pe-
3HCTopa uenbIM 'IHCJI0M C .uecSITH'lHOH
.n,po6h10, n:erroe 'IHCJJO CTaBHT Bnepe.llll
6YKBhl, a .uecRTH"IHyIO .upo6b - IlOCJie
6yKBhI, CHMBOJili3Hpy10ll.{eH e.ll,HHHI{bl H3-
MepeHl:IH (6YKBa 3aMeHSieT 3arr11ry10 rrocne
uenoro lllicm). IlpHMepb1: 1E5 (1,5 OM),
2K2 (2,2 KOM), 1M5 (1,5 MOM).
)];onyCTHMoe OTKJIOHemIe HaHOCSI.T no-
CJie o6o3Ha"IeHH11 HOMHHaJibHOfO conpOTH-
BJiemrn CJie,UyIOll.{HMH 6yKBaMH:
.D.onyCK, ~~ . . . . . . . . . ±20 ± 10
MapKHpoBica. . . . . . . . B C
flpe.unono:>KHM, Ha Manora6apnrnoM
pe3HCTope o6o3Ha'leHo: 1M5M. 3-ro 3Ha-
"IHT, "ITO HOMHHaJibH0e COilpOTHBJieHMe pe-
3HCT0pa 1,5 MOM, .uonyCTHMoe OTKJIOHe-
HHe OT H0MI1Ha11a + 5 % -
HoMHHaJibHbie eMKOCTH KOH.ll,eHCaTopoB
.lIO 91 rr<l> Bbipa:>KaIOT B ITHKo<t>apa.uax, HC-
IlOJib3 Y11 ,llJIH o603Ha'leHH11 3TOH e.ll,HHHUhl
eMKOCTH 6yKBY 11. EMKOCTH OT 100 .lIO
9100 n<l> Bbrpa:>KaIOT B Jl,OJIRX HaHocl>apa.uhr
(1 H<l> = 1000 rr<l> lliIH 0,001 MK<l>), a OT
0,01 JlO 0,091 MK<l> - B HaHocl>apa.uax, o6o-
3Ha"IaSI. Hatto<l>apa,uy 6yKBOH H. EMKoCTH
OT 0, l MK<l> 11: BhlllJe Bbipa:>KalOT B MHKpo-
<t>apa)lax, 11cnoJih3y11 .LlJIR o6o3Ha'leHl:111
3TOH e.UHHlll(hI eMKOCTH 6yKBY M. Ecnu
eMKOCTb KOH.UeHcaTopa Bbipa)l(aJOT n:eJibIM
'il1CJ10M, TO 6yKBeHHoe 060Jttaqetu1e eMKO-
CTH CTaBRT nocn e 3Toro 'lHCJia, ttanp11Mep:
12fl (12 n<l>), 15H (15 H<l> = 15 000 n<l>
Ifill[ 0,015 MK<l>), lOM (10 MK<l>).
qT06bI HOMHHaJJbHYIO eMKOCTb KOH)leH-
caTopa Bblpa3HTb necHTH'lHOH .upo6bIO,
6yKBeHHoe o6o3Ha'leHHe emrnm.r1,I eMKo-
CTH pacnonara10T nepeJl 'IBCJioM: H 15
(0,15 H<l> = 150 n<l>). M22 (0,22 MK<l>). )];nSI
Bbipa:>Kemrsi eMK0CTH KOH,UeHCaTopa
n:eJibIM "IHCJIOM c necRTH'lHOH n.po6hl0
6yKBeHHoe o6o3Ha'leHHe e.ll,HHHI{b1 CTaBSI.T
Me)K.lIY n:eJibIM "ll:ICJIOM H ,ueCSI.TH'lHOH
.upo6b10, 3aMeHSI.H e10 3amIry10, HanpuMep:
1112 ( 1,2 n<l>), 4H7 ( 4, 7 H<l> = 4700 n<l>),
OT 1 MS (1,5 MK<l>).
)];onyCTH\10e OTKJIOHeHl:le MapKHpyIOT
II0CJie o603Ha'leHl:IH HOMHH3JlhHmi eMKO-
CTH uu<l>paMH B npoueHTax, nHKo4_>apa.uax
lliil:I 6yKBeHHbIM KO.ll,OM, KOTOphIH IlpHBO-
.lIHM (B COKpameHHOM BH.lle) 3.Uecb:
J].onycK, ~u ± 30 + 20 ± 10 ±5 ±2 ± I
MapKHpollKa <]) 8 C 11 Jl P
BoT HeCKOJibKO npHMepoB o6o3Ha'leHHSI
napaMCTpOB MaJiora6apHTHbIX KOH,LlCHca-
TOpOB: 1H5B ( 1500 n<l>, .uonycK + 20 ~1~),
511611 (5,6 n<l>, .uonycK + 2 %), 1M5<1>
(1,5 MK<l>, ,n:onycK + 30%).
KOPOTKO O TIJlABKOM TIPE.[1;O-
XPAHMTEJlE
3ToT rrp116op npe.llcTaBJIReT co6oii oTpe-
30I< npoBOJJOKH, TOJIIIJ;HHa KOTopoii pac-
cquTaHa Ha nponycKaHne TOKa HeKoTopo-
ro onpe.uerreHHoro JHa'leHHR, HarrpHMep
0,25 A. OH npe.uoxpaHReT HCTO'iHHK TOKa
OT neperpy3KH. Ilpe.uoxpaHHTeJIH HMelOT
BCe 3JieKTpOCeTH, IIHOrJla IIITerrceJibHbie
±5 po3eTKH, pa,LlHOKOHCTPYKU:lili, IlHT3IOll.{HecSI
11
OT 3JieKTpooceeTHTeJibHOH CeTH.
IlnaBKHii npe,n.oxpamrreJlb BCT3BJI1IIOT
B pa3pbm 3ITeKTPH'lecKoii n:e1m, "IT06b1 qe-
pe3 Hero npoxo,uHJI Beeb TOK, noTPe-
6nHeMhrn uenblO. IloKa TOK He npeBbllllaeT
.uonyCTHMOH HOpMbI, npoBOJIOKa rrpe.no-
xpaHHTeJijJ l.fYTh TenJiaSI HJil:I COBceM xo-
JIO.lIH311. Ho KaK TOJibKO B n:enH IlOSI.BHTCSI
He.nonyCTHMO 60Jiblll311 Harpy3Ka MITH
npoH30H)I.eT KOpOTKOe JaMbIKaHHe, TOK pe-
3KO B03paCTeT, pacnnaBHT npoBOJIOKY
H uerrb aBTOMaTHl.feCKH pa30pBeTCSI. Tia-
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77
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B pa3Hbie CTopoHbl H He yxoJUIT 3a rrpe.n:e- He XBaTaeT OJIHOro 3JieKTpoHa. O6pa3yeT-
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HMelOillHM BO BHenrneM CJI0e 3JieKI poHHOH MH C JJ,bipO'iHOH 3JieKTporrpoB0JJ.H0CTblO
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qeM 60Jihllle B rronyrrpoBOJJ,HHK 6yJJ.eT B Macce rronynpoBOJIHHKa Tnrra p corrpo-
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B rronyrrpoBOJIHHK BBeCTH aTOMhI C TpeM}l 3JieKTporrpOBOJIHOCTb. HanpHMep, B nony-

78
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cyphMM. Bcne,n:cmne 3Toro :meKTporrpo-
BO,UHOCTb rronyrrpOBO,llHHKa HeCKOJibKO
yxy,ulllHTC.R, HO B ueJIOM OH coxpaHHT
3JieKTpOHHYJO npOBO,llHMOCTb. AHanornq-
HOe SIBJieHHe 6y)leT Ha6JIJO,LJ:aThC.R 11 a TOM
cnyqae, eCJIH B ITOJiyrrpoBO,llHHK C L{hl-
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B KOTOpblX OCHOBHbIMH HOCHTe.JUIMH T0Ka
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79
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JlHO)l OJ<a)I(eTCSI B 3aKphITOM COCTOSIHHH.
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JISISICh OT p-n rrepexona, 3.TieKTpOHhI
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K IlOJIO)KHTeJihHOMY, a .llhlpKH B 06rracn1
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80
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BTiaRHbI B CTeKJIAAHbie 1130JIRTOpbI H cny-
)KaT BHelliHHMH BbIBO)],aMH 3THX 3JieKTpo-
)],OB. QeJihHOMeTaJIJIH'IeCKHH KOJITiaK '3a-
mttmaeT np116op OT MeXaHH'IeCKHX TIOBpe-
)l()],eHHH H BJIHAAHR CBeTa. TaK ycTpoeHbl
HaH6onee pacnpocrpaHeHHhle MaJio-
MOll{Hhie HH3K01IaCTOTHbie TpaH3HCTOpbI
cepttii MI139, MI140, MI141, MI142 H HX
pa3HOBH)],HOCTH. EiyKBa M B o603Ha1IeHHH
roBOpHT O TOM, 'ITO Kopnyc TpaH3HCTopa
XOJIO)],HOCBapHOM, 6yKBa II nepBOHa-
'IaJihHaji 6yKBa CJIOBa <UIJIOCKOCTHOH»,
a IJ.HQ)pbI- nopR)],KOBbie 3aBO)],CKHe HOMepa
npH6opoB. B KOHIJ.e o603Ha1IeHHR MoryT
6h1Th 6yKBhI A, E, B (HanpttMep, MI139E),
yKa3b1Ba10m11e pa3HOBH)],HOCTb TpaH3HCTO-
pa )],aHHOH cepHH.
CymecTBYIOT Jl.pyrHe cnoco6h1 113roToB-
neHHR TpaH3HCTOpOB, HaIIpHMep, 0UfP<fiY-
3UOHHO-C»Jla6HOU (pnc. 85). KonneKTOpOM
TpaH3HCTopa, H3rOT0BJieHHOro no TaKOH
TeXHOJIOTHH, cJiy)KHT IIJiaCTHHa HCXO)].HOro
nonynpoBO)],HHKa. Ha IIOBepXHOCTh nna-
CTHHhI HarrnaBJIRIOT O'IeHb 6JIH3KO 0,[(HH
OT Ilpyror o )],Ba MaJieHbKHX mapHKa IIpH-
MeCHbIX 3JieMeHTOB. Bo BpeMR HarpeBa )],O
CTporo onpe)],CJICHHOH TCMIIepar yphI npo-
HCXO)],HT )],HQ)Q)Y3HSI npttMeCH hIX 3 JieMeHTOB
B nnacnrnKy nonynpoBO)].HHKa. IlpH '.H OM
0 )],llH mapHK (Ha pHC. 85 rrpaBhiii) 06pa-
3yeT B KOJIJieKTOpe TOHKYIO 6a3oByIO
o6naCTb, a BTopoii (Ha P H C. 85-neBblii)
3MHTTepHyIO o6naCTb. B pe3yJihTaTe
B nnaCTHHe HCXO)],Horo nonynpOBO)],HHKa
nony1Ia10TCR .!I.Ba p-n nepexo)],a, 06pa3y10-
BhlfJOO
)
CmeK/IJIHHble
UJOflflmOpb!
Ko1111e1<mop
(KopnycJ
Puc. 85. YCTpOHCTBO J:i:Hq>q>Y3HOHHO-Cil.[laBHOro
TpaH3HCTopa CTpyKTYPhI p -n-p
87
llille TpaH3HCT0p CTpyKTypbl p-n-p. no Ta-
KOH TeXH0JI0rHH H3r0T0BJUIJOT, B qaCTH0-
CTH, Ha:H6onee MaCC0Bbie MaJI0M0lll,Hble
BblC0KoqacT0THble TpaH3HCT0pbI cepHii
TI401- TI403, 0422, TI423, fT308.
B HaCT0Hillee BpeMH neiiCTByeT CHCTeMa
o6o3HaqeHHH TpaH3HCT0p0B, no KOTOpoii
BhinycKaeMbie cepHHHO np:H60pbl HMeIOT
o6o3HaqeHHH, cOCT0Sllll,He H3 qcrbrpex :me-
MeHT0B, HanpHMep: rT109A, KT315B,
rT403M. TiepBbIH :meMeHT 3TOH CHCTeMbl
o6o3HaqeHHH-6yKBa r, K mm A (mm
umppa 1, 2 H 3) -xapaKTepH3yeT rronynpo-
BO.UHHKOBhIH MaTepHan TpaH3HCT0pa
ll TeMneparypHbie ycnoBHH pa60Tbl npH-
6opa. IiyKBa r (:u:nH umppa 1) npHcBaH-
BaeTcSI repMaHHeBhIM TpaH3HCT0paM, 6yK-
Ba K (mm umppa 2) - KpeMHHeBhIM TpaH-
3:HCT0paM, 6yKBa A (mm umppa 3)-TpaH-
3:HCTopaM, nonynpoB0,nHHK0BbIM MaTep:u:a-
Jl0M K0T0pbIX cny>KHT apceHH.U ranmrn.
I.J.mppa, CT0SlllJ,aH BMeCT0 6yKBbI, yKa3bI-
BaeT Ha TO, qro ,naHHbIH TpaH3HCT0p M0-
>KeT pa6oTaTb npH n0BblllieHHblX TeMnepa-
Typax (repMaH:HeBbIH - Bblllie + 60°C,
KpeMHHeBbIH - Bblllle + 85°C).
BTopoii 3JieMeHT- 6yKBa T - Ha'IaJibHaH
6yKBa CJI0Ba «TpaH3HCT0p».
HSleTCH 3T0 TeM, 'ITO TaKHe HJIM nono6Hbie
TpaH3HCT0phl 6bIJIH pa3pa6oTaHbl )],0 BBe-
.ueHH.SI COBpeMeHHOll MapKHp0BKH nony-
np0B0,nHHK0BbIX np116op0B.
BHemHHH BH.U HeK0T0pbIX 611nonHpHbIX
TpaH3HCTOpOB, Ha:H6onee urnpoKO HCnOJib-
3yeMblX pa,ri:HOJII0611TeJ1HMH, noKa3aH Ha
pHC. 86. ManoMOlll,HbIH HM3KO'IaCTOTHhIH
TpaH3HCTOp rT109 (CTpYKTypbI p-n-p)
ttMeeT B ,n11aMeTpe Bcero 3,4 MM, ero Mac-
ca 0, 1 r. TpaH3liCTOphI 3Toii cepttH npen-
Ha3Ha'IeHbI ,nJIH MHHHaTIOpHbIX pa,ri:HOBe-
11J,aTeJ1bHhIX nptteMHHKOB. Mx 11cnoJib3YIOT
TaK>Ke B cnyxoBhIX annapaTax, B 3JieK-
TpoHHhIX MenmurncKHX np116opax.' JJ:11a-
MeTp TpaH3MCTOpOB rT309 (p-n-p) 7,4 MM,
Macca 0,5 r. TaKHe TpaH3HCTOpbI rrpttMe-
HHIOT B pa3JIH'IHblX Manora6apHTHblX
3JieKTpOHHblX ycTpoiiCTBaX MH yc11neHHH
ll reHep11poBaHHH KOJie6aHHll BbICOKOH 'Ia-
CTOThl. TpaH3liCTOpb1 KT315 tn-p-n) Bhrny-
cKaIOT B nnacTMaCCOBbIX Kopnycax. Pa3-
Mepb1 Koprryca 7 x 9 x 3 MM, Macca 0,2 r.
3TH MaJI0MOlll,HbIC TpaH3HCTOpbI rrpenHa3-
Ha'IeHhl ,UJIH yc11neHHSI. H reHep11poBaHHH
KOJ1e6aHliH BbICOKOH 'IaCTOTbl.
TpaH3HCTOpb1 MTI39-MTI42 (p-n-p)-
caMhie MaCCOBhie cpen11 MaJIOMOlll,HblX

TpeTnH 3JieMeHT-TpeX3Ha1moe 'IHCJI0

Hli3KO'IaCTOTHhIX TpaH3HCTOpOB. T O'IHO
TaK BblrJISl)].SlT Ii aHanorH'IHble liM, HO
OT 101 no 999-yKa3hIBaeT nopRJJ,KOBbIM
H0Mep pa3pa60TKH ll Ha3Ha'IeH:He npH6o- CTPYKTYPhI n-p-n, TpaH3HCTOpb1
MTI35- MTI38. Jl:11aMeTp Kopnyca n106oro
pa. 3To 'IHCJ10 npHCBaHBaeTCH TpaH3HCT0-
py no npH3HaKaM, npHBe,neHHbIM B noMe-
H3 3THX TpaH3HCTOpOB 11,5 MM, Macca- He
6onee 2 r. Ha116onee mnpoKo 11x ncrronh-
maeMOH 3,UeCb Ta6JIHUe.
3YIOT B ycHnHTem1x 3ByKoBoii 'IaCTOThI.
"lleTBepTbIH 3JleMeHT o6o3Ha'IeHHH- 6yK- TaK BblrJISl,11,HT ll MaJIOMOIUHbie BbICOKO'Ia-
Ba, yKa3hIBa1011J,aH pa3H0BH,nHOCTb TpaH3H- CTOTHbie p-n-p TpaH3HCTOpbI cepHH
CT0p0B naHHOH cepHH. Il401 - TI403, TI416, II423, HcnoJih3yeMhie
BoT HeK0T0pbie npHMepbI pacmmppOBKH MH yc1rnemrn: BhICOKoqacTOTHhIX CHrHaJIOB
o603Ha'IeHHH TpaH3HCT0p0B no 3TOH Cll- KaK B npoMbillineHHbIX, TaK H J1I06:HTeJ1b-
CTeMe: rTt09A - repMaHHeBhiii Mano- CKHX pa,UHOBCillaTeJlhHbIX rrptteMHHKax.
MOIIIHhIH HM3KO'IaCTOTHblH TpaH3HCTOp, TpaH3llCTOp rT402 (p-n-p)-npe)].CTaBH-
pa3H0BH,UH0CTb A; rT404r-repMaHHeBblH TeJih Hll3KOqacTOTHbIX TpaH3HCTOpOB
cpe11Heii MOIIIHOCTH HH3KO'IaCTOTHhlH cpe1rneii MOillHOCTH. TaKyIO >Ke KOHCTpyK-
TpaH3HCTOp, pa3HOBH)],HOCTb r; UHIO HMeeT ero <<6JIH3Hel{>> IT404, HO OH
KT315B KpeMHHeBbIH MaJIOMOIUHhIH BhI- CTPYKTYPhI p-n-p. Bb1c0Ta KopnycoB TpaH-
coKo'IaCTOTHbIH TpaH3HCTOp, pa3HOBH,n- 3:HCTopoB 18 MM, Macca-He 6onee 5 r . Mx,
H0CTb B. HapMy C TaKOH CHCTeMOH npo- 06b1qHo B nape, HCnOJ1b3YIOT B KaCKanax
non>KaeT .neiicTBoBaTh ll npe>KHHH CHCTeMa ycm1eHli.SJ: MOIUHOCTH KOJie6aHHH 3BYKOBOH
o6o3Ha'IeHHH TpaH3HCT0p0B, HanpHMep 'IaCTOTbl.
TI27, TI401, TI213, MTI39 " T. n. O61,Hc- TpaH3HCTOp TI213 (repMaHHeBblH CTpyK-

Ta6nuQa A

TpaHJHCTOp p max, BT Htt3Kal! 'laCTOTa Cpenttl!ll '!aCT OTa 8b1COKa» '!aCTOTa

(no 3 Mru) (3-30 Mfo) (CBblllJC 30 Mru)

Manoii MOlllHOCTH (,no 0.3 BT) 101 -199 201-299 301- 399
CpeJJ:Heii Moru:ttocn1 (0,3-3 BT) 401-499 501-599 601--699
EonblllOH MOWHOCHI (CBbillle 3 BT) 701-799 801-899 901-999
..
88

Mll39-Ml742
(T109 (T309 KT315
ii
PHc 86. BHeIUHHM BH,D. HeKoTopbIX TpaH3Hcrnpos
Typbl p-n-p) - omrn H3 MOll.lHbIX HH3KO'Ia-
CTOTHblX TpaH3HCTOpOB, illHpOKO HCilOJih-
3yeMbIX B OKOHe'IHhlX KaCKanax ycmnne-
neii 3BYKOBOH 'IaCTOTbl. J];HaMeTp :noro,
a TaIOKe aHanOrH'IHblX eMy TpaH3HCTOpoB
TI2 l 4 - 0216 H HeKOTOpblX npyrHX, 24 MM,
Macca-He 6onee 20 r. TaKHe TpaH3HCTophI
KpemIT Ha IIIaCCH HJIH naHemIX nptt IlOMO-
I.UH qmaHueB. Bo BpeMSI pa60Thl OHH Ha-
rpeBaJOTCSJ., Il03TOMY HX o6hI'IHO CTaBSIT
Ha cneuHaJihHhle TeilJIOOTBO.USlll.lHe pa.rma-
TOphI, yBemi'IHBaJOll.{He noBepXHOCTH ox-
na)K)].eHHSI.
KT904- CBepXBhICOKO'IaCTOTHbIH KpeM-
HHeBhl0 n-p-n TpaH3HCTOp 6oJihIIIOH MOll.l-
HOCTH. Kopnyc MeTaJIJioKepaMtt'IecKHii
C )l(eCTKHMH BhIBO,UaMH H BHHTOM M5,
C IlOMOll.{hlO KOTOporo TpaH3HCTOp KpeilSIT
Ha TeTIJionpoBOJl$1IUeM pa.rm:aTope. <l>yHK-
umo pa,n:HaTopa MO)l(eT BbIIlOJIHSITh Mac-
ClfBHaSI MeTaJIJIIfliecKaSI nnaCTHHa RJIH Me-
TanJIH'IeCKOe maccH pa,n:HOTeXHH'IeCKoro
ycTpOMCTBa. BhICOTa TpaH3HCTopa BMeCTe
C BhIBO.UaMH H Kpene)KlfhIM BHHTOM 'IYTh
6onbme 20 MM. Macca- He 6011ee 6 r.
TpaH3HCTOpbI 3TOM cepHH npe,n:Ha3Ha_:-
'IaI-OTCSI ,ll,JISI reHepaTopoB H YCHJIHTeJieH
MOll.{HOCTH pa.n:noannapaTyphI, pa6oTaJO-
IUeH Ha 'Iacrorax BhIIIJe 100 Mru, Hanptt-
Mep nttana3oHa YKB. TaKne TpaH3HCTophl
HCilOJih3OBaHhI B yCHJIHTene MOll.lHOCTH
ruo61nenbcKoro npneMo-nepenaT'I11Ka,
a)
Puc. 87. OnhIThI c 6unom1pHbIM TpaH3HCT0poM
rT402 11213 ffT90tr
0 KOTOpOM SI 6yny paccKa3bIBaTh B nBa.II-
uaTh TpeTheii 6ecene, IlOCBSlll.{eHHOH pa-
.zrnocnopTy.
A Tenepb - HeCKOJibKO OilbITOB.
TPAH3MCTOP-YCJUIMTEJlh
B Ha'Iane 3TOM 'IaCTH 6ece,Ubl SI CKa3an,
'ITO 6ttnOJISipHblM TpaH3HCTOp MO)l(HO
npencTaBHTh ce6e KaK ,UBa BKJIJO'IeHHbIX
BCTpe'IHO IlJIOCKOCTHbIX nnona, COBMe-
ll.{eHHhIX B O,UHOH nnaCTHHe nonynpoBon-
HHKa. B 3TOM HeTpy,n:HO y6e,n:HThCSI Ha
OilhITax, ,n:JISI KOTOpbIX noTpe6yeTCSI JIJ0-
60:ii 6blBillHH B ynoTpe611eHHH, HO He HC-
rrop'IeHHbIH repMaHHeBhlM HH3KO'Ia-
CTOTHbIH TpaH3RCTop CTpYKTYPhl p-n-p,
HanpHMep MTI39 HJIH nono6Hhie eMy
TpaH3RCTOpbI MTT40- MTT42. Me)Kny Kon-
neKTopoM H 6a30M TpaH3HCTopa BKJIJO'Ili
nocnenoBaTeJihHo coennHeHHhie 6aTape10
3336Jl n naMnO'IKY OT KapMaHHOrO Q}OHa-
pSI, paCC'IHTaHHYJO Ha HanpSl)l(eHHe 2,5 B
n TOK 0,075 HJIH 0,15 A (pHC. 87). EcJIH no-
JIO)l(HTeJibHhIM nomoc 6aTapett GB oKa-
)l(eTcSI coenttHeHHbIM (qepe3 naMUO'IKY)
c KOJIJieKTopoM, a OTpHuaTeJihHbIM - c 6a-
30H (pHC. 87, a), TO naMDO'IKa ,n:OJI)l(Ha ro-
peTb. TipH )lpyroii noAApHOCTH BKJIJO'Ie-
HHSI 6aTapeH (pHC. 87, 6) JiaMilO'IKa ropeTb
He 6yner.
KaK o6bSICHHTh 3TH SIBJieHHSI? CHaqana
5)
89
Ha KOJlJlCKTOpHhlH p-n rrepexo)], Tbl
)],aBaJI rrpmme, T. e. rrporrycKHoe HarrpsnKe-
H11e. B '.HOM cny'Iae KOJUlCJ(TOpHblli p-n
rrepexo.u OTKphIT, ero corrpoTHBJieH11e
MaJIO 11 qepe3 Hero TC'ICT rrpSIMOR TOK
KOJIJICKTOpa I K. 3Ha'ICHl1C
B )],aHHOM cnyqae orrpe.uemieTCSI B OCHOB-
HOM corrpoTHBJieHl1CM Hl1Tl1 HaKana naM-
IIO'IK11 11 BttyTpeHIDIM corrpoT11BJICHHeM 6a-
Tape11. Tip11 JJ.pyroM BKJIIO'ICHl111 6aTape11
ee HaIIpSI)KCHl1C rro.uaBaJIOCb
TOpHbIR rrepeXO)], a o6paTHOM, HerrporrycK-
HOM HarrpaBJICHHl1. B '.HOM cnyqae rrepe-
XO)], 3aKpbIT, ero corrpOTl1BJieH11e BCJil1KO
11 qepe3 Hero Te'IeT JIHIIIb
o6paTHhIH TOK KOJIJICKTOpa
rrpaBHblX MaJIOMOIUHhIX H113Ko'IaCTOTHbIX
TpaH311CTOpOB o6paTHbIR TOK KOJIJICKTopa
He rrpeBbilllaeT 30 MKA. TaKoii TOK, ecTe-
CTBCHHO, He Mor HaKaJUHh H11Tb JiaMIIO'I-
K11, II03TOMY oHa 11 He ropena.
TipOBC)],11 aHaJIOr11'IHhlli OIIbIT C 3MIIT-
TepHbIM p-n nepexo.uoM. Pe3yJihTaT 6yJJ.eT
TaK11M )KC : rrp11 o6paTHOM HarrpIDKeHl111
rrepexo.u 6y.neT 3aKpbIT - JiaMIIO'IKa He ro-
pHT, a rrp11 IIpSIMOM Harrp.H)KCHl111 OH 6y.ueT
0TKphIT - JiaMIIO'lKa ropHT.
Cne.uy10rn:11ii oIIhIT, 11nn10cTp11py10m11n:
OJJ.HH 113 pe)KHMOB pa6oTbl TpaH311CTOpa,
npoao.D.H no cxeMe, rroKa3aHHOM
p11c. 88. Me)J(.n:y 3M11rrepoM 11 KOJIJieI<To-
poM TpaH3HCTOpa BKJIIO'IH IIOCJie)],OBa-
TCJlbHO coenHHeHHbie 6aTape10 333611 H Ty
)KC JiaMIIO'IKY HaKaJIRBaHmI. TioJIO)Kl1-
TeJibHhIH IIOJIIOC 6aTape11 )],0JI)KCH COC)],11-
HSITbCSI C 3Ml1TTepoM, a OTpln.(aTCJibHhIR - C
KOJIJICKTOpOM ( qepe3 Hl1Tb HaKana).
naMrro'IKa? HeT, He ropHT. CoeJJ.HHH rrpo-
BOJIO'IHOii nepeMhl'IKOR 6roy C 3Ml1TTepoM,
Kai< rroKa3aHo Ha CXeMe ll1Tp11XOBOR Jll1-
HHeii. JlaMIIO'IKa, BKJilO'ICHHa.H B
TOpHy10 I.(CIIb TpaH311CTopa, TO)KC He 6y.D.eT
ropeTh. y
AaJili rrepeMhl'IKY, a BMCCTO HCC
IIOAKJIIO'IH K 3THM 3JICI<TpO)],aM IIOCJIC)],0-
rro- BaTeJihHo coe.D.11HeHHb1e pe311cTop R6 co-
rrpoT11BneH11eM 200-300 OM 11 0)],HH raJib-
BaHl1'ICCK11R 3JieMeHT G5, Harrp11Mep, T11rra
332, HO TaK, 'IT06hl Ml1Hyc 3JieMeHTa 6hIJI
Ha 6a3e, a IIJIIOC - Ha 3Ml1TTepe. Terrepb
:noro TOKa naMIIO'IKa )],OJl)KHa ropeTb. TioMeHSIH Me-
CTaM11 rromipHOCTb IIO)],KJIIO'ICHl111 3JICMeH-
Ta K '.HMM 'JJICKTpo.uaM rpaH3HCTopa.
B 3TOM cnyqae JiaMIIO'IKa ropeTb He )],OJI-
)KHa. TioBTOp11 HeCKOJlhKO pa3 3TOT OllhIT
Ha KOJIJICK- 11 Tbl y6e.u11mbC.SI B TOM, 'ITO naMIIO'IKa
B KOJIJieKTOpHOH uerrtt 6y.D.eT ropeTb TOJib-
KO Tor.D.a, KOr)],a Ha 6a3e TpaH3HCTopa OT-
HOCHTCJibHO 3MHTTepa )],CHCTByeT oTpHI.(a-
He60JibllIOM TCJlbHOC Harrp.H)KCHHC.
I KEO. Y 11C- Pa36epeMC.H B 3THX OIIbITaX. B rrepBOM
H3 HHX, KOr)],a Thi, COC)lliH11B rrepeMhl'IKOM
6a3y C 3Ml1TTepoM, 3aMKHYJI HaKopoTKO
3MHTTCpHblM rrepexo.r:r,, KOJIJICKTOpHbIR
nepeXO.[( CTaJI rrpocT0 )],HO)],OM, Ha KO-
TOpbIH IIO)],aBaJIOCb o6paTHOC HaIIpSl)Ke-
HHC. qepe3 TpaH3HCTOp llICJI JllilJ.lb HC3Ha-
'IHTCJibHhlli o6paTHbIR TOK KOJIJICI<TOpHoro
rrepeXO)],a, KOTOpbIR He Mor HaKaJil1Tb
Hl1Th JiaMIIO'IKl1. B 3TO BpeMSI TpaH3HCTOp
HaXO,lJ.HJICSI B 3aKpbITOM COCTOS!HHH. 3aTeM,
YJJ.aJil1B rrepeMhl'IKY, Tbl BOCCTaHOBHJI
3M.HTTepHbIH rrepeXO)],. TiepBbIM BKJIIO'Ie-
HHCM 3JieMeHTa MC)KJJ.Y 6a3oii .H 3M.HTTe-
Ha poM Thi nonan Ha 3MHTTepHbIH rrepeXo)],
rrpSIMOC HarrpSI)KeH11e. 3Ml1TTepHbIH rrepe-
XO)], OTKphIJICSI, .H qepe3 Hero IIOllICJI rrpsi:-
MOH TOK, KOTOphIR OTKpbIJI BTOpoii rrepe-
XO)], TpaH3.HCTOpa - KOJIJICKTOpHhlH. TpaH-
3.HCTOp OKa3aJIC.H OTKpbITbIM H TIO l.(CII.H
3Ml1TTCp - 6a3a - KOJlJICKTOp IIOllICJI KOJI-
r opHT JICKTOpHbrii TOK TpaH3.HCTOpa JK, KOTOpbIH
BO MHOro pa3 6oJibllIC TOKa l.(CIIH 3MHT-
Tep- 6a3a. OH-TO .H HaKaJIHJI HHTb naM-
IIO'IK.H. Kor)],a >Ke Thl .H3MeHHJI IIOJISlpHOCTh
KOJIJieK- BKJIIO'ICH.HSI 3JICMCHTa Ha o6paTHYlO, TO
ero HarrpSl)KCH.HC 3aI<pbIJIO 3MHTTepHblR
rrepeXO)],, a BMCCTe C TeM 3aKpbIJICSI If KOJI-
JieKTOpHhlli rrepexo)],. Tip11 3TOM TOK TpaH-

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iCB
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PHc. 88. Orn,IT, HJIJIIOCTpHpyiouurn: pa6o-ry TpaH3HCT0pa B pe)l(HMe nepeKJilOlfeHH11

90
3llCTopa Il01-ITll npeKpanmcsi: (men TOJihKO BKJII01:IHTb 3BYKOCHllMaTeJib Ii nponrpaTb
o6paTHbill TOK KOJIJieKTOpa) ll JiaMn01:1Ka rpaMnnacTHHKy. Tor)la B Te11e¢0Hax Bl
He ropena. 6y.uyT xopomo CJibIIIIHbl 3BYKH MeJIO,llllH
KaKoBa ponh pe3llCTopa R5? B npnHun- HJIH ronoc neeua, 3anncaHHh1e Ha rpaM-
ne :noro pe3llCTopa MO)KeT n He 6bITb. nnacTHHKe.
jJ )Ke peKOMeH)lOBaJI BKJil01:lllTh ero nc- KaKOBbl 3,ll,eCb ¢YHKUHH pe3HCTopa R5
KJII01:IHTeJibHO )lJISI Toro, 1:IT06bI orpaHn- H KOH.UeHcaTopa Cea? qepe3 pe3ttcrop R5
1:lllTb TOK B 6a30BOH uentt. l1Ha1:1e 1:1epe3 Ha 6a3y rpaH3HCTopa OT 6aTape0 n11Tamrn
3MllTTepHblH nepexo)l noii)leT CJilillIKOM GB no)laeTcsi: He6onhmoe 0Tp111.(aTeJihHoe
6oJibIIIOH IlpSIMOH TOK, B pe3YJihTaTe 1:1ero Hanpsi:)KeHne, Ha3hIBaeMoe Hanpsi:)KeHHeM
MO)KeT npOll30HTll TeITJIOBOH npo6oii CMeII.teHHSI, KOTOpoe OTKpbIBaeT TpaH3H-
nepexo)la Ii TpaH3llCTOp BbIH)leT ll3 CTPOSI. CTop II TeM caMhIM 06ecrre1:111eaeT eMy pa-
Ecnn 6bI npn npoBe)leHllll 3THX OUbITOB 6oTy B pe)KHMe yc11neHHSI. .6e3 HalfaJihHOro
B 6a3oey10 " Ko1rneKTopHy10 uenn 6hrnn Hanpsi:)KeHHSI CMemeHHSI 3MHTTepHhrii p-n
BKJIIOlfeHhl ll3MepnTeJibHhie nptt6opbl. TO 1nepeXO)l TpaH3HCTOpa 6y.ueT 3aKpblT H,
nptt 3aKpbITOM TpaH3llCTope TOKOB B ero IlO)l06Ho )lllO.UY, 6y)leT «Cpe3aTh» IlOJIO-
uensi:x Il01:ITH He 6hIJIO 6bl. CTpH OTKpbITOM )KlfTeJlbHhie nonynepHoAhI Bxo}],Horo Ha-
)Ke TpaH3HCTope TOK 6a3hl I J; 6bIJI 6bl He npsi:)KeHHsi:, 0T1:1ero ycHJieHHe 6y)leT conpo-
6onee 2-3 MA, a TOK KOJIJieKTopa IK co- BO)K)laThCSI HCKa)KeHHSIMJf. A KOH)leHcaTop
cTaBJISIJI 60-75 MA. 3To 03Ha~mcr, 1:ITO Cea BhIIlOJIHSleT ¢YHKUHIO CBll3YIOII.tero
TpaH3llCTOp MO)KeT 6bITh yc1mttTeJieM TOKa. 3JieMeHTa Me)K,ny Tene¢oHoM B2 11 6a3oii:
B 3Tllx onLrrax TpaH3llCTop 6hrn TpaH3HCTopa. OH 6ecrrpensi:TCTBeHHO npo-
B O)lHOM ll3 Jl.BYX COCTOSIHHH: OTKpblTOM nycKaeT KOJie6aHHSI 3BYKOBOii: 1:1aCTOTbl
HJIH 3aKpbITOM. TiepeKJII01:leHne TpaH3ll- n nperpa)K,naer nyTh noCTosi:HHoMy ToKy
CTopa H3 O)lHoro COCTOSIHHSI B Jl.pyroe ll3 6a3oBoii uenH K Tene¢oHy. .6e3 TaKoro
nponcxo)lHJIO no)l )leii:CTBneM Hanpsi:)Kemrn pa3.uennTeJihHoro KOH)leHcaTopa 6a3a
u
Ha 6a3e 6· TaKOH pe)KllM pa60TbI rpaH- TpaH3HCTopa no IlOCTOSIHHOMY TOKY OKa-
3HCTopa, npomIJIIOCTpnpoBaHHhlH rpaclm:- 3aJiaCh 6b1 coe,lIHHeHHOH C 3MHTTepoM
KaMJf Ha pnc. 88, Ha3bIBaIOT pe;HCUMOM n pe)KHM ycimeHllSI 6bIJI 6bI HapyrneH.
nepe1<A10'-ICHUR llJill, 1:ITO TO )Ke caMoe, 1<A10-
llC6blM. TaKoii pe)KllM pa6oThI TpaH3llCTO-
poB llCilOJib3YIOT B OCHOBHOM B np116opax
Ii YCTpOHCTBax 3JieKTpOHHOH aBTOMaTMKH.
B pa)lHOBemaTeJibHbIX np11eMHHKax
I{ ycHJIHTemi:x 3q TpaH3HCTOpbI pa6oTaIOT
B pe)KHMe ycHJieHllSI. Orn111:1aeTCSI OH OT
pe)KHMa nepeKJIIOlfeHHSI TeM, 1:ITO, HCilOJib-
Bl
3YSI MaJibie TOKll B 6a30BOR uen11, Mbl MO-
)KeM ynpaBJISITb 3Ha'IHTeJihHO 60JibIIIMMH
TOKaMH B KOJIJieKTOpHoii uenH TpaH3HCTO-
pa. .l1JIJIIOCTpHpOBaTh pa6oTy TpaH3HCTO-
pa B pe)KHMe ycHJieHHSI MO)KHO cne.uyro-
ll{HM oilhITOM (p11c. 89). B KOJIJieKTOpHyro
ueilh rpam11cTopa V BKn101:111 3JieKTpoMar-
HITTHhrii Tene¢oH Bl, a Me)K)ly 6a3oii:
H MHHycoM 11cro1:1HHKa nttTaHllsi: GB (6ara-
pesi 3336JI)- pe311crop R5 conpoTHBJie-
HtteM 200-250 KOM. BTopoii Tene¢oH B2
no,nKJIIO'lll K y1:1aCTKY 6a3a- 3MHTTep rpaH-
3HCTopa, HO 1:1epe3 KOH)leHcarop Cea eM-
KOCThIO 0,1- 0,5 MK<D.' y re6si: nony1:11ffCSI
npocTeiiurnii: ycnmneJib, KOTOpbIH MO)KeT
BhIIlOJIHSITb, HanpMMep, pOJib O.ZlHOCTopoH-
Hero rene¢oHHoro annapaTa. EcJIH TBoii:
npH»TeJih 6y)leT HerpoMKO roBopHTb
nepe,ll, Tene¢oHOM B2, BKJII01:leHHbIM Ha
Bxo.ue YCHJIHTeJisi:, ero pa3rOBOp Tbl 6y-
J],elllb CJibIIIIaTb B renecpoHax Bl, BKill0-
1:leHHblX Ha BhIXO)le YCHJIHTeJISI. Ha BXOil PHc. 89. Om,rT, HJIJIJOCTpupy10ll{Jiii pa6ory
yc1rnHTemI BMeCTO Tene¢oHa B2 MO)KHO TpaH3HCT0pa B pe)l<HMe ycnJienmi:

91
 B 3TOM onbITe Ha BXOJl ycmurremi: no-
naBaJIOCb nepeMeHHOe HanpHlKeHHe 3BYKO-
BOH ':laCTOTbI, HCTO':IHHKOM KOTOporo 6bIJI
Tene<J>oH, npeo6pa3yIOll{HH, KaK MHKpo-
<l>oH, 3BYKOBhie KOJie6amrn B 3JieKTPH':le-
CKHe (Ha pnc. 89-rpa¢nK a). 3To HanpH-
lKeHHe C03AaBaJIO B uenH 3MHTTep-6a3a
KOJie6amrn nocTOSIHHoro TOKa (rpa¢HK 6),
KOTOpbie ynpaBmJ.Trn 3Ha':IHTeJihHO 66Jib-
lllHM TOKOM B KOJIJieKTOpHOH uenn (rpa-
¢HK e). IlpoHCXO,l];IIJIO ycHJieHHe BXO,nHOrO
CHrHana. YCJUieHHbIH )Ke TpaH3HCTOpOM
cm-Han npeo6pa30BhIBaJIC» Tene<J>oHaMH
Bl, BICJIIO':leHHbIMH B uenh KOJIJieKTopa,
B 3BYKOBbie KOJie6aHHH. TpaH3HCTOp pa6o-
TaJI 13 pelKHMe ycHJieHH».
Ilpouecc ycHJieHH» B o6~x qepTax
npoHCXOJlHT CJie)].YIOIUHM o6pa30M. Ilpn
OTCYTCTBHH Hanp»lKemrn BXO,nHOro CHrHa-
Jia B uen»x 6831,) H 1<onJieKTopa TeKyT He-
6onhIIJHe TOKH (Ha pnc. 89-JieBhie yqacT-
KH rpa¢HKOB 6 n B), onpe.neJI»eMbie
Hanp»)KeHHeM HCTO':IHHKa n11TaHHff, HanpH-
lKeHHeM CMell{eHIUI Ha 6a3e H ycmm-
TeJibHhIMH CBOHCTBaMH TpaHJHCTopa. KaK
T0JibKO B uenH 683bl IlOSIBJJffeTCSI CJffHaJI,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO eMy Ha':IHHaIOT B3MeH»Th-
Cff B TOKH B uen»x TpaH3HCTopa: BO BpeM»
OTpnuaTeJihHhlX nonynepHO)lOB, Kor.na
CYMMapHoe OTpHUaTeJihHOe Hanp»lKeHHe
Ha 6a3e Bo3pacracr, TOKH ueneii yBeJIH':IH-
BalOTCH, a BO BpeMR noJIO)KHTeJibHhlX no-
.nynepHO,llOB, KOr,lla Hanp»lKeHHff CRrHaJia
R CMellleHHff npOTHBOnOJIOiKHhI I{, cneiro-
BaTeJihHO, OTPHUaTeJibHOe Hanp»lKeHRe Ha
6a3e yMeHblllaeTC51., TOKH B o6eHX uen»x
TOlKe yMeHblllaIOTCff. IlpoHCXOAHT ycIDie-
HHe no Hanp»lKeHHIO I{ TOKy. Ecnn HarpY3-
KOH TpaH3HCTopa 6y,nyT He Tene¢OHbI,
a pe3HCTOp, TO C03.[{aIOll{eec» Ha HeM Ha-
np51.lKeHRe nepeMeHHOH coCTaBJISIIOll{eH
ycIDieHHoro CRrHaJia MOiKHO 6y.lleT no.naTb
BO BXO.LVIYIO uenh BToporo TpaH3HCTOpa
M» )lOITOJIHJfTeJihHOro ycm1eHRSI. 0 )lHH
TpaH3HCTOp MOlKeT ycnnHTb CMfHaJI
B 30- 50 pa3.
To':IHO TaK pa6oTaIOT H TpaH3RCTOpb1
CTpYKTyp1,1 n-p-n. Ho turn HHX non»pHOCTh
BKJII0':leHMSI 6aTapeH, nHT8IOll{eH uenn
6a3bl H KOMeKTopa, JlOJllKHa 6b1Th He Ta-
KOH, KaK y p-n-p TpaH3HCTopoB, a o6paT-
HOH.
3anOMHR: OAR pa6ombl mpaH3UCmopa
e pe;,,cuMe ycuAeHUR Ha ezo 6a3y (oTHOCH-
TeJihHO 3MHTTepa) BMecme c Hanp11;,,ceHueM
ycuAueaeM020 cu2HaAa 06,i3ameil&Ho OoA-
;,,cHo noOaeambCR nocmOHHHOe Hanp11;,,ce-
HUe CMeUJeHUR, omKpbl6a10UJee mpaH3U-
cmop. ,D,n» repMaHHeBbJX TpaH3HCTOpOB
OHO .[{OJllKHO COCTaBJISITh 0,1- 0,2 B, a )lJiff
92
KpeMHReBbIX TpaH3HCTOpOB 0,5-0,7 B. Ha-
np»lKeHne CMell{eHH» Ha 6a3y He no,z::,;aroT
JIHIIJh B Tex cnyqaSJ.X, Korna 3MHTTepHhlli
nepexo.n TpaH3HCTopa HCnOJib3YIOT )lJiff
JleTeKTHpoBaHHff P£\.II.HO':laCTOTHoro MO.UY-
JIHpoBaHHOro cnrmina.
CXEMbl BKJIIO'llEI--111.H 11
OCHOBHbIE IIAPAMETPbl
lil1TIOfl.HPHbIX TPAH311CTOPOB
11TaK, 6nn01rnpHI,IH TpaH3HCTOp, He3aBH-
CllMO OT ero crpyKryp1,1, SIBJlffeTCSI TpeX3-
JieKTPO.llHhlM npn6opoM. Ero :meK-
Tpo)ll,1 - 3MHTTep, KOJIJieI<Top R 6a3a. ,D,n»
ucnOJib3OBaHJlff TpaH3HCTopa B Ka':leCTBe
yc1umTeJ1» Hanp»lKeHHff, TOKa HJIH MOll.UfO-
CTH BXO,n:HOR ClffHaJI, KOTOpbIH Ha)],O ycR-
JlHTb, MOlKHO nonaBaTh Ha nBa KaKHX-JIH-
60 3JleKTpo,z::,;a " C .llBYX 3JleKTpO,llOB
CHHMaTb ycJIJieHHhIH CHrHaJI. Ilpn 3TOM
O,IJ;HH H3 3JieK'rpo,llOB ofo13aTeJibHO 6y,z::,;eT
o6ll{llM. OH-TO H onpe,z::,;eJI»eT Ha3BaHRe
cnoco6a BKJIIO':lemrn TpaHJHcTopa: no .cxe-
Me o6mero 3MHTTepa (03), no cxeMe 06-
mero KoJIJieKTopa (OK), no cxeMe o6meii
683hl (Oli).
BKJIIO':leHne p-n-p rpaH3HCTopa no cxe-
Me 03 noKa3aHo Ha pnc. 90, a. Hanpsi)Ke-
HHe BCTO':IHHKa nHTaHH» u H n Ha KOJIJieK-
Top Tpa113ncropa V nonacrc» qepe3 pe3H-
crop RK, »Bn»romniic» Harpy3KOH, Ha
3MHTTep- qepe3 o6nmii «3a3eMJieHHbIH»
npoBO,llHHK, o6o3HaqaeMblii Ha cxeMax
3HaKOM «l.». Bxo,llHOH CRrHaJI qepe3 KOH-
,lleHCaTop CBH3M Cea no.naeTc» K BhIBO,llaM
6a3bl I{ 3MRTTepa, T. e. K yqaCTKY 6a3a-
3MHTTep TpaH3HCTOpa, a yc1rneHHbIH CMr-
HaJI CHJIMaeTCSI C BblBOlIOB 3MHTTepa
11 KoJIJieKTopa. 3MHTTep, cne.noeaTeJibHO,
npH TaKOM BKJIIO':leHHR TpaH3RCTopa
ffBJrneTCSI o6ll{HM )lJijl BXO,n:HOH a BhlXO)l-
HOH ueneii.
BcnOMHH cxeMhl H pncyHKH, KOTOpblMR
B 3TOH 6ece.ne Thi nOJib30BaJICff, 3aCTaBJiffjl
TpaH3HCTOp pa6oTaTh B pelKllMax yc1rne-
HlUI H nepeKJU0'ieHHff. ,D,a, TpaH3HCT0p Thi
BKJilO':laJI no cxeMe 03. 11 3To He cJiyqaif-
Ho: TpaH3HCTOp, BKJIIO':leHHbIH TaKRM cno-
co6oM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero YCHJIH-
TeJihHbIX CBOHCTB MO)KeT .naTb
10- 200-KpaTHoe ycHJ1em1e cnrHana no Ha-
np»lKeHHIO H 20- 100-KpaTHoe ycHJieHHe
cwHana no TOKY- 6naro,llapS1 3ToMy crro-
co6 BKJilO':leHH» -rpaH3HCTopa no cxeMe
03 noJib3YeTCSI y pa,llROJil06HTeJTeii Ha-
H60JihIIJeii nonyn»pHoCThlO.
CymecTBeHHbIM He.[{OCTaTKOM ycHJm-
TeJihHOro KaCKa.na Ha TpaH3HCTope, BKJIIO-
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PHc. 90. CxeMhl BICJllO'IeHHSJ p-n-p TpaH3HCTopoe

'ieHHOM no TaKOH CXeMe, SI.BJHleTCSI ero noemopume11RMU. TI01:1eMy 3MllTTepHbIMH?

cpaBHJITeJibHO MaJIOe BXO)].HOe corrpOTll-
BJleHHe - ecero 500-1000 OM, •no ycno)K-
HReT cornacoeamie ycHJIHTeJ1hHh1x KacKa-
JlOB, TpaH3liCTOpbI KOTOpbIX BKmoqa10T no
TaKoii )Ke cxeMe. O61>RCHSICTCS1 3TO TCM,
'ITO B )].aHHOM cny1:1ae 3MHTTepHblH p-n
nepexo)], rpaH3liCTopa BKJU0'ieH B npKMOM,
T. e. nporrycKHOM, HanpaBJieHHH. A conpo-
THBnem1e nponycKHoro nepexo)la, JaBHCSI-
IUee OT npHKnaAhIBaeMoro K HeMY HanpSl-
)KeHHSI, acerna Ma.JIO. qTO )Ke KaCaeTCSI
BblXOAHoro conpoTHBJieHHSI TaKoro KacKa-
)la, TO OHO AOCTaTO'lliO 60JibUIOe
(2- 20 KOM) li 3aBHCHT OT conpOTHBJleHHSI.
uarpy3Kll RK If ycHJIIITeJihHhix ceoHCTB
TPaH3llCTopa.
BKn101:1eHHe TpaH3HCTopa no cxeMe OK
ThJ BllAlilllb Ha pHC. 90, 6. Bxo;:i:HOH CHrHaJT
no,z:i:aeTCSI Ha 6a3y ll 3MHTTep 1:1epe3 3MHT-
TCpHl,IH pe3HCrop R3, KOTOpbIH HBJISleTCH
1:1aCTbIO KOJTJieKTOpHOH uenH. C 3TOro )Ke
pe3llCTOpa, BhIIlOJIHSIJOIUero <l>YHKUllIO Ha-
rpy3Kll TpaH3HCTopa, CHHMaeTCSI ll BbIXOA-
HOH CHrHaJI. TanrM o6pa30M, 3TOT y1-1a-
CTOK KOJTJTeKTOpHOH uenH SIBJISleTCSI 06-
ll.{HM ,ll.JISI BXO)lHOH ll BhIXOJJ.HOH uene:ii,
no3TOMY II Ha3BaHHC cnoco6a BKJlIO'ieHHR
TpaH3HCTopa- OK. KacKa)]. c TpaH3HCTo-
poM, BKJTIO':leHHhIM no TaKOH cxeMe, no
Hailpfl)l(eHHIO )].aeT ycHJieHHe MeHbIIIC e)].H-
HID.{1,1. y CJUieHlle )Ke no TOKY nony1:1aeTCSI
npn:MepHo TaKoe )Ke, KaK eCJill 6hI TpaH3H-
CTOp 6hrn BKJTIO'ieH no cxeMe 03. Ho Ja-
TO BXO;:i:Hoe corrpoTHBJieHHe TaKoro KaCKa-
)la MO)l(eT coCTaBJTHTh 10--500 KOM, 1-ITO
xopoIIIo cornacyeTCSI c 6oJibIIIllM BhI-
XOAHhIM conpoTHBJieHHeM KacKa)la Ha
TPaH3llCTope, BKJlIO'ieHHOM no cxeMe 03.
no cymeCTBy, KacKa.n He )laeT yc1rneHHH
no HaIIpSl)KeHJ{IO, a JIIIlllb KaK 6bI noBTO-
pSleT nonse,ueHHhIH K HCMY CllrHaJI. TI03TO-
MY TpaH3HCTOpbI, BKJIIO'laeMhie no TaKOH
cxeMe, Ha3hIBaIOT TaK)Ke 3MUmmepHblMU
TioToMy 'ITO BbIXO)lHOe Hailpfl)KeHHe Ha
3MHTTepe TpaH3llCTOpa npaKTH':ICCKH non-
HOCTblO IIOBTOpSleT BXO)].HOe HaIIpSl)KeHHe.
TI01-1eMy KaCKa,z:i: He ycmrneaeT HanpS1.)l(e-
HHe? .D:aBaii coe)].HHHM pe3HCTOpOM uerrb
6a3bl TpaH3HCTOpa C HH)KHHM (no cxeMe)
BhlBO,UOM 3MHTTepHoro pe3HCTopa R3, KaK
IlOKa3aHO Ha pllC. 90, 6 IIITpllXOBhIMll Jill-
HHHMH. 3-roT pe3HCTOp-3KBHBaJICHT BHY-
TpeHHero conpOTHBJTCHHSI llCToqHm<a
BXO,UHoro CfilHaJia Rex, HarrpHMep MHKpO-
<t>oHa mm 3BYKOCHHMaTeJTSI. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, 3MHTTepHaSI. uenb oKa3bIBaeTCSI CBSl-
3aHHOH 1:1epe3 pe3HCTop Rex c 6a3oii.
Kor.ua Ha BXO.U YCHJTHTeJISI no.uaeTCSI Ha-
npfl)KCHlle CHrHaJia, Ha pe3llCTope R3,
SIBJTSIWII{eMCSI HarpY3KOH TpaH3HCTopa, Bbl-
.uenSleTCSI HanpSl)KCHHC ycHJJCHHOro CllrHa-
na, KOTopoe 1:1epe3 pe3llCTOp Rex OKa3hI-
BaeTCSI nplfJIO)l(eHHbIM K 6a3e B npOTHBO-
<t,a3e. Tipll 3TOM MC)K.UY 3MllTTepHOH
H 6aJoBoii uenKMll B03HHKaeT 01:ICHh CllJih-
HaSI OTplil.\aTCJThHaSI o6paTHaSI CBSl3h, CBO-
.u~aH Ha HeT ycHneHHe KacKa;:i:a. 3ro no
HanpS1)KeHH10. A no ToKy ycHJieHHSI nony-
1:1aercS1 TaKoe )Ke, KaK H npll BKJIIO':leHHH
TpaH3HCTopa no cxeMe 03.
Tenepb O BKJllO'iCHHH TpaH3llCTopa no
cxeMe 06 (pHc. 90, e). B 3TOM cny1:1ae 6a3a
1:1epe3 KOH,ueHcaTop C5 no nepeMeHHoMy
TOKY 3a3eMJICHa, T. e. coe,uHHeHa C o6lI{HM
npoBOAHllKOM nHTaHHS1. Bxo)].HOH CHrHaJI
1:1epe3 KOH.UeHcaTop Cea no,ua10T Ha 3MMT-
Tep H 6a3y, a ycHJJeHHbIH CHrHan CHHMaJOT
C KOJIJieKTopa li C 3a3eMJieHHOH 6a3bI~ 6a-
3a, TaKHM o6pa30M, SIBJUleTCSI o6ruHM
3JTeKTpOLJ.OM BXO.llHOH ll BhIXOlIHOH ueneH
KacKa,ua. TaKoii KacKa,u )laeT ycIDieHHe no
TOKY MeHhIIIe emrnnuhI, a no HanpS1)1(e-
HH10 - TaKoe )Ke, KaK TpaH3HCTOp, BKJU0-
1:1eHHhIH no cxeMe 03 (10-200). l1J-3a
01:1eHh Manoro BXOJJ.Horo conpoTHBJieHHSI,
He npeBhIIIIaIOII{er~ HeCKOJlbKllX .uecHTKOB

93
OM (30-100 OM), BKJIIO'-leHRe TpaH3HCTopa
no cxeMe OE HCil0Jih3YIOT rnaBHhlM o6pa-
30M B reHepaTopax :meKTpH'-lecmx K0Jie-
6amrn:, e caepxreHepanmHhIX KacKa,z:i:ax,
npHMeHSleMbIX, HanpHMep, B annapaType
pa.n:Hoynpaanenm1 Mo.n:eJrnMH, o '-leM y nae
pa3roaop enepe.n:a.
TbI qaru:e Bcero 6y.n:eIIIb Il0JTb30BaThCSI
BKJTEO'-leHlieM TpaH3RCTopa TIO cxeMe 03,
peiKe- no CXeMe OK. Ho 3T0 T0JihK0 cno-
0061,1 BKJIIO'ieHHSI. A pe)KHM pa60TbI TpaH-
3HCTopa KaK ycanHTeJISI onpeneJIS1eTcff Ha-
npSliKeHHffMH Ha ero ::meKTpo.n:ax, ToKaMH
B ero uenS1x H, KoHe'-lHo, napaMeTpaMH
caMoro TpaH3HCTopa.
KaqeCTBO H ycHJTHTeJibHbie CBOHCTBa 6H-
Il0JISlpHbJX TpaH3HCT0p0B queuRBaEOT no
HeCK0JTbKHM 3neKTpH1ieCKHM napaMeTpaM,
K0T0pbie H3MepSIIOT C Il0M0I.I.lblO cne-
UHaJibHbIX npH6opoB. Te6SI )Ke, c npaKTH-
qeCKOH T0'iKH 3peHmI, B nepayro oqepe.n:b
)l0JI)KHbI l.fHTepecoaaTb TPH 0CH0BHbIX na-
paMeTpa: o6paTHbIH TOK K0JTJieKTopa
JKEO, CTaTH'-lecKHH K03$q>1u1HeHT nepe.n:a-
'fH T0Ka h213 (1iHTaIOT TaK: am .n:Ba 0)lHH
3) R rpaHH'-lHaSI qaCToTa Ko3<!>$HUHeHTa
nepe.n:a'-lH T0Ka frp•
O6paTHbIU TOK K0JIJieKTopa IK60- 3T0
HeynpaBJISleMblH TOK qepe3 KOJIJieKTopHbIU
p-n nepexo.n:, C03llaIOIIIHHCSI He0CH0BHhlMH
H0CHTeJTSIMH T0Ka TpaH3HCTopa. OH xa-
paKTepH3YeT Ka'-leCTB0 TpaH3HCTopa: qeM
'iHCJieHH0e 3Ha'-leHHe napaMeTpa IKEO
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A HeJib3JI JlH H )lHO)l HCICJilO'l:HTb H3 npH-
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Kil103.
IlpHHUHilHaJibHa.ll CXeMa TaKoro Ba-
pHaHTa npHeMHHKa noKaJaHa Ha pHc. 97.
VZ MllJ9- Mll4,2
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47
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47K 'I 81
PHc. 96. CxeMa B03MO)l(Horo eapHaHTil O.llHO-
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CTop BKJiioqen no cxeMe OH. Me)IC,lly
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(100-150 n<I>), a Me)IC,llJ 38.TBOpOM H HCTO-
KOM-pe3HCTOp Rl (750 KOM-1,5 MOM).
ronOBHbie TeJiecl>oHbl, BKJilO'l:eHHhle B uen1,
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C4 (2200-3300 n<J>). 0:CT01:IHHKOM IlHTaHH.SI
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6aHHH pa.nuoqaCTOThI? Pon1, )leTeKTOpa
B HeM BbIIlOJlHJleT p-n nepexo)l Me)IC,lly 38-
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KOH)leHcaTop )leTeKTOpHoro npHeMHHKa.
Bxo)lHoe conpoTHBJieHHe noneBoro
1-paH3HCTopa orpOMHO- B ThlCJl'IH pa3
6on1,we BXO)lHoro conpoTHBJieHHJI 6uno-
mr:pHoro TpaH3HCTopa, BKJI10qenooro no
cxeMe 03. 3To npeHMYIUCCTBO IlOJleBoro
lpaH3HCTopa H no3BOJlHJIO HCilOJlb3OBaTL
ero B npHeMHHKe JI)ISI O)lHOBpeMeHHoro
)leTelCTHpoeaHHJI: paJJ;HO'l:aCTOTHOH COCTa-
BJIJIIOllleH H ycuJieHHjl CHrHaJia 3BYKOBOH
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O)];HOTPAH3HCTOPHblR PE-~
<l>JlEKCHbIR
1IyBCTBHTeJibHOCTb O)lHOlpaH3HCTOpHoro
npHeMHHJa MO>ICHO 3Ha'l:HTeJibHO IlOBbI-
,..
IWTCl C4- BT
47 CJ
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3300
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+
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3HCTOpe
101

8 CB113aHHYIO c KOHTypHoH KaryrnKoH Ll,
Puc. 98. <;:xeMa, uJm10cTpupy10maJ1 npmmun
pa60TbI pe4>neICCHOro npueMHHICa
CHTL, eCJIH ero 1J)aH3HCTop, pa6oTaIOI.l.{HH
B ycHJIHTeJie 3q, HCilOJib3OBaTL eme H ,D.JUI
ycHJieHHSI KOJie6aHHH pa,n:HOllaCTOTbl, T. e.
cnenaTL npHeh,JHHK pe4>JieKCHbIM.
CyTL pa60Tbl TaKoro npHeMHHKa HJIJIIO-
CTPHPYIOT cxeMa H rpaq>HKH, npHBe.ueHHble
Ha pHC. 98. 3.uecb TpeyroJibHHKOM A yc-
JIOBHO 060JHa11eH OAH01J)aH3HCTOpHbIH
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HOrO KOHTypa noeyynaeT MO.ll)'JIHpo-
BaHHbIH CHrHart pa,n:HOBemaTeJILHOH CTaH-
UHH. Ilocne ycuneHHH JTOT CHrHart .ueTeK-
mpyeTCSI JIHOJIOM V; BbI,neJieHHble HM
KOJie6aHHJI 3BYKOBOH qaCTOTb] no,nalOTCJI
Ha Bxo.n Toro >Ke ycHJIHTeJIH, a nocne ycH-
neHHH npeo6pa3yeTcJ1 Tene4>0HaME B 3ByK.
IlpHHUHilHaJibffYIO CXeMy BO3MO>KHOro
BapHaHTa TaKoro npHeMHHKa Thi BH,D.HIIIb
Ha pHC. 99. Pa36epeMC.H B ero JJICKTpH'le-
CKHX nen.RX, B 4>yHKUHJIX, BbIIlOJIHJICMblX
ero JJieMeHTaMH. Bxo;:rnyro- nenL o6pa-
3yioT 3HaKOMbIH Te6e KOJie6aTeJILHbIH
KOHTYP L1C2, HaCTpaHBaeMbIH Ha cHr-
H8.llbI pa,uHOCTaHUHH KOH,n:CHCaTOpOM
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47
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100K-,
Pllc. 99. IlpHHUHilHRJlbHall cxeMa O.llffOTpaH3HCTOpHoro pe4>JieICCHoro npueMHHICa
102
qepe:3 KaTyruKy CBSl3H L2, HH)l.YKTHBHO
npHHSITblH MOJIYJIHpOBaHHblH ClffHaJI pa-
JIHO11aCTOTbl noeyynaeT Ha 6a3y 1J)aH3H-
CTopa Vl, BKJU011eHHoro no cxeMe 03.
HanpSI>KeHHe CMemeHHH, yCTaHaBJIHBalO-
mee 1J)aH3HCTop B pe>KHM ycuneHHH, no.ua-
eTcH Ha 6a3y 11epe3 pe3HCTOp R 1. B noii
lfaCTH npHCMHHKa MH Te6SI TaK>Ke HeT HH-
'Iero HOBoro.
He3HaKOMa IlOKa KOJIJieKTOpHaSI nenb
1J)aH3HCTopa B CBJ13H C TeM, IITO 1J)aH3H-
CTOp HCnOJIL3yeTCB MH ycHJieHHB CHrHa-
JIOB KaK panHo, TaK H 3BYKOBOH 'laCTOT,
Bero KOJIJICKTOpHOH uenH ,D.Be Harpy3KH:
BbICOKOllaCTOTHa.SI - npocceJib L3 H HH3K0-
11aCTOTHaJI -TeJieq>oHLI B 1. Apoccen1,
L3- JTO KaT}'llIKa HH)l.yKniBHOCTH, OKa3bl-
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CTopoM, noCTynaer 11epe3 pa3.uenH-
TCJibHbIH KonneHcaTop C4 Ha ne:o.u V2
H )leTeKTHpyeTCSI HM. Pe3HCTOp R2 SIBJISleT-
CSI Harpy3KOH .ueTeKTopa CoJ.ua10mHecJ1
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CTOTbl 11epe3 KOH,neHCaTop C6, pe3HCTOp
R3 H KaTyruKy CBSl3H L2 noeyyna10T Ha
6a3y 1J)aH3HCTopa BMeCTe C BLICOKO11a-
CTOTHLIM CHrHaJIOM OHH yCTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI
H, npoii.ZI.i cso6oAHO 11epe3 ApocceJIL L3,
rrpeo6pa3yIOTCJI TeJieq>oHaMH B 1 B 3ByK.
TaKHM o6pa30M, KaCKan Ha TpaH3HCTOpe
V 1 pa6oTaeT OAHOBpeMeHHO KaK ycrurn-
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KacKa.n.
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SI
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Ka (pHc. 92). TOJihKO TaM B )leTeKTopHyro
ueilb pa)lHOlfaCTOTHblH CH:rHaJI noCTynaeT
Henocpe)lCTBeHHO c KOJie6aTeJibHOro KOH-
Typa, a B 3TOM npHeMHHKe npe)lBRpHTeJib-
HO ycHJieHHbIH rpaH3HCTOpOM. KoH)leHca-
Top C4, 6ecnpem1TCTBeHHO nponycxa.11
11epe3 ce6JI KOJie6aHH.II pa,nHOlfaCT0Thl,
npaKTHlfCCKH He nponycxaeT KOJie6aHH.II
3BYKOBOH 11aCTOTbl H noJIHOCTblO nepeICpbl-
BaeT nyTb B 3TY nenb DOCTOJIHHOMY ToICy.
Pe3HCTop R4 ynyqruaeT ycnoBHJI pa6oThl
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H KOHlleHcaTop CJ o6paJyroT <f>HJibTP,
oqH1Ua10l.QHH CHrHaJI 3BYKOBOH 11aCTOTbl
OT BbICOK01faCToTHOH COCTaBJIJIIOl.QeH. 6e3
TaKoro «)>HJibrpa Me)K)ly KOJIJICKTOp0M
H 6a:3ofi rpaH3HCTopa (11epe3 )leTeKTOPHYIO
uern,) MO')l(CT BO3HHKHYTb napa3HTHaJI
o6paTHaJI CBJ13b no BblCOICOH
11aCT0Te, ycH-
JIHTeJibHbIH KaCKall caMOB036y)lHTCJI H
e TeJie«)>oHax 6y)lCT npOCJIYWHBaTbCJI
TOJibKO CBHCTJIII.Odi 3ByK.
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')l(eH 6bITb BbIC0KoqaCTOTHbIM, mmpHMep,
rT308, Il401-Il403 c mo6bIM 6yICBeHHbIM
HH)lCKCOM. )];HO)l V2- JII06ofi H3 cepHH )];9,
,n:2. KoH.neHcaTop C4- CJIIO)lJIHOH (KCO)
HJIH KepaMH11ecxHii (KTK, K,AK) eM-
l<0CThIO 300-510 n<I>. KOHllCHCaTopbI C3,
C5 H C7 MoryT 61>rr1> THIIa MliM, KJIC
eMK0CTblO OT 3300 n<I> )lO 0,01MK<I>. KoH-
Jl,eHCaTop C6 THna K50-6 RJIH K53-1; pe-
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MJIT-0,25.
B1>1COK011aCToTHbIH ,llpoccenb L3 c)le-
naemb caM. Ero cep)le11HHKOM 6y)leT cny-
')l(HTb KOJibUO H3 «)>eppHTa MapKH 400HH
HJIH 600HH c eHyTpeHHHM )lHaMe-rpoM
6-8 MM (pHC. 100,a). Ha Hero Ha.no HaMO-
TaTh 180-200 BHTKOB npoBo)la Il3B-1
0,12- 0, 18-IlpaKTHlfCCKH )lO 3anoJIHCHHJI
BHyTpeHHero OTBCpCTHJI KOJiblla. lionee
TOJICTblH npoBO)l HCIIOJib30BaTb He CJie-
.eyer, TaK KaK MO')l(CT He YMCCTHTbfJI Heo6-
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o6MOTKH CKpenH KailJIJIMH KJICJI li<l>-2.
aJ 0)
Poe. 100. <l>eppHTOBOC ICOJibllO (a), BhlCOICO'la-
CTOTHblH .npoccem. (6) H nposono'IHbIH 'leJIHoIC
~nH HaMOTICH npoeo.na
)];JIJI y.a;o6CTBa HaMOTKH npoeo)la Ha
KOJibUO C)leJiaH 11eJIHOK (pHc. 100, 6) H3
JlBYX OTpe3KOB HeH30JIHpOBaHHOH MC)lHOH
npoBOJIOKH TOJII.qHHOH 0,8-1 H )lJIHHOH
60-70 MM. CmUIH HX B HCCICOJibKHX MC-
CTax. Beeb 11eJIHoK H oco6eHHo KOHJ.U>I ero
BHJIOK 3a'IHCTb MCJIKOH Ha)l(JlallHOH 6y-
Maroii, 'IT06bI He nopTHTb H30JIJIUHIO o6-
MOTOIIHOro npoBO)la HaMOTaii Ha 11eJIHOIC
npoBO)l TaKoii WIHHbl, 11T06bI ero xBaTRJIO
Ha BCIO KaryruKy. Cpe)lHIOIO )lJIHHY 0)lHO-
ro BHTICa npOBO11a Thi MO')l(CIIlb H3MepHTh.
OHa COCTaBJIJICT 10-12 MM. 3Ha11HT, )lJIJI
.a:pocceJIJI, CO.llCp')l(all{ero 200 BHTKOB, Ha
11CJIHOK, C Y'fCTOM HCKOToporo 3anaca,
HalIO HaMOTaTb 0KOJIO 2,5 M nposona.
IlponycKaSI 11eJIHOK B OKHO <peppHTOBOro
KOJlblla, BHTICH yKJia)lh1BaH IlJIOTHO H cne-
lIH, 11T06b] Ha npoBO)le He 6bIJIO neTeJib
H He nopTHJIRCb ero H3OJIJIUHJI. Ilepe};( Ha-
MOTKOH npoBo)la yrJibl K0Jibl.Ul crJia)Ib Ha-
)K)la1:IHOH 6yMaroii.
,AJisi nHTaHHH npHeMHHKa HCII0Jlb3YH
ABC 6aTapeH 3336JI, coe,nHHHB HX nocne-
)lOBaTeJibHO. Bb1KJI1011aTeJih Sl nro6oii
KOHCTPYKUHH. Bnpo11eM, ero MO')l(CT H He
6h1Tb-B OilbITHOM npHeMHHKe nHTaHHe
MO')l(HO BKJIIOlfaTb COC)lHHCHHCM npoBO)l-
HHKOB.
Kone6aTeJibHhIH K0HTYP MO')l(CT 61>1Tb
n1061>1M H3 Tex, C KOTOpbIMH Te6e npH-
IIIJIOCb HMCTb 11.e110 B TpeTbeH 6ece.a;e.
Ha)IO TOJibKO noBepx KOHTYPHOH KaTymKH
HJIH BO3JIC Hee Ha cf>eppHTOBOM CTepx<He
HaMoTaTb KaTymKy CBH3H L2-15-20 BHT-
K0B npoBo)la Il3B-1 RJIH Il3JI )lHaMe-
TpoM 0,18-2 MM. Hacl])aHBaTL l<OJie6a-
TeJibHblH KOHTYP ')l(eJiaTeJibHO KOH)lCHCaTo-
poM nepeMCHHOH CMKOCTH, HanpHMep IC0H-
)lCHCaTopoM KilE-180, RJIH no)l-
CTpoe1:1HbIM KOH)lCHCaTOp0M KilK-2 c Ha-
H60JibIIIeii: CMKOCThlO 150 n<I>.
,AeTaJIH ycHJIHTCJIJI H AeTCKTOPHOH nenH
CMOHTHpyii Ha KapYOHHOH naHeJIH pa3Me-
paMH npHMepHo 80 x 50 MM (pHC. 101).
,AeTanH pa3Memaii BBepxy mmeJIH, a co-
e.nHHeHH.11 MC')l()ly HHMH nenaii CHH3Y
H o6Jl3aTeJILHO nponaJIH. Kone6aTeJibHbIH
KOHTYP c KaTymKoi cBJ13H L2 nonK1110-
1:£HIIIb KO BXOJlY ycRJIHTeJISI noCJie Toro,
KaK HaJia)lHIIIb ero.
Ilp0Bep1> no npHHUHnHaJibHOH cxeMe
Bee coe)J.HHCHHJI, npaBHJibHOCTb BKJIIOqe-
HH.11 BbIBO)lOB rpaH3HCTopa, noJI.RpHOCTb
3JICKTp0JIHTH11eCKOrO l<OH)leHCaTopa C6.
TOJibKO y6e,nHBIIIHCb, 11TO OIIIH60K B MOH-
Ta')l(e HeT, MO')l(HO nOJU(JIIOlfHTb HCTO11HHIC
nHTaHHJI H npHCTYilHTb I( HaJia)KHBaHHIO
npHeMHHKa. Xopomo 61>1 cpa3y nocne no)l-
KJII011eHHJ1 6aTapeH H3MepHTb BOJibTMe-
103
 Co C5
Puc. 101. MoHTa)I( .neTaneii ycunuTeilll u .ueTeK-
TOpHOH ~enu pe¢neKCHOro npneMHHKa
TpoM Hanpm1<em1e, ).leiicTBy10ll(ee Me)l().ly
IIJIIOCOBhlM H MHHYCOBhIM npoBO).lHllKaMH
uem1 I1MTaHHS1. Ec1m 6aTapesr xopornasr,
3T0 HanpSl)l(eHHe ).l0JI)l(HO fo,ITh 8,5- 9 B.
3HaqHTeJihHO MeHhlllee HailpSl)l(eHHe yKa-
)l(eT Ha TO, qTo HCIIOJlh3yeMaSI 6aTapesr qa-
CTJ1qff0 pa3pH)l(eHa, eCTh onm6u1 B MOHTa-
)l(e HJIH TPaH3HCTOp 0Ka3aJICSI C npo6HThI-
MH p-n nepexo).laMH.
Hana)l(HBaHHe ycmmTeJIH 3aKn10qaeTcS1
B ycTaHOBKe peKOMeH.UyeMoro TOKa KOJl-
neKTOpHOli uenH TTO).l6opoM pe3HCTopa R 1.
JJ:nsr 3TOro B KOJIJieKTOPHYIO uenb BKJIIOqH
MHJIJmaMnepMeTp, pe3HCTOp R 1 3aMeHH
BpeMeHHO 1 aKOH )Ke uenoqKoii pe3HCTO-
poB, KaK npH HaJia)l(MBaHHH O)lHOKacKa)],-
HOro ycHJIHTeJISI (R2 Ha pHC. 93) w c ee no-
MOII.(hlO ycraHOBH B KOJIJieKTOpHOH uenH
TOK, paBHblH 2- 3 MA. TiocJie 1TOro K ycH-
JIHTemo MO)l(HO TTO).lKJIIOqHTh KOJie6a-
TeJihHbIM KOHTYP C KaTylllKOH CBSl3H H npH-
crymffh K MCllhITaHHIO npHeMHHKa.
Tipe)l().le Bcero, BhlKJIIOqtt IlHTaHHe H Ha-
CTPOH BXOJ.lHYIO uenh np11eMHHKa. JJ:nsr
:noro K KOHTYPY IlO).lKJIIOqH aHTeHHY H 3a-
3eMJieHHe, a napaJIJieJihHO eMy nocne.n.osa-
TeJihHO COe).lHHeHHhle roJIOBHhle TeJieq>OHhI
H Jll06on Toqeqffblll .D.HO).l. TionyqHTCSI 3Ha-
KOMbJH Te6e ).leTeKTOpHbIH npHeMHHK. Ha-
CTpoii ero Ha Ka1<y10-m160 paAHOBeIUa-
TeJihHYIO CTaHUmo. 3areM npoBO]lHHKH,
HAYlllHe OT KOH).leHcaTopa C7, coenHHH
Me)l(AY co6oii (qTo6hI 3aMKHyn, 3TOT yqa-
CTOK KOJIJieKTOpHOH uenH, IIOKa TaM HeT
TenecpOHOB), Teneq>OHbl IlO).lKJllOqH napan-
neJibHO pe3HCTopy R2 11 BKJl}OqJ1 TTHTaHHe.
Tenepb Mo.n.ynHpOBaHHb(e KOne6aHHSI pa-
).lJiOqaCTOTbl 6y).lyT YCHJIHBaTbCSI TpaH3H-
CTOpoM, ).leTeKTHpOBaThCSI .D.HO).lOM V2,
a C03).lalOll{HecSI npH 3TOM KOJie6aHHSI 3BY-
KOBOH qaCT0Thl npeo6pa30BbIBaThCSI rene-
104
cpoHaMH B 3ByK. Teneq>OHhl Jl0JI)l(Hbl 3BY-
qan, 3Haq11TeJihHO rpoMqe no cpasHeHHJO
C ).leTeKTOpHblM rrpHeMHHKOM.
JJ:anee TeJieq>OHbl BKJI}OqJi B COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIUJffl HM ylJaCTOK KOJIJieKTOpHOH ue-
IlH TpaH3HCTOpa, IIOTOqHee HaCTPOH BXO).l-
_HOH KOHTYP Ha qacToTy npHHHMaeMoii
cramorn H ).lOilOJIHHTeJihHOH KOppeKUHeH
TOKa B KOJIJieKTOpHOH uerrH TPaH3HCTOpa
).l06eiicsr HaH60JibllleH rpOMKOCTH 3Byqa-
HHSI Teneq>OHOB. ECHH B03HHKHeT caMOB03-
6y)l().leHHe H3-3a napa3HTHOH CBSl3H Me)l()],y
KOJIJieKTOpHOH H 6a30BOH uenSIMH TpaH3H-
CT0pa, TO IlOMeHSrn MecTaMH BbIBO,llbl BbI-
COKoqacT0TH0ro ,npocceJISI HJIH 0ilbITHbIM
nyTeM HaH).lH TaKoe ero II0JI0)l(eHHe Ha
MOHTa)l(HOH naHeJIH, rrpH K0T0p0M CBHCTSl-
ll(He 3ey1<11 B TenecpoHax nporra).lalOT.
OcraeTCSI H3MepHTb COIIpOTHBJieHHe
110.ll.CTpoeqHOH uenoql(JJ pe3HCTOPOB H 3a-
MeHHTh ee pe3HCTOpOM TaKoro )Ke HO-
MHHana.
TIOJJ:BEJJ:EM HEKOTOPhlE 11TOrl1
11TaK, C ycTpOHCTBOM H pa60TOH 3JieMeH-
TOB .n.eTeKTOpHoro npHeMHHKa pa3JIHqHbIX
BapliaHTOB Thi 6bIJI 3HaKOM no TpeTbeH
H qeTBepToii 6ece,naM. Tio3ToMy B 3TOH
6ece).le .H 0CHOBHOe BHHMaHHe y).lemrn
rnaBHbIM o6pa3oM pa6oTe TpaH3HCTopa
B KaCKa).le ycIDieHHSI 3JieKTpHqeCKHX KOJie-
6aHHH. 11 3T0 He cnyqaHHO - no.n.o6Hhle
ycmmTeJIH 6y).lyT COCTaBHblMH qaCTSIMll
MHo rux TBOHX 1<0Hcrpy1<UHH. B uenoM )Ke
B 6oJibllleR qaCTH 6ece).lhl pa3rOBOp men
0 npOCTOM pa)],HOBell(aTeJibHOM npHeMHH-
Ke 0-V-l, T . e. np11eMHHKe, cocrosrmeM H3
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Kone6aHHH 3By_KOBOH qacroTbI. A nocne.n.-
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none. 3To none n1aw-.10nei%cTBye-r c noneM
I 11
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paMKa BMeCTe co CTpeJIKOH nonopaqHBaeT-
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6oilhwe TOIC B KaTynnce. IlpH IlOBOpOTC
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B paMKe, npy)l(HHbl B03BpamaroT ee,
a BMeCTe c Hero H CTpenKy npH6opa B Hy-
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ro TOKa B MeXaHH'leCK0e ycHJIHe, IlOBopa-
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no K0TOpbIM MO)l(HO CYJlHTb O 803MO)l(-
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KJIOHeHH.H crpeJIKH lu, T. e. HaH60JibWHH
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OTKJI0H.HeTC.H }10 KOHeqHoii OTMCTIClr
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nepMeTp) H B03Jie KOHellHOH OTMeTKH
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nonpeJlHTh npH6op. 3HaqeHHe BToporo rra-
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6opa, 0 KOTOpoM JI 6yey paccICaJbIBaTh
B 3TOH 6ecene, IlOTpe6yCTC.R MHKpoaMnep-
MeTp Ha TOK 100 MICA, )l(eJiaTeJihHO
c 6oJIJ,IUOH WKaJIO:U, HanpHMep TaKoii, KaI<
M24. lfoM MCHbWC TOK, Ha KOTOpblH pac-
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T011Hee 6yner KOHCTpyupyeMbIH Ha ero 6a-
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He pa36MpaH ero? J],JIH noro ,a.oCTaTO''IHo
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TpH'leCKOH CHCTeMbl C no.D:BH>KHOH paM-
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npH6op M24, BHeWHlfH BH)]. xoToporo no-
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no Ha)lilHCH Ha WI<aJie, 720 OM. ~eHHO
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ro H3MepHTeJILHoro np116opa Ecm1 TaKoH
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B H3MepHTeJihHOH nenH OKa)KeTCJI 3Ha11H-
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61.ITh OltOJIO 30 JCOM (R = U/le=
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3HCT<>p R p H .no6a.»011.Hblu pe3HCTop R .11 co-
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6onee Y.D.aJI.HTLCJI OT HYJICBblX OTMeT0K ux
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pe3HCTopa.MH MeHbwero HOMHHaJia H ~3-
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T.e. TOKOM IlOJIHOro OTKJIOHeHHB CTpeJIKH
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qeHHe.
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Tpa Re, nepeMCHHLIM pe3HCT0p0M Rp
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nOica3aHHe 06pa3nosoro MHJIJIHaMnepMeT-
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MH H 0603ua11eH Rw). Ilo.u.6epH TaICOC ero
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pBeMblii npH6op PAn yMeHbWHJIC.H s.neoe.
Ilpu 3TOM o6mee conpoTHBJieHHe uenu
yMeHbWHTC.H, a TOK B HeH yseJIH11HTCJI. Pe-
3HCTOpOM Rp ycra.HOBH B nenH {no MHJI-
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no.n.6epu conpoTHBJieHHe pe3HCTopa Rw,
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nepMCTpa T01:IHO npoTHB OTMCTICH nono-
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113MepHTb 3TO conpOTHBJieHHe M0llCHO 0M-
MCTpOM.
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T03JieKTpWICCICHH npe6op npecnoco6HT1>
,lI)UI H3MCpeHID1 pa3HbIX 3Wl'leHHH T0KOB,
HailPHllCeHHH, COilpOTHBJieHHH.
Ml1JIJil1AMTTEPMETP
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CTOHHHble T0Ke B OCHOBHOM OT HCCKOJib-
KHX .noneii MHJIJIH8MnepMeTpa .no 100 MA
HanpHMep, KOJIJieKTopHLie TOKe TpaH3H-
CTOpOB KaCKa,noB ycHJieHHH pa.D.HO'laCTo-
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JieHHH 3ByKOBOH 'laCT0TLI M0ryT C0CTaB-
Jlj(TJ:, npHMepHo OT 0.5 .D.O 3- 5 MA, a TOICH
YCHJIHTeJieH MOI.UHOCTe .ll.OCTHraTb
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6op Ha TOK lu He 6onee 1 f-dA. A pacrnu-
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nyreM npHMeHeHHJI IIIYHTa (CM. pee.
l@,a).
ConpOTHBJieHHe IIIYHTa MO)l(HO paCC•IH-
TaTb no TaJCoii $opMyne:
Rw = IHR.J(lu max - lu),
r.ne 10 max- Tpe6yeMoe HaH60Jiblllee 3Ha'le-
HHe H3MepBeMoro TOICa, MA. ECJIH, Hanpu-
Mep, 1 0 = 1 MA, Re= 100 OM, a ueo6xo.
,lU{MbIH TOK Ju max= 100 MA, TO Rw AOJI)K-
HO 6bl'rL: Rw = IHRu(lu max - lu) =
= 1-100/(100- 1) ~ 1 OM.
TaKHM MHJIJIHaMnepMeTpOM MOllCHO H3-
Mepnb T0ICH: 6e3 lllYHTa - no 1 MA,
c myHTOM- llo 100 MA Ilpu e3MepeHHH
HaH60JiblllCro TOICa (no 100 MA) '1epe3
npu6op 6y.D.eT Te'IL TOK, He npeBbllllal0-
1.UHH 1 MA, T. e. ero COTaB 11aCT1>,
a 99 MA- 'lepe3 mym. Jly'IIIIe, o,nHaKo,
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YHHBCpcaJibHLiii myHT, COCTaBJieHHblH H3
Tpex npoeono'IHLIX pe3ecropoe R 1- R 3,
Il03BOmnomuii yBeJie'IHTb npe.D.eJibl H3Me-
peHHH MHJIJIHaMnepMeTpa B 10 Ii 100 pa3.
11 eCJIH TOK I u = 1 MA, TO, npHMeHHB IC He-
M)' TaKoii llIYHT. cyMMapHoe conpOTHBJie-
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0-1 MA, 0- 10 MA u 0- 100 MA. 3a)l(HM
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H3MepeHlm. qT06br Y3HaTb H3MepJICMbIH
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« X 100» MO)KHO HanHCaTb npe.neJibH0 H3-
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3TO Moryr 6bITb HallilHCH: «1 MA»,
«10 MA», «100 MA». lionee nonpo6Ho
0 paCl!eTe yHHBCpcaJibHOro IIIYHTa JI pac-
CICa)l(y eme e 3Toii 6ece.ne.
lliyHTbl H3r0TOBJljJIOT o6bI1lHO H3 npo-
BO.t(a, o6na,aaiomero BblCOICHM conp0THB-
JieHHCM - MaHraHHHa, HHICCJIHHa HJ1H ICOH-
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lllyuTa MHJIJIHaMnepMeTpa MO)l(CT 6bITb
reTHHaKCOBaSI rn1amca llJIHHOH -iyn. 6om.-
llle paCCT0JIHHJI Me)K_ay Ja)l(HMaMu npe6o.
pa (pee. 111, 6). BbIBO,naMH myuTa e 0TBO.
,naMH ero CCICI\HH CJiy)l(aT 0Tpe3ICH Me,nHo.
ro np0B0.t(a, yKpeWieHHble B 0TBepCTHJIX
B ITJiaHKe. OT HHX H.llYT npoBOAHHICe
IC BXOllHbIM Ja)l(HMaM (HJIH rHC3llaM) npu-
6opa.
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ICOHTaKTOB B caM0M llIYHTe. EcJIH B HeM
IlOJIBJITCJI IlJIOX0e COC,[(HHCHHe HJIH o6pLIB,
TO BeCL D3MepJ1eML1ii TOK no~CT 'lepe3
npu6op, H OH MO)l(eT ecnopTHTbCJI.
11 eme o,[(Ho OOjJJa TeJibHoe Tpe6oBaHee :
B H3MCpS1eMy10 Qeilb AOJI)l(CH BICJllO'laTbCB
lliyHT, IC KOTopoMy IlO,[(KJIIO'leH MHJIJIHaM-
nepMeTp, a He Hao6opOT. 11Ha11e H3-3a Ha-
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npu6opa 11 WYHT0M '1Cpe3 npu6op TaK)l(C
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0 npurO,lUIOCTH BOJibTMerpa .lJ.JUI H3Mepe-
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115
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1:laCTb npH6opa, omoc.snnaSICSI TOJILICO
K MHJIJIHaMnepMeTpy IlOCTOSIHHOro TOICa
(mA_), COCTOHT H3 MHICpoa~mepMe-rpa
PAl, B1>IICJI1011aTeJIS1 S1, pe3HCTopoB
Rl4-Rl8, o6paJyromHX IIIYHT Rw, rHeJ,n
Xl3-X18 H Ja)ICHMa «- O6m». Ha n1060M
npe,nene H3MepeHHii 11epe3 MHICpoaMnep-
MeTp TC'leT TOIC, He npeBblllialOIUHH MaK-
CHMaJibllbIH TOK.
IlpHMeHHTeJILHO IC MHKpOaMnepMeTpy,
HCnonb30BaHHOMY B OilHCbIBaeMblM IC0M-
6mmpoaaHHOM H3MepuTeJibHOM npH6ope,
SI paccxa)KJ o pac11eTe wyHTa R w H cocra-
BJISIIOIUHX ero pe3HCTopoe R14-Rl8. J];m1
3TOl'O nepBLIH, HaHMeHblllHli npe,neJI H3MC-
peHHH c IIIYHTOM (1 MA) o6o3Ha'lfHM lni,
BTOpOH (3 MA)-1 02 , TpeTHii (10 MA)-1113,
11eTBepT1>rii: (30 MA)- 104, nSITLIH, HaH6onb-
wuti (100 MA) - 1115 •
CffaqaJia Ha.no onpe,neJIHTb o6mee co-
npOTHBJieHHe lllyHTa nepeoro npe,nena H3-
Mepemrii 101 no TaICoii 4><JpMyne:
Rw = Ref(ln1/le - 1) = 720/(1/0,1 - 1) =
=80OM.
IloCJie noro• MO)ICHO npHCTynHTh IC pac-
11eTY COCTaBJMIIOIUHX ero pe3HCTOpOB, Ha-
11HHa11 c pe3HCT0pa Rl8 HaH6onblllero
npenena HJMepeHHH I us (.no 100 MA), B Ta•
ICoM nopSl,AKe:
118
VZ ,ll!JE J":::TOOHKA,RM= 120 OM
PAI
I X/2 XIJ Xl4 X/5 X/6 X/7
JHA 10Mj JOMA 100MA -06/J/./
R18 =(le/Ins)(Rw+ Re)=
=
= (0,1/100) (720 + 80) 0,8 OM;
Rl 7 = (le,/104) (Rw + Ru) - R 18 =
= (0,1/30) 800 - 0,8 = 1,87 OM;
R16 = (le,/1113 )(Rw+ RJ-R17-R18 =
= (0,1/10) 800 - 1,87 - 0,8 = 5,33 OM;
R15 = (le/In2 ) (Rw + Re) - R16 - Rl 7 -
- R 18 = (0,1/3) 800 - 5,33 - 1,87 - 0,8 =
= 18,7 OM;
=
Rl4 (le/In1 ) (Rw + Re)- R15 - Rl6 -
- Rl7 - Rl8 = (0,1/1) 800- 18,7 - 5,33 -
- 1,87 - 0,8 = 53,3 OM.
TaIC M0)JCHO paCC11HT8Th 1IIYHT H }lJl1I
MHICpOaMilepMeTpa C ,npyl'HMH napaMeTpa-
MH le H Ru, no,nCTaemur HX 3Ha11eHHS1
B 3TH )Ke 4>opMynLI.
TenepL O BOnbTMeT_Pe IlOCTOHHHoro TO-
JCa V _ . B ny 11acr1> npH6opa BX0.llHT TOT
)Ke MmcpoaMnepMeTp PAl, ,no6uo11HL1e
pe3HCTopLI R8 - R13, rHeJ.a.a X7 - X12
H Ja)l(HM « - O6m.» (IC0HTaICTbl BhllCJIIOlfa-
TeJIH S1 paJoMmyrLI, 'IT06bI MHICpOaM-
nepMeT:p OTICJllO'IHTL OT myHTa). Ka)l(,lU,,IH
npe.nen HMeeT CaMOCToffeJibHblH ,no6a-
B011Hb1H pe3HCTop: R8 - AJISI npe,nena
«1 B», R9-AJISI npe,nena «3 B», Rl0- .nm1
npe,nena «10 B», Rll- WISI npe,nena
«30 B» H T. .n. C pac11CT0M .l{o6aB011Hb1x
pe3HCTOpOB Tbl y)l(e 3HaKoM.
Cne.Ayioma.H 11acr1, npH6opa- o.zumnpe-
.llCJlbHblii OMMCT:p 0. B Hero BXO.llff: MH-
ICpoaMnepMeTp PAl, pe3HCTop1>1 R6 H R7,
3JICMeHT G 1, rHeJ,no X6 11 Ja)l(HM
«-O6m». Coe.zuum MLICJiemio rueJ,no X6
C 3a)ICHMOM «-06m>>. 06pa3yeTCSI 3aMIC-
ffYTa.H nenb (TaICaSI )ICC, K.aI Ha pHC. 115),
TOIC B ICOTopoii 3a.BHCHT OT HanpSl)l(CHHSI
HCTO"iHHI<a IIHTaHHj( G 1 OMMeTpa, CyM-
Mapuoro conpOTHBJICHHSI pe:3HCTopoB R6,
R 7 11 conpomBJICHIDI paMKH MHKpOaMnep-
MCTpa. Ilepe11 H3MCpeHHCM conpoTHBJie-
HHj( pe3HCTopa HJIH }"laCTJCa uenH H3MepH-
TCJlbHLie mynht 3aMbIICaIOT H pe3HCT0pOM
R6 «Ycr.O» Cl])CJIKY npH6opa ycraHaBJIH-
earoT T011H0 ua KOHC11Hoe .nenenHe WKaJibl,
T. e. Ha HYJib OMMCTJ)a. ECJIH CTpeJIKa npH-
6opa ue AOXOllHT no uyn,r OMMCTpa, 3Ha-
11HT, ueo6XO,nHMO 3aMeHHTb ero HCT011HHK
nHTalffl.R. CyMMapHoe conpoTHBJICHHe pe-
3HCTOpoB R6 H R 7 a1,16pauo TaKHM, 11To61,1
npH uanp.R)KCHHH HCTO11HHKa IlHTaUHil OM-
MCTpa 1,2-1,5 B a uenH MO)KHO 6bIJIO
ycranoaHTb TOK, paau1,1ii TOKY I" MH-
KpOaMnepMerpa
TaKHM OMMCTJ)OM MO>ICHO H3Mepsi:Tb co-
npoTHBJICHHe npHMepHO DT 100- 150 OM
no 60-80 KOM.
B BOJibTMCTp nepeMenuoro ToKa V ~
BXOASIT: MHKp0a¥nepMeTP, JIHom,I V l
H V2, no6aeo11H1>1e pe311crop1,I Rl-R5,
me3na Xl - X5 H 3a)KHM «-O6m». Pac-
CMOTPHM ,ll.JUI npHMepa uenb npeneJia 113-
MepeHHii 3 B. IlpH nonKJII011eHHH H3Me-
pHTeJlbHblX mynoa (rue3,no XI, Ja)KHM
«- 06m.») K HCTO"iHHKY nepeMeHHoro ToKa
HaIIpSl)KCHHCM no 3 B TOK H,neT 11epe3 J10-
6aBo11HbIH pe3HCTOp Rl, BbIIlp.RMJISICTCSI
,n:Ho,n:oM Vl 11 3acraeJI.ReT c-rpemcy MH-
KpoaMnepMerpa OTICJIOHHTbCSI Ha yron, co-
OTBCTCTBYIOLUHH. 3Ha"ieHHIO BbIIlp.RMJieHHO-
ro ToKa. Tax pa60TaeT npH6op H ua
,11pyrHx npenenax H3MepeHHii, pa3HHI!a
JIHWb e conpOTHBJICHHJIX no6aeolfHbIX pe-
3HCTOpoB. PoJib llHOAa V2 BCil0MOraTeJib-
uasi:: nponycKaTb qepe3 ce6si: oTpmi;aTeJib-
Hyro nonyeoJIHy uanpSl)KCHHSI, MHHY.R MH-
KpoaMnepMCTp. Ero, B npHHUHne, MO)KCT
H He 6bITb, HO TOrJia npH 3Ha"iHTCJlbHbIX
H3Mep.ReMbIX HanpSl)KCHH.RX OTJ)HI.J;aTeJIL-
HaJI nonyeoJIHa MO)KeT npo6HTI, nHon V 1
H BOJlbTMCTJ) nepeMeHHoro TOKa BblHJ.J;eT
H3 CTpoJI.
,ll,JISI MHKpOaMnepMerpa C JIPyrHMH na-
paMeTpaMH lu H Ru .no6aeo'l:lHbie pe311-
crop1,1 paCC"iHTbIBaii TaK )KC, KaK pe3H-
CT0pbl .n:m1 H3MepeHHH uanpSl)KCHHH no-
CT0JIHHOI'O TOKa, a 3aTeM nony11CHHbie
pe3yJlbTaTbl pa3neJIH Ha Ko3<J><lmuHeHT 2,5.
KopoTKO O BbI6ope npeneJIOB H3Mepe-
HHH. Ha1160Jlbwasi: norpewuocrb H3Mepe-
HHH T0K0B H uanpJl)KeHHii nony11aeTCJI rrpH
0TC"iCTe H3Mep.ReMbIX BeJIH11HH Ha nepaoii
TpeTH 'l:laCTH WKaJibl. no:rroMy, BbIDHpasi:
npe,neJlbI H3MepeHHii, ecerna CTpeMHCb
K TOMY, "iTOObl nepe1,1ii (HaHMeHbWHti) H3
HHX 3axeaTblBa.JI nepeyro TpCTb WKaJibl
BToporo npe.nena, BTopoii npenen - nep-
BYIO TpeTb WKa.Jibl TpeTbero npe.nena
u T. n. B 3TOM OTHOWCHHH y,no6HbIMH .llJI.R
H3MepeHHii MO>ICHO C"iHTaTb npe,nem,I: 0 - 1,
0-3, 0-10, 0-30, 1-100. lfMeHHo 3TH
rrpe,neJibl H3MepeHHii TOICOB H uanpB>ICCHHH
Bb16pam,1 .llJI.R peKOMCH.llYCMoro Te6e KOM-
6HHHpoBaHHoro npH6opa
Ho 3TO He 3Ha11HT, "IITO TOJibKO TaKHMH
.llOJl)KHLI 6bITL npe,neJibl Ji3MepeHHH.
C y11CTOM ra6apHTOB H pa3MCTKH nCJieHHH
WKa.Jibl MHKpOaMnepMeTpa MO)KHO Bbl-
6paTb u .npyrue npe.ueJILI, uanpHMep 0- 1,
0-5, 0-25, 0- 100. Ho OT11CT H3Mep.ReMbIX
eenu'IHH Ha.no crapaTbcB eecTH 3a npene-
naMH nepaoii TpeTH WKaJibl.
Bo3MO>ICffYIO KOHCTpyKUHIO KOM6HHHpO-
BaHH0rO H3MCpHTCJibHOro npu6opa, a KO-
TopoM HCilOJib3YeTCJI MHICpoaMnepMeTJ)
M24, TbI B11.llHIIIb ua pHc. 117. Pon1,
BXO.llHbIX KOHTaKTOB BbITIOJIHJIIOT rHe3,na
Tpex ceMHIIITbipbKOBLIX JiaMilOBbIX naAe-
JieK H OAHH 3a)KHM. rue3)la OJI.HOH naHeJib-
KH OTHOCJITCji TOJibKO K MHJIJIHaMnepMeT-
py, rue3na BTopoii naHeJibKH-TOJibKO
K BOJibTMCTpy IlOCTOjiHHOI'O TOKa, TpeTb-
eii-K OMMeTpy H BOJibTMeTpy nepeMeHHo-
ro TOKa 3a)KHM «- O6m.» .RBJI.RCTC.R 06-
I.UHM BXOJlHblM KOHTaKTOM .llJI.R ecex BH-
.llOB H npe,neJIOB H3MepeHHH.
MHKpOaMnepMCTp, JiaMilOBbie naHeJib-
KH, nepeMeHHbIH pe3HCTop R6 (THna CTT-1)
11 e1,IKJiro11aTeJlb Sl (TyM6nep TB2-l) yKpe-
nH ua reTHHaKCOBOH. naHeJIH pa3MepaMH
200 x 140 MM, a 3JieMeHT Gl (332)-ua 60-
Koeou <J>auep~oii (HJIH JlOLUaToii) CTCHKC
npe6opa. Pe3ucrop1,1 wyHTa u .no6a-
eo11H1,1e pe3HCTOpbI BOJibTMCTpoB MOHTH-
pyii Henocpe.llCTBeHHO ua BbIBOJlHbIX KOH-
TaKTax JiaMilOBbIX naHeJieK. O6LUHMH
MOHTa)KHblMH npoBO,lJ.HHKaMH pe3HCTOpoe
BOJlbTMCTpOB MoryT 6bITb OTPCJKH ronoro
MC]lHOro npoeo)la TOJILUHHOH. 1-1,5 MM,
npena.RHHbie IC UCHTpaJibHbIM KOHTaKTaM
naHeJieK.
B Ka"'leCTBe JlOOaBOlfHbIX pe3HCTOpOB
ecnoJib3Yii pe3ecropbI MJIT-0,5 HJIH
MJIT-1.0. Pe3uc-rop1,1 R14-R18 wyHTa
noJI)KHbI 6bITb npOBOJIO'IHblMH. l1cnoJib-
3yii .llJI.R HHX BblCOKOOMHbIH. MaHraHH-
HOBblH HJIH KOHCTaHTaHOBblH npOB0.ll ,n:Ha-
MeTpOM 0,08-0.1 MM B IIICJIKOBOH H.IH
6yMa)KHOH H30JI.Rl.J;HH. OTpe3KH npoeo.ua
HYJICHOH JlJIHHbl HaMaThIBaH Ha icopnyc1,1
pe3HCTOp0B MJIT-0,5 HJIH MJIT-1,0
c HOMHHaJiaMH He MCHee 20-50 KOM
H npenaHBa:H HX ICOHI.J;l,I IC npoBOJ1011Hl,IM
BbIBO.llaM pe3HCTOpOB. ,ll,JIHHY 0Tpe3Ka
npoaona HeOOXOllHMOro conpOTHBJICHH.R
MO>KHO paCC11HTaTb, IlOJib3YHCb cnpaBO"i-
HOH. JIHTepaTypoii, HJIH H3MepHT1, OMMe-
119
 •
-81111,. 1-lD0ad YnO
lO)
11.,\Ml,'(~ 0
•• JOI JOI
"' IDIJI
f o0 o
e O O 0
0 0)//, ,

P11c. ll7. KoHcTpyKu:1111 MHmmaMnepBOJibTOMMeTpa

T{)0M. OTpe30K K0HCTaHTaHoBoro rrp0B0-
.z:r.a IT3K, HanpHMep, JlMaMeTpoM 0,1 MM
H .ZJ.JIHHOH 1 M o6na.z:r.aeT conp0THBJieHHeM
oKono 60 OM. CnenoaaTeJihHo, .ZJ.JI.R acero
lll}'IITa (80 OM) no-rpe6yeTC.R 0K0J10 1,5 M
TaKoro npoao.z:r.a.
ConponrnneHM.R pe3HCT0p0B lll}'HTa, KaK
6bl TOtjHO OHM HH 6bUIM pacc1mTaHbl, BO
BpeMH rpa.n:y11poBKD npH6opa o6H3aTenh-
Ho npl1,UeTC.R HeCKOJlbKO }'MeHbmaTb MJlH,
Hao6opoT, yeeJilftjHBaTI,, T. e., Kai< f0BOp.RT,
no.z:r.orHaTb non napaMeTpbI MMKpOaMnep-
MeTpa. 11 tjT06bI He Hapaw1rnaTb np0B0Jl
B cny~ae ero He.z:r.ocTaToqHoro conpoTMB-
neHM.R, OTpe3KH npoBo,na .!J.JI.R pe'.mCTOpOB
u1yma nenaii Ha 5- 10%
qeTHblX.
KoHCTp}'ICl.{H}I H3MepHTeJ1bHOrO
MO>KeT 6bITb TaKOH, KaK Ha pMC. 118. 3To
Me.ZJ.Hhlli mrn naT}'HHbIH CTep>KeHb (npo-
BOJlOKa) JlHaMeTpOM 3- 4 H .!J.JIHHOH
120- 150 MM, O.LJ:HH KoHeu K01'oporo Ja-
oe1peH. K .z:r.pyroMy ero KoHUy np1-1na.RH
rH6KHH (MHOrO>KHJibHbIH) H30J1HpOBaHHblH
rrpoBO.ZJ.HHK, 0KaHq1rnaJOll\HHC.R OllHOilO-
JlJOCHblM lllTenceneM, BCiaBJl.ReMbIM B rHe3-
.z:r.a JiaMl1OBhIX rraHeJleK, HJIH BHJIKoo6pa3-
Hbl.M MeTaJIJrnqecKHM ttaKoHetjHHKOM no.z:r.
Ja>KHM «- O6m». Ha crep>KeHb tta.z:r.era
H3OJrnpywmaSI (pe3HHOBa.R.
XJIOpHJJ;Ha.R rpy6Ka. Otta 3aKpbmaeT Bech
CTep>KeHb myna, BKJlJOtja.JI MeCT0 crraiiKH
ero C nt6KHM rrpoB0JJ.HHK0M. 113 Tpy6nt
BblCT}'TiaeT T0JiblC0 3aocrpeHHbm KOHtjJ,tl(
crep>KHSI. KOTOpbIM MO)KH0 rrpHKaCaTbC.R
K roqKaM H3Mep.ReMbIX qeneii EcJIH He
OKa>KeTCSI 110.ZJ.XO.!J.Slll\eH H30J1SIQHOHHOH
Tpy6KH, TO 3aKaTaH CTep>KeHb ll\yna B no-
JIOCK}' 6yMarH, npe.z:r.aapHTeJibHO rrpoMa3aB
ee KJieeM 6<1>-2 HJUI KaKHM-J1H6o naKOM,
H xopomeHhKO npocym11. Tomuirna 6y-
Ma>KHoro CJI0.R .Q0JI>KHa COCTaBmITb
0,5- 0,8 MM. CBepxy 6yMa>KH}'JO H30JIHUHJO
IlOKpOH TeM >Ke KJieeM HJIH naK0M HJIH 110-
Kpacb MaCJIHHOH KpaCKOM.
1pa.Il)'RpOBKa MHJlJIRaMrrepMeTpa
.ZJ.JIHHHee pac- H BOJibTMeTpa 110CTO.RHHOro TOK a CBO.lllIT-
C.R K rro.z:r.roHKe ceKI.~HH }'HMBepCaJibHOf0
wyna lll}'HTa H .z:r.o6aBo~lHhlX pe3HCTOpOB no.z:r.
MaKCHMaJlhHbIH TOK npe.z:r.enoB H3MepeHHH,
a BOJlbTMeTpa rrepeMeHHOro TOKa H OMMe-
Tpa, KpOMe Toro - K pa3MeTKe RX llIKaJI.
IlOJlHBHHHJl-
P11c. 118. Y cTpoucTBo H3MepHTe.JibHoro myna

120
 )lm1 no)lr'OHKH wyHTa MBJIJIHaMitepMCT- 3aHHOH Ha pHC. 119, 6. IlapaJIJieJibHO 6a-
pa mrrpe6yi<>TCR: o6pa3UOBbdt MlfOronpe- Tapee GB, COCTaBJICBIIOA 1J 38BHCHMOCTH
,ne.JlhHblA MHJIJimlMIIepMelp, CBe)I(U 6aTa- OT )Ulaila30Ha H3 OJIHOA HJIH -rpex 6aTapeA
peJI 3336JJ e .nsa nepeMeHHhIX pe- 3336JI (nOCJICJJ,OBaTeJibHoe coe.zumeHHe),
3HCTOpa - npoBOn01UILIA • conpoTHBJieHHeM • BltJIIOlffl noTeHI.{HOMClpOM nepeMCHHLIA
200-500 OM H MaCTH11HhlH (Cil, CilO) pe3HCT'Op Rp conpoTI1BJieHeeM
conporHBneHHeM 5-10 1COM. IlepBhlH H3 1,5-2,5 1COM, a Me»c,rzy ero HH)I(HHM (no
nepeMCHHbIX pe3HCTOp0B 6y.new1, ecnon1,- cxeMe) BhlBO.[lOM H .[lBHJICICOM BICJIIO'lH na-
30BaTb JlJIJI perynHp0BICH TOJCa npH no.n- paJI.JICJibHO coe,nHHeHHhle o6pa31(0Bhlff
roHKe pe3HCTOpoB Rl6-R18, BTOpoA-npH PU 0 u rpa;:i;yupoBaHHbIA PUr BOnLT-
no.nroH1Ce pe3uCTopoe Rt 4 u Rt 5 wyHTa. MeTp1,1. Ilpe,nBapwrem,Ho .[lBH)I(OIC pe3H-
BHa11a.ne noNOHJIH pe3HCTOp R 14. )ln,r CTopa noCTaa1, B ICpaAHee HH:>kHee (no
3Toro coe.zuum nOCJie,noBaTCJIJ,po (puc. cxeMe) nOJIO)I(CHHe, cooTBCTCTByi<>mee Hy-
119, a) o6pa3UOBhlH MHJinH8.MnepMelp neBOMY Hanpj()I(eHHIO, no,naBaeMOMY OT
PAo, 6arape10 GB n perynupoBo'IHLIA pe- 6aTapen GB IC H3MepHTeJIJ,Hb1M npH6o-
3HCTop Rp- YCTaHOBI{ .[lBH)I(OIC pe3HCTOpa paM, a rpMYHJ)YCMl,IH BOnLTMClp BICJil011H
Rp B nonO)I(CHHe MalCCHMaJILHOro conpo- Ha npeJJ.CJI H3MCJ)CHHJI .no 1 B. IlOCTeneHHo
THBJICHHJI. IlO)J.ICJD011H rpa;:i;yHpyeM;hlii nepeMema.sr .[lBH)I(OIC pe3HCTOpa BBepx (no
npn6op PAr, yCTaH0BJICHHhl}i Ha npe,neJI cxeMe) no.naii Ha BOnLTMCTp Hanpj()I(CHHC,
H3MepeHHA .no 1 MA (mMepwrenLHhle uzy- paBHoe TO'IHO 1 B. CpaitHH no1Ca3aHID1
Ilhl no,lUCJl1011eHhl IC 38)I(HMy «- 06m.» npu6opoB. Ecnu c-rpeJIICa rpa.rzyHpyeMoro
H fHC3JlY X14, ICOHT8ICTLI BhllCJilO'laTeJIR S1 BOnLTMCTpa He .[lOXOJlHT JlO ICOHe'IHOA 0T-
JaMICHJThl). 3aTeM, noCTenCHH0 yMCHbWa.R MCTICH WICaJILI, 3Ha'IHT, conpon11'JICHHC pe-
COilp<>THBJICHHC peryJIHPOBO'IHOfO pe3H- 3HCTOpa R8 BCJIHKO, CCJIH Hao6opoT' yxo-
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TPY yCTilHOBH TOIC B H3Mepwrem,Boff nenu, MaJIO. Ha.no no.no6paTb pe3HCTOp TaKoro
paBHblH TO'IH0 1 MA. CpaBHH no1Ca3aHIDI conp0THBJieHHJl, 11T06h1 npn HanpJDICCHHH
o6onx npH6opoB. Iloc1:on1.1Cy conpoTHBne- 1 B, (J>u1CcupyeMOM o6paJUOBhIM
HHe npoBO.na pe3HCTOpa R14 HCMHoro BOJlbTMClpOM, CTJ)eJIICa rpa.zzyHpyeMoro
OOJibWC paC'ICTHoro, CTJ)eJIICa rp~yHpye- npH6opa ycraHaBJIHBaJiaCb npoTHB IC0HC'I-
MOfO npe6opa 3aX0,lUIT 3a ICOHe'IHoe, .nene- HOH OTMeTICH WICaJihl. TaK )I(C, HO IlpH Ha-
HHe WICaJihl. TBOR 38,ll;alfa, noHCMHory np.sDKeBH.RX 3 n 10 B, no)lr'OHRH .no6a-'
yMCHbllIM JlJIHHY npoBo.na pe3HCTOpa, Jl0- BO'IHLIC pe3HCT0phl R9 H R 10 cne,ny10mux
6HTLC.R, 'ITOOhl CTJ)eJIICa rpa;zyHpyeMoro @YX DpeJlCJI0B H3Mepemm.
npH6opa YCT8.HOBHJiaCb T0'IHO,npOTHB ICO- no TatcoA )KC CXCMC rpa.nyHpyH WICaJibl
HC'IHOA OTMCTICH WICaJILI. OCTa.JlbHLIX TpeX npe,neJIOB H3MCpCHHH, HO
IlOCJie :noro nepexo)lH IC no)lr'OHICC pe- C HCilOnL30B8.HHeM C00TBCTCTBYIOIUHX HM
3HCTOpa R15 Ha npe.neJI H3MepeHHJI JlO HCTO'IHHICOB noCTOJIHHhlX Hanpj()I(eHJm.
3 MA, 3aTCM pe3HCTopa R16 Ha npe.nen H3- Ilpn noM BOBCC He o6R3aTeJILHo no-
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126
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127
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129
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noKpblBaeT noeepXHOCTb npoBOAHHKa,
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(cJTeBa- npaBHJThHO 38TO'ieHHh[H, cnpaBa - BhffO-
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Puc. 128. 3aJTy>KHBaHHe npoBOAHHKa
130
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qe naih<a 6yAeT aenpoqttoii.
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no)l(5epH Bee HCOOXO.nHMLie- ,ACTaJIH, pac-
DOJIO)KH ux Ha JIHCTe 6YMarH B peKOMCH-
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Mephl MOHTa)KHoii IDiaThl. CTJ>CMHT1>c.11
K YMCHbl1lCHHIO IlJiaTl,I HJIH maccu HC
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.nenaTL rpyJtHee.
C.nenae nnaTy HJIH maccu, pa3MeCTH Ha
HHX ,ZleTa.Jlll, HaMCTb MCCTa Bcex Heo6xo-
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MCTKY OTBCpCTHH .nenaii C JIOMOII{LIO JIH-
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HCilOJib3YIOT roJihlH HJIH H30JIHpOBaHHbIH,
JIY)KCHbm HJIH nocepe6peHHbIH MCAHbIH
npoeo.n TOJlll.lHHOH 0,8-1,5 MM. TaKoii
npoBo.n xopomo npoBO.llHT 3JICKrpuqecxuii
TOK, a MOHTa)K, BLIIlOJIHCHHblH HM, 6y.neT
npoqHl,IM.
Ilpe.uua:iHa'ICHHbIH AJI.11 MOHTa)Ka npo-
'BOA Ha.no BhlilpHMHTh. .[{n.11 3Toro OTpe3OK
np0BO,Aa AJIHHOH 1,5-2 M Ja)KMH 0JtHHM
KOHQOM B THCKaX HJIH npHICpYTH K KaKo-
MY-JIHOO npe.llMery u 'CHJILHO nou1Hu 3a
npyroit: KoHeQ. JaxeaTHB ero IDiocKory6u;a-
MH. IlpOBOJl HeMHOro BblTJIHCTCJI H CTaHCT
npSIMblM. Or Hero Thi 6y.nemh Kyca11KaMH
OTKJCLIBaTL HJ)KHOH AJIHHbl coe.nuHH-
TCJibHLIC npoBOJlHH'IKH. Bee COfJlHHCHH.11
TIUaTeJibHO nponaHBaii. B MeCTax B03-
MO)KHbIX 3aMblKaHHH MC)K.[{y npoBo,AaMH
Ha.UCBaH Ha HHX pC3HHOBLIC, DOJIHBHHHJI-
132
xnopH,llHblC HJIH ,Apyrue HJO.JIJlllH0HHbIC
Tpy6ICH JIIIDO · 06MaTbIBaH HX Ha 3THX
yqaCTKax HJOJI,mHOHHOH JICHToit:.
B Mara3HHax,. ToprylOII{HX pa.nHOJlCTa-
JIJIMH, HMCIOTCJI Ha6opLI MOHTa)KHbIX Ma-
TCpHaJI0B. B HHX BXOJUIT MOHTa)KHbIC npo-
Bo.na pa3JIJAHhJX MapoK H H3OJU[UHOHHbIC
rpy6o1IKH. CoBCTYIO u Te6e IlOJil:,JOBaTbCJI
3THMH Ha6opaMH.
IlpH MOHTa)KC, BO BpeM.11 HCilbITaHH.11
H HaJia)KHBaHH.11 annapaTypLI 11aCTo npuxo-
JlHTCJI cnaHBaTb H pacnaHBaTb npoBOJlHH-
JCH, 3aMCHJITL 0AHJ JlCTaJIL .npyroii. 3To
Bcer.na Ha.no Y'IHThlBaTb, npHMCHJl.11 B Ka)K-
A0M CJiy11ae Hau6onee y.no6Hhle npneMLI
MOHTa)Ka HeKOTOphlC H3 HHX IlOKaJaHbl
Ha pHC. 130. EcJIH H}')KHO cpaCTHTL JlBa
np.llMOJIHHCHHbIX npoBOAHHKa, HX KOHIJ;bl
M0)KHO HC CKpy'IHBaTb, a JIHIIIL CJIO)KHTL
BMeCTe TaK, 'IT06bl HX TI0BCpXH0CTH co-
npHKaCaJIHCL Ha AJIHHC HC MCHCC 6--8 MM
H cna.11Tb. KOI'JJ.a )KC Ha.Il.O coe,UHHHTL npo-
BO)lHHKH non npJIMblM yrJIOM, KOHCU
OAHOro npoBOJlHHKa MO)KHO corHyTL, npH-
)KaTL IC .npyrOMJ np0BOJlHHICY H B TaKOM
BHJlC cnaSITb HX. He peKOMCH.llYIO ,cnaH-
BaTL HCCICOJILKO npoBO.llHHICOB HJIH nera-
JICH B o.nHofi T011Ke. B 3TOM cJiyqae npu
Heo6XOAHMOCTH YJlaJICHHJI OAHOro HJ npo-
BOAHHICOB HJIH ,Ae-ra.JIH HCH36C)KHO paCCbl-
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A eCJIH YCJI0BHSI MOHTa)Ka AHKTJIOT HC-
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TaJICH B o.nnofi To11Ke? B TaKHX cnyqan
Hano HCilOJib3OBaTL MOHTa)KHbIC CTOHKH.
IlpOCTeHilleii MOHTa)KHoii croiiKoii MO)KCT
CJiyJKHTb, HanpHMep, OTpC3OK ICapaH,nawa
(puc. 131, a): 3aTO'ICHHYIO qaCTb Kapall,ll;a-
ma OTilHJIH, a rpH4>eJib y.nanH - Il0JIY'fHTCJI
CTo:mca C OTBCpC'I'HCM, B KOTopoe MO:>KH0
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QOM KpCDH ee K naHeJIH HJIH IIIaccH. Ha
.npyroM KOtmC yICpenH BHHTOM <<3BC3JlO'I-
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llpa8UllhHO
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u ,neTanei naAKoA

u Jlffl-OTCSI ra6apMTaMli li qlfCJIOM MOHTM-
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6)
Puc. 131. CaMo.n.eJThHhie MOHTaxmaB cToi1Ka (a)
ll MOIITa)l(HaB nnatt:Ka (6)
,noqKe H np1mmrnaii npoBO,UH11K11 11 ,ueTa;m
pa.n;HOKOHCTpyKI.{1111.
lleM CJIO)l(Hee KOHCTpyKUlUI, TeM 60Jih-
rne B Heit: pe311CTOpOB H KOH,UeHCaTOpOB.
O6hlqHO OHlI He Moryr 6bITb npIInaIDibl
Henocpe,uCTBeHHO K ,upyrHM, npoqHO 3a-
KpeilJieHHbIM ,ueTaJISIM. B TaKliX cnyqasi:x
Ha)lO np0.6eraTb K MOHTa)l(HblM IlJiaH-
KaM - IIJiaCTHHaM H3 H30JISIUlIOHHOro MaTe-
pHaJia C KOHTaKTHbIMli neneCTKaMli, K KO-
TOpbIM npIIIIaliBaIOT ,ueTaJili, npOBO,UHliKli.
IlpOCTYJO CaMO,UeJihHYIO MOHTa)l(HyJO
nnaHKy Thi Bli,lllilllb Ha pliC. 131, 6. Ee oc-
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3aHHble H3 JlliCTOBOrO reTlilIBKCa liJll1 TeK-
CTOJIHTa. B Kpait:HeM cnyqae liX MO)l(HO
c,ueJiaTb 113 IlJIOTHOro KapTOHa HJIY cpa-
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qTo6bI 0Hll cranH xopOIIIHMli l:130JISITOpa-
aJ 6)
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BOJIO'IHhIX CTOHKax) Mnpttcnoco6neHtte ,ll,JIB 3a-
npecCOBl(H umuneK
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II3 )l(eCTli, naTyHH liJIH cneJiaHHhie 113 Me,u-
HOH IlpOBOJIOKH TOJllllliHOH 1,5-2 MM,
ynep)l(HBaIOTCSI B OTBepcT11SIX, npOCBep-
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CKJianbrna10T H np11BliHq11Ba10T ttenocpe.LI-
CTBeHHO K naHeJIII lIJil1 Kpensi:i Ha CTOHKax.
Pa3Mephl MOHTa)l(HblX nJiaHOK li qlfCJIO
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pyeMhlX Ha HliX ,ueTaneM.
)leTaJili TpaH3liCTOpHhIX KOHCTPYKIIHH
MOHTlipyIOT 06blqHo Ha naHensi:x M3 Jll1-
CTOBOrO reTliHaKca lIJIH CTeKJIOTeKCTOJ111-
Ta, a B Ka'-leCTBe onopHblX ToqeK ,UeTaJieM
liCil0Jib3YJOT npOBOJIOqHbie <<IIITTliJlbKli»
liJIIf nycTOTeJihie 3aKJieilKH (IlllCTOHhI). ,U-e-
TaJlli pa3MemaIOT C OilHOM CTOpOHhl naHe-
Jlli, a coe,uliHSIIOT l1X Me)l(,uy co6oii c ,upy-
roit: CTOpOHbl naHeJili. TaKlie naHeJilI
C ,ueTaJUIMli, CMOHTlipOBaHHbIMli Ha HliX,
Ha3bIBaIOT MOHTa)l(HbIMli nnaTaMH.
Moma)I( Ha IllillIJihKax (plic. 132, a) ,ue-
na10T TaK. OTpe3Kli Me,UHOH Jiy)l(eHOH liJlli
rrocepe6peHHOH npOBOJIOKM ,UliaMeTpQM
1-1,5 lI ,UJiliHOH 8-10 MM 3anpeCCOBbIBaIOT
B ITJiaTe TaK, qT06hI C TOH CTOpOHbl
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Ha 4-5 MM, a c ,upyroit Ha 2-3 MM. qT06hl
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UIIlHJieK, a IIJTTliJlbKH B cpe,uHeM qaCTH qyTh
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KY - CTaJlhHOH CTep)l(eHb C HanpaBJISIIOlUMM
OTBepcTMeM no.u IIIIlHJibKY, npOCBep-
neHHbIM c TOpn,a (pHC. 132, 6). C no-
MOll.{blO TaKoro nplicnoco6neHliSI lllIIHJihKY
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MOJI0TKa B6liTb ee.
KOHUbl rrpOBOJIO'-IHbIX BbIBOilOB ,ueTaneit:
C IlOMOlUblO Kpyrnory6ueB li3r116aii neT-
.JUIMM. Ha.n;eBaH Ha IIJTTliJibl(li li npHnaHBail:
K HliM. T oqHo TaK )Ke npHnaHBaii
K IIIIlliJlbKaM li coe.UHHliTeJihHbie npOBO.U-
HMK, HO y)l(e C .upyroil: CTOp0Hbl nnaTbl
IlplIMepbl tleKOTOpbIX rrplieMOB MOHTa-
)l(a Ha nycTOTeJiblX 3aKJienKax Il0Ka3aHhI
Ha pliC. 133. 3aKJleIIKli 3anpeCCOBhIBaJOT
B OTBepCTHSI B nnaTe li BnaHBaIOT B HHX
BblBO,llhl neTaneiL EcnH rOTOBhIX 3aKnenoK
HeT, TO 11X MO)l(HO c.uenaTb li3 naTyHHhIX
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nyqa10TCSI 113 KOHTaKTHblX llITblpbKOB Bbl-
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133

PHc. 133. MoHTil>K .neTaJieii ua nycTore11b1x Ja-
xnemcax (nHCTOHax)
H KpaSI C o6enx CTOpOH pa3BaJihl~eBaTh
KepHepoM HJUi 3aTO'leHHblM Ha KOHUe
rB03,UeM.
11Hor.ua MO)l(HO o6xonHTbCSI 6e3 IllilH-
neK H nycroTenhIX 3aKJJenoK, nporrycKaSI
BblBOAbJ ,UeTaJieiI qepe3 OTBepCTHSI B TIJiaTe
H cnaHBaSI HX Me)l():zy co6oii c .upyroii cro-
pOHbI nnaTbl. Ho npH TaKOM MOHTa)l(e
CJIO)l(Hee 3aMeHS1Th .ueTaJIH.
rHE3AA 11 3A)I(11Mbl
He TOnbKO MOHTa)l(Hhle nnaTbJ, CTOHKH,
1UlaHKH, HO l1 npyrHe .ueTaJIH npH.ueTCSI .ue-
naTh CaMOMY, ecmi: B TBOeM IlOKa qTO He-
60nhlll0M X03SIHCTBe HX HeT. HanpHMep,
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BCeM npoCTbIX KOHCTPYKUHSIX, KOTOpble
06bJ'IHO MOHTHPYK>T Ha cpaHepHblX naHe-
JISIX RJrn: IllaCCH, rHe3.ua .UJISI HHX MO)l(HO
cnenaTb li3 pa3HbIX HMelOUlHXCSI no.u pyKa-
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134, a). rHJih3Y 3afornaif MOJI~TKOM B OT-
BepCTHe C HH)l(Heii CTOpOHbl naHeJIH, a Bbl-
CTyna10m11e csepxy KpaS1 pa3BaJihUOBhIBaii
npH IlOMOIUH KepHepa HJIH .upyroro KOHy-
coo6pa3HOrO MeTaJIJIH'leCKOro CTep)l(HSI
HJIH TOJICTOTO rB03,USI.
Heruioxoe rHe3.uo nonyqaeTCSI H3 )l(eCTH
(pnc. 134, 6). Ilo KpaSIM )Kecrmoii IDia-
CTHHbJ pa3MepaMH 15 x 15 MM c.uenaii
HO)l(HJiUaMH Ha,Upe3bl, CBepHI1 nnacnrny
B Tpy60'IKY ,UHaMeTpOM 4 MM, BCTaBh ee
B 0TBepcni:e B naHenn, a BbICTyna10m11e
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B CTOpoHbl H npl-DKMH K naHeJIH. rHe3)10
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PHc. 134. CaMo.nem,Hhie rtteJ,na
134
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naHeJIH H npO'IHO .uep)KaTbCSI B HeM.
Ho Te6e 'lame Hy)l(Hbl 6y.uyT crrapeHHb1e
rHe'.3,ua Ha K0JIO,UKaX H3 H30Jl~l10HHOrO
MaTep11arra, KOTOpbJe Ha3bJBaIOT TaK)Ke
.nsyxrHe3}J.HbIMli KOJIO,UKaMl1. Mx M0)KHO
KpenHTb KaK Ha cpaHepHblX, TaK l1 Ha Me-
TaJIJIH'leCKHX naHeJISIX HJII,J IllaCCH. ,[J.Byx-
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TOBJieHHSI, H306pa)l(eHHaSI Ha pHC. 135, a,
npe.ucraenS1eT co6oii ueJihH0JIHTbie
nuTh3bI, 3anpeccoBaHHb1e B nnacrMaccy.
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A rHe3.Ua, TIOKa3aHHbie Ha pHC. 135, 6. cne-
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qepe3 OTBepCTHSI B nnaHKe, HX MOHTHpyroT
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CTOJlHTa, opraHH'leCKOr0 CTeKJia HJIH
B KpaHHeM cnyqae H3 TOHKOH cpaHepbl Bbl-
pe)Kb )IBe IDiaCTHHbl pa3MepaMH 10 x
x 45 MM. IlpocsepJIH B HHX ,llBa OTBep-
CTl1SI .AHaMeTpOM 4 MM MSI rHe3n. Pac-
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KpenneHHSI 6y.uymeii KOJIO.UKH K naHeJIH
20 MM. J.13 )l(eCni Bblpe)l(b .uBe TIOJIOCKH
Illl1pHHOH 2,5--3 If .umrnoii OK0JIO 4 MM.
CorHH HX HaIIO,U06lfe naTHHCKOH 6yKBbl
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a CBepxy tta.KJJeii BTopyro rn1acnrny - nony-
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C raiiKaMH, KaK noKa3aHO Ha pnc. 136.
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135
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136
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137
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.zzyeTC51, HO CCTb .apyroii, 6nmKoro K HCMY
,llHaMeTpa, 06bJqHQ ero MO:>KHO HCilOJih30-
BaTb. TaK, HanpHMep, BMCCTO npoBo,na
,llHaMeTpOM 0,18 MM MO:>KHO HCilOJih30BaTb
npOBO.ll ,nHaMCTJ)OM 0,15 mm 0,2 MM.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3MepoB KapKacoB
H ;mana30Ha npHHHMaeMblX pa,nHOBOJIH
KaTynIKH co.nep:>KaT OT HCCKOJibKHX BHTKOB
110 HeCK0JibKHX C0TeH BHTKOB. qeM nmm-
Hee pa.UHOBOJIHbl H qeM MCHhllle .nnaMeTp
KaTynIKH, TCM 6onhme BHTKOB OHa .non-
>KHa co.nep:>KaTb. JJ:ng ,neTeKTOpHbIX npH-
eMHHKOB HHOr.na peKOMCHAYIOT O)lHO-
CJIOHHbie KaTyllIKH, HaMOTaHHblC Ha 6onh-
llIHX KapKacax cpaBHHTeJihHO TOJICTbIM
npoBO,nOM. 11 3TO He CJiyqaiiHO - B TaKHX
KaTymKax MCHbllle noTepb BbICOKoqacroT-
HOH 3HeprHH. A qeM MeHbllIC 3THX noTepb,
TCM nyqrne pa6oTaeT )lCTCKTOpHbIH rrpn-
eMHHK.
KaTymKH TpaH3HCTOpHbIX H JiaMilOBhIX
np11eMHHKOB qame Bcero HaMaTblB8.lOT Ha
KapKacax cpaBHHTCJibHO He6onhlllHX pa3-
MepoB H 6onee TOHKHM, 'ICM Ka'fYll-lKH .ae-
TeKT0pHblX IlpHCMHHKOB, IlpOBO.llOM. TI r0.
3TOM npoBO,ll B )lJIHHHOBOJIHOBbIX KaTylll-
Kax YKJia)lbIBaIOT B HeCKOJibKO CJIOeB.
'3TO - MH020CAOU1-lble KamytuKU. OHH KOM-
rraKTHee O)lHOCJIOHHbIX. TioTepH BbICOKOqa-
CTOTHOH 3Hepnu1 B TaKHX KaTymKax He-
CKOJibKO 60JibllIC, 'ICM B KaTyrnKaX 66nb-
lllHX pa3MepoB, HO OHH KOMilCHCHPYJOTC51
BBe,neHHeM B KaTyrnKH BbIC0KoqacTOTHbJX
cep,neqHHKOB, ycmrnTeJihHbIMH CBOHCTBa-
MH TpaH3HCTOpOB, pa,unonaMrr.
MHorOCJIOHHbie KaTyrnKH KOHTypoB
MHOrHX np0MbllllJICHHblX npneMHHKOB Ha-
MaTbIBalOT oco6bJM cnoco6oM, HOCfilUHM
HaHMCHOBaHHe «yHHBepCa.Jib». TipH TaKoii
HaMOTKe, HMClOlllCH CJIO:>KHOC B3aHMHOe
nepeceqeHne BHTKOB, YMCHblllaCTC51 BHyT-
peHH5151 (Me:>K,nyBHTKOBa») eMK0CTb Karylll-
KH, qTO yBeJinqIIBaeT nepeKpbITHe KOHTy-
pOM ,UHana30Ha 11aCTOT. Pam10mo6HTeJIH
no.no6Hble KaTyllIKH HaMaThIBaIOT Ha 6y-
Ma:>KHbIX HJ]ll KapTOHHbIX mnynhKax «BHa-
Ba.JI», YMhlllJJieHHO He yKJia,UhJBajj npOBO.ll
pOBHbIMH pSl,uaMH. TI pH TaKOH HaMOTKe
BH)'TpeHHSISI eMKOCTb KaTyllIKH TaK)l(C 0T-
HOCHTCJibHO HeBennKa.
)],m1 npHMepa paccKa:>Ky, KaK H3rOTO-
BHTb KOHTYPHYJO KaTYllIK)' no.no6Hoii KOH-
CTpyKUIDi, KOTopy10 MO)l(HO HCilOJ1b3OBaTb
AJI51 HaH6onee npocroro TpaH3HCTOpHoro
HJIH naMnoooro pa.n;HonpHeMHHKa
(pnc. 143). KapKaCOM CJIY:>KHT KapT0HHa51
rHJih3a OXOTHnqbero py:>Kh51 16-12-ro Ka-
JIH6pa (18-20 MM) HJIH Tpy6Ka TaKoro :>Ke
,llHaMeTpa, CKJieeHHa51 H3 IlJIOTHOH 6yMarH.
CaMa :>Ke KaTyrnKa COCTOHT H3 .llBYX ceK-
UHii: L2-ocHOBHoii H Ll - no.ncTpoeqHoii.
IiopTHKH ceKUHH L2 - KapTOHHble Kpy:>KKH,
Ha)lCTble Ha KapKaC 11 rrpHKJieeHHbie K He-
MY. Hapy)l(l{hIH ,nHaMeTp KpyxKOB
32-35 MM, BffYTpemrnii - no ,nHaMeTpy
KapKaea, paCCTOSIHHe MC:>K.llY IIBMH
4-5 MM.
CeKUH51 Ll HaMOTaHa Ha lllnynhKe, KO-
T0paSI C He60JlblllHM TJ)eHHeM MO'.>KCT
Puc. 143. KottTypttag KaTyruKa c ITO/-lcTp oe•rnoil.
cem0eii
nepeMemaTbCSI no KapKacy, HO He crra.n:aeT
caMOnpOH3BOJlbHO. IllnyJibKY ,nJ]SI Hee .n:e-
naii TaK. 06epHH KapKaC noJIOCKOH IIJIOT-
HOii 6yMani lllHpHHOH 6-8 MM. noeepx
nonoCKH Haca.n:11 Ha KapKaC KapTOHHble
KpyiKKH, pacnOJIO)l(HB HX Ha paCCTOSIHHH
2-3 MM .npyr OT .npyra He C)lBHraSI Kpy)l(-
KOB, npHKJieii HX K 6yMa)l(HOMY KOJlbIJ.Y-
Kor.na KJieii BbICOXHeT, o6pe)l(b OCTOpO)l(-
HO BblCTynaromue Hapy)l(y KpaSI 6yMa)l(HO-
ro KOJibUa - nonyq11TCSI lllrryJihKa.
J:(JISI ceKIJ.HH KaTyrnKH no.noii.n;eT npoBOJl
)lHaMeTpOM 0,2-0,3 MM C mo6oif H30JISI-
IJ.Heii. CeKIJ.l1SI Ll .UOJI)l(Ha co.nepiKaTb
40-50 BHTKOB, HaMoTaHHbIX BHaBan, a ceK-
UHSI L2-250-260 BHTKOB, HaMOTaHHbIX Ta-
KHM )Ke cnoco60M, HO C OTBOllaMH OT
50..ro 11 150..ro BHTKOB. OTBOJJ:bl HY)l(Hbl
AJISI rpy6oii HaCTpOHI<H KOHTypa, B KOTO-
pOM KaTYlllKH 6y.nyT pa6oTaTb. BbIBO)lbl
H OTBOJJ,bl BblnyCKaii Hapy)l(y '1epe3 npo-
KOJlbl B KapT0HHblX 6opTHKax. KoHeIJ. ceK-
11.HH Ll coe.n:HH11 c HaqaJioM ceKIJ.HH L2.
l1HJJ:YKTHBHOCTh TaKOH KaTyuIKH 3aBH-
CHT OT B3aHMHOrO pacnOJIO)l(eHHSI ee
ceKIJ.HH. Ecn11 BHTKH o6e11x ceKIJ.Hii
HanpaBJieHbI B OJlHY CTOpoHy H ceKIJ.HSI Ll
BilJlOTHYIO npH.lUJHHyTa K ceKUHH L2, HH-
JlYKTHBHOCTb KaTyrnKH HaH60JiblllaSI.
B 3TOM c11yqae KOHTYP 6y.neT HaCTpoeH Ha
HaHMeHbrnylO qaCTOTY (HaH60JiblllYIO AJIH-
ny BOJIHbl). no Mepe OT)laJieHHSI ceKIJ.HH
Lt OT L2 o6maSI HHJlYKTHBHOCTb KaTylllKH
CTaHeT yMeHblllaTbCS!, a npHeMHHK 6y.n:eT
nepecTpaHBaTbCSI Ha 60JiblllYIO qaCTOTy
(6onee KopoTKy10 BOnHy). CeKIJ.HIO Ll
M0)l(HO CHSITb C KapKaca, nepeaepeyTb
11 Ha)leTb Ha KapKac .n:pyron CTOpOHOH. Te-
nepb BHTKH teKIJ.HH KaTylllKH 6y,n:yT
HanpaBJieHbI B pa3Hble CTdpOHhl, 11 eCJIH
c6mracaTb liX, TO HHJlYKTHBHOCTb KaTYlll.Kll
6y.neT nnaBHO yMeHblllaTbCSI, a KOHTyp Ha-
CTpaHBaThCSI Ha CTaHUmt, pa6oTaIOwHe Ha
B0JIHax MeHhrneii: ,nJ]HHbl. TaKHM o6pa30M,
::rra KOHCTpyKUHSI npe.ncraBJJSieT co6oii
npocreimmn eapuoMemp - KaTyrnKy c nepe-
MeHHOii HHJlYKTHBHOCTblO. r py6aSI Ha-
CTpOHKa KOHTypa ocywecTBJISleTCSI nepe-
KJ110qeH11eM OTBO)lOB CeKIJ.HH L2, a TOq-
HaSI - H3MeHeHHeM paCCTOSIHl1SI H pacnono-
)l(eHHSI BHTKOB ceKIJ.lfH Ll OTHOClffeJibHO
BHTKOB ceKIJ.llH L2. Hacrpo1rn KOHTYP Ha
pa.n11OCTaHIJ.HIO, MO)l(HO llIIIYJihKY ceKIJ.Hll
Ll npHKJieHTh K KapKacy - nonyqHTCSI np:11-
eMHHK C ~HKCHpOBaHHOH HaCTpOHI<OH Ha
O.UHY pa.n:11ocramm10.
KaTYlllKH no.no6HhIX KOHCTPYKIJ.HH xo-
pourn TeM, 'ITO OHll npoCThl. O;lHaKO
npe.nnoqTITTeJihHee KaTyllIKH C BbICOKoqa-
CTOTHblMH cep,n:e•m11KaMll. Cep.ne'IHHK, no-
140
BhllllaIOWlffl .no6poTHOCTh KaTylllKH 11 TeM
CaMbIM CHH)l(aIOWHH IlOTepH B Heii, Il03B0-
JISieT JHaqHTeJihHO yMeHhlllHTh ql[CJIO BHT-
KOB H pa3Mep1,1 KaTyllIKIL A ecmr cep.neq-
HHK IlOJlCTpoe'IHbIH, T. e. MO)l(eT nepeMe-
maTbCSI BHYTPH KaTYlllKH, TO OH, KpOMe
Toro, n03BOJISleT B HeKOTOpblX npe.nenax
H3MeHSITh HHJlYKTHBHOCTh KaTywKH ll, Ta-
KHM o6pa30M, HaCTpaHBaTb KOHTYP Ha
HY)l(HYIO qacroTy.
CaMble pacnpOCTpaHeIDlble MarHllTHble
BblCOKOqaCTOTHbie cep.D.eqHHKH - <fieppu-
moe ble u Kap60HU.llbHble. Hx BblilOJIHSIIOT
a BHJle crep)l(Heii, Konen, qallleK. Co
CTep)l(HeBbIM H KOJibUeBblM ~eppHTOBblMH
cep.ne~HKaMH Thi y)l(e HMen .neno.
O,zma 113 B03MO)l(HbJX KOHCTpYKIJ.Hii
caMO)leJlhHOH CeKQHOHHpOBaHHOH KaTYlll-
KH C IlOJlCTJ)Oe'IHblM cepneqHHKOM
,W1aMeTp0M 9 MM TTOKa3aHa Ha pllC. 144.
YBeJrnqeHlle HHJlYKTHBHOCTH KaTylllKH JlO-
CTHraeTCSI BBepThIBaHlleM cep.D.eqHHKa B ee
KapKaC, a yMeHbllleHHe- BblBepTbIBaHHeM
ero. KapKac ,unSI TaKoil KaTyrnKH cKJieii 113
nOJIOCKll IlJlOTHOH 6yMarH lllHpHHOH
40 MM Ha Kpyrnoii 6onBaHKe, CTeKJISIHHOH
rpy6Ke HJ1H npo6HpKe )ll1aMeTpoM
9,5-10 MM. Ha pacCTOSIHllH 6-7 MM OT
BepxHero KpaSI fOTOBOrO H xopOlllO BbICy-
rneHHOrO KapKaca OCrpbIM HO)l(OM npo-
pe)l(b B HeM C .ll.BYX npOTHBOilOJIO)l(HblX
CTOpOH np.RMOyrOJlbHbie OTBepCTHSI. B Me-
CTax Bblpe30B 06MoTaii KapKaC B 0)ll1H
CJIOH TOJICTOH HHTKOii; ee B11TKl1 6y.nyT
BhIIlOJIHSITb pOJih Hape3KH ,D;JISI BBepTbIBa-
Hl1SI cep.neqH11Ka. llJ.eqKH KaTylllKH Bhlpe)l(b
113 TOHKOro reTHHaKCa, TeKCTOJillTa HJIH
nnornoro KapTOHa TOJlll.lHHOH 0,3-0,5 MM.
Haca.n:11 11X Ha KapKaC 11 npHKJieii K HeMy.
KaTYlllKY HaMaTbIBaii BHaBan npoBOJJ.OM
Il3B-1 0,12- 0,18 MM. Ecn11 KaTYlllKa cpe.D.-
HeBoJIHOBaSI, TO Olia JlOJI)l(Ha co.nep)l(8Th
Bcero 135 BHTKOB (Tp11 ceKUHH no 45 B11T-
KOB), a ,n;nmIHOBOJIHOBaSI- 450 BHTK0B (TpH
..1,z j_ 20
P11c. 144. CaMo.nenbHaJI KaTyrnKa c no11-
cTpoettHbIM cep.nettHHKOM
 fTI fli
.<,ell tr
- rn◊m -
a, llnama oJ
Pttc. 145. CpeJ1HeBOJIHOBm1 (a) H .LlJIHHHOBOJIHO-
aaji (6) KaTyllIKH c <peppHTOBblMH crep)KH.SIMH
ceKl.{HH no 150 BHTKOB). CHa'laJia Me)l()J.y
.ABYMSI BepXHMMH 1.1.{e'IKaMH HaMOTatt nep-
BYJO ceKUHJO, nepeae,n:n npoao,n: Ha y11a-
CTOK Me)K)J.y cpe,UHHMH 1.1.{e'IKaMH H HaMO-
TaH BTOPYJO CCKUHJO, a TIOTOM MC)l(.L{y
HH)KHHMH ll.{e'IKaMH HaMo-raH TPCTblO ceK-
UMJO. BhIBO.Ub1 KaryllIKH rrponycKa0: qepe3
npoKOJlbl B 1.1.{C'IKax.
KpenMTb TaKyJO KaTyllIKY Ha naHeJIH
npHeMHm<a MO)l(HO C TIOMOl.l.{bJO «l>aHepHO-
ro KOJihUa, npHKJieeHHOro K naHCJIH, HJIH
BKJieHKOR HH)l(Hero KOHUa KapKaca B OT-
sepcrne B naHCJIH.
KaTyllIKY KOJie6aTCJlbHOro KOHTypa
MO)KHO HaMoTaTb Ha 6yMmKHOH rHJlb3e
M Haca.[{HTb ee Ha 0Tpe30K «l>eppHTOBOro
crep)l(HSI MapKH 400HH MJIH 600HH .nna-
MeTpoM 8 H )J.JlllHOH 25-30 MM (pnc. 145).
)lnsr npneMa pa.n:nocraHUHH cpe,zmeaonHo-
aoro .nnana3oHa oHa ,n:o.JI)l(Ha co,uep)l(aTb
70--80 BHTKOB npoao,n:a Il3B-1
0,12-0,2 MM, HaMOTaHHhIX B 0}],HH PM,
a )lJISI pa,uHOCTaHUHH )J.JIHHHOBOJIHOBOrO
)lMaTia30Ha - 225--250 BHTKOB TaKoro )Ke
npoao.n:a, HO HaMoTaHHbIX 'ICTblpbMSl-
nsrTblO CCKl.{HS!Mll no 45-50 BHTKOB B Ka)l(-
,UOH CCKl.{HH. HaH60Jibll1aSI HH)lYKTHBHOCTb
TaKoii KaryllIKH 6y,n:eT Tor.n:a, Korna oHa
HaXO)J.HTCSI Ha cepe,n:HHe «l>eppHTOBOfO
CTCp)l(HSI. Ilo Mepe nepeMel.l.{CHHSI K O)lHO-
MY H3 KOHl.{0B crep)l(HSI HH.llYKTHBHOCTb
CeptlewlllK
llPOKl!OOKQ
/ Ko111,qo
fll/11,.JO
,,.Ko111,40
Mo11mO}l(lfOR
ll/lOJ7lll
a/ 5)
Pttc. 146. KapKaCbl c <peppHTOBblMH KOJlhl:(aMH tt
ITOJlCTpOe'iHblMl-l CTep)KHeBbIMH cep11e•mHKaMH
KaTyllIKH YMCHhlliaCTCSI. TaKHM o6pa30M,
nepeMel.l.{aSI KaryllIKY no crep)l(HIO, MO)l(HO
no,n:cTpaHBaTb KOHTyp Ha Heo6xo,n:HMy10
~acTo-ry HaH6onee
y11acrKa ,n:0.ana3oHa.
)J.JIHHHOBOJIH0B0ro
Bo MHOfHX rrpOMblllIJICHHbIX npHCMHH-
Kax HCTI0Jlb3YJOTCSI KaTyIIIKH, HaMOTaHHbIC
Ha YHH«l>Hl.{HpOBaHHhIX (craH,n:apTHbIX)
IlJiaCTMaCCOBbIX CCKUHOHHpOBaHHhIX Kap-
Kacax C «l>eppHTOBbIMH KOJlbl.laMH H crep)l(-
HeBbIMH no.n:crpoe'IHbIMH cep,n:e'IHHKaMH
(pnc. J 46, a). Ka-ryIIIKa, HaMoTaHHaSI Ha
TaKOM KapKace, OKa3bIBaCTCSI Me)l(.n:y ,n:ay-
MSI «l>eppHTOBblMH I(OJibUaMH, YBCJIH'IH-
BalOl.l.{HMH ee HH.D:YKTHBHOCTb. C-rep)l(HC-
BOH cep,n:e'IHllK, CKpCIIJICHHbIH C pC3b-
60B1,IM l.{HJIHH,n:pHKOM, MO)l(HO BBCpTbIBaTb
o-raepTKoii Ha pa3HYJO rny6nHy BHYTPh
KapKaca H TCM caMbl.M no,n:crpaHBaTb HH-
JlYKTHBHOCTb KaT}'IllKH.
AHanorn'IHbIR caMo,n:enhHhIH KapKac,
KOTOpbIH MO)l(eT 6bITb HCIIOJih30BaH )J.JISI
KaTyrrreK pa3JIH'IHOrO Ha3Ha'leHHSI, Il0Ka-
3aH Ha pHC. 146, 6. )];JISI H3rOTOBJICHHSI ero
HY)l(Hbl )J.Ba KOJibUa H3 4>eppHTa MapKH
600HH c aHellIHHM ,n:HaMe-rpoM 8- 9
II BHJipCHHHM 3-3,5 MM H CTCp)l(HCBOH
no,n:c-rpoe'IHbIH cep,n:e'IHllK TOH )KC MapKH
.zmaMeTpOM 2, 7 n )J.JIHHOH 15 MM. OCHOBOH
KapKaca CJIY)l(HT 6yMa)l(Ha» rHJib3a )J.JIH-
HOH 12 MM 11 ,UHaMeTp0M. paBHbIM BHYT-
peHHCMY .n:naMe-rpy K0Jiel.{. KoJihUa rrpH-
KJlCH KJieeM Ii<l>-2 K fHJih3C Ha paCCTOSIHlUi
6 MM. BbICTynaJOl.l.{HH CHH3Y KOHel.{ rHJib3bl
6ynelllb BCTaBJISITb B 0TBepcr11e B MOH-
Ta)l(HOH TIJiaTe (HJIH lliaCCH) H npHKJICHBaTb
K Heil. IIo,ucrpoe11HhIH cep,n:e11H11K y ,uep)l(H-
aaeTcSI BHYTPH KapKaca 6yMa)l(HOH HJIH
Ma-rep11aroii npoKJia,uKoii.
qHCJIO BHTKOB H npoBO)J. )J.JISI KaT}'llIKH,
HaMoTaHHoii Ha TaKoii KapKac, 3aBHCHT or
ee Ha3Ha'leHHSI.
B ,n:aJihHeiillieM, paccKa3bIBaSI o KOH-
TypHbIX KaTyllIKax HJIH BbIC0KO'laCTOTHblX
TpaHc4>opMaTopax npHeMHHKOB, SI 6y.UY
yKa3bIBaTb opneHTHpOBO'IHbIC 'IMCJia BHT-
KOB a HX o6MOTKaX 11 6y.n:y CCblJiaTbCSI Ha
KaTyllIK~ JI KapKaChl, 0 K0TOpbIX paccKa-
3aJI 3,uech. Ho, pa3yMeeTcSI, B03MO)l(HbI
H npyr11e KOHcrpyKUHH KaTyllieK.
MAKETHA.}I IIAHEJlb
CaMoe HHTepecHoe B TBOp'IeCTBC pa.UHO-
JIJ06HTeJlSI - 3TO, TIO)l(aJiyii, 3KcnepHMCHTbl,
HaJia)l(HBaHHe, TIOHCK HaHJIY'llliero TCXHH-
~eCKOro pellICHHSI KOHCTpyHpyeMoro yc11-
JIHTCJISI, npHCMHHKa IUIH HHoro ycrpoii-
crna. IloKa KOHCTpyKUMSI rrpoCTaSI, MaKe-
THpOBaTb ee MO)l(HO Henocpe,n:CTBCHHO Ha
141
ee )Ke MOHTa)KHOH TIJiaTe. Ho npB ycJIO)K-
Hemm KOHCTPYKQMJ! 'IHCJIO ,neTaneii, pa6o-
TaIOIUHX B Heii, yeemitIHBaeTCH H ee MOH-
Ta)I(HaJI. WiaTa cTaHOBHTCsi y)Ke ttenonxo-
.usi:meii 6a3oii AJIH 3KcnepHMeHTOB. Hy)KHa
6onee y.uo6HaJ1. naHeJih, Ha KOTopoii MO)K-
HO npe,neapHTeJibHO CMOHTHpoeaTb, no-
,no6paTb H npoeepHTb e pa6oTe .ueTaJIH,
yCTaHOBliTb pe)KHMbl TpaH'UICTOpOB, orrpo-
6oeaTb B03MO)KHhie ,llOTIOJIHeHHH H H3Me-
HeHHH, a 3aTeM nepeHeCTH Ii CMOHTHpo-
BaTb ,llCTaJIH Ha TIOCTOHHHOH TIJiaTe. MMeH-
HO TaK o6bI'IHO pO)K,llREOTCH pa,llHOJII06H-
TeJibCKHC KOHCTpyKQiUi.
Bo3MO)KHaH KOHCTpyKQHH MaKeTHOH na-
HeJIH, KOTopy10 Tbl MO)KClllb c.uenaTb
H TIOJlb30BaTbCH e10 B ,llaJibHeii:llleM, TIOKa-
PHc. 147. Mru<eTHaR naHeJib
142
3aHa Ha pHC. 147. 3To IlJIOCKaH naHeJib
C pH,llaMH KOHTaKTHhIX JICIICCTKOB ,llJISI
MOHTa)Ka pa,llHO,lleTaneii. B eepxHeii 'laCTB
naneJIH cnpaaa HaxO,llHTCH BbIKJilO'IaTeJib
nnTaHH» S, cneea - KoH,lleHcaTop nepeMeH-
Hoii eMKoCTH C, a Me)KJlY HHMH TPH nepe-
MeHHbIX pe3HCTopa pa3HhIX HOMHHaJIOB.
MoHTa)KHble neneCTKH B03Jie KOH,lleHCaTo-
pa H pe3HCTOpOB HBJISIEOTCH BbIBO,llRMH
3THX ,lleTaJieii. Bb1pe3bl B eepxHeii KpOMKe
naHeJIH o6pa3yEOT onopb1 .llJIH KpeTIJieHH»
yKopo11eHHoro HJIH AJIHHHoro ¢eppHToBo-
ro crep)KHH KOHTypHoii KayYlllKH HJIH Mar-
HHTHOH RHTeHHbl (rro)lpo6Ho O MarHHTHOH
aHTeHHe » paccKa)Ky a TpHHR,llUaTOH 6ece-
.ue). C3a,llH y naHeJIH HMeIOTCH KpOH-
lllTeHHbl H3 TIOJIOCOK JIHCTOBOro MeTaJIJia,
II
CQ
>c
c::::.
r-..,
y,uep)l(}IBarolllHe ee B HaKJioHHoM nono>Ke-
mm. EaTape10 mnamu1 rum. BhmpHMHTeJl.h
cereBoro 6JIOKa mJTaHHSI IlO,[(KJIIO'lalOT (B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT IlOJI.HpHOCTH) K nenecTKY
«U H.n»ll rrpoBO,llHm<y, coe,l].HH.SU-OIUeMy
Hlf)l(HHe neneCTKH.
KOH,lleHCaTop nepeMeHHOR eMKOCTH
BKJIIO'laJOT BO BXO,llHOH KOHTYP MaKeTll-
pyeMoro nplleMHHKa. IlpH '.HOM ¢eppH-
TOBblH CTep>KeHb MarlU:ITHOH aHTeHHbl
KOHTYPHOH KaTyIIJKH npllKpenJI.SU-OT K na-
I:JeJrn C IlOMOIUblO pe3HHOBbIX KOJieu rum
HHTOK. TiepeMeHHbie pe3HCTOpbl cny>KaT
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neBoro 300-470 KOM. KoHTaKTHbie ne-
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OHH )lOJI>KHbI coe)lRHSITbC.H. llx lllKaJibl
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naHeJIH HJm Ha'lepnnb Ha IlJIOTHOH 6yMa-
re H npHKJieHTh K naaeJrn.
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Ha pnc. 148 e Ka'leCTBe npHMepa noKa-
JaHa 'laCTb MaKeTHOH naHeJrn, Ha KOTopoif
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TopHy10 ueilb TpaH3HCTOpa nocJie)lOBa-
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pe3Hcropa Rl- .uea nocne.n.oBaTeJlbHo co-
e,llHHeHHhIX peJHCTOpa: nepeMeHHhIH Ha
100 KOM, RMeIOIUHHC.H Ha nnaTe, H no-
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Kor.n.a conpoTHBJieHHe nepeMeHHoro peJ11-
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nepeMennoro pe3HCTopa, ycraaaBJII1BaeM
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noJI>KeH 6bITb BKJIIO'leH pe3HCTOp, conpo-
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THBJICHHH nepeMeHHoro (yJHaeM no ero
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KBT
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1501<
PHc. 148. TipocTeiturnu ycHJIHTeJib, CMOHTHpO-
BaHHb1H Ha MaXeTHOii: naHeJIH
143
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330 KOM. H Hao6opoT, ecnu h21 3 rpaH3H-
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5-6 KOM.
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pe3HCTOpaMH M81CeTHOH naaeJIH, a ecJIH
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144
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145
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154
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:>ICeHHe nepeMeHHoro TOICa. )lmI ceTu Ha- 13 TOK O,lUloro HanpaBJICHHR. B1,mpgMJieHHe
npR:>KeHueM 220 B pa60TalOT o6a pe3UCTO- nepeMeHHoro TOKa ocywecrenmoT c no-
pa, cyMMapHoe conpOTHBJICHUe KOTOpblX MOll.{blO nonynpoBO)UIHKOBbIX AHOJ).0B.
cocraBJISICT 9 KOM. EcnH :>Ke yc-rpoiiCTBo IlOMHmIIb HX 3JieICTpH11eCICHe CBOHCTBa?
Il0,llKJII011310T IC CCTU C HanpR:>KeHHeM Ilonynpoeo,nHHKOBhIH AHO.U xopowo npo-
127 B, TO pC3UCTOp R2 3aMbIKaIOT HaKO- eo,nuT TOK o,nHoro HanpasneHH.R - npJIMoii,
pOTICO BbIK.JI1011RTeJieM S1. Ilpu 3TOM H3- II OlfCHb IIJI0XO TOK np0THBOilOJI0:>KHOro
6blTOlfHOO Hanp.Ajl(eHue raCUTCSI TOJibICO HanpaBJieHH.sl- o6paTHbIH. Jiy.n;eM, KaK AO-
PC3UCTOp0M Rl. rOB0pHJIUCb paHee, ClfHTaTh ,llJIR npo-
Ee.nu 6y.a:ew:i. Il0Jlb3PBaTbCR ceTblO CTOTbl, 11TO AUO,ll eoo6we He nponycKaeT
c uanp.A:>KeHueM 127 B, TO pe3ucrop R2 TOK o6pamoro HanpaBJieHH.s1.
H BblKJIIOlfaTeJlb S1 MO:>KeWb UCK.JI1011HTb, B1,mpRMHTeJIH 6JIOKOB nHTaHU.A TJ)3H3U-
a ecnu ceTblO 220 B, TO BMCCTO .llBYX pe3H- CTOpHOH annapaTyp1,1 p~HOJII06HTeJIU
CTOpOB IlOCT3Bb OilHH pe3UCTOp conpOTU- crpon 061,111Ho no cxeMe, KOTopy10 Thi
BJieHHeM 9' 1 KOM; BblKJII0113TeJib B 3TOM BHAHIIIb Ha puc. 166. CpaBHH ·ee co cxe-
cnyqae TO:>Ke He ey:>KeH. MOH, 3HaKOMOH Te6e no puc. 78. OHU aHa-
C HOMHHaJiaMH pe3HCTOpOB, YKa33HHbl- JIOrH11Hbl. TOJibKO TaM HHa.A IlOJI.ApHOCTb
MH Ha CXeMe, TOK 33p.fl.m(U aKKYMYJIRTOpa .U.HOJIOB . u BICJIIOlfCHbl OHU Henocpe.ncneB-
COCTaBUT 0KOJIO 10 MA. JJ,JIR nonyqeHHR HO B IIJIC11U BblilpRMHTeJibHOro MOCTa,
TOKa 3apS1JUCH .a:pyroro 3Ha11eHUR Heo6xo- a 3.D.CCl> 0HU 33MeHeHhI H306pa:>KeHUeM
JJ:HMO H3MeHHTb conponmneHUR pC3UCTO- .U.Ho.na BHYTpH KBa,LJ;paTa, CHMBORH3Hpyro-
poB Rl u R2. AKKyMynnop c11HTaeTc11 3a- WHM BbIDpRMHTeJibHhli MOCT. Ee.nu 3axo-
pR:>KeHHhlM, KOr.D,a ero Hanp.A:>KeBue .uo- 11ew1, npOCJie,UHTb Beeb nyTh TOKa, BbIIlpR-
CTHrHeT 1,25-1,3 B. IlpeBbIWaTh peKOMeB- MJieHHOro .U.HonaMu ~ V1- V4, BllHIIIU ux
.nyeMblH TOK 3apSl,lUCH Toro HJIU HHOro B CTOpOHbl KBa.npaTa.
aKKYMYJIRTOpa He cne.nyeT-MO:>KHO ucnop- HanOMHIO CJTb pa60Tbl TaKOro BhIIlpR-
THTb ero. MHTCJIR. TpaHc()>opMaTop T, H33bIBaeMblH
EcJIH ,llJISI nHTaHHR pa,nHOTCXHHlfCCKOro ceTeBbIM, HJIU rpaHc:cf>opMaTOpOM IlHTa-
ycrpoiiCTBa UCil0Jlb3YIOTCR He O,UHH, a He- HH.sl, nOHH:>KaeT Hanp.A)l(CHHe 3JICICTJ)OOCBe-
CIC0JibK0 aKKYMYJIRTOpOB, C0C,ll;HHCHHhIX THTeJibHOH ceTU .uo HCICOTOporo Heo6xo- .
nocne.UOBaTeJibH0 B 6aTapelO, 3ap.A:>KaTb .U.HMOro 3Ha1feHUSI, _ KOTOpoe nuo,n:bl
Ha.no nennKoM 6aTapew (KaK 6aTape10 Vl - V4, BKJI1011eHHL1e no MOCTOBOH cxeMe,
7.[{-0,1), a He Ka:>K.ZU,IH 3JICMCHT B OT..UeJib- BblnpgMJimoT. KoH,LJ,eHcaTop ()>WILTPa C4i.
, Ir 1 l

(4 1
) 1L.-g-__._·-_ ........

Puc. 165. :6ec1"paHc4>opMaTopHblH BbIDPJIMH- PHc. 166. CxeMa BhlnpJ1MHTem1 6no1ea nHTaHHJI
TCJlb .nm~ 33pAAICH Jl;HCKOBhIX aKXYMYIDITOpOB

160
DO,llICJIIO'ICHHJ»H. napaJIJICJibHO ,ZlHarOHa.JlH
Mocra, ,crnallCJlBaeT nyn~B BblilpJIM-
neHHoro HanpJl)l(CHHJI MOCTa. Pe3HCTOp Ru
CHMB0JIH3HpyeT npHeMHHIC, YCHJIH'TCJib 3q
HJIH .npyryio Harpy.ncy BblnpJ1MHTem1. Ha-
npJ1)1(CHHe Ha ICOH.ZieHCaTope Ct, JlBJIRIO-
UleMCJI BblXO,ZlHblM 3JICMCHTOM BbIIlpJIMH-
TCJIJI, paBHO npOH3Be.zteHHIO HanpSl)l(CHHJI
BTOpH'IHOH o6MOTICH TpaHC<}>OpMaTopa Un
Ha 1,4 {~).
CeTeBOH TJ)B.HC<l>opMaTop JIBJIJICTCJI oc-
HOBOii 6JioJCa nHTaHHJI. Ho Dj>OMhlIIIJlCH-
HOCTb He BbIDYCICae-r TJ)8.Hc4)opMaTopLI,
CIICQH8JlhHO npe.WU13Ha'laeMLie }UJI mo6H-
TenbCICHX BbIDpJIMHTCJieA:. O,Zll!a1to' MOXCHO
npH06peCTH cepHiiHo BLmYCICaeMwii 6noIC
nHTaHHJI, HanpHMep Bil 1,5-12 B, paCC1:1H-
TaHHhlii Ha DHTaHHe OT CCTH HaDpJlllCCHHeM
127 H 220 B pa,llHODpHCMHHJCOB, MarHH-
To<l><>HOB H ,llpyrHX TJ)8.H3HCT0pHLIX
ycrpoiiCTB, DOTPC6JIJUOutHX T0IC .no
200 MA npH aanpJ1XCeHHH oT 1,5 .no 12 B.
P8JlHOJII06HTeJIH TOllCe D0Jib3YIOTC.R ro-
TOBblMII 6JIOIC8MH DHT8HHJI, HO 'l&lUC
npe.IlilO'IHTalOT caMo.nen.,uwe, npucnoca6-
JIHBU ,ZlJIJI HHX IIMCl01UHecJ1 B np0]lallCe
noHHXCaJOil\HC ~c4>opMaTopbl HJIH Ha-
MaTblBaJOT HX caMH. . MarHHTonpoeo.ny 66Jlbwero ce'leHHJI, TaIC
J:l.,IJI BhinpJIMHTCJieii cereBhlX 6JIOICOB
DHTaHHJI JI)"lllle ecero no,nxo,ll.RT DpHMe-
HJICMLIC B TeJieBH30pax BLIXO]lHhle _TJ)aHC-
<l>opMaTopbI IC8,llpoBOH pa3~TICH THDOB
TBK-70, TBK-110JIM-K, TBK-110-JI
H HCICOT0pble .ZipyrHe (CM. npHJI0llCeHHC 10).
B 3aBHCHMOC'rH OT ucnonb3yeMoro TBK
OT 6noxa DHTRHII.SI MOXCH0 DOJIY'fHTb Bbl-
npJIMJieHHOC HanpSl)l(CHHe OT 8-10 p.o
25-301 B npH noype6JIJICMOM T0ICe bo
0,8-1 A. Pa.nuomo6HTeJIH '18CTO HCD0Jib-
3)'lOT B ceTeBblX 6JIOICax DHT8HHJI tTpaBC-
cl>opMaTOpbl TBK. Hx npHMCHJIIOT H B He-
ICOTOJ)blX ICOHCTpyICIUI.RX, ICOTOpble JI 6yillY
Tefie peICOMCH,ZIOBaTb.
Ho ceTCBOH YpaHC<l>opMaTOp BblilpJIMH-
TCJIJI MO)l(CT 6LITb TaIC)l(C C8MO,ZICJlbHblM,
ecJIH HCDOJibJ0BaTb ,ZlJIJI Hero no.nx9.ZlJIIJlHH
MarHHTonposo.n. OT ICaKoro-To .npyroro
rpaHc4>opMaTopa. MowHoCTb Taxoro
-rpauc4>opMaTopa He ,Zl0JDICHa 6LITJ, MCHb-
we MOIJlHOC'rH TOICa, noype6nJ1eMoro Ha-
rpy3ICoii BbIIlpJIMHTCJIJI. IloJICHIO 3TO Ha
ICOHICpeTHOM npHMepe Bbl6opa MarHHTO-
nposo.na. Ilpe.IlilOJIO)ICHM, HanpJ1)1(eHHe nu-
T8HHJI ICOHCTpyHpyeMoro To6oii ycHJIHTCJijJ
3q ,ZlOJI)l(HO 6b1Tb 12 B npH TOICe 300 MA
(0,3 A). 3Ha'IHT, MOIJlHOCTb T0ICa, noype6-
JIJICMaJI YCHJIHTCJICM OT BhlilpJIMHTCJIJI 6y-
,ZICT: P = UHiu = 12 • 0,3 = 3,6 B. C yqeTOM
HCICOTOpblX nOTepb, HCH36e)l(HblX npH
rpaHc<l><>pMaUHH nepeMeHHoro TOICa H ero
IJ- 202
BbIIlpJIMJICHHH, .M0IJlH0CTb. ceTeBoro TJ)B.HC-
<l>opMaTopa 6noJCa IlHTaHlUI ]lomma 6h1Th
He MCHCC 5 BT. IIJIOIJl&Jlb ce'leHHJI cep,ne'I-
HHICa MarHHTonpoBO.ZI8, COOTBeTCTByro-
lJlYIO Heo6xo,lUIMOii MOIJlHOCTH TpaHc4>op-
MaT0pa, MOXCHO onpe.n.eJIHTb no ynpo~eH-
HOH <l><>PMYJie: S = 1 , 3 ~ r.ne 1,3-yc-
pe,ZlHeHHLiif IC03<l><i>HUHeHT, P TP- MOIJlHOCTb
Tp8Hc4>opMaTopa. Cne.noBaTCJlbHO, ]lJIJI
H8.Wero npHMepa M0~&Jlb ce'leHHJI Mar-
HHTonposo,na waac4>opMaTopa JJ.OJI)l(Ha
6LITb He MeHee: S = 1,31JP;;; =
= 1,31/5 ~ 3 CM 2 • Il.JIOD.t&.llb CC'lelHK ·no-
.no6plHHoro M&rHHTonpoeo]la 6y.neT HC-
xo,!lHblM napaMeTpOM ]lJIJI paC'lera 'IHCJia
BHTICOB nepBH11HOA H BTOpH'IHOH OOMOTOIC
ceTCBOro TpaHc4>opMaTopa BblDpJIMHTCJIJI.
OllbIT pa'AHomo6HTCJibCICoA npaKTHJCH
Il0ICa3blBaCT, 1ITO HaH6oJiee no,nxo]lJIIUHMH
JlBJIJUOTCJI MamHTonp0BO,llbl BLIX0,ZlHblX
TPaHC4>opMaTopoB Jl8MD0BblX pa.nuoee~a-
TCJlbHblX npHCMHHICOB H ICaH8JIOB 3ByICa TC-
:J1CBH30p0B. IlJio~a]lb CC'ICHHJI MHOrHX H3
HHX C0CTaBJJJleT 4--5 CM 2 H mo6oA: H3 HHX
MOXCHO HCnOJib30BaTL ]lJIJI H3rOTOBJJCKHJI
ceTCBOrO TpaHc<l>opMaTopa 6JIOICa DHTa-
HHJI. Ilpe,ZlII011TeHHe )ICC cne.nyeT OT,ZiaTb
ICU s 3T0M CJIY'lae MeHbllIC BHTIC0B 6y.neT
s o6Moncax, a H3nlhllHJl.si M0mHOCTb
TJ)aHc4>opMaTopa .neny He nospe.n.HT.
Pac'leT o6MOTOIC 6y,nyw:ero CCTeBoro
TPaHc<l>opMaTopa Be,ZlH B TaKOM nop.R,ZllCe.
CHa'laJia onpe,ZICJIH IJJI0~&)].b CC'ICHHJI no-
.no6paHHOro M8fHHTOilpOBO]la. ,lJ;JIJI 3I'Oro
T0JIII.UIH)' mucera (B C8.HTHMeTPax.) }'MHOXCb
Ha wHpHHy cpe.ttHero Jl3LI'IICa DJiaCTHH. 3a-
TeM DO,ZlC11HTaH 'IHCJIO BHTIC0B, ICOT0poe
,Zl0Jl)l(B0 npHXO,llHTbC.R Ha 1 B HaIIpSlllCCHHJI
npH ]laHHOM CC'leHHH MarHHT0npoeo.na, no
TaicoA: ynpOIJleHHoii 4>opMyne: w = 50/S,
r .ZIC W - 'IHCJI0 BHTICOB; S- ruI0IJla,llb CC'IC-
HHR MarHHT0Dposo.na; 50-nOCTO.RHHhlH
IC0.3<l>4>H]lHeHT. IloJiy'fHBWeecJI 'lHCJI0 BHT-
IC0B w }'MHOXCb Ha HanpSlllCeHHJI B BOJlbTax,
IC0TOpble D0JlBOlUITCJI IC nepBH1IHOH o6MoT-
ICe H J].OJl)l(Ha )];aBaTb BTOpH11HaJI OOMOTKa.
IlpoH3BC,ZlCHHJI 3THX BCJIH1IHH yKa)l(}'T 'IHC-
Jia BHTICOB B ICa..noii o6MoTJCe.
,AonyCTHM, Tbl '™eewb MarHHT0Dp0BO.ZI
H3 nJiaCTHH lli-20, TOJIIJlHH8 Ha6opa
25 MM. 3Ha'IHT, IlJIO~&Jlb ce11eHHJI MarHH-
=
TODpoBO,Zla paBHa 2 X 2,5 5 CM 2 • HanpJl-
)l(eHHe ceTH 22b B (no puc. 166-UJ), BTO-
pH'IHU OOMOTICa ,ZlOJI)l(Ha .nasaTb nepe-
MeHHOC HanpSlllCCHHe u
II, paBHoe, HanpH-
Mep, 10 B. Y3H8CM 'IHCJI0 BHTIC0B, IC0TOpoe
]lJIJI ]laHHOro MarHHT0Dp0BO,Zia ,Zl0Jl)l(B0
npHXO,ZIHTbCJI H8 1 B HallpJl)l(eHHJI:
W = 50/S = 5 BHTICOB.
161
 Teneph HeTpy,nHo onpe,neJIHTh qHcJia
BHTKOB e KIDK,ZlOH o6MOTKe: e nepeHqHOH,
paccqHTaHHOH Ha Hanp.ff)KCHHe CCTH 220 B,
,ZlOJDKHO 6bITh 5 X 220 = 1100, BO BTOpM-
HOH 5 X 10 = 50 BHTKOB. ECJIH )KC TpaHC-
cl>opMaTOp ,ZlOJI)KCH BKJIIoqaTbC.ff B CeTb
c 6onee HH'.3KHM Hanp.ff)KCHHCM, qeM 220 B,
HanpHMep e CCTh Hanp.ff)KCHHCM 127 B,
HY)KHO nepecqHTaTb TOJihKO qffCJIO BHTKOB
nepeHqHoH o6MOTKH. ,[(JI.ff nepBHqHoH 06-
MOTKH M0)KH0 HCilOJib'.30BaTb npoeo,n
113B-1 0,12-0,15, )UUI BTOPHfflOii-113B-1
0,55--0,62. Ha xapKac HaMan,rnaii cHaqana
nepBHqeyio o6MOTKY, a '.3aTeM BTOpHfflYIO-
Ilpoeona o6MOTOK YKJiaAhIBaii IlJIOTHbIMH
psmaMH, BHTOK K BHTKY- Me)K.Uy psmaMH
,neJiaii npoKJia,ZlKH H'.3 T0HKOH 6YMarH
B 0,ZlHH-,ZlBa CJIO.ff, a Me)K,Uy o6MOTKaMH-B
TpH-qer1,1pe CJI0.ff TaKOH )KC 6yMarH HJIH
e Jl,Ba-TpH CJIO.ff 6onee TOJICTOH. BblBOJlbl
o6MOTOK nponycKaH qepe'.3 OTBepcTHSI
e meqKax KapKaca H cpa'.3y )KC nenaii Ha
HCM COOTBCTCTBYIOII.{HC IlOMCTKH.
O6MOTKH rpaHc4>opMaTopa y,no6Ho Ha-
MaTuIBaTb C IlOM0II.{hlO npoCTeiimero npH-
cnoco6neHH.H, Il0Ka'.3aHHOr0 Ha pHC. 167.
OChl0 6pycxa, K0TOpbIH IlJI0THO BXO,ZlHT
B OKHO xapxaca TpaHc4>0pMaTopa, CJIY)KHT
MCTaJim1qeCKHH npyTOK TOJIII.{HHOH
6---8 MM, H30THYThTH C O,ZlHOH CTOpOHl,I Ha-
IlO,Zl06He pyqKH. IlpyTOK y,nep)KHBaeTC.ff
e OTBepcTH.ffX .nomaTbIX CTOCK. O,nHOH py-
KOH epamaemh och, a ,npyroi1: - yKJia,nbl-
eaemh npoeo,n Ha KapKace. HaMOTKY MO)K-
HO ,neJiaTb H epyqHylO, HCilOJih'.3Y.ff YAJIH-
HCHHhIH 6pycox c pyqxoii, KOTopyio MO)K-
HO ,nep:>KaTh B pyxe. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe
o6pamaii Ha paBHOMepHOCTh H IlJIOTHOCTh
yKJia,ZlKH npoeo,na H Ha ll'.30JI.SIUHIO Me)K,Uy
Puc. 167. Ilpucnoco6.T1eHue JJ.JUI HaMOTKU
TpaHCq>OpMa TOpa
162
Puc. 168. C6opKa MarmuonpoBOJJ.a TpaHc«l>op-
MaTopa
p.Sl,ZlaMH H o6MOTK3MH. llpH HCBbIIlOJIHe-
HHH nepeoro ycJIOBH.ff Tpe6yeMoe qHcJio
BHTKOB e o6MOTKaX M0)KCT He YMCCTHThC.ff
Ha Kapxace. A eCJIH He 6yneT HaJlC)KHOH
H30JI.SIUHH Me)K.Uy PAAaMH H o6MOTKaMH,
TO npH BKJIIOqeHHH TpaHc¢opMaTopa
e ceTh o6MOTKH MoryT npo6HThC.ff- npoH-
30H,ZlCT '.3aMb1KaHHe Me)K,Uy o6tv10TKaMH
HJIH BHTKaMH " rpattccl>opMaTop npH,ZlCTC.ff
,neJiaTb 3RHOBO.
nnaCTHHbl MRTHHTOilpoeo,na co6HpaH
«enepeKphillIKY» (pHC. 168) ,no nonHoro 3a-
nonHeHH.ff OKHa Kapxaca H CT.ffrHBRH Mar-
HHTOnpoeo,n o6oiiMOH (HJIII llIIlHJihKRMH
c raiiKaMH, npe,neapHTCJihHO o6epHyB
llIIlHJihKH 6yMarOH, qT06bl qepe'.3 HHX IlJia-
CTHHhl He '.3aMhIKaJIHCb). Ilnoxo CT.SIHYThI.H
MarHHTOilpOBO,Zl MO)KCT ry,neTb.
A Teneph•••
CETEBO:fl EJIOK llHTAHIUI
B 3TOH qacTH 6ece,nhr .ff paccxa)Ky Te6e
0 '.3aK0HqeHHOM 6noxe IlHTRHHB TpaH'.3H-
CTOpHOH annapaTyp1,1 OT CeTH nepeMeHHO-
ro T0Ka. KoHCTpynpyeMbie rrpHeMHHKH
HJIH YCHJIHTCJIH Thi MO)KCI.llh H'.3MCHSITh,
ynpomaTb HJIH ycJIO)KHSITh, HO MB HX IlH-
TaHH.ff 6y,nelllb HCilOJih'.30BaTb O,UHH "TOT
)KC 6JIOK IlHTRHH.ff.
Ilpe)UlaraeM1>1ii 6nox nHTaHm1 (pHc. 169)
rrpe,ncTaemi:er co6oii .n;ayxnonynepHo.z:un,1ii
BhIIIp.HMHTCJib co CTa6HJIH'.3aTOpOM H pery-
JIBTOpOM BbIIlp11MJICHHOro Hanp.H)KCHHSI.
Hanp.H)KCHHe IlOCTOBHHOfO TOKa Ha ero
BbIXO,Zle MO)KHO nJiaBHO H'.3MCHS1Th npHMep-
HO OT 1 ,no 12 B rrpH TOKe ,no 0,5 A. 3ro
'.3HaqHT, qTo TaKOH 6noK MO)KHO HCilOJib'.30-
BaTb )UI.ff IlHTRHHB npaKTHqecKH n106oro
TPaH'.3HCTOpHoro npHeMHHKa HJIH YCHJIHTC-
JISI 3q, H'.3MepHTCJihHbIX npH6opoe.
Pa36epeMcB e ycrpoikTee It pa6oTe
6noKa. Cereeoi1: TpaHc¢opMaTop Tl 06-
MOTKOii [ IlOJUCJI10qa10T K 3JICKrpOOCBCTH-
TCJibHOH CCTH nanp.H)KCHHeM 220 B qepe3
IlJI3BKUH npe,noxpaHHTCJih Fl H BbIKJIIOqa-
TCJib Sl. O6MOTKa II TpaHc¢opMaTopa
11 ,ZlHO,ZlhI V 1 - V4, BKJIIOqeHHbIC no MOCTO-
 VJ-Vt,.
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Fl 0,5A A226.4
~ ~
c:::i
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I I + ti
~
c:::i
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~
Puc. 169. IlpHHilHilHaJibH8JI CXCMa 6JJOJ:a IlHT8HJUI Ypall3HCTOpHbIX KOHCTpYKilHH
aoi cxeMe, o6p83yi<>T .neyxnOJiyne-
puoJtHJ,,Iit BbIIIpJIMHTem,. 3Ta 11acn, 6no1Ca
IIHTilHH.SI Te6e ~e 3HaJCoMa no npe,lUd,lzy-
~ei 11acru 6ece,n1,1 (CM. puc. 166).
K BblilpJIMHTeJILBOMY MOC'fY nO,llKJII0-
11eH 3JielITpOJIHTB11CCmii ICOH,ZleHcaTop Cl,
'13.CTH'IHO crJiallCHBalOIUHH nyJihcanHH Bbl-
IIpJIMJieHHOro uanpJDICeHHJL c·
Hero BbIDpSI-
MJieHHoe HarrpSIECHHe no.a,aeTC'1 IC Harpy3-
Ke Re 11epe3 CTa6HJIH:3aTop HanpSIECHHJI,
BbIIIOJIHJDOIUHH 4>yimnmo JJ,ODOJJHHTCJlbBO-
ro cl>HJibTpa BbIDpJIMHTeJIJI H OJJ,HOBpeMCH-
HO perymrropa BLIXOJJ,B0TO HanpJaCCHH11
6.notca nHTaBH11.
IlpOCJICJJ,H nellb DHTaHHJI Harpy3ICH Re
(npHCMHHlC, YCHJIHTCJib), IlO)J,l[JIIO'illCMblH
IC 3a)l(HMaM Xl <f-» H X2 « + » 6noICa. To1C
B 3TOH uenu, a 3Ha11HT, H HanpSl'.llCCHHe Ha
uarpy31Ce 38BHCJIT OT COCTOmlH11 TpaB3H-
CTOpa V7, BKJll011eHBoro B 3TY QCllh. Kor-
JJ,a 310T TpaH3HCTOp OTKpbIT H conp0TH-
BJICHHe ero }"laCTICa 3MHTICp- ICOJIJICICT0p
MaJIO (HecJCOJlhICO OM), Bee eanpSl)l(CBHe
B:blilpJIMHTeJISI DaJJ.aeT Ha Harpy31Ce Re-
KorJJ,a llCC TpaH3HCTOp 3aICphIT H conpoTH-
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Harrp11xceHHe p8.3eHBaeT IlbeJ0IepaMH11e-
cmii 3BYKOCHHMRTeJib), 11yBCTBHTeJILHOCTb
yCHJIHTeJieii, pa60TaIOll{HX OT MHICpo4>0-
HOB, COCTaBJIJieT 1-2 MB.
llaCTOTHYIO xapaICTepHCTHICY (HJIH nono-
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rpa$H'leCKH ropH30HTaJihHOH, HeclCOJILICO
177
HCICpHBJieHHoii JlBHHei, noi83L1Ba10mei
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81
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naMne H C03,UalOT BaKyyM. OTKRlJHBaTb
B03.UYX Heo6XO,LlHMO eme l1 IlOT0MY, 'ITO
npH BblCOKOH TeMneparype KaTOil norno-
maeT KHCJiopon BO3.[lyxa, OKHCJI.SieTCH
H 6hICTpo pa3pyIIIaeTC.SI. K 3TOMy HY)KHO
no6aB:UTb, 'ITO Ha noeepXHOCTh KaTona Ha-
HOCSIT CJIO:H OKHCJIOB 6apHS1, CTpOHUHH
H KaJibURSl, 06na.u,a10IUHH cnoco6HOCThl-O
HJJiyqaTh 3JlCKTpOHbl np.11 cpaBmITeJibHO
HR3KOH TeMneparype narpeea.
KAK PAEOTAET J:(110,L(
CaMoii npocToH pa.rumnaMnoii - .rmonoM -
MO)l(eT CTaTb JII06asr JiaMna HaKaJIHBaHHSl,
ecmI BHYTPb ee 6aJ1JIOHa enaj}Tb MCTaJIJIH-
lfeCKYIO nnaCTHHKY C BbIBO,UOM Hapy~
(pHC. 217) H Y.UaJIHTh H3 6amIOHa B03,Uyx.
qT06bI pa30rpeTb ee HHTb HaKaJia, non-
KJIIO~M K ee BbmonaM 6aTapeio HaKaJia
GBH. O6pa3yeTCH r,enb HaKaJla. BTopyio
6aTapeI-O, HO c 6onee BblCOKRM Hanp»)Ke-
HHeM, coe,n:HHHM OTPHUaTeJihHhIM IlOJIIO-
COM C O)].HHM U3 BhIBO)lOB HHTH HaKaJia,
a nonO)KHTeJibHblM IlOJIIOCOM - C aHO,UOM.
O6pa3yeTC.SI BTOpasr uenb - OHOOHafl, co-
CTOSIIUaSI H3 yqaCTKa KaTon- aHo)l, aHO)l-
HOH 6aTapeH GBa w coe.11:i,rnHTeJihHhIX npo-
eo,n:HHK0B. EcJIH BKJIJOqHTb B Hee MHJI-
JIHaMnepMeTp, crpenKa npu6opa yKaJKeT
Ha HaJil{qHe TOKa B 3TOH uen.11.
y re6sr, ecrec-reeHHO, MO)l(CT B03HHK-
HYTb eonpoc: IlOlfeMy B aHO)lHOH uemt Te-
qeT TOK? Benh MeJK)ly KaTO)lOM H aHO,UOM
HeT 3JieKTpHqecKoro coenHHeH11sr.
OTeeqaio : IlO,UKIDO'IHB aHOAHYIO 6aTa-
peio, Mbl TeM caMbIM C03)laJIH Ha aHone
IlOJIO)KHTeJThHblH 3apRLJ., a Ha KaTO,'],e - OT-
 Mu1111ual'1nepMemp
PHc. 217. EcJIH B naMny HaKaJIHBaHHSI BBeCTH aHO,!J, H y.naJIHTb H3 6anJioHa B03)lyx, OHa npeBpann-
CH B npocreiimy10 3JieKTp011Hy10 naMny - rrno.n
pmlaTeJil,Hblli. Me)K,!ly HHMH B03HHKJIO
'.JAeKmpulleCKOe n01ze, IIO,!l ,!leHCTBHeM KOTO-
poro 3JleKTpOHbl, ucrrycKaeMMe KaTO,!lOM,
YCTPeMJJSII0TCSI K IIOJIO)KHTeJibHO 3apsi:)KeH-
HOMy atto)ly. A KaTo,n: IIOKll)laIOT ,n:pyrue
:meKTpOHhl, KOTOpbie TaK)Ke JieTSIT K aHO-
,n:y. Jl,oCTttrHyB aHo,n:a, 3JieJITPOHbI .D:BH)KYT-
CSI no coe.n;ttHHTeJlhHbIM npoBO,!lHHKaM
K IlOJIO)KHTeJlbHOMY rromocy aHO.D:HOH 6a-
Tape11, a H36blTO'lHbie 3JieKTPOHbI C OTPH-
~aTeJlbHOro IIOJIIOCa 6aTapeH TeKyT K Ka-
TO,n:y. O6pa30Ba1me B aHO)lHOH uenH
11110.n:a IlOTOKa 3JleKTpOHOB MO)KHO cpaB-
HHTb C TaKHM JJBJieHHeM. EcJIH Ha)l KHIIH-
meii Bo,n:oii IlOMeCTHTb KpbIIIIKY KaCTpIOJIH
HJIH TapenKy, TO o6pa30BaBIIIHHCH nap 6y-
,n:eT Ha Heii OXJla)K)laThCSI H «crymaThCSI)>
B KaneJlbKH BOilbI. C IIOM0IUblO BOpOHKH
MbI MO)KeM 3TY BOJJ,Y BepHyTh B KaCTpIO-
JllO. TToJiyqaeTCSI KaK 6bI 3aMKHYTaSI uenb,
no KOTOpoii ,n:BH)l(YTCSI lfaCTH~bI BOJU,I.
TOK aHO,n:HOH u enH Ha3hIBaIOT aHO)],HblM
TOKOM, a H a rrpsi:>KeHtte Me)l()ly aHO)lOM
H KaTOJJ:OM JiaMIIb) - aHO,lIHbIM HarrpR)l(e-
HHeM. Hap.si.uy c repMHHOM «atto,rmoe tta-
7
GB~ ........,..___..J
J-- _____.
+
npsi:)l(eHHe>> rrpHMeHJJIOT TaK)l(e TepMHHbI
«Hanp.soI<eHtte Ha aHo,n:e», «Harrpsi:)l(eHHe
aHo,n:a». Bee 3TH TepMHHbl paBH03HalfHbl:
oHH no,n:pa3yMeBaIOT Hanp.si)l(eHHe, ,n:eii-
CTBy10mee Me)l()ly aHO)lOM H KaTO.D:OM. Ee-
JIM IlOJIIOCbI aH0)1HOH 6aTapeH mm 1rnoro
HCTO'IHHKa TOKa npHcoe,n:HHeHbI Henocpe.n:-
CTBeHHo K KaTo,n:y HJIH aHo,n:y JiaMilbI, TO
aHo,n:ttoe Hanp.si)l(eHHe 6y,n:eT paeHo Harrpsi:-
)l(eHHIO HCToqHHKa TOKa.
A Tenepb rro,uyMaii tt OTBeTh: 6y,n:eT JIH
B aHO,llHOH uerrH .n:no.n:a npoTeKaTh TOK, ec-
JIH IlOJIO)l(HTeJibHblH IlOJIIOC aHO,!lHOH 6a-
TapeH coe,UHHHTb C HlffblO HaKaJla, a OT-
puuaTCJibHhIH - C aHO,!lOM? KoHelfHO, HeT.
Be.z:u, aHo.n; B 3TOM cny11ae HMeeT OTpttua-
TeJihHblH 3ap.Sl,Il. OH 6y.n;eT OTTaJIKHBaTh
3JieKTPOHbI, HcnycKaeMhie KaTO,!lOM, H HH-
KaKoro TOKa B 3TOH uenH He 6y,n:eT.
l-haK, JJ,Byx3JieKTpo.n:Hasi: 3JieKTPOHHasi:
JiaMna, KaK H nonyrrpoBO,!lHHKOBbIH )],HO)],,
o6na.uaeT CBOHCTBOM 0)1HOCTOpOHHeH npo-
B0)1HMOCTH TOKa. Ho OHa B OTJIHqHe OT
IlOJIYil0B0)1HHKOB0ro )1HOlla nponycKaeT
qepe3 ce6si: TOJihKO npRMOH TOK, T. e. TOK
215
TOJll,ICO B O)J.HOM HanpaBJiemm-oT ICaro,D;a
I( auo.izy. B o6paTHOM HarrpaBJieHHH, T. e .
OT aHO,lla IC ICaTOJzy, TOK H,llTH He MO>KeT. B
3TOM OTHOWeHHH pa,llHOJiaMna, 6eccnop-
HO, npeBOCXO,llHT nonyrrpoBO)J.HHICOBblH
,llHOA, 'lepe3 ICOTOpbIH Te'leT HeOOJibWOH
o6paTHhIH TOK.
tho BJIHSieT Ha 3Ha'leHHe aHo)J.Horo TO-
ICa ,D;HO]ta? EcJIH ICaTO)J, HMeeT IlOCTOSIHHblH
uaICaJI H H3Jiy11aeT 6ecrrpepbIBHO O,llHO H TO
>Ke ICOJIH'leCTBO 3JierrpOHOB, TO aHO,D;HbIH
TOK 3aBHCHT TOJlblCO OT aHO,llHOro HaDpSl-
)l(eHHSI. TipH He6oJibWOM aHO)J.HOM Hanpx-
>KeHHH aHOJJ,a .llOCTHrHyT JIHII.Ib~Te 3JielC-
TpC>Hbl, ICOTOpbie B MOMeHT BbIJieTa H3
ICaTona o6Jia,llalOT HaH6oJiee BbICOIOIMH
CKOPOCTSIMH. ,!(pyrue, MeHee «6bICTpbie>>
3JlelC'TJ)OHbl OCTilHJTCJI B03Jie ICaT0,D;a. l.leM
ebIIIIe auo,JJ.Hoe HanpSI>KeHHe, TeM 6om,we
3JieICTpOHOB npHTmieT IC ce6e aHOA, TeM
3Ha11HTeJI1>Hee 6y,neT aHOllHblH TOK. Onua-
lCO He CJieJJ,yCT .nyMaTb, 'ITO IlOBbIWeHHeM
aHOllHOrO Hanp.R>KeHHJI MO>KHO 6ecKOHe'I-
HO yeeJIH'IHBaTb aHO,D;HblH TOIC. Tip1t HeICO-
TOpOM llOCTaTO'IHO BbIC()'ICOM aHO,llHOM Ha-
rtpH>KCHHH Bee 3JICICTpoHbl, H3Jiy11aeMbie
ICaTOllOM, 6y.D;yT nona,llaTb Ha aHO,D; u npH
)laJibHeHII.IeM yseJIH'leHHH HanpSI>KeHIDI Ha
aHO,D;C aHO,llHbIH TOK nepecraCT paCTH. 3-ro
SIBJleHHe Ha3bIBalOT HaCblII.teHHeM auona.
YBeJilfllHTb 3MIICCHIO K8TO,l].8 MOllCHO no-
BbIWeHHeM HanpSI>KeHHSI HaKaJia. Ho npH
3TOM nponon>KHTeJibHOCTb >KH3HH Jla.Milbl
pe3ICO JMeHbWaeTCSI, a npH 11pe3MepHo
60JibWOM HaIIpSl>KeHHH uaICana ICaTOA 6hl-
crpo TepSieT 3MHCCHIO HJIH COBCeM pa3py-
waCTCSI.
A 'ITO npo11cxo,nHT B aHO.llHOH uen11
aHO,D;a, ICOr,lla B HeH ,D;eHCTBYCT nepeMeHHoe
HanpJl)l(CHHe?
O6paTHMCSI IC pHC. 218. 3.D;CCb, ICalC II
B IIpe.lU>l.n)'meM npHMepe, ICaTO,D; ,D;HO,D;a Ha-
lCaJIJleTCSI TOKOM 6arapeH GB 8 • Ha auon
naMDhl no,D;aeTCSI rrepMeHHoe HaIIpSDICeHHC,
0
~ '1HSIMH TOKa B 3TOH uenH.
rNJ\·,
T
a)
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PHC. 2 t 8. ,l].HOJJ. BhIDpRMJIHeT nepeMeHHhlH TOK
216
HCTO'IHHKOM ICOToporo CJIY>KHT BT0pH'IHaSJ.
(II) o6MoTKa ceresoro rpau$pMaTopa
T. B 3TOM cny11ae Hanp.R>KeHHe Ha auo.ne
nepHO.llH11eCICH H3MeH.ReTCSI no 3Ha'leHHIO
H 3HaICy (pHC. 218,a). A TalC KaIC ,D;HO,D;
o6na.naer OAHOCTopoHHeii 3JieKTponpo-
BOAHOCThlO, TOK 11epe3 Hero HJlCT TOJibICO
npH IlOJIO>KHTeJibHOM Hanp.R>KeHHH Ha ero
aHO,D;e. rosop.R HHbIMB CJIOBaMH~ ,lJ;HO,D;
nponycKaeT DOJIO>KHTCJibHbie nonyBOJIHbl
(p11c. 218,6) H He rrponycKaeT orpHUa-
TeJILHbIX DOJIYBOJIH nepMCHHOro TOICa.
B pe3yJILTaTe B aHOllHOH uenH Te'ICT TOK
O)J.Horo HanpaBJieHHSI, HO nyJibCHpy10muii
C 'laCTOTOH nepMeHHOro Hailp.R>KeHIDI Ha
~Ho,D;e. TipoHCXO,nHT BbIDp.RMJieHHe nept-
MeHH0ro TOKa- SIBJieHHe, 3HaK0Moe Te6e
no pa6oTe nonynpoBO,D;HHICOBOrO ,D;HO,D;a.
ECJIH B aHO.llHYIO uenb BICJIIO'IHTb Harpy-
301:fHhIH pe3HCTOp R", 11epe3 Hero TaK>Ke
6yneT Te'lb Bbinp.RMJieHHbIH llHO,llOM TOK.
TipH 3TOM Ha BbIBO,D;e pe3HCTopa, COC,D;H-
HeHHOM c KaTO,lJ;OM, 6y.D;CT DJIIOC, a Ha
,D;pyroM BbIBO.ne- MHHYC BbIIlp.RMJI$IHOro
Hanp.R>KeHH.R. 3TO uanp.R>KeHHe, C03,D;alO-
llleeCSI Ha pe3HCTOpe, MO>KCT 6bITh crna>Ke-
HO cl>HJibTPQM BbIDpSIMHTCJISI H no,uauo
B APyryIO uem,, ,ll]I.R IlHTaHHJI ICOTOpoii He-
OOXO,D;HM IlOCTOSIHHbIH TOK.
na.MilhI, npe,llHa3Ha'laCMbie )J,JIH pa6oTbl
B eLmp.RMHTemrx, HaJLmaIOT ,ceuompotta-
Mu.
L{eyx1JieKTpo.UHblC Ila.Milbl MO>KHO HC-
IlOJib30BaTb He TOJiblCO ,llJI.R BbIIlp.RMJieHI.f.R
nepeMeHHoro TOICa, HO H ,D;JIJI ,D;eTeICTHpOBa-
HH.R MOAYJIHpoBaHHR Kone6aHHH Pl.I.
TP00,!( If Ero CBO'ACTBA
A Teneph BOCilOJib3yeMC.R HaWHM ca~m-
,D;eJibHblM ,llHO,D;OM H IlOMeCTHM Me>K.ny ero
ICaTO,D.OM H aHO,D;OM ceTKY npHMepHo
e TOM BH,lle, ICalCOH OHa 6bIJia e nepBbIX
KOHcrpyKUHSIX pa,llHOJiaMn (pee. 219). flo-
JIY'IHTC.R TJ)HO,D;. flpHCOC.llHHHM IC ero 3JieK-
TPO.D:3.M HaKaJibHYIO H aHO.UHYIO 6aTape11.
B aHOAHYIO uenb BICJIIO'IHM MHJIJIHaMnep-
Merp, 'IT06bI CJie)lHTh 3a BCCMH H3MeHe-
CeTKy BpeMeHHO COC,D;HHHM npoBO,D;HH-
KOM c KaTO,D;OM (pHC. 219,a). B 3TOM cny-
'lae ceTKa, HMe.R Hyneeoe uanp.R>KeHHe OT-
HOCHTeJibHO ICaTo.na, DO'ITH He OICa3bIBaeT
BJIHJIHHJI Ha aHO,llHbIH TOIC; aHO,D;HbIH TOIC
6yAeT TaKHM >Ke, KaIC e OilhITe c .llHO,D;OM.
y ,u.a.JIHM npoBO,llHHIC, 3aMblICalOlllHH CCTICY
pe10 C He60JibWHM HanpB>KeHHeM, HO Ta~
1:1To6L1 ee oypuuaTeJibHhIH non10c 6LIJI co-

a}
Puc. 219 )].eikTBHe TJ)eX3JieICTJ)O.llHOH na.Mnbl
e,u.eHeH C ICaTOAOM, a nonO)ICHTenbHbIH - C
ceTICOi\: (pnc. 219,6). 3Ty 6aTape10 Ha30-
BeM ceTO'IHoii H o6o3Ha'IHM GBc. Tenepb
ceTICa HRXO.llHTCJI no.a; D0JIO)ICHTeJibHblM
• HanpSl)ICeHJ;leM OTHOCHTeJibH0 ICaTo.a;a. OHa
CT3Jla ICaK 6b1 BTOphlM aHo.a;oM. O6pa3o-
eanach HOBaJI UeDb- cemo'tl Ha.R, C0CTOKII.{RJI
ll3 )'11aCTICa cenca-ICaTO.ll, 6arapeu GBc
H coe.llHHHTeJibHoro nposona. HMeJ1 nono-
)ICHTeJlbHhIH 3apJl.ll, ceTICa npHTJlrHBaeT
IC' ce6e 3JieKTPQHhl. Ho Ha6pasmue CICO-
pocn, 3ne1CTpoHb1 6y.eyT nepexsa11eHbl CH-
noii npHTJl)ICeHHJI 6onee BbIC0ICOro, 'leM Ha
ceTICe, aH0,llHOrO HanpJl)ICeHHJI. B pe3yJibTa-
re RHOJlHLIH TOI( CTaHeT 6oJILllie, 'leM TOr-
.na, Kor.ua CeTICa 6LIJia C0e.a;HHeHa C ICaTo-
.llOM. TalCOH )Ke npHpOCT aHO,llHOrO TOICa
MO)ICHO 6LIJIO 6LI nony'IHTb 38 ClfeT DOBbl-
\
meawr ano.zmoro HaIIpJl)ICeHHSI, HO JlJIJI
3Toro IlpHWJIOCb 6LI B aHOAHYIO 6arape10
.uo6aBHTb B HecKOJILICO pa3 OOJiblIIe :me-
MeHTOB, 'leM HMeeT ceT0'IHaSI 6aTapeS1.
Ecnu .a:o6aBHTb IC ceTO'IHOH 6aTapee
eme ,ZlBa-ypH 3JieMeHTa H TeM caMblM yee-
JlH'IHTb HaIIpJl)ICeHHe Ha ceTICe, aHOJlHbIH
TOI( eme OOJILlIIe B03paCTeT. 3Ha'IHT, no-
JlO)ICHTeJILHoe HanpJl)KeHHe Ha ceTKe DOMO-
raeT auo.a:y np1n.S1nmaTb 3JieICTp0HbI, cno-
co6CTBYeT pocry ano.a;Horo TOJCa. Tipu
3TOM HelCOTOpaSI 'laCTb 3JieKTpOHOB oce-
.naeT H Ha CeTICe. Ho OHH cpa3y )Ke «CTe-
KalOT» 11epe3 CCTO'IHYJO 6aTape10 Ha Ka-
T0,D,. TIOSIBJIJleTCJI He6om.moii ceTO'IHbIH
TOK - TOIC ceT.(CH.
C IlOBblllieHHeM IIOJIO)JGITeJibHOro Ha-
npJl)ICeHHJI Ha ceTKe yeeJIH1U1BaeTCJ1
aHO,llHLIH TOK JlaMilbl, HO O,llHOBpeMeHHO
paCTeT H TOIC ceTKH. Mo)ICeT CJIY11HTbC.SI,
'ITO npu HelCOTOpoM AOBOJILHO OOJibWOM
HanpJI)ICeHHH Ha ceTICe TOK B ee nenu cra-
PA
T
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TCM, 'ITO CCTJCa, HaX0)l;SICb 6JIH)ICe IC KaTO)zy,
npHTJlrJ{BaeT IC ce6e 3JICICTpOHbl CIIJlbHee,
'leM y.a;aJieHHbIH aHO,D,. B 3TOM CJiy11ae Bbl-
neTeBlIIHe H3 ICaTO,lla 3JieICTJ)OHbl TaK pa3-
.QeJI.SITCJI Me>K;zy ceTICOH H aHO.llOM, 'ITO
OOJibillRJI 'laCTL HX npH}leTCJI Ha .llOJIIO ceT-
ICH. TaICoe JIBJICHHe ICpaHHe Be)ICeJiaTeJlbH0
MJI paOOTbl JlaMIIbI-0Ha MO)ICeT HaIOp-
THTl,CJI H3-38 neperpesa CCTKH.
Tenepb n0MeHJICM MecTaMH IlOJIIOCbl ce-
TO'IHO}l: 6aTapeH, 'ITOObl Ha CCTKe OTHOCH-
TeJibHO KaT0,lla 6LIJIO oypnnaTeJibHqe Ha-
npJI)ICeHHe (puc. 219, e). TIOCMOTPHM ea
CTpemcy MHJIJIHaMnepMeTpa. Om noICa)KeT
3Ha'IHTeJILHO MeHblliHH aHO)Ull,IH TOK, 'leM
B npe.llb1.nymeM 31CCilepHMeHTe. TI011eMy
aHO,llHblH TOIC pe31CO yMeHbllIHJIC.R? Ha ny-
TH 3JieKTp<>HOB OICa3aJICJI oypnnaTeJILHO
3apJl)ICeHHblH 3JieKTpo.ll, ICOTopLm nperun-
cTeyeT ,llBH)ICeHHIO HX IC aHo.ey, OTTaJIICH-
BaCT 3JieKTpoHbI o6paTHO IC ICaTo.ny. liaCTL
3JieKTpoHOB, o6na;::i;a10mHX HaHOOJILlliHMH
CKOp<>CTJIMH, Bee llCe «npocICOlfHT» 11epe3
OTBepcTHJI B ceTKe H .llOCTHrHeT aHo,na, HO
ICOJIH'leCTBO HX 6y.a;eT BO MHoro pa3 MeHb-
me, 11eM npH IlOJIOllCHTeJILHOM Hanp.R)Ke-
HHH Ha ceTKe. 3THM H 061>.HCH.HeTC.R pe3IC0e
)'MeHbWeHHe aHO,llHOii'O TOICa.
no Mepe yeenH11eanJ1 oypnnaTeJibHoro
3apAAa Ha ceTKe ee OTTaJIICHBaromee .Qeii-
CTBHe Ha 3JieICTp0Hbl 6y.QeT B03paCTaTb,
a aH0.llHblH TOK- )'MeHbwaTbCJI. A npH He-
ICOTOpoM .a;OCTaTO'IHO OOJibWOM OTpnna-
TCJihHOM HaHpJl)ICeHHH Ha ceTICe Olla He
nponyCTHT IC auo.zzy HH O)lHOrO 3JieICypo-
Ha - aHO.llHbIH TOK eoo6we HC11e3HCT
(pee. 219, r). Cne.QOBaTCJILHO, oyp~areJrh-
Hoe Hanp,r)ICeHue Ha CeTKe <<3aICpLIBaeT»
naMny. lhMeHeHHe mnp,utceHH.SI Ha ceTKe
217
OKa3h1B3.eT B HCCKOJihlCO pa3 6onee CH.Jib-
Hoe BJIH.SllIHe Ha aHOAHbIH TOK, 'ICM TaKoe
)l(e H3MCHeHHe HanpIDKeHIDI Ha aHo,ne
JiaMflbl. Cenca ynpaBJUieT flOTOKOM :meK-
TJ)OHOB, JieTRII{HX OT ICaTOJJ:a IC aHOJJ:Y
JiaMflbI. Ilo:noMy ee Ha3hIBalOT ynpa6AR10-
u,eu. 3TO CBOHCTBO TJ)HOJJ:a H HCil0Jlb3yeT-
CSI AJISI ycHJieHH.H 3JielCTpH'leCKHX ICOJie6a-
HHH.
KATO)].hl 3JIEKTPOHHhIX JlAMil
)].o cux nop .si: roBOpIDI o pa;::monaMne,
B KOTOpOH 4>YHKUHIO KaT0,na BblllOJIHSIJia
HHTh HaKaJia. TaKHe 3JieKTp0HHble JiaMflbl
Ha3hIBalOT JiaMDaMH C KamoOOM npRMOZO
1-UlKCUa. HJIH 6aTapeHHbIMH, H npeJl}l3.3Ha-
'18lOTCSI 0HH AJISI pa.[(HOICOHCTpYKumt C mt:-
TaHHeM OT 6arapeii raJihB8HH'leCKHX 3Jie-
MeHT0B HJIH aKKYMYJUITOpoB.
KaTO)l 6aTapeHHOH JiaMIIbI- 3TO O'leHb
TOHICa.H BOJibcl>PaMoBaSI npoBOJIOKa, no,no6-
Ha.si: BOJI0CICy. OHa paCKaJI.ReTCSI cpa3y >Ke
nocne 81\JllOqeHH.H TOKa H MrHOBeHHO ox-
Jia)l()laeTCSI npH BhIKJIIO'leHHH ero. EcnH
TaKOH KaT0A IlHT8Tb nepMeHHbIM TOKOM,
TO OH B TalCT C H3MeHeHHSIMH T0ICa 6y,neT
HaKaJUITbCSI TO CHJll>Hee (npH eaH60JlblIIHX
3Ha'leHH.H TOKa), TO cna6ee (npH HaHMeHb-
llIHX 3Ha'leHHJIX TOKa). B pe3yn1>TaTe 3MHC-
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BBeJIH eme o.nuy ceTICY, pacnoJIO)KHB ee
Me)K)ly ynpaBJIHlOnteii CeTICOH H aHO,UOM.
JlaMna CTaJia 'leTblpeX3JICICTPO.UHOH - me-
mpoi}oM (pHc. 222, a). BTOpaH CeTICa CTa..Jia
BblilOJIHHTb poJib 3KpaHa, YMCHbWa10mero
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napa3HTHYIO eMICOCTb Me)l('_)J;y aeo,noM
H ynpaBJI.SilOnteii CeTICOH, HO H YJIY'IIllWia
ycWIHTeJibHble ceoiiCTBa JiaMDbl. MMe11 no-
JI0)KHTeJILHoe Hailp.R)KeHHe OTHOCHTCJlbHO
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HelCOTOpaH "iaCTb 3JICKTpOHOB nona.naeT
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a) 0) BJ
PHC. 222 TeTpo,n (a), neHTO,n (6) u. ny'leBoii Te-
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TOICOM.
Terpo.D.bl Il03B6JIWIH nOBbICHTI> Ka'le-
CTB0 annapaTyp1,1 npH HCil0Jib30B3.HHH
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PRAY c .UOCTOHHCTBaMH, y TeTpO,nOB 6onee
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TOIC - i}uHampOHHblU 3<jj<jjeKm. Ilpe)K.l(e 11eM
pa3o6paTbC.R B 3TOM HenpHBTHOM AJI.R pa-
60Tbl naMilbl .RBJICHHH, npoee.n;H TaKOH
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CTH C BblC0TLI ICailJIIO BOAbJ. qTO llOJif1lHT-
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qeM c OOJibWCH BblC0TLI 6ynemh nycKaTb
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nera, TeM 60JibWC KaneJIL BLI6bCT OHa H3
BO)J.bl, HaXO,ll)lnteHC.11 s 6JIIO,nue.
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HOB orp0Mlia. OHH KalC 6bl 6oM6ap,D,H-
pyroT auo.n.. IlpH 3TOM Ka)K.l(bIH 3JICKTp0H
cnoco6eH s1,16un, H3 aHo.n.a no J{Ba-TpH
H 6oJILllie 3JICKTpoHOB. 3TH BTOpH11Hble
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WCH CeTICe, H BHYTJ)H JiaMilbl C03.D.aeTC.R
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[UHH npouecc ycwieHHJI. )ln11 6oph61,1
C 3THM JIBJICHHCM MC)K)ly aHO.l(OM H 3ICpa-
HHpyromeii ceTICOH BBCJIH TpeTblO CeTKy.
JlaMna CTa..Jia IlJITH3JICICTp0lIHOH - neHmO-
i}oM (puc. 222, 6). 3Ty CeTKy' Ha3BaHHy10
3aUIUmH0U (HJIH npOTHBO.D.HHaTJ)OHHOH),
COC)J.HHRIOT C JCaTO.D.0M BHYTPH naMilbl,
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naHeJibKe. 3all(HTHa.R CeTKa, HMC.11 IlOTeH-
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np.HMoro noT0ICa 3JICKTP0HOB, TO Jalll,HT-
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mITCTBH.R.
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K 11HCJIY MHOr03JieKTpOHHhlX JiaMil OT-
H0CJITC.R H TaK Ha3bIBaeMble Ay'le6ble me-
mpoi}1,1 (pHC. 222,B). 3To TO)Ke Ilj(TH3JieK-
TP0JlHhIC JiaMDbl, HO y HHX BHTKH 3ICpaHH-
pyroweii ceTKH pacnono)KeHbl T011HO npo-
THB BHTKOB ynpaBJUIIOil.lCH CeTICH, 6naro-
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11HTCJihHO MCHblliC 3JICKTp0HOB, TalC KaK ee
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221
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KOBOH IIOTOIC 3JieICTp0HOB. Tipu TaICOH ICOH-
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paccro.smHH Me:xc.zi:y ee 3JieKTpo,naMH Bbl-
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He ,noneTeB ,no 3Kpa.Bupyromeii ceTKu, npu-
u1rHea10Tc» o6paTH0 aHO.D:OM H He Hapy-
waIOT pa60Tbl mlMflhl.
Jly11esble TeTpO.llhl npHMemuoT rnas-
HLIM o6p8.30M B BbIXO.D:HhlX KaCKa.uax npu-
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6aHm1 3BYKOBOH 'laCT0Tbl 3Ha'IHTCJibHOH
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Puc. 223. Pa.nuoJiaMnhI u ux naHeJihKH
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no OKpy)KHOCTH pacrrOJIO)KeHbI KOH-
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TeJib Ha 3JieHp0HHhIX JiaMnax
223
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224
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MeraoM.
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JiIHTCJI.R H ero oco6eHHOCT.SIX.
Teneph MO)KHO norOBOpHTh O npaKTH11e-
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ycHJIHTe.JUI M0)KHO no.naeaTL CHfHaJI OT
IIbe30ICepaMHtJCCKOro 3BYKOCHHMaTeJISI HJIH
OT ,npyrHX HCTO"IHHKOB CHrHaJI0B 3BYKO-
BOH lfaCTOThl.
OcHOBHble napaMerpbI YCWIHTCJI.R: 11ye-
CTBHTCJlbHOCTb 100 MB, BhlXO.IIHa.R MOIU-
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50 ru .no 20 Kru.
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Ka3aHa Ha pHc. 225. CneBa ujo6pa)KeHa
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BOJJ;HblX IIITblpbICOB JiaMIIbI (UOKOJICBKa
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JIBJI.RlOIUHHC.R peryJI.RTOp0M rp0MK0CTH.
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me Harrp.R)KCHHe cnrHana Ha ynpa:&JI.R10-
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HeCKOJihKO 3aKpb1BalOIUee TpHo.n, C03.l(aeT-
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3yeTCS1 ero B 3BYIC0Bhie KOJie6aHHSI. Pe3H-
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15- 202 225

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JIY'lliJIHCb poBHhIMH, 3arOTOBKa no JIH-
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pe3aHa Ha IlOJIOBlilIY TOJill.{HHbl MaTepHa-
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me Ha 15-200/4. HanpSI)KeHHe Ha KaTone
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227
HCKJIJO'leH0, 'IT0 n0CJie B0CCTaH0BJieHHB
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0 B03M0)KH0M HJMeHeHHH ero K0HC'TpYK-
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a ynpaBJIJII0WaB CeTKa II KaTO.l( neHT0.l(a-
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3TOM npueMHHK o6ecne'IHBaeT rpOMKHH
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228
B YCHJIHTCJie pq H neTeKTOpHOM KacJCa,ne
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2 BT. IlHTaHHe aHO.lUI0•3ICpaHHblX neneii
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or noHIDICalOIUeii o6MOTICH III ceTeBoro
lpaHc<l>opMaTopa Tl. Pe3HCTop R11
H KoH,1J;eHCaTopi.1 C18 H Cl 7 06paJy10T
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Ka.Top BKJilO'leHH.R IlHTaHHJI.
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MCCTHbIX ycJIOBHH. Ho npHCMHHK MO)KCT
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K0H.neHCaTOp nepeMeHHOH eMK0CTH CJ
H IlO,llCl])Oe'IHbIH KOH,ll;CHCaTop C2. CB.R3b
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CTOTHbIH l])aHc<l>opMaTop. TaKWI CB.R3b
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paBHOMepHy10 no .n:wna30HY nepe,o:aqy
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maer BXOll npHeMHHKa Ha CJiy'laH coe,zrn-
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Cl OTbl, Ha Koropy10 HaeypoeH KOHTYP
UC2C3, ycHJIHBaroTc.R naMnoii V 1H HJ ee
aHO,llHOH QenH, B KOTopy10 BKJIIO'ICH Ha-
rpy30'IJHblH pe3HCTOp R2, 'Iepe3 KOH,ll;CHCa-
rop C6 nOCTyilaIOT BO BTOpoii HaCTpaH-
eaeMbIH KOJie6aTeJihHbIH KOHTYP L3C8C9
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BOMy. O6a KOHTypa HaCTpaHBalOTC.R OJJ:HO-
BpeMeHHO KOH,ll;CHCaTopaMH CJ H C9,
npencraBJISIIOIUHMH co6oii 6JIOK KOH.L{_eHCa-
ropos nepeMCHHOH CMKOCTH.
JlaMna V2 neTenopHoro KacKa,na pa6o-
TaeT B pe>KBMe cemo11nozo i)emeKmupo6a-
nu11, T. e. B pe)KHMe, npH KOTOpoM ,lleTeK-
THpoBaHHe npoHCXO,O:HT B uenH ynpaBJI.RIO-
meii CCTKH JiaMilbl. ,[(JUI 3TOrO KOHTYP
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Toro, coenHHeHa peJHCTOp0M R 4 c KaTO-
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MH, H C03JlaIOT ycJIOBHJI pa60Tbl JiaMllhJ
B pe)l(HMC CCTO'IHOro neTeICTHpOBaHHJL
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TO.O: JiaMilbl o6pa3ylOT .O:H0.Q, Ha KOTOpbIH
C KOHTypa L3C8C9 no11a10TC.R MOJlYJIHpO-
BaHHble KOJie6aHH.R pa.r:t;HO'laCTOThI. IlpH
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c 11acr0Toii MOl1YJIHJ>Y10IUero CHrHaJia Ha
pa.r:t;HOCTaHUHH. HH3KO'laCToTHa.R C0CTa-
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6aHH.R 3BYIC0BOH 11aCTOTbl.
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'IHT, Ha 3TOM yqaCTKe aHO,llHOH uenH
naMilbl .o:eiicTByeT nepeMeHHoe HanpJ1)Ke-
HHe 3BYKOBOii 'laCTOTbl, KOTOpoe ycHJIH-
BaeTCR JiaMilOH. TaKBM o6pa30M, JiaMna
V2 He TOJibKO neTeKmpyeT pa,nHO'la-
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ll{HeC.R npH 3T0M KOJie6aHHJI 3BYKOBOH 11a-
CTOTbl, 'ITO nOBbilllaeT 'IJBCTBHTCJibH0CTb
npHeMHHKa.
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JIHpyeMag nOJIO)KHTCJibHWI o6paTHM
ca.R3h. Ilo3TOMY B aHO.llHYIO nen1, JiaMilhl
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3aHHWI C KaTymKOH L3 KOHTypa 3TOrO Ka-
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CTOTHoii COCTaBJUllOIUCH aHO,llHOr0 TOKa
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aMilJIHTJ,nbl KOJie6aHHH PanHO'laCTOT e ce-
TO'IHOH uenH H KOJie6aHHH 3BYKOBOH '13-
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06parnyio CB.R3h peryJIHpy10T nepe-
MeHHbIM pe3HCTOpoM R6, BKJilO'leHHbIM
napaJIJieJibHO KaTymKe o6paTHOH CB.R3H
L4. HaH60Jiee CHJibHaR o6paTHa.R CBSl3b,
C0OTBeTCTBy10IUaJ1 HaH60Jibmeii 'IYBCTBH-
TeJibH0CTH H ceJieICTHBH0CTH npHeMHHKa,
6y.ner, Kor.o:a nBIUKOK pe3HCTOpa R6 Haxo-
JlHTC.R B HH)KHeM (no cxeMe) nOJIO)l(eHHil.
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B KOTopy10 BXO.llHT H JiaMna V2, 3HaICOMa
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229

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JlenUieii npueMHHKa ua rnaccu H B KOpnyce
TaM pa6oTa.rra KOM61mupoBaHHaS1 naMna,
perynRTop rpOMKOCTH 6hIJI B uenH ynpa-
BJUII-OIUCH CeTKH naMnbI nepBoro KacKa,D,a,
a 3,D,eCb OH (R9) CTOHT B uenH ynpaBmno-
meii CeTKH BbIXO}lHOH naMTibl.
JlaMna Vl nony11aeT orpmJ,aTenhHoe Ha-
npIDKeHJfe CMemeHHSI C pe3HCTopa R 1 11e-
pe3 KaTyIIIKY L2, a naMna V3- c pe3HCTo-
pa R10 11epe3 pe3HCTop R9. Pe3HCTop R5
H KOH,D,eHcaTop C7 06pa3yroT S11Iem<y pa3-
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TOpOB C2 H C8? MMH BhipaBHHBaJOT Ha-
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Puc. 230. Ka-ryrnKH npueMHHKa (a) u Kpenneuue nepeMeHHOro pe3UCTOpa R9 c BhIICJIIO'IaTeJieM nH-
Tattm1 ua rnaccu (6)
230
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co6oii npO'IHYJO 'ICTbipexCTeHHYJO Kopo6-
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penH Ha IlJJaHKax, npHKJieeHHbIX K BHy-
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H paccqJff8Hbl Ha npneM pa.IIHOCT8HUHH
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3OHHble C Y'leTOM MeCTHbIX YCJIOBHit pa-
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Tepo.i:tHHa
238
TPAH3MCTOPHbl°0 CYilEPrETEPO-
AHH
IlpHHUHilH8JILHRJI CXeMa pa.n;HO'iaC"fOTHOil
qaCTH If JJ.eTeKTOpa TaICoro cynepreTepo-
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3aHa Ha pHC. 235. YcHJIHTCJib 3q (Ha cxe-
Me He IlOKa3aH) HH'leM He OTJIHqaeTCJI OT
yCHJIHTeJIJI 3q npHeMHHICa npJIMoro ycHJie-
HHJI. HM MO)ICCT 6LITb mo60H H3 Tex ycH-
mfreneA, ICOTOphle Thi y)ICe ICOHCTpyupo-
B8JI. Ho e npHHUHne yCHJIHTCJib 3q
Heo6oaTeJieH- Harpy3KOH .n;eTeKTopa Mo-
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'ICHHhle B ero l.{Cilb BMCCTO pe:3HCTOpa R6.
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CTo~aB m KOHrypa L1C1C2 MarHHTHOH
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ae OTJIH'laCTCH OT BXO)J.HOH nenH pa,nHO'la-
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B KOJIJICICTOPHYIO nenb 1"paH3HCTOpa,
H KOHTJP L5C6C7C8, coe,o;HHeHHbIB '1epe3
ICOH,AeHCaTop C5 C 3MHTTepoM TpaH3HCTO-
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npeo6pa30BaTCJIH. Enaro;:i:apH HHJJ:YKTHB-
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B KOHTJpe L5C6C7C8 B036y)ICJJ:aJOTCSI
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llaCTh :mepruu Kone6am1A pa,nHO'la-
CTOThl, B03HHICaIOntHX B rerepO.llHHHOM
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B uenb 3MHTTepa TpaH3HCTOpa Vl, yCHJIH-
BaeTCH HM H'1epe3 KaTyrnKy o6paTHOH
CB.JD~ L4 BHOBL nona,naeT B nrrepo-
.AHHHhIH KOHTYP, noMep)ICHBaB B HeM Ko-
ne6aHHH TOH 'laCTOThl, Ha KOTOPJIO OH aa-
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98
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6aHHSI CHmana npHHHMaeMOH pa,nH0CTaH-
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Bagci,, 0HH o6p3.3~T ICOJie6aHHjl npoMe-
J1CyrO"IHOH "laCTOThl: IC0T0phle B.bl,IJ;eJUII0TCJI
ICOJIJICICTOpHOH HarpY3ICOH TPaH3HCTOpa-
IC0HT)'p0M L6C4, HacrpoeHHhIM Ha npoMe-
JICYTO'lHYto "laCTOTy. qepe3 KaTymKy CBJ13H
L 7 0HH no,naIOTCJI IC ycHJtHTeJIIO nq_
Pe3HCT0p R3 B 3T0M 0JJ:H0TpaH3HCTop-
H0M npeo6pa30BaTeJie M0JICH0 pacCMaTpH-
BaTI, KaK Harpy3KY IC0HT)'pa reTepo.D;HHa,
Ha K0T0poM BbIJI.eJI.RCTC.R nepeMeHHoe
HanpB)KCHHe pa,nH0"laCT0Thl, BB0,lJ;HM0e
B 3MHTTepHyio nenb 1'paH3HCT0pa. KoH-
,D.eHCaTop C5 .KBJI.RCTCJI nepeX0JJ:HbIM 3Jie-
MCHT0M, CBJl3b1BaIOmHM K0HTYP reTepo-
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O6ecne"leHHe cpaBHHTCJlbH0 Il0CT0SIH-
HOH pa3H0CTH MC>ICJJ:Y 113.CT0TaMH HaCTpoH-
m reTep0.lIHHH0r0 H BX0JJ:H0r0 K0HTypoB,
pasHoii 46S Kru., HOCHT Ha3BaHHe conp,i-
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raeTCJI COOTBCTCTeyromHM Bbl6opoM HH-
)zylCTHBHOCTH ICarymeK }UIJI KaJIC,Aoro )lHa-
Il3.30Ha H 0lIH0BpeMeHHhlM H3MCHeHHeM
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IC0H'fYPOB. A Il0CK0JibIC)' eMIC0CTH IC0H.ll,CH-
CaT0p0B HaCTpoHKH 0,nHHaKOBbl, HH.ZJ;YK-
THBH0CTb reTepOJJ:HHHOH KarymKH JJ:0JIJICHa
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ICaT)'llIKH BX0lIH0rO IC0HT)'pa.
06paiuaro TBOe BHHMaHHe Ha K0H,neHca-
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Ey,ny"IH BKJIIOqeHHbIM IlOCJICJJ:0BaTeJibH0
C KOH,UCHCaTOpOM HaCTpOHKH, OH YMCHb-
maeT o6my10 eMK0CTb K0HTypa H TeM
caMhIM cy)KaeT ,nHan3.3oH 11acroT reTepo-
.i:uma. linaro,napJ1 conpm-aromeMy IC0H.l(CH-
caTopy qacroTa ICOJie6a.HHH reTepo.nHHa no
BCCMY .nuana30HY npeBbIIIIaeT "laCTOTY ICO-
Jte6aHHH npHHHMaeMoro cHrHana Ha npo-
Me)KyTo"IHyio qaCToTy 465 xru. ConpB)Ke-
HHe HacTPOeIC IC0HT)'poB JJ:0CTHraeTCJI: Ha
BbICOICO"laCTOTHOM yqacrKe ,nHall3.30Ha-
no,ncrpoe'1HbIMH K0H,UCHCaT0paMH C2
H C7, Il0,nKJIIO"ICHHb™H napanJieJibH0 IC0H-
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HH3KO"lacTOTHOM- COOTBCTCTBYlOII{CH IlOJJ:-
rOHIC0H HH)'.(}'ICTHBHOCTeH BXOJJ:HOH H reTe-
po,nHHHOH Ka~eIC.
3anoMH~: con/m:HCeHue ex-oi)Hozo u ze-
mepOOUHHozo KoHmypoe e coomeemcmeuu
c npoMe:,,cymo"lHOil "lacmomou - HenpeMeH-
HOe yc.ttoeue i).tt,i pa6ombi cynepzemepOOUHa.
Ec.nH conpB)KCHHe c.nenaH0 ue.nOCTaT0"IH0
Tll{aTCJibH0, npHCMHHK 6y.neT pa60TaTb
IIJIOXO.
1lT06hl cra6HJIH3HpOBaTI, pa6oTy npe-
o6pa30BaTCJibHOrO TpaH3HCT0pa, CMeme-
HHe Ha ero 6a3y no.naeTc.R c .nenHTeJIJI ua-
npB)KCHHJI Rt, R2. HaHBLrro.nHeHIIIHH pe-
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BaIOT rro.n6opoM pe3HCT0pa Rl. PeJHCTOp
R4 H IC0H,UeHcaTop ClO o6p3.3YJOT p3.3-
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,[(JIJI IlOBbIIIIeHH.R JlaJibH0CTH .neHCTBHjl
npHCMHHKa ~C.ll,YCMOTJ)CHa B03MOJICHOCTb
II0)lKJIIO"ICHHjl IC HCMY ICOMHaTHOH aH-
TCHHhl, llIThlp.R HJIH 0TJ)C3ICa npoB0JI0ICH
}UIHHOH 0K0JI0 1,5 M. B 3T0M cJiyqae CBJl3b
BHemHeii: aHTCHHhl, IIO.llK)IIO"laeMOH I( rHeJ-
JJ.Y X 1, C BX0)lHbIM IC0HTypoM npeo6pa30-
BaTCJI.R HH.nyICTHBHaJI, qepC3 KaTymKy L3.
OJlHOicacKanuLIH ycHJIHTCJib rrq o6pa-
3YJOT TpaH3HCT0p V2> K0HTYP L8C11
H pe3HCT0p R5, qepe3 ICOTQpbIH Ha 63.3y
TpaH3HCTOpa rro.naCTC.R Ha"laJILHoe Hanp.R-
)KeHHe CMell{eHHJI. Pa6oTaeT 011 TaK )KC,
KaK ycHJIHTeJib pq npHCMHHKa npBM0ro
ycHJICHHSI, C TOH JlHlllb pa3HHU:CH, 'iT0 Ha-
rpy3ICOH TpaH3HCT0pa 3TOro KaCKa,n;a cny-
)KHT pe3oHaHCHbIH K0HTYP L8C11, Ha-
CTpoeHHhIH, ICaIC H IC0HTYP L6C4, Ha
npoMe)KyTo~y10 "laCToTy. Bxo,nHag uenb
3T0r0 Kacxa.n;a rrocpe)lCTB0M ICaTynIKH L7
CBJ13a.Ha HHJJ:YICTHBHO C Harpy3ICOH npe-
o6pa30BaTem1, a BhlXO,nHaSI-C .neTeICT0-
poM.
Ha"IHHag C ICaTYllIKH CB.R3H L9, CBJl3bl-
BalOtneH KaCKa.u ycHJieHH.R IIpOMC)KyToq-
HOH "laCT0Thl C .neTCICT0pHblM ICaCK8,)l0M,
Bee H,lleT, ICaK B npHCMHHKe npJIMoro ycH-
JICHHJI: BLLneJieHHble AH0Jl0M V3 KOJie6a-
HHjl 3BYK0BOH "laCT0Thl C ero Harpy30"IH0-
ro pe3HCT0pa R6, 6JIOKHpOBaHHoro IC0H-
JJ:CHCaT0p0M C 12, qepe3 3JICKYpH'lCCKHH
IC0H,UCHCaT0p C13 no.naIDTC.R Ha BXOJJ:
.nsyx-TJ)CXKaCICa,nH0r0 ycHJIHTCJI.R 3q_
.[{aHHhle 60JibllIHHCTBa JJ:CTaJieH pa,nH0-
'laCTOTHOH "IRCTH cyrrepreTep0,nHHa yKa-
3aHbl Ha npHHUHIIHaJibHOH CXCMC. He yKa-
3aHbl JlHIIIb CMKOCTH KOH.ll,eHcaTopoB Ct
H C8 HRCTpOHKH IC0HT)'p0B H conpBra10-
mero K0H,UCHCaTopa C6. O6».RCH.ReTC.R 3T0
TeM, 'ITO HeHJaecruo, KaKHM 6JI0IC0M K0H-
.neucaTopoB nepeMCHHOH eMIC0CTH Tbl pac-
II0Jiaraemb, Ha KaKOH ,lJ;H3Il3.30H B0JIH Ha-
MepeH paCC"IHThlB3Tb npHCMHHK H ICaICOH
cep.nelfHHK 6y.a.emb HCII0Jlb30B3Tb }Ul.R re-
TepOJJ:HHHOH KaTyllIKH L5. 3TH .naHHble
B3aHMOCBJ133Hbl H onpe.nemnoT eMKOCTb
conpS1ra10mero IC0H,l(eHcaTopa C6.
B npHeMHHKe MOJICHO HCilOJib30BaTb Jll0-
6ou 6JIOIC ICOH,l(CHCaTOpoB, B TOM "IHCJIC
THIIOBOH }UIJI JiaMIIOBhlX npHCMHHKOB,
c HaH60JibllICH eMIC0CTblO 495 rrCI>. )l{eJia-
TeJibH0, 0)lHaK0, "IT06bI OH 6bIJI MaJIOra6a-
pHTHh™, TaKHM, KaIC B npoMbllllJICHHhIX
TpaH3HCTOpHbIX cynepre-repo.nHHax. Ho
239
l1 B npOMbIIlJJieHHbIX rrpueMHHKax CTO.SIT
pa3Hble no KOHCTPYKI.Um 11 eMKOCTH 6JIOKH
KOHJJ.eHCaTopoe. B npHeMHttKax «CnYT-
HHK» 11 «CropnpH3», HanpHMep, 6JIOKH
KOHJJ,eHCaTopoB C HaH60JibilJeM t;MKOCTbIO
170 n<l>, B «CoKoJie» - 240 n<l>, B «ATMOC-
qiepe» - 250 n<l>, B «C'nH.none» - 365 rr<l>.
BbICOKoqacTOTHbie cepneqHHKH, K0T0pbie
M0)KHO HCil0Jib30BaTb JI.JIB reTeponHHHOH
KaTyilJKH LS, 1 0)Ke MoryT 6bITb pa3HblM11.
Mo)KHO, HanpHMep, ucnoJib30BaTb 6poHe-
BOM (roprnKoo6pa3ttbIH) Kap6oHttJibHbIM
cep.z:i:eqHHK MapK\I C6-12a, B KOTopb1if no-
MemaeTCR K8TYilJKa (puc. 236, 6), Ii.JIB cl>ep-
pHTOBbIH CTep)KeHh, ttaXOJJ.RruuiicR BHYTPH
caMOJJ,eJibHOro KapKaca KaTyilJKH
(p11c. 236, B). Pa3JIHqHble cep.z:i:eqHHKH -
pa3Hble q11cna BJITKOB KaTyrneK.
OpHeHTHpoeoqHbie naHHbie KaTyrneK Ll
H LS C yqeTOM HCnOJib30BaHHR B npHeM-
HHKe pa3HbIX 6JIOKOB K0HLieHCaTopoB
rrepeMeHHOH eMKOCTH H cepJJ,elfHHKOB )J,Jrn
reTepom,rnHOlf KaTyilJKH LS rrpHeeneHbI
B Ta61111ue Ha crp. 241. B Heil: yKa3aHa
u eMK0CTb conpsi:ra10ruero KoHJJ,eHCaTopa
C6, C00TBeTCTByromaR '.HMM )J,8HHbIM.
Ecnu np11eMHHK pacctmTbIBaTb Ha cpe.u-
tteeoJIHOBbiii: n11arra3oH, KaTyrnKy L l c11e-
.n:yeT HaMaTblB8Tb B 0.UHH CJIOH, BHTOK
K BMTKy. Ec.TJ.H )Ke Ha )J.JIHHHOBOJIHOBbiii:,
3TY KaTyrnKy HY)l(H0 HaMaTbIBaTb ceKUHSl-
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HMeTh 8- 12 BHTKOB. OKoHqaTeJibHOe lfHC-
JIO BHTKOB 3TOH KaTyrnKH . 6yJJ,elllb no,n:611-
paTb OITbITHbIM nyTeM npu HaJia)KHBaHHH
nptteMHHKa. l.JttcJIO BHTKOB KaTylliKH L3
.U0JDKH0 6hITb npHMepH0 B 2- 3 pa3a 60Jib-
rne qffcJia BHTK0B KaTyllIKH L2 (HaMOTKa
BHaBaJI).
)].s1si: reTep0)J.HHHbIX KaTyrneK )l(eJiaTenb-
H0 HCil0Jib30BaTb 6poHeBOH Kap6o-
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Ha ceKU110HHpoBaHHblli noJIHCTHpoJIOBblH
LJ LI L2
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Tepo,n11Ha
240
KapKaC, rrpe,n:Ha3HalfeHHbIH )],JISl 3TOro cep-
JJ,elfHHKa, CHatiaJia HaMOTaH npoeo,n:0M
Il3B-1 0,1- 0,12 K0HTypttyro KaTyllIKY LS,
pacnpene11ue BHTKH B ee ceKUHRX nopoetty.
OTB011, HJJ.YIUHH K 3MlffTepy TpaH3HCTopa,
c,n:eJiaH OT 4-ro BHTKa ()J.JIR cpe,n:HHX BOJIH)
HJIH OT 6-ro BHTKa (nnsi: )J,JIHHHbIX BOJIH),
cqHTaR OT 3a3eMJieHH0r0 K0HUa. 3aTeM
noeepx BHTK0B cpenHeH ceKUHH HaMOTaii:
TaKHM )Ke rrp0B0,U0M KaTyllIKY o6paTHOH
CBR3H L4. OHa ,n:omKHa C0)J.ep)KaTb 20 BHT-
K0B. KapKac C KaTyIIIKaMH noMeCTlf
BHYTPb cep,n:etIHHKa, npe,n:eapineJibH0 Ha-
,n:ee Ha MX BbIB0,Ubl 1mp0TKHe 0Tpe3Kll 1130-
JI SlUHOHHOH rpy6Ke, qT061,1 He HCil0pTHTb
H30nsi:ut110 npoao.n:a. roprnK006pa3tt1,1e
n0JlOBHHKH cepneqHeKa CKJieH JlaKOM HJIH
KJieeM E<l>-2.
EcJIH He 6yneT Kap6oHHJibHOro cep.n:eq-
HMKa, M0)KH0 HCII0Jlb30BaTb )J,JlR rerepo-
Jl,HHHOH KaTyllIKH caMO,UeJlbHblH ceKUH0HH-
poeaHHbIH KapKac u oTpe3oK cl>epp1noaoro
CTep)KHSl (pee. 236, B). BbICOTa fHJib3bl
KapKaca 13-15 MM, )J.JIHHa cep,n:eqmrKa
18- 20 MM. KapKac CKJieii: H3 IIJIOTHOH 6y-
Ma:rn: C TaKHM paeqeTOM, lfT06bl cep,n:eq-
HHK C TpeHHeM BX0,UHJI BHYTPb fHJlb3bl
H ynep)KHBaJICSl B Heil:. CHaqaJia Ha KapKaC
HaMOTaH BHaBaJI reTep0.D:HHHYFO KaTyIIIKY
LS, 3aTeM KaTyrnKy o6paTHOii cesi:3u L4.
OTBOJ], B reTepOJ],HHHOH KaTyIIIKe c11enaii:
OT 5- 7-ro BHTKa, cqiuaR OT 3a3eMJieHHOr0
KOHUa "llHCJIO BHTKOB KaTyrnKH o6paTHOH
CBR3H- 15; npoeo,n: Il3B-1 0,1- 0,12.
YcTpoHCTBO KaTyllleK cl>HJibTpOB nq L6
11 L8 H KaTyrneK CB.SI3R L 7 H L9 attanoruq-
Ho ycrpoii:CTBY reTepOJJ.HHHblX KaTyrne~
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TYllIKH L6 H L8 JJ.0JI:>KHbl conep)l(aTb no
75---80 BHTKOB, BO BTOpOM- no 45-50 BllT-
KOB npoeo,n:a CT3B-1 0,1. KaTyIIIKH cesi:3H
L7 H L9 HaMaThIBaii noeepx KaTyllleK
cl>HJibTpOB TaKHM )Ke rrpoeo,uoM, HO ,n:Ha-
MeTpOM 0,12-0,15 MM. B nepeoM CJiyqae
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KOB, L9 - 30 BHTKOB, a BO BTOpOM cny-
qae - C0OTBeTCTBeHHO 10 H 20 BHTKOB.
J];m1 rrpeo6pa3oeaTeJibHoro KacKa,n:a HC-
nonb3YH TpaH3HCTOp C K03$cl>ttUJleHTOM
Me)l(yTotIHoil qaCT0Tbl - C h21 ') 60-80.
CToncTpoeqHbie K0HJJ.eHcaTophl C2 11 C7
MoryT 6bITb JII06bIMH.
CTonararo, qTo npeo6pa3oeaTeJih qa-
CTOTbI YCHJlETeJib IllJ H ,n:eTeKTOp, a TaK-
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Cl>eppHTOBblH crep)l(eHb MapICH
600HH .llHaMeTpOM 8 u MHHOH
100--120 MM 100 75 50 60x5 40x4-
Kap60HRJILHL1it cep.z:1e11HHIC C6-12a
«l>eppHTOBblH CTep)l(CHb MapICH
600HH .llHaMeTJ)OM 8 H MHHOH
13-15 MM
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Tbl CH81:laJia co6epew1, H HaJIRJUfillb Ha Ma-
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Mepb KOJIJieKTOpHhle TOKH TpaH3HCTOpOB
Vl, V2 H, ec;m OHH 3Ha1:IHTeJibHO OTJIH-
118IOTCJI OT yKa3aHHhIX Ha cxeMe, no,n;rOHH
HX rro.n;6opoM pe3HCTopos Rl u R5. 3-ra
npeJlBapHTCJihHaJI, rpy6aJI ry,osepKa JlRCT
B03MO)ICHOCTb cy)UIT1, TOJibKO O TOM, HeT
JlH omu6oK, DJIOXHX KOHTRKTOB HJIH HCHC-
npaBHblX .n;eTaJieii s uem1x npueMHHKa. 3a-
TeM IlO,lllCJII01:IH K npeeMHHKY BHellIHIOIO
BHTeffHY H nonblTait:cJI HaCTPOHTh ero Ha
Kaicyio-nH6o pa,nHoCTaHUHIO. IlpH 3TOM
noJJ:CTPOe1:1H1,1e KOH.neucaTopbI C2 H C7
BXO.n;Horo H reTepO.n;HHHoro KOHTypOB
YCTaHOBH B DOJIO)l(eHHe cpe.n;HeH eMKOCTH.
ECJIH IlOllblTKa He Y.llRCTCJI, 3Ha'IHT, reTe-
po,ll;HH He reuepupyeT HJIH HeT conpJDICe-
HHJI KOHTYPOB npeo6pa30BaTeJIJI.
Ilpexc.ne scero nposep1,, pa60TaeT nu
reTepo,n;HH. IlO,llKJIIO'm napaJIJICJibBO pe:rn-
CTOpy R3 BOJihTMCTJ) IlOCTOJUJBoro TOD
H 38.MICHH HaKOpOTKO KaryIIIKY L5. IlpH
ucnpaBHOH pa6oTe reTepo.n;HHa nocJie Ja-
Kopa"IHBaHHJI ICaTyllIKH HanpJDICCHHe Ha
3MHTTepe J.J.OJI)ICHO HCMHoro YMeHbIIIHTbCJI.
EcJIH HanpJI:>KeHHe He H3MeHHTCJI, 3H81:IHT,
reTepo.n;HH He reHepepyeT. B 3TOM cny'lae
Ha.no IlOMeHJITb MCCTa.MH BKJIIOlfeHHe Bbl-
BOJ.J.OB KaTYllIKH o6pamoit: CBJ13H L4
YMCHbIIIHB conpoTBBJieHHe pe3"HCTopa Rl,
HeMHoro yseJIH'IHTL HanpJl)l(eHHe Ha 6aJe
-rpaH3HCTOpa V 1.
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6e ynacTCJI Ha.CTpOHTbCJI Ha KaKyro-nu6o
paJJ:HoCTaHUHIO. Ecnu paJ.J.HonpHeM 6y,n;er
conpoBol((J(aTbCJI CBHCTOM, HCKaXCaJOI.UHM
nepeJta11y, oTOJlBHHh aereHHyio KaryIIIJCY
L3 H xarymJCy CBJI3H L2 oT KOHTypHoit: Ka-
16-202
Kuywu Lt Kuywu LS
CB
I .UB CB
I .no
Ct HaH60JI1>W8ll CMICOCTI, 1:011,llCHcaTopa
C8, nel>
250 SOO ISO 250 SOO so 250 SOO ISO 250 SOO
120 105 75 175 145 110
80 60 40 230 180 120
130 240 470 75 91 180
TYWKH LL tenep1,, H3MeHJIJI Hff.nYKTHB-
HOCTh KaTyweK «}>HJibTpOB npOMC)ICYTOlf-
HOH '18CTOTbl (IlO.llCTPOC'IHblMH cep)le•mu-
KaMH HJIH nepeMelllaJI ICaTyWKH no cl>ePPH-
TOBblM CTCp)ICHJIM)- CHaTfaJia xaryWKH L8,
a JaTeM KaTywm L6, ,n;o6eit:cJI Hau6om,-
meii rpOMKOCTH npHeMa CHrHa.JIOB 3TOH
CTRH~HH.
Tenep1, nepeXOJlH K Ca.MOMY xponoTJIH-
BOMY J.J.CJIY- COJipJI)l(eHHIO HaCTPOOK BXOJ.J.-
HOro u r°tTepo,n;HHHoro KOHrypos. BnoJC
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KO IlOJ.J.CTJ)oelfHLIM cep,lle'IHHICOM rerepo-
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nee H3MeHeHHeM Hff.nYKTHBHOCTH KRTYWKH
Ll BXO,n;Horo ,KOHTypa IlyTCM nepeMellle-
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rpoMKOCTH npHCMa CHrHa.JlOB 3TOH pMHO-
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Ka KilE HaHMeHhWaJI). Tenep1,, He TporaJI
KaTyweK, conpJiraH KOHTypbI TOJibKO no,o;-
CTPOelfHLIMH KOH,lleHcaTopaMH C2 H C7.
Ilpu 3TOM Thi MO)l(eIIIb yseJIH'IHBaTh eM-
ICOCTb nepsoro KOH,lleHcaropa H yMeHh-
HJIH, waT1, eMKOCTb BTOporo HJIH, Hao6opoT,
yMeHhIIIaTL eMKOCTb nepsoro H yseJIH"IIH-
BaTh eMKOCTb BTOporo. 3a11a1:1a O,n;Ha- J.J.O-
6HTbCJI H8H60JibWeH rpoMKOCTH npHCMa
3TOH CTaJIUHH.
Ha :rtOM uana)l(HBaHHe cyneprerepo-
.n:uaa ewe He JaKaH''IHBaeTCJI. Ha.uo eme
pa3 IlOJ.J.CTJ)OHTL reTepO,llHHHl,IH H BXO,n;HOH
KOHTYPhl B KOHUe H Ha"llaJie JlH8Ila3OHa, 3a-
TeM el!{e pa3 no.llCTPOHTh KOHTyphl L8C 11
I 241
H L6C4 cl>H.JlbTpa npoMe)KyT01:1Hoii 11a-
CTOThI H CHOBa BepHyrbCJI IC ICOHTypaM
npeo6paJ0BaTem1 npHeMHHICa. 0 MO)KeT
6bITb .l(a)Ke He o.nHH, a .nea-TpH pa.3a, nmca
HHKaICHC no.a;c-rpoe11HbIC 3JICMCHTbl y)Ke He
6y.zzyT yny'flilaTh pa6ory npueMHHKa
He HCICJIIO'ICHO, CITO npHCMHHIC CTaHeT
caMoeo36y)KJlaTbCJI. IlpH11HHoii caMOB03-
6y)KJleHIDI MO)KCT 6bITb Hey.n;a1rnoe pa3Me-
IUCHHC ICOHTypa re-repo.nHHa H KOHTypoB
IlJ)OMC)KJT01f.HOH 1:laCTOTbI OTHOCHTeJibHO
MarHHTHOH aHTCHHbl H no OTHOI.IICHHIO
.n;pyr IC .npyry. HmH JIY1:II.Ilee pa3MCIUCHHC
3THX 3JICMCHTOB npHCMHHICa. EcJIH He no-
MO)KCT, TO nonpo6yii MCHSITb MCCTilMH
BbIBO.l(bl IC8TynICIC CB113H L7 H L9, yICopa11H-
BaTb HJIH pa3HOCHTb npoBO.l(HHKH uene:ii
633 H KOJIJICICTOpoe TpaH3HCTOpOB. A eCJIH
B03HHICaeT reHepaUHR H3-38 CB113H xacICa-
.a:oe 1:1epe:3 uemt: nHTaJIHH, BICJU01:IH B uellb
ICOJIJICICTOpa TpaH3HCTopa V2 ycHJIHTCJIJI
fiq TO'IHO T81COH )KC pa3B113bIB810IUHH
«!>HJibTP, ICaK B uenH TpaH3HCT0pa npe-
o6pa3oeaTeJIR 'laCTOThl.
Kor.oa yc-rpaHHmL ece HenonaroCH H Ha-
na,u.HUI1> npueMHmc, Ha'IHCTCJI Jaeepmaio-
.mmi nan-c6opICa .neTaJICH Ha MOHT8)K-
HOH nJiaTe H MOHTa)K npHCMHHICa
e «l>yTmlp. 3.a;ecb ece 3aBHCHT OT TBoe:ii
CMCICaJIKH, HHHUHRTHBbl H TBOHX B03MO)K-
HOCTCH. MO)KHO, HanpHMep, IlOXO.l(HbIH
npHeMHmc- npJIMoro ycHJieHHJI (no cxeMe
Ha pHC. 204) npeo6pa3oeaTh B cyneprere-
po.n;un. Ilpu 3TOM re6e npu,neTCJJ TOJibIC0
nepeMOHmpoeaTb pa~HO1:laCTOTHYIO
1:IRCTh, npeBpaTHB ee B xacICa)]. ycHJICHHjl
IlpoMC)K)'T01f.HOH 11aCTOTbl H npeo6pa30Ba-
TCJib 11aCTOTbl. Mecro Ha MOHTa)KHOH nJia-
VI 6Hlll Vl 6/KJll
RS 't,7
C4
WT'f 0,01
' I~ H
Cf
510
PHC. 237. IlpHHI.\HIIHslJil>HaR cxCMa naMrroeoro cynepreTepo,uuua
242
Te .a;JIJI HOBbIX ,n;eTaneii TaM CCTL. A .neTeIC-
TOpHbIH xacICa)]. H ycHJIHTeJib 31.J npHCMHH-
Ka OCTaJIYTCR 6e3 H3MCHCHHH.
ECJIH peWHWb .a;eJiaTL HOBblH npueMHHK,
TO, Y11HTLIBWI ra6apHTbl H oco6eHHOCTH
HMCIOIUHXCJI .n;eTaJieii, npo.n;yMaii xopo-
meHLICo ero MOHTa)KHYJO cxeMy, ICOHCTpyIC-
llHIO «l>YTJIJIPa H TOJlblCO TOr,a;a npHHHMaH-
CJI Ja )lCJIO. OIIbIT y Te6,r CCTb, TaIC CITO
pewaii caMOCTOJITCJibHO ece 3TH npaKTH1:IC-
CICHe BODpocbl.
Bnpo11eM, cynepreTepo,nHH MO)KCT 6bITb
H Ha 3JICICTpoHHLIX JiaMnax.
JIAMilOBhlA CYilEPrETEPO)lMH
IIpHHUHIIH3JlbHaJI cxeMa TaICoro BapHaHTa
cynepreTepo.nHHa H3o6pa)KeHa ua
puc. 237. Ecnu Thi CTPOHJI npueMHHIC npJI-
Moro ycHJieHHJI l-V-1 (CM. puc. 228), TO
OOJibWaJI 1:IRCTb CXCMbl noro BapHaHTa cy-
neprerepo.nHHa Te6e y)Ke JHaICoMa. )leii-
CTBHTCJibHO, Bee, CITO HRXO)lHTCJI cnpasa
or ICOH,llCHCaTopa Cl 2, JIBJIJleTCJI T0'IHLIM
IIOBTOpeHHCM ·aJiaJIOrH'IHOro y11aCTICa cxe-
Mbl Toro npHeMHHICa Ero 1Cac1ea.n ycHJie-
HHJI pa.noo1:1aCT0Tbl JaMeHeH npeo6pa3oBa-
TeneM - IiOJIY1:1WICH TPexnaMnoBhIH o.a:uo-
.nuana.30HHbIH cynepreTepo.nHH.
B npeo6paJOB8TeJIC 1:laCTOTbI HCilOJlb-
3yeTCJI CilCUHaJibHO npe.a:Ha3Ha11eHHaJ1 .a;JIJI
3TOH UCJIH ICOMfiHHHpOBaHHaJI 3JICKTpoH-
HaJI naMna 6M1Il (Vt). 3-ro TpHo.n-renTo,n;.
Ee TPHo.a;HaJI 11aCTb pa6oTaer B rerepo.nu-
He, a renTo.a:HaJ1- B CMeCHTene. Cne,u;oea-
TeJibHo, npeo6pa30BaTeJib 113CT0Tbl noro
cyneprerepo,a;HHa BbIIlOJIHCH C OT,®JlbHblM
reTepo,UHHOM.
B CMCCHTCJibHYIO 118CTb npeo6pa3oBaTe-
VJ' .iflffl
Fl
D,SA
~1108
m1 KpoMe renTO,!la naMilbl 6H1Il BXO,!lSIT:
KOHl)'p L2C3C2, cesl3aHHblii mu:zyKTHBHO
c aHTeHHoii x:aT}'lllKOH Ll, u KOHTYP
L5Cl0, BICJIJ01:1eHHl,IH B aHo.D:Hyro uenb ren-
To.na. reTepo.D:HHHYIO 1:laCTb o6pa3ylOT
TpHO.!l JlaMilbl u KOHTYP L3C6C7C8, HH-
.!lYKTHBHO CB.H3aHHblH c KaT}'lllKOH o6paT-
Hoii CB.H3H L4. KoHTyp L5Cl0 B aHo.n;Hoii
uenu renTo.na H HHJlYICTHBHO CB.H3aHHbIH
c HHM To1:1Ho TaKoii )l(e KOHTYP L6Cll, Ha-
CTpoeHHble Ha 1:lacTOl)' 465 Krll, 06pa3y10T
.llBYXKOHTypHb1ii «}>unbTp npoMe>ICyT01:1!'0H
1:laCTOTbl.
KaK pa6oTaeT noT KacKa.n npueMHHI(a?
qepe3 KaT}'lllKY L 1 npoTeKaJOT nepe-
MeHHl>Ie TOICH pa3HblX pa,n:uo1:1aCTOT, B03-
HHKalOII.U{e B aHTeHHe no.n .neiiCTBHeM
eonH MHorux pa.nu9CTaHUHH. B KOHType
~ L2C2C3, CB.H3aHHOM HHJJ:YKTHBHO c Ka-
TywKoii Ll, B036y)IC,n:alOTC.H KOJie6aHH11
B OCHOBHOM TOJibKO TOH 1:laCTOTLI, Ha KO-
Topyio OH HaCTpoeH B pe30HaHC. 3TH KO-
ne6aHH11 nepe.naioTCJI Ha nepeyio oT KaTo-
.n;a (ynpaBJI.HJOIUYJO) ceuy renTo.na
H 503,neiicreyioT Ha ero aHOJlHl,IH TOK.
BropaJI u 1:1eTBepTa.s1 cerm, coe.nHHeHHhle
BMeCTe, BblilOJilUIIOT «)>yHKUHH 3KpaHHpyro-
IUHX CCTOK renTO,!la. IloJIO>ICHTCJibHOe Ha-
npJl)l(CHHe Ha HHX no.naeTC.sl 1:1epe3 pe3H-
CTOp R 1. BoJHHKHoeeuHe e noii uenu
KOJie6aHH11 pa,D;HO'laCTOTLI npe,!lOTBpa-
iuaeTCJI KOH,ll;CHCRTOpoM C4. TpeTbJI CeTKa
renTo.na - CMecuTeJibHa11, a rrsrru, coe.nu-
HeHHaJI C KaTO,!lOM,- 3RIUllTHaJI.
KaT}'lllKa o6paTHOH CBJI3H reTepO,!lHHa
L4 IlO,ll;KJIJO'leHa '1Cpe3 KOH)lCHCaTop C9
napa.JIJieJibHo aHo.n:Hoii uerru TpHo.n;a. Ko-
neeaTeJibHbIH KOHTYP reTepo.nHHa '1Cpe3
KOH)lencaTop C5 BICJIJO'leH B ceT011Hyio
uenb TpHO,!la. Ilpu TaICOM BICJIIO'ICHHH Ka-
T}'UICK 1:1aCTb 3HeprHH H3 aHO,ll;HOH uenu
Tpno.na nona.n;aeT o6paTHO e uenb CeTKH,
6naro.napSI 'ICMY reTepOllHH BOJ6y>IC,n:aeTCJI
H reHepupyeT 3JICICTpH1:ICCKHe KOJie6aHH.sl,
1:laCTOTa KOTOpbIX onpe.uenJieTC.H HH.lJ.YK-
THBHOCTblO Kal)'WICH L3 u eMKOCTblO KOH-
.ueHCaTopoB C6, C7 u CS. Kone6aHHJI re-
Tepo.uHHa C ynpaBJI.HIOIUeii CeTKH TpHo.ua
no.uaioTCJI Ha CMeCHTeJibffYIO ceTKY renTO-
,na "· TaK >ICe KaIC Kone6aHH11 BO BXO,D;HOM
KoHrype L2C3C2, eo3neiicrey10T Ha ero
aHO.!lHLiii TOK. B pe3yJibTaTe e aHo.n;Hoii
uenu renTona, a TaK)l(e e KOHType L5C10,
C03,llalOTCH MO.D:YnupoBaHHLie KOJie6~HIUI
pa3HOCTHoii 'laCTOTbl reTepo.UHHa H npu-
m1Toro curHana- npoMe>ICyT01:1uoii. A no-
CKOJibKY 3TOT KOHTyp JapaHee Hacrpoeu
Ha npoMe)l(JTO':l}IYIO 1:laCTOTY, OH Bbl,n:e-
ruieT KOJie6aHHJI TOJibKO 3TOH 'laCTOTbl.
Kone6aHHJI TaICoii >ICe 'laCTOTbl eo36y-
:xc;::i:aioTC.H u e KOHType L6Cll, BICJIIO'leH-
HOM B uenb ynpaBJI.HIOIUeii CeTKH naMilbl
6)K3Il (V2), pa6oTaiomeii B pe>ICHMe ce-
To1:1Horo .neTeKTHpOBaHJUI-TO1:IHO TaK >ICe,
KaK H B npHCMHHI(C npJIMoro ycuneHH.sl.
Conp.H>ICCHHC HaCTpoeK BXO,D;Horo H re-
repo.n~HHoro KOHTypoe B BblCOKO1:laCTOT-
HOM y11aCTKe ,!lHaila3OHa OCyIUeCTBJIJieTCJI
no.ncrpoe1:1HblMH xoimeHcaTopaMu C2
H CS, a B HH3Ko1:1aCTOTHOM- no.n;rouICoii
HH.D:YKTHBHoCTeii KaT}'llleK L2 u L3. KoH-
.a:eHcaTop C7 e KoHType reTepO,!lHHa - co-
np.HralOIUHH. KoH.D:eHcaTop C3 H pe3HCTop
R2 e ceT01:1Hoii uenu o6ecne'IHBaJOT Tpuo-
'JJ.Y pa6oTy e pe>ICHMe reHepauuu.
B 3TOM npueMHHKe HeT KaCKa,na ycune-
HIUI npoMe>ICyTO'IHOH 'laCTOTbl, KaK
B TpaH3HCTOpHOM cyneprerepo.nHHe. Ho B
HeM, KaK H B npHCMHHICe npSIMoro ycune-
HH.SI, .a:eTCKTOpHaJI JlaMila pa6oraeT KaK pe-
reHepaTop, 'ITO IlOBbIIIIaeT 1:IJBCTBHTeJib-
HOCTb npHeMHHICa.
qTOObl npHeMHHK npSIMoro ycuneHHJI
1-V-1 CTaJI cynepreTepO,llHHOM, Ha,ll;O
JIHWb nepeMOHIHpoeaTb x:acICa.n ycuneuru1
pa,D;Ho'laCTOTbl, npeepaTHB ero e npeo6pa-
JoBaTeJIL 'laCTOTbl cynepreTepO,!lHHa. .AJIH
noro Ha.no npe:xc;::i:e ecero 3aMeHHTb naM-
noeyio naHeJib noro x:acKa.na Ha .neeJI-
THmTblpbKOBYJO H Me:xc.ny Heii H naHeJib-
KOH .neTeKTOpHOH JlaMilbl yKpenHTb .D:Byx-
KOHrypHbIH «}>HnbTp npoMe>IC)'T01:IHOH 'la-
CTOTbl. Pe3HCTop Rl H KOH.D:eHcaTop C4
npHeMHHI<a npSIMoro ycuneuru1 ua.no y.ua-
JIHTb, TaK KaIC OHH yenepb He HY>ICHbl. Pe-
3HCTOp >ICC R2, KOTOpbIH Tenepb 6y.neT pe-
3HCTOpOM Rl uerru 3KpaHHpyioIUeii CeTKH
renTo.na naMnb1 6H1Il, cne.n;yeT JaMeHHTL
Ha pe3HCTOp C HOMHHaJILHbIM conpOTH-
BJieHueM 18-22 KOM. Bxo.n;Ha.H uenL
OCTaeTCJI 6e3 HJMeHeHH.sl.
KonTyp L3C9C8 H KaTymKa o6paTHoii
CB.H3H L4 .UeTeICTOpHoro KaCICa.L(a npHeMHH-
Ka npSIMoro ycuneHJUI e cynepreTepo.nHHe
6y.uyT cooTBeTCTBeHHo KOHTypoM L3C6C8
H KaTymKoii o6paTHoii CBJIJH L4 reTepo-
.iuma. Hano TOJiblCO YMCHblIIHTb 1:IHCJIO
BHTICOB x:aTymeK npHMepHo Ha 1/5 11aCTL
H BICJII01:IHTb 8 KOHTYP conp.HralOIUHH KOH-
,!lCHCaTop C7. EcnH ICOHTYP pacC11HTaH Ha
npHeM CTaHUHH cpe,D;HeBOJIHOBOro .nuana-
30Ha, TO CMKOCTb conp.Hraiomero KOH.D:CH-
caTopa .non>ICHa 6b1Th 510-620 n<l>. .AJI.H
JlJIHHHOBOJIHOBOro .uuana30Ha eMKOCTb
3Toro KOH)lCHCaTopa .O:OJI)KHa COCTa.BJIJITb
180-220 ncJ>, H, KpOMe Toro, napa.JIJICJibHO
x:aTymxe L3 (HnH napannenbHO no.n-
crpoe'IHOMY KoimeucaTopy CS) Ha.no no.a:-
ICJIJO'IHTb ICOH.D:CHCaTop eMKOCTblO
47-51 ncJ>, ueo6xo,uHMbIH JJ.JI.H cornacoea-
243

PHc. 238. <DHJihTp npoMe)l(yTO-llHOH qacTOThI
HHS! HaqaJibHhIX eMKOCTeii KOHTypoe B BhI-
COKoqaCTOTHOM yqaCTKe .u.mmaJOHa.
J:(eyXKOHTypHhIH IlOJIOCOBOH <IJHJJbTp
npoMeiKYTO'IHOH qaCTOTbI .UOJI)KeH 6hITb
paccqIna.H Ha qacroTy 465 Kru. Tio.uoif.ueT
<iJHnbTp OT JUo6oro naMnoeoro pa.mmae-
maTenhHOro cynepreTepo.umm, e TOM qHC-
Jie H ycrapeameif MO.UCJIH. BttemHHH BHD.
H KOHCTpYICUHH O.n,Horo H3 TaKHX <iJHJihT-
poe OT np11eMHH.Ka «Po.n,HHa-52» IlOKa-
3aHbI Ha pHc. 238. Ero KOHTYPHbie Karyru-
KH IlOMemeHhl B Kap60HIUlbHhie qamKH
6poHeaoro cept1e1IHHKa C:E-12a H npn-
KJieeHhI K reTHHaKCOBOH nnaTe. 3.uech )Ke
HaXO.USITCSI H KOH,UeHCaTOphI KOHTypoe
<IJD.1IbTpa. qT06bl HCTTOilh30BaTh TaKOH
{HJIH aHaJIOnflffibIH eMy) <IJH..1IbTp B TBOCM
npHeMHm<e, Hano TOJibKO HaMOTaTb Ha
cepne'-IHHK KarymKH Toro KOHTypa, KO-
TOpbIH 6ynemb BKJIIO'iaTb e u,em) CCTKH
.nereKTOpHOH JlaMilhl, 25-30 BHTKOB npo-
eona TI3B-1 0.1---0.12; OHa 6y.neT KaTym-
KOH o6paTHOii ceSIJH (L 7) .n,eTeKTOpHoro
KacKa,ua cyneprereponHHa.
Bo epeMsr nepeneJIKH npneMHHKa nepe-
MCHHbiii pe3HCT0p o6paTHOH CB.R3H R6 ue-
necoo6pa3HO nepeHeCTH Ha 3a,UHIOIO CTCH-
KY maccH HJIH yKpenHTb Ha ropH30HTaJib-
HOH naHe11n ruaccH aoJne <!J1rnbTpa npoMe-
)KyT01IHOii qaCTOTbl. TIOJJb30BaThCSI HM Thi
6y,nemb TOJlbKO npH HaJia)l(HBaHHD npneM-
HHKa BnpoqeM, ero MO)KHO 3aMeHHTh no-
CTOSJHHblM pe3HCTOpoM TaKOro )Ke HOMD-
HaJia, a rny6nHy IlOJIO)KITTCJibHOH o6paT-
HOH CB.R3H no.n,611paTb no,ncrpoettHbIM KOH-
,UCHCaTopoM. B 3TOM cnyqae cxeMa atto.n,-
Hoii uenH naMilbl .ueTeKTOpHoro KaCKa,ua
6y.n,CT HMCTb BHJ1., IlOKa3aHHhIH Ha
pnc. 239. 3To cxeMa napanneJibHOii
o6paTHOH CBSI3H. Pe3HCTOp R6 3,necb Bbl-
244
nonHsreT ponh • Harpy3KH naMilbI V2. Ha-
HBbirO.n,Heiimyw BCJIHqmfY o6paTHOH CBSI-
3H ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT IlOACTpOC'iHhlM KOH-
.neHCaTOpOM C C HaH60JiblliCH eMKOCTblO
100-150 n<l>. YKpenu ero B03Jie <iJHJibTpa
npoMe)l(yTottHoii qacTOTbI. Ecnn a npouec-
ce HaJia)l(HBaHHH rrpHeMHHKa BbISICHHTCB,
'I.TO CMKOCTb 3TOro KOHJleHCaTopa Mana,
napaJIJICJibHO eMy IlOJlKJllO'iHIIIb .uononHH-
TCJibHbIH KOH.n,eHCaTop IlOCTOBHHOii eMKO-
CTH.
Tiocne npoeepKH MOHTa)Ka BKJIIO'ill n:a-
TaHue H npoeepb HailpSI)KeHHC Ha 3JICKTPO-
.uax npeo6pa30BaTenbHOH naMnhI. Ha aHo-
.ue renTo,na ,ll0Il)KH0 6bITb noqm IlOJIHOC
HanpSI)l(eHHC BbIIlpHMHTCJIB, a Ha aHo.ne
Tpuo.na 40-50 B. Tiocne 3Toro nepexo.n,H
K ttacrpoiiKe KOHTypoa <iJHnbTPa npoMe)l(y-
TO'IHOH qaCTOTbI H conpSI)KeHHIO KOHTypoe
rrpeo6pa3oaaTem1.
BHaqane cep.n,e'IHHKH KOHTyptthIX KaTy-
rneK <!JmrbTpa npOMC)KYTOqHOii qacTOTbI
ycrattoeu npuMepHo a cpe.n,ttee nono)Ke-
HHe, a uenh o6paTHOH CBSI3H .n,eTeKTopHO-
ro KaCKa.n,a epeMeHHO OTKJIJOqH. TI0.n,KJIIO-
q1-1 aHTCHHY, 3a3CMJICHHC H HaCTPOH npH-
eMHHK Ha KaKylO-JIH60 pa,uHOCTaHUHIO.
Ecnu npHeMa HeT' TO IlOMCHHH MeCTaMH
BhIBO.Uhl KaTymKH L4 reTepO,llHHa. Me.n-
JICHHO BpamaH cep,UC'IHHKH KaTyrneK <iJHJib-
Tpa npoMC)l(YTO'iHOH qaCTOTbl - CHaqana
KaTylllKH KOHrypa CCTO'IHOH uenu ,nCTeK-
TOPHOH JiaMTihl, IlOTOM KarylllKH aHO)J,HO-
ro KoHTypa renTo,na npeo6pa3oaaTeJisr-
.uo6eiicH HaH6onhmeii rpoMKOCTH rrpueMa
panuocraHUHH. 3aTeM, He H3MCHSISI Ha-
CTpOHKH npueMHHKa, BKJIJOqH uenb o6paT-
HOH CBSIJH. BeJIH'lHHY o6paTHOH CB.R3H
IlOA6epH TaKOH, ~06hI J:{CTeKTOpHbIH Ka-
RB
C
10-100
Cl.i
Puc. 239. BHJlOH3MeHeHHaH cxeMa uenH o6paT-
HOH CBH3H
, CK3Jl 6Ll11 6JIH30IC IC nopory reHepanuu, HO
He B036yxc,uancJL 3To 6y,ner COOTBeTCTBO-
eaTb HaH6om.meA 'l}'BCTBHTeJILHOCTH npH-
eMHHKa.
ConpRxceHHe rerepo)lHHHoro H exo,nHo-
ro ICOHTypoB B HH3IC0'iaCTOTHOM H BLIC0-
ICO'laCTOTHOM yqacrICax .nuan3.3oHa .nenai
TaK )KC, ICaIC 00 3T0M JI paCCK3.3LIBaJI
MeHHTeJILH0 IC rpaH3HCT0pH0MY cynepre-
Tepo)UIHy.
OJCoeqaTeJILHO HaJia)KeHHLiii npueMHHIC
ope Hapy)KHOH aHTeHHe H xopomeM 33.3e-
MJieHHH ,nOJDICeH o6ecne'IHTJ. rpoMmii:
np.ueM He TOJILKO MecTHOH, HO H HeKO-
TOpLIX OT,naneeHldX pa.nHoeemaTCJILHLIX
cramum.
11 BCC )Ke 'IYBC'fBHTCJlbHOCTb 3Toro npH-
CMHHICa no cpaBHCHHIO C npoMhlWJleHHLI-
MH cyneprerepo.nHHaMB ,na)Ke ,caMoro HHJ-
ICoro ICJiacca Mana qTo6LI OH CTan 6onee
11}'B<rrBHTeJibHbIM, Ha.LJ.O ,no6aBHTb ICaCKa.ll
YCHJICHHR npoMellCyTO'IHOH 'laCToTid. IlpH
3TOM ceTO'IHoe )lCTelCTHpOBa.HHe MOllCHO
6y,neT 3aMCHHTL )J;HO,nHhlM, 'ITO IlOBLICHT
Ial'lecTBO 3BYKOBOCDp0H3Be)J;CHHR, IlOOHT-
CJI B03MO)KHOCTb BBeCTH Q6moMamu'4eCKOe
pezy11up06aHue ycu11eHUR (APY) Jl.JIJI
6opb6LI C «3aMHpa.HHSIMH» pa.n;HonpueMa.
llpHeMHHIC /MO)KeT CTaTb TpeXJlHana-
30HHLIM.
TLI, ICOHe1IHO, Cpa3y )Ke cnpocmm,, ICaK
BCC 3TO C)leJiaTb? OrBe-1a10: Ha,z:{O pa.zwo-
qacroTuyJO 'laCTb H .llCTCICTOp npueMHHICa
VI 6Htn
I Cl8l1-o.-411-...,.._-r.2_--cR4::s;~;:i.1.-"_ _ _ _ _ _...,.._ _ _----=1l:.::.j~QB~
CMOHTHpoean no cxeMe, noIC3.3aHHoii Ha
pHC. 240.
PaccMoTpH BHHMaTeJILHO 3TY cxeMy.
qTO B Heii Te6e 3HaKOMO, a 1ITO IlOICa Cllle
HeT? 3HaKOM npeo6p3.30BaTCJlb 'laCTOTLI,
TOJI_blCO OH CTaJJ rpex.nuan3.30HHh1M. Ka-
yYlliICH Ll, L2, L9 H Ll0- KaTymICH ICOpoT-
npu- ICOBOJIHOBOro JlHBn3.3oHa, L3, L4, Ll 1
u L12-ICarymICH cpeJ1HeBOJIHOBOro )1Hana-
30Ha, L5, L6, L13 e L14-ICaTymKH .llJIHH-
HoeonHoeoro J1Han3.30Ha. lfa HHx: Ll, L3
H L5- JCaT)'IIJKH aHTeHHoii uenH; L2, ~4
H L6- KaTyilIICH BXO)lHLIX ICOHTypoB npe-
o6pa3oeaTe.m1; L9, Lll u Ll3-x:aTywICH
ICOHTypoe rcrrepo.a;HHa; LlO, L12
H L14- ICaTyWICH o6paTHOH CBJ13H rerepo-
)UIHa. Ilepexo.n C O,nHOr0 )1HaD3.30Ha B0JIH
Ha .npyroii ocyllleCTBJIJieTCJI nepeICJiro11are-
JieM S1, ceICUHH S1.1, S1.2, S1.3 u S1.4 ICo-
roporo .a;~BCTBYJOT O.lUIOBpeMeHHO. Kor)la
BICJIJO'leH 0JlHH H3 )1HaD3.30HOB, ICaTyWICH
,-pyrHX .l{Harra:30HOB B pa6oTe npHCMHHICa
y'laCTnJI He npHHHMaJOT. KoH,LJ,eHcaTop C2
ycwiHBaeT CBJl3b Me-.ny ICaTymKaMH BXO)l-
HOH ueDH IC0poTKOBOJIHOBOro )1HaD3.30Ha.
Ho ero MO)KeT H He 6LITb, Tor.a;a CBJl3b
MC)K)zy ICaTymKaMH 6yJleT TOJILKO HHJlYIC-
THBHOH.
Hanp.R)KeHue c ICoHrypa L8C10 (j>HJILrpa
npoMe)KyTO-'IHOH 'laCTOTbI (e HCXO,nHOM Ba-
pHaHTe oH 61,1J1 ICoHTypoM L6Cll) no,naeT-
CJI Ha ynpaBJIJUOllQ'IO cency JiaMDLI V2
(6K4Il) yCHJIHTeJIJI nq_ Ha'lfaJibHoe HanpH-
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PHc. 240. Pa)J.ao11aCTOTna,i 11acn, Tpe~aanaJOHHoro cynepreTepo,l:lHHa c APY
245
)l(eHiie CMeIUeHHH Ha ynpaBJUIIOIUeH ceTKe
'.HOH JiaMilb] C03)laeTCH KaTO~HblM pe3H-
CTOpoM R 7, 3arnyHTHpOBaHHbIM KOHlleHca-
TOpOM C23.
Harpy3Koii naMilbI V2 cJiy)l(HT KOHTyp
L15C24, HacrpoeHHhiii, KaK H KOHTYPhI
L7C9 H L8C10 npeo6paJOBaTeJibHOro Ka-
c1<a.ua, Ha ':laCToTy 465 1<ru. C HHM caHJaH
HHJlYI<THBHO TO':IHO TaI<oH )Ke KOHTYP
L16C25. Kone6aHHH rrpoMe)l(yTO':lHOH ':la-
CTOThl C :noro KOHTypa IlOJ].alOTCH Ha
JlHOJl V3 H )leTeI<TnpymTCSI HM. HarpyJKOH
.n,eTeI<Topa cny}l(HT peJHCTop Rl1. Harrpsi-
)l(eHHe 3B}'KOBOH ':laCTOTbJ, COJ,UalOll{eeCSI
Ha HeM, lfepe3 I<OH,UeHCaTop C27 IlO)laeTCSI
Ha BXO)l ycHJIHTeJISI 3q, JiaMna 6)K3fl KO-
Toporo Terreph ,uOJI)l(Ha pa6oTaTh KaK
npe.n,aapHTeJihHhlH yCHJIHTeJih KOJie6aHHH
3ll. PeJHCTop RlO H KOH.D,eHcaTop C26
06pa3y10T siqeiiey <flnJibTpa uenn
)leTeI<Topa.
KaK )Ke ocyIUeCTBJISieTCSI aBTOMant':le-
CKOe peryJIHpOBaHHe ycHJieHHH? 3a cqeT
TOKa B uerrH )leTeKTopa. Bo epeMsi pa.r:mo-
rrpneMa qepeJ pe3ncropbI R 10 u R 11 H.UeT
IIOCTOSIHHaSI COCTaBJISIIOll{aSI rrpo,uere1<TH-
poaaHHoro CHrHaJia, KOTOpaH COJ,UaeT Ha
ueno':IKe 'JTHX pe3HCTOpoB HeKOTOpoe Ha-
npSl}l(eHHe C OTpHUaTeJihHOH IlOJISipHOCTblO
Ha aepXHeM (rro cxeMe) KOHrre ee. 3-ro Ha-
npSl}l(eHne Haxo 1HTCSI B rrpSIMOii JaBHCHMO-
CTH OT CHJlbI CHrmUia npHHHMaeMOH pa-
.D,HOCTaHUHH; 'ieM CHJihHee CHrHaJI pa,uno-
CTaHuHH, TeM 3Ha'lHTeJibHee 3TO HanpSl}l(e-
HHe. YnpaBJISIIOI.IJ:He ceTKH naMn Vt u V2
coe.mmeHhI C I<OHUOM uerrO':IKH pe3HCTOp0B
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JJO)l(HOro KOHua ee, coe,UHHeHHOro
C 3aJeMJieHHbIM rrpOBOllHliKOM. 3Ha':11IT,
H Ha ynpaamIIOI.IJ:HX CeTKax '3THX naMn OT-
HOCHTeJihHO HX KaTO,ll,0B neiicrayeT HJMe-
HSIIOllleeCH OTpHUaTeJibHoe HanpH)l(eHHe,
cMema10rnee HX pa6o':1He TOlfKH. flpn
CHJihHhIX CHrHaJiax CTaHUHH HanpSI}l(eHHe
CMemeHHH BOJpacraeT, a yCHJieHne aaTo-
MarnqeCKH na.uaer. flpH c11a6L1x )Ke cnrHa-
nax, Hao6opoT, HarrpSl}l(eHne CMememrn
yMeHhlliaeTCSI, a yCHJieHHe aBTOMaTH'ieCKR
aoJpacraer.
PeJHCTOphI R9, R8 n R2, tJepeJ K0Topb1e
Ha ynpaBJlSIIOIUHe ceTKH JJaMn Vt n V2
no)laeTC.H HanpSl}l(eHHe APY, B CO'ieTaHHH
c KOH)leHcaTopaMH C19 H C20 06paJy10T
<f)JL1hTpbI, He nponycKalOIUHe K ceTKaM
JJaMn COCTaBJISIIOlllYIO 3q npo)leTeKTHpo-
aaHH0ro cnrHana.
KoHJieHcaTop C7, KOToporo He 6blJio
a npeo6pa3oaaTene Hcxo,uHoro cynepreTe-
po.D,HHa, Hy)l(eH )lJIH Toro, tJT06bI IlOCTOSIH-
246
Hasi cocTaBJISIIOIUaH CHrHaJia APY He Ja-
MhlKanach Ha 06IUH.li MHffYC IlHTaHHSI
ueneH rrpHeMHHKa qepe3 KOHT}'pHbie Ka-
TYllIKH.
R JlOJJ)l(eH Te6si: npeJlynpe.D,HTh: cucmeMa
APY He noBbiiuaem n6u,ee ycw1ettue, Komo-
poe i)aem npueMHUK, a 11uiub aBmoMamutte-
cKu noi)i)ep:>1cuBaem Ha HeKomopoM cpeo-
HeM ypOBHe ttyBcmBume.'lbl-lOCmb npueMHUKQ
u, c11ei)oBameJ1bHO, 2pOMKOCmb 3BYK060C-
npouJBei)eHUR.
KaryrnKH cpe)lHeBOJIHOBOro H .UJIHHHO-
BOJIHOBOro )lHaIIaJOHOB OCTalOTCSI TaKHMH
)Ke, KaK B cynepreTepOJlHHe no cxeMe Ha
pHC. 237. KaTyrnKH KOpoTKOBOJIHOBoro
)lllanaJOHa HaMOTaH Ha KapTOHHble
rHJih3bI )].HaMeTpOM 18- 20 MM, HanpHMep
OT rrarpOHOB OXOTHH'lberO py:>KhSI
(pnc. 241). KaryrnKa L2 .UOJI)KHa COJlep-
:>KaTh BOCeMh BHTKOB npoaon;a fl3B-1
0,6-0,8, KaryrnKa L9 - ceMb c IIOJIOBHHOH
B.HTK0B Taxoro )Ke npoaona. l1x BHTKH
yKJJaJ[bIBaH Ha KapKaChl C TaKHM pacqe-
TOM, ':lT06hI 061Ua.S1 ronrna HaMOTKli cocra-
BIDia 12 MM. BnrKH KaTyrneK Ll H LlO
yKJJaJ[bIBaH paBHbIMH nopUHSIMH no o6e
CTOpOHbI OT KOHT}'pHhlX KaTyrneK. flepaasi
HJ HHX .D,OJI)KHa CO)lep:>KaTb 20--25 BHTKOB
npoao)la TT3B-l HJIH fl3JJIIIO 0,12--0,15,
BTopasi - rneCTb BHTKOB TaKOro )Ke rrpoao-
,ua.
<l>HJihTp II<l>flll xacKa.r:ra ycm1eHHH npo-
Me)l(yTO'iHOii tJaCTOTbl TO':IHO TaKOH :>Ke,
KaK <f)HJihTp l<l>flll npeo6pa30BaTCJibHOro
xacKa.r:ra.
.[l;onOJIHHH npocreiirnmi aapnaHT JiaM-
noaoro cynepreTepo.r:rHHa KacKa)].oM yc11Jie-
HliH npoMe:>KyTO':lHOH 'iaCTOThl, BOCIIOJih-
3YHCSI cxeMoii MOHTa)l(a, noxaJaHHoii Ha
pliC. 242. JlaMna V2 '3TOrO KaCKana
(6K4fl) .D,OJI:>KHa JaHSITh Mecro 6bIBlliero
ceTo':lHoro .n,eTeI<Topa. PMOM c Heii Kpem1
BTOpoH nonocoaoii $HJihTp npoMe:>KyrOlf-
HOH qaCTOThI (II <l>flll), a aoJne Hero
CMOHTliPYH naHeJihKY naMTihI 6)K3fl. OHa
P11c 241. KaTyWKH KB ,unana3otta
 /IUOObl u KOHtleHcamopbJ
tJ1,mp_RHume11R v,
JC I ~-
T2 CJ
C4
Bl C5
t6
'C/2
vs SI
PHc. 242. PaJMell\ettMe ,neraJ1eH TpexJmana3ott-
ttoro cyneprerepo,uMHa c KacKa,uoM ycMJ1emrn
npoMe:>KyTOlfHOH 'ffiCTOTbl
6y)leT Tenepb naMno:ii V4, a BbIXOAHa.SJ
naMna 6Il1Il- naMno:ii V5 ·noro aapHaH-
Ta npHeMHm<a
IlepeI<JIIO'iaTeJib ,nHanaJOHOB yxpenH
B TTO,llBane maCCH C TaKHM pact.JeTOM,
•1To6b1 npoao.nHHKH uene:ii ynpaamriomHx
ceTOK npeo6pa30BaTeJibHOH naMTihl 6bIJIH
BO3MO)J(HO KOpOTKHMH. IlpH 3TOM OCb
nepeKnIO'faTeJIH 3aHMeT MeCTO OCH eepHb-
epHoro MexaHH3Ma, a OCb aepHbepa npH-
lteTCH nepeHeCTH Ha MeCTO 6blalllero pery-
nnopa o6paTHOH CB.Sl3H.
B CBSl3H c TeM, 'ITO naMna 6)1(3Il (V4)
TCllCpb 6y.neT pa6oTaTb TOJlbKO KaK npeA-
/ eapinenbHbIH ycHJil:ITenh 3q, Ha ee ynpa-
BJ1HIOmy10 ceTKY HaJlO no.uaeaTb HanpSl)J(e-
HHC CMeIUeHHH, ,lleTaJIH uenH o6paTHOH
CBH3H (pHC. 237 L7, R6) H KOH,neHCaTop
Cl2 cJie)lyeT HCKJIIO'f.HTb, a Harpy30'iHbm
pe3HCTOp (Ha pHC. 237-R7) naMllbl coe)lH-
HHTb Henocpe.ncreeHHO C ee aHOAOM. Ko-
po'Ie roaopsr, cxeMa ·noro KacI<a)la
)lOJI)J(Ha npHHjffb BH)l, IlOKaJaHHbIH Ha
pHC. 243 (uH<l>pbI e CKo6KaX COOTBeT-
CTBYIOT HyMepaUHH )leTaJieH npocreiirnero
cynepreTepo.mrna). B ·.noM cnyt.Jae UMeeT
CMbICJI .uo6aeHTb H pa3beM X3 JUUI 3By-
KOCHHMaTensr, 'iT06bI ycHJIHTeJib 3q npH-
eMHHI<a MO)J(HO 6binO HCilOJib3OBaTh JlJISI
eocnpoH3ee,neHHSI rpaMJanHCH.
B TaKOM KaCKa):le Ha'iaJibHOe CMemeHHe
Ha ynpaBJT.s!'.IOil{eH ceTKe naMilbl CO3)laeTC.s!'.
aBTOMaTH'ieCKH na)leHHeM HanpIDKeHHSI Ha
KaTO,UHOM pe3HCTOpe R 13. KoHneHCaTOp
C29, rnyHTHpyiomH:ii 3TOT pe3HCTOp,
ycrpam1eT OTpHUaTeJibHYIO o6paTeyIO
CBH3b no nepeMeHHOMY TOKY, CHH)J(aIO-
lllYIO ycHJIHTeJTbHbie CBOHCTBa KaCKana
IlpH no)].Knio'ieHHH K pa3'heMy X3 Ilbe3O-
xepaMH'ieCKoro 3ByKOCHHMaTeJISI H npo-
HrpbIBaHlUf rpaMnJiacnrnKH Ha pe3HCTOpe
R12 co3,naeTc.sr nepeMeHHOe Hanpsr)KeHHe
3BYKOBOH qaCTOTbI, KOTOpoe ycHJIHBaeTCSI
JiaMno:ii. y CHJieHHbIH CHrHan CHHMaeTC.s!'.
C Harpy3O'iHOrO pe3HCTOpa R14 M ,llasree
qepe3 pro.nenHTeJihHbIH KOH.UeHcaTop C32
nocrynaeT Ha peryJIHTOP rpoMKOCTH.
3aKOH'f.HB nepe.uenKy npHeMHHKa, HCilbI-
TaH CHa•mna ero ycHJI11TeJih 3q, npon:rpbI-
ea.sr rpaMnJiaCTHHKy. 3aTeM, llO.l(KnIO'iHB
aHTeHHy H 3a3eMJieHHe, Hacrpo:ii npHeM-
HHK Ha KaKyIO-JJH60 pa,nHOCTaHUHIO B Jll0-
6oM ,llHana3OHe H IlO)lCTpo:ii KOHTYPbI
<l>HJibTpOB npoMe)J(yTO'iHOH 'laCTOTbI, a 3a-
TeM 3aHMHCb conp.sr)KeHHeM KOHTypoe npe-
o6pa30BaTeJJSI. Ha :no epeM.sr npOBO,llHHK
uenH APY, HAYlllHH OT ynpaamI10mHX ce-
TOK naMn V1 H V2 K pe3HCTopy R 10, epe-
MeHHO nepeKnio'iH Ha 3a3eMneHHYlO na-
HeJib rnaccH. A KorAa HaJiaAHIIIh npHeM-
HHK, BOCCTaHOBHillb 3TY uenb-IlpHeMHHK
CTaHeT pa6oTaTb c cn:creMoii APY.
Ilpn:cryna.sr K HacrpoiiKe H conpIDKeHHIO
KOHTypoe, aHTeHHY MO)Kelllb IlO)lKJIIO'f.HTb
Henocpe)lCTBeHHO K He3a3eMJieHHbIM cra-
TOpHblM nnaCTHHaM KOH)leHCaTopa C6 Ha-
CTpOHKH BXO)lHblX KOHTypoe. 3THM Tbl
ycHJllill.lb CB.s!'.3b aHTeHHbl C npeo6pa30Ba-
TeJieM qaCTOTbI. EcnH Ha KaKOM-TO H3
,nHanaJOHOB npHeM CMrHaJIOB CTaHUHH He
nonyqaeTC.H, npH'iHHOH TOMY MO)KeT 6bITb
HenpaBHnhHOe BKJIIO'leHHe ~bIBO.llOB Kary-
llleK reTepo,nHHa, H3-3a qero OH He eo36y-
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MecTaMH BKJIIO'leHHe BbIBO)lOB KaTylllKH
reTepo,z:urna Hepa60Ta10wero AHanaJoHa.
EcnH )Ke npeo6pa30BaTeJib HJIH Y~HJIHTeJib
nq eoo6me He pa6oTaeT, Henona.uKH HIUH
C IlOMOIIlblO npo6HHKOB H H3MepHTeJibHblX
npu6opoe.
A eCJIH JiaMilOBbIH cynepreTepo.[(HH
npoCTe:iirnero sapI-IaHTa (no cxeMe Ha
pHc. 237) eoo6me He nonaeT npH3HaKos
(()KHJHH»? B TaKOM CJiyqae pa3)leJllf npHeM-
HHK CHMBOJllf'leCKH Ha COCTaBJI.s!'.IOlllHe ero
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Om oemeK- TK pny11Rmopy
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Jayxoaoii lf:aCTOTbI
247
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pHTeJihHbIMli rrp116opaMH, B Ka)K,n:Oii H3
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CHaqana ynan11 H3 rrpneMHHKa BCe JiaM-
IlhI, KpOMe CHIBaJihHOli, BKJIJOq.H IIHTaHHe
H cpa3y )Ke li3Meph HanpSI)KeHHe Ha Bhl-
xo.ue qmJih Tpa BbIITpSIMHTeJUl. 3TO Harrpsi-
)KeHHe JJ:OJI)KHO COOTBeTCTBOBaTh mrn 6bITh
6JIH3KHM yKa3aHHOMY Ha rrpHHUHTIHaJibHOll
cxeMe npHeMHHKa Ecn11 OHO Mano, TO
OTKJIIOqH OT BbIITpSIMHTeJIH ITJIIOCOBOH rrpo-
BOAHHK uerrH IIHTaHHH aHOAOB H 3KpaHH-
py10mHX ceTOK naMII H CHOBa H3Mepb Ha-
rrpH)KeHHe. Ec1rn H Teneph HanpH)KeHHe Ma-
no HJIH coeceM ero HeT, 3HaqHT, HeHcrrpae-
HOCTh Ha.uo liCKaTb B .ueTaJIHX Ii uerrHX
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A :Jmo He ece2oa yoaemc.R cOeAamb, He
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ttyecmeumeAbH020 UHOUKamopa e&rxooa
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16
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KOBCKoro YHHBepCHTeTa, A. r. CTOJieTOB
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Heno,naneKy .npyr OT .npyra OH pacnono-
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TaJIJIHlfecxyro ceny, yICpeDHB HX Ha CTe-
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soii 3RH'IHK noICOHJICJI Ha HyJie illlCaJibl. Ho
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TOT'iaC Ha'IHHaJI nepeMe:maTbCJI no WICaJie,
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249
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A - }lyroeott l}lottap1,; E - 6aTapesr; C - }lea nnocKonapaJUieJihHhIX .z:i:i1cKa; G - ra111,eaH0MeTp)

rpeTOMY KaTO.llY pa,n:HOJiaMIIhl MOryT HC- CKHH CHrHaJI 3BYKOBOH qaCTOTbl. 3TO He-
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BbI6HBaJI H3 MeT3.JIJilfqeCKOrO .llHCKa «poii» 6a c .llBYMH MeTaJIJili'-JeCKHMH UliJIHH.UPH-
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250
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mee KOJilfqecTBO ::meKTPOHOB, nennn:HX 060JHa':leH11e (6), ycTpOHCTBO H BKJUO':leHHe (B)
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lf BbIKJIIOqaJI 3aTeMHeHHeM 4>0T03JieMeHTa.
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HMeeT KOHTaKTbI Jl]ISI BKJilOqeHHSI ero <}>oTO,UHOJla

251
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B aBTOM8THICe. B )ICRplCHX IO)ICHldX paifo-
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252
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JIHpHblil TJ)aH3HCTop MO)ICCT 6b1Tb npeapa-
men B (}>OTOTJ)aH3HCTOp. J:(eno B TOM, 11:To
Y TJ)aH3HCTopa TOK ICOJIJICIC'l'Opa CHJibHO
3aBHCHT OT ocaemeHHOCTH ICOJIJleICTOpHoro
p-n nepexo.na. 11T06bl B 3TOM y6e.nHTbCJI,
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ca HH3ICO'lfaCTOTHoro TpaH3HCTopa, uanpH-
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H OCBeTH ero (puc. 248). EcnH B ICOJIJieIC-
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aHan:oruqHoe CBOHC'fBaM <)>oTo3neMeHT0B
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TeM 3fJ>4>eICTHBHee pa6oTa npH6opoB.
y TpaH3HC'ropa cepHH 0213, uanpHMep,
npu OCBellleHHH ero ICpHCTIUIJia 3JieICTpo-
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H ero KOHTaKTOB
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pa60ThI :meKTpoMarHHTHOro pene 1mmo-
CTpHpyeT puc. 249. Pene rrpencTaemi:eT co-
6oii CTep)KeHh 03 Mm-Koro )KeJieJa - cep-
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non .neHCTBHeM KOHTaKTHhIX npy)KHH Ha-
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(pHC. 249, a), a npH TOKe e o6MOTKe OHH
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Ka B o6MOTKe 3aMKHYTbl (puc. 249, 6),
a npn cpa6aTbIBaHHH pene OHH pa3Mbl-
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npyry10 Kpcl.HHIOIO npy)KHHY If 3aMbIKaeTC11
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nop.HnKOBblli HOMep KOHTaKTHOH rpynilhI
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B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HaJHal:feHJ.Ul 3JieKTpo-
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npu neKOTOpOM 3Ha qemrn: TOKa, rrpOTe-
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poii 6y)leT noceJlllleHa cneUHa.ribHaJJ. 6ece-
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e npHJIO)KeHHH 12.
OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH 3JieI<Tpo-
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253
 H ,UJIIl npoeepKH 3JICKTpOMarHHTHOrO pe-
r-01:-
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Pttc. 251. CxeMa npoaepKH 3JieKTpoMarHHTHO-
ro pene
Moro o6MOTKOR, rrpH KOTOpOR peJie cpa-
6aTbIBaeT. qeM MCHbllIC 3JICKTpH'ICCKa.H
MOllU{OCTb, Heo6XO,ll,HMail JJ:JIIl cpa6aTbIBa-
HHSI pene, TCM pene 'I)'BCTBHTCJibHCe.
IlpHrOllROCTb pene JlJIJI Toro HJIH HROro
aBTOMaTHtt:CCKOrO ycTpOECTBa 06bl'IHO
onemmaIOT TCM MHRHMaJibRbIM 3Ra'le-
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crn 40 MBT, TO BTOpoe pene C'IHTaeTCil
6onee 'IJBCTBHTCJibHbIM, tt:CM rrepeoe. KaK
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6-10 MA 0 HaIIpil)KCHHH HCTO'IHHKa IlHTa-
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CTH 27-90 MBT. CorrpOTHBJICHHC 06MOTOI<
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3THM Tpe6oBaHHilM MOrYT OTBC'laTb, Ha-
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PC4.524.302 mm PC4.524.303. ConpoTH-
BJieHue o6MOTKH rrepBoro HJ 3THX pene
630, BToporo 120 OM.
J 2
10
If
P1-1c. 252. CaMo_ueJihHoe 3JieKrpoMarHHTHoe pene
254
ne, nacrropTHbIC )],aHHbIC KOTOporo Te6e
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(pHC. 251 ). TIpH JaMbIKaHHH KOHTaKTOB
Kl.1 naMrra H 3aropaeTCil, a rrpu paJMbI-
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cpa6aTbIBaHHil u OTIIYCKaHHil pene. 3TH
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HaJia)KHBaHHlO rrp1I60pOB-aBTOMaTOB.
y 60JibllIIIHCTBa pene SIKOpb B03Bpa-
maeTCil B IICXO,UHOe IIOJIO)KCHIIC rrpH .n:a-
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H CaMO,UCJibHbIM. BHClllHHE BH,U H tt:epTC)KH
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3aHbI Ha puc. 252. Ero KOHCTPYKUHSI
H pa3MepbI HanoMHHaIOT pene THrra PCM.
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powo OTO)IQl(CHHYIO JIHCTOB}'IO CTaJib TOJI-
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Tonw;uHoA: 0,5--0,8 MM. Haca.ZJ;H me"IKH ua
cepne'IHHK, nOCJie 11ero noeepXHoCT1, cep-
.ne11HHKa H mC'leIC noICpoH TOHKHM CJIOeM
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200-220 OM.
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CTOBOH CTaJIH TOJIIU;HHOH 1,2-1,5 MM.
lITOObl npenoTBpaTHTI, 3aJIHilaHHe JIKOp.a
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p-n-p). Korna TJ)aH3HCTop 3a1Cpb1T, conpo-
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o6pa3yeT B 3BYIC, Ero Harpy3ICOH MOllCeT
6bITb TalC)KC MaJJOMOI.UHRJI J{HH8.MHl:ICCICaJI
roJIOBJCa, BJCJIIO'ICHHa.H B ICOJJJICICTOPHYIO
nenb 1:1epe3 M8Jlora6apH111bifi: BMxo.naoA
TPBH$pMaTop. 11CTOtfHHICOM IlHTaHHJI
CJJyllCaT O)I:Ha (4,5 B) HilH ABC COCJ];HHCHHblC
IlOCJICAOBaTeJJbHO (9 B) 6aTapeH 3336Jl.
~ TaKoro aT'TpaJmHOHa MO)l(HO HC-
noJib3OBaTL JII06ble M8JIOMO~e HH3ICO-
l:laCTOTHblC 'TpaH3HCTOpLI, B TOM lfHCJIC
C MaJibIM IC03cl><l>HUHCHTOM nepeJ];alfH TOICa
h213, a TaIC)KC pe3HCTOpbI H ICOHJlCHca-
TOpbI JII06bIX THDOB C HOMHHaJJ8.MH, 6JIH3-
ICHMH IC yICaJaHHblM Ha cxeMe.
IlposepICy pa6oTocnoco6HOCTH yc'TpoA-
CTBa HalfHHaii c npasoro (no cxCMe) MYJib-
THBH6paTopa C yCBJIHTCJICM, coe,llHHHB
sepxHHfi BhIBOA pe3HCTopa R6 Henocpe.u:-
CTBCHHo C MHH}'COBblM npoBOJUIHICOM nellH
nHTaHHJI H IlOJ{ICJIIOlfHB 6aTape10, MHHY1l
BbIICJI101:1areJib St. EcJIH J];CT8JIH HcnpaBHbl
H B MOHTa)KC OWHOOIC HeT, TO B TCJICcl><>He
(HnH roJIOBICe) 6yACT CJThlllICH HenpepbI-
BHblH OAHOTOHHbIA 3ByIC. EcJm noro He
npoH30H.neT, 3Ha'IHT, ecTb owH6ICa B MOH-
Ta)KC MYJILTHBH6paTopa HilH s HCM eCTI,
HCHCnpaBHble !leT8JIH. IlpoeepHTb pa6oTy
TOilbICO 'TpaH3HCTOpoB V3 H V4 MO)KHO,
noJ{ICJIIOlfHB napanJICJILHO pe3HCTopy RS
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VS cxeMa (6), M0HTax<Hajj_ nnarn (s) M ycrpoiicTBo
MarHHTH0ro BbIKJIIO'IaTeJijj_ (r) aTTpaKUH0Ha
«OfonKeHHhIM meH0K»
CZ VZ VJ
I})

BhICOKOOMHbie Tene<l>OHbl. EcnH OHH 3By-
11aT, TO HeHcnpaBHOCTh Ha;:i:o HCKaTb TOJih-
KO B KaCKa;:i:e Ha TpaH3HCTOpe V5.
TOH 3B yKa H3MeHjj_M no caoeMy BKycy
rro;:i:6opoM KOHJJ:eHcaTopoB C3 H C4.
Y6e;:i:HBlllHCh B pa60Tocnoco6HOCTli
:noro MYJihTHBH6paTopa, BOCCTaHOBH co-
e;:i:HHeHHe pe3HCT0pa R6 C KOJIJieKTOpHOM
uenhI-O TpaH3HCT0pa V2 (Ha cxeMe-ToqKa
6) BTOporo MYJibTHB11.6paTopa. 3TOT pe3H-
CTOP MO:>KHO no;:i:1rn1-0qHTb H K K0JIJieKTopy
TpaH3HCTopa Vl (Ha cxeMe - ToqKa a). TipH
JTOM COOTHOilleHHe Me:>K;:i:y nay3aMH 3BY-
lfaIDie rene<l>oHa ;:i:on:>KHo H3MeIIHTbCSI.
CeKpcr :noro aTTpaKu.HoHa - Mar-
HHTHhiii BhIKJII-OqaTeJih nHTaHmI Sl. Ero
KOHCTpyKU.HSI noKa3aHa Ha pHC. 273, r.
B :>Kecnrnoii o6oii:Me l Haxo;:i:HTCSI ru1a-
CTHHKa 2, KOTopa» no;:i: ;:i:eiicTBHeM co6-
CTBeHHOH MaCCbl npH:>KHMaeTCSI K KOHTaK-
TY 3 BbIKJII-OqaTeJISI. TipaBhIM KOHeu TIJia-
CTHHKH 2 nerKO no;:i:HHMaeTCSI no;:i: ;:i:eii-
CTBHeM IlOJJSI IlOCTO.sJHHoro Marmna
H pa3MbIKaeT uenb IlHTaHHSI MYJihTHBH6pa-
TOpOB. EcJIH MarHHT y6paTb, IIJiaCTHHKa
yna,z:ceT Ha KOHTaKT, 3aMKHCT u.enh IlHTa-
HHSI H meHOK HaqueT CKYJIHTb.
)IcraJIH caMoro BhlKJII-OqaTeJISI HaXOJJ:SIT-
CSI rrepe.n H0C0M 4>11.rypKH meHKa H 3aKpbl-
Thi TOHKHM rerHHaKCOM 4. MarHHT 3aMa-
CKHpoBaH B 6n1-0.n:ue. JleBbIM KOHeu. TIJia-
CTHHKH CJIY:>KHT npOTHBOBeCOM H 06ner-
11aeT pa6oTy MarHHTa. )ln.sJ yMeHbllleHHSI
TpeHHSI 3Ta 3aMbIKaI-Oll{a}I IIJiaCTHHKa CB0-
60)],HO ne:>KHT Ha ll!IlHJibKe o60HMbl, He
HMeSI C Heil MeXaHHqecKoii CBSl3H.
B KaqecTBe BbIKJII-OqaTeJISI IlHTaHHSI
MO:>KHO HCllOJlb30BaTh repKOH - repMeTH3H-
poBaHHbie KOHTaKTbl, 3aMbIKaI-OlllHeCSI TIO)],
)],eMCTBHeM MarHHTHoro llOJISI. OH JJ:OJI:>KeH
6bITb nepeKJII-Oqa1-0mero THna C npHMeHe-
HHeM repKOHa «peaKUHSI)) meHKa HeCKOJib-
KO B03pacTeT.
«Yma c yTHTaMH». Ha no;:i:cTaBKe, aepx-
HSISI rrnacTMaCCOBaSI naHeJih KOTopoii HMH-
THpyeT rna,uh BO,[{hl, KaK 6hI IlJlbIBYT rych-
KOM H nepeKJIHKaI-OTCSI YTKa C YT»TaMH
(pHc. 274). r OJIOC YTKH rpy6ee, YTSIT - He:>K-
Hee.
MrpyUIKa npeJJ.CTaBJrneT co6oii TPH
B3aHMHO-CBSl3aHHblX MYJihTHBH6paTopa.
CHMMeTpHqHhiii MYJJhTHBH6paTop Ha
TpaH3HCTopax V6 H V7, reHepHpy1-0mnii
KOJie6aHHSI qaCTOTOH 800- 1000 ru.,
SIBJISl-
eTCSI 0CHOBHbIM. A MYJihTHBH6paTop Ha
TpaH3HCTopax V 4 H V 5 HeCHMMeTpHqHhIH.
reHepHpy» K0pOTKHe HMilYJihChl C nay3a-
MH J].JIHTeJibHOCTbl-0 2- 2,5 C, OH BhIIlOJI-

277
 VT- V8 MflJ!I-MflltZ
' xf
PHc. 274. BttelllHHH BHA " npHIIQHnHaJJhHa.H cxeMa «Y-rKa c ynffaMH»
HSieT ponL :ureKrpoHHoro BhIKmoqarem1,
ynpaBJUIIOlllero pa6oToH OCHOBHOro MynL-
THBH6paTopa. Ilpoucxo.nHT 3To cne.nyro-
lllHM o6pa3oM. Bo apeMSI nay3, 1mr.na
TpaH3HCTOp V 5 3aKpbIT " conpOTHBJieH11e
ero yqacTI<a 3MHTTep- KOJUieKrop 6onh-
rnoe, aepxmrn (no cxeMe) BLrno.n pe3HCTo-
pa RU B 6a3oBoii u:enu rpaH3Hcropa V6
qepe3 pe3HCTOp R8 coe.nHHeH C Mmiy-
COBbIM npoao.noM HCTOqHHKa IlHTamn1.
B 3TH npoMe:>KyTKH BpeMeHH OCHOBHOM
MYJibTHBH6paTOp reHepHpyer Kone6aHHSI
3ByI<OBOH qacTOTbl, KOTOpbie ycmmBalOTCSI
TpaH3llCTOJ)OM V8 H npeo6pa3yIOTCSI Tene-
<l>oHOM Bl B 3ByKOBLie Kone6aHHSI. Bo npe-
MSI :>Ke KOpOTKHX HMilYJlhCOB, Kor.na TpaH-
3HCTOp V 5 OTKpbIBaeTCSI, pe3HCTOp R 11
11epe3 MaJioe conponIBJiem1e oTKphnoro
1'paH3HCTopa OKa3hIBaeTCSI coe.nHHeHHbIM
C IlJIIOCOBbIM npoao.noM HCTOqHJ,fKa IlHTa-
HHSI H reHepau:HSI OCHOBHOro MYJlbTHBH-
6paTopa CpbIBaeTCSI. B pe3yJILTaTe 3BYK
npepbleaeTCSI C qaCTOTOH CJie.noBaHmI HM-
nyJibCOB BTOporo MYJibTHBH6paTopa.
TpeTHH MYJibTHBH6paTop, B KOTOpOM
pa6oTaIOT TpaH3HCTOpbI Vt H V2, reHepH-
pyer cpaBHHTeJibHO .llJIHHHbie (4- 5 c) HM-
nyJibCbl C OTHOCHTeJihHO KOpOTKHMH nay-
38MH Me)K)ly HHMH. Bo BpeMSI npuxo.na
HMnyJibCOB 3JleKTpoMarHHTHOe pene Kl,
BKJlloqeHHOe B KOJUieKTopeyro u:enb TpaH-
3HCTopa V3, cpa6aTbIB8eT, ero KOHTaKTbl
K1.1, 38MblKaSICb. no.nKJIIOqa10T napaJI-
neJibHO KOH,r:i;eHcaropy C5 KOH.neHcaTOp
C6. B pe3yJILTare OCHOBHoii MYJILTHBH-
6parop CTaHOBHTCSI HecHMMeTpHqHhIM,
TOH npepbIBHCToro 3ByKa B Tenecl>oHe B 1
(KallCIOJlb ,[(3M-4M), BKJIIOqeHHOM a KOJl-
neKTopHyro u:enb TpaH3HCTopa V8, H3Me-
HSieTCSI, qeM H .nocTHraeTCSI HMHTaU:HSI ro-
JIOCOB YTKH H YTSIT.
11:cro~IHHKOM IlHTaHHSI HrpylllKH MoryT
6LITb .nae 6aTapeu 3336JI, coemrneHHLie
IlOCJieJ].OBaTeJibHO, 6aTapeSI «Kpotta» mm:
8KKYMYAATOpHaSI 6aTapeSI 7,[(-0.1. 3neK-
TpoMarHHTHOe pene Kl - THna PCM-2
(nacnopT l0.171.81.31) HJIH .npyroe Mano-
278
~SI
811
'CBI
l9B
J<108
6 a +
ra6ap11ruoe, cpa6aTLIBa10mee npH uanpSI-
:>KeHHH 6- 8 B. Koaj>cl>Hu:HeHT h 21 3 TpaH3H-
cropoB npaKT11qecx11 He HMeeT cymecTBeH-
Horo 3HaqeHHSI u MO:>KeT 6LITh e npe.nenax
OT 15 .no 80.
HaJia:>KHBaHHe HrpymKH CBOJ].HTCSI
K npoaepKe pa60Tbl MYJibTHBH6paropoB.
1 -ITo6hI nposepHTb OCHOBHOH MYJ1hTHBH-
6paTop, BpeMeHHO OTKJIIO'IH .naa .a:pyn1x,
pa3opnaa, HanpHMep, ITJ1rocoaoft npono.n-
HHK u:enH IlHTaHHSI B ToqKe a (CM. cxeMy).
IlpH 3TOM 3BYK .non:>KeH 6hITb HenpepbI-
BHblM. A eCJIH Toqxy coe.nHHeHHSI pe3HCTO-
poB Rll H R8 coe.nHHHTh c o6mHM 3a3e-
MJieHHhIM npoao.nHHKOM, 3BYK non:>KeH
nponaCTb. 3aTeM, OTKJIIO~IHB TOJibKO Tpe-
THB MYJibTHBH6parop (pa3opBH BpeMeHHO
o6mHH npOBOJ::u{HK B TO'Il(e 6), npoBepb
COBMeCTttylO pa6ory nepBbIX .nnyx MYJih-
THBH6paTopoB. Tenepb 3BYK non:>KeH CTaTh
npepbIBHCTblM, a IlOCJie BKJIIO'IeHHSI TpeTb-
ero MYJILTHBH6paTopa - HMHTHPYIOlllHM
KpSIKaHbe YTOK.
«KoT-JiaKOMKa». Ha He6onLrnoii no.n-
craexe, cJierxa HaKJIOHHB ronoBy, CM)lHT
6eJiblH, c 6aHTOM Ha rnee KOT (puc. 275).
EcnH Kero Hoey llO)lHeCTH KyCO'IeK aape-
HOro MSICa, Kon6aCbI IUUI Cbipa, KOT TYT
:>Ke Haq1rnaeT caepKaTb rna3aMH H, KaK 6b1
npoCSI naKOMblH Kycoqex, MSiyKaTb.
3neKTpOHHaSI qaCTb 3TOH urpymKH co-
CTOHT H3 Tpex 6JIOKOB: reHepaTopa «MSJY»
Ha TpaH3HCTopax V 1- V 4, ycHJIHTeJISI TOKa
Ha TpaH3HCTOpax V5 H V6" reHepaTopa
CBeTOBbIX HMTIYJihCOB Ha TpaH3HCTOpax V7
H V8, HMHTHpyromero MHraHHe rna3. re-
HepaTop «MSJY» B CBOIO 011epe.nb COCTOHT
H3 MYJ1hTHBH6paTopa Ha TpaH3HCTOpax Vl
H V2, reHepHpyromero Kone6aHHSI c ne-
puo.noM npHMepHo 3 c, H RC-reuepaTopa
Ha TpaH3HCTope V3, reHepHpyromero xo-
ne6amrn 3BYKOBOH 'IaCTOTbI OKOJIO 800 ru:.
RC-reHepaTop B036y)K)laeTCSI H co3.naer
c qacroroii nepooro reHeparopa qepe;:i;yro-
lllHeCSI naqxff nJiaBHO }'BeJiffqHBal-OlllllXCSI
no aMITJ1uryne H TYT :>Ke 3aryxa10mux Ko-
ne6aHHH 3BYKOBOH qacTOTbl. 3TH Kone6a-
 V!-V4 MllJ9-Mll42
R5*JBOK
P1-1c. 275. TTpHHUHmlaJihHaH cxeMa H BHeurnmi BHJJ. «Ko-ra-naKOMKH»
mm ycmmBaIOTC.SI TpaHJHCTOpOM V 4
H npeo6pa3yIOTCSI TeJiecl}oHOM Bl (Kan-
CIOJlb )];3M-4M) B JBYKOBbie Kone6aHHSI,
BOCilpHHHMaeMbie KaK 3BYKH MHyKa10mero
KoTa. rettepaTop «MSiy>> HalffiHaeT pa6o-
TaTh npM BKJllOqeHHH IlHTaHHSI KOHTaKTa-
MH Kl.l 3JieKTpOMarHHTHOrO peJie Kl.
rettepaTop CBeTOBbIX HMilYJibCOB, npe.n-
CTaBJlffiOlllHH co6oii HeCHMMeTpHqHbIH My-
JibTHBH6paTop Ha IpaH3HCTopax pa3HOH
crpyKTyphr (V8 - n-p-n; V9 - p-n-p), reHe-
pHpyeT Kone6aHHSI c nepHOJ],OM OKOJIO 3 C.
qepe3 TaKHe npoMe)KyTKB BpeMeHH BCIIbl-
XHBalOT H racttyT naMnoqKH H 1 H H2
(rna3a KOTa), SIBJISIIOlllHeCSI Harpy3KOH
TpaH3HCTopa V9. BKn10qaeTcsi: reHepaTop
npH 3aMbIKamrn KOHTaKTOB K 1.2 Toro )Ke
peIIe Kl.
CeKpeT HrpywKH KpoeTCSI B KOHTaKTaX
1 u 2 Ha BXO,ne ycHJIHTeJISI TOKa, a KOTO-
poM pa6oTaIOT TpaHJHCTOpbl V 5 H V 6.
3TH KOHTaKTbI- 0Tpe3KH TOHKOH HeH30JIH-
poeaHHOH npOBOJIOKH, TlllaTeJibHO JaMa-
CKHpOBaHHhie Ha MOp,noqKe KOTa. IlpH 3a-
MblKaHHH HX KYCOqKoM MSlca (MO)KHO,
pa3yMeeTCSI, npoCTO BaTKOH, CMO'leHHOH
no.ncoJieHoH Bonoii) conpoTHBJieHHe 3Toro
«JiaKOMCTBa» rnyHTHpyeT pe3HCT0p R9,
pe3KO IlOBbllllaSI OTpHUaTeJibHOe HanpSJ)Ke-
HHe Ha 6aJe TpaH3HCTOpa V5. YBeJIH'lH-
BaIOlllHHCSI npH 3TOM TOK 6a3b1 ycHJIH-
BaeTCSI TpaH3HCTopaMH V5 H V6, B pe3yJib-
TaTe qero cpa6aTbIBaeT peJie Kl, KOTopoe
KOHTaKTaMH Kl.l JaMblKaeT uenb Il.HTaHHSI
reHepaTopa «MSJY», a KOHTaKTaMH Kl.2 -
ueilh IlHTaHHSI reHepaTopa CBeTOBblX HM-
nyJibCOB. PeJHCTOp R 10 orpaHHqHBaeT TO-
KH 6aJOBbIX ueneii TpaH3HCTOpoB V5 H V6
npH cJiyqaiiHoM 3aMbIKaHHH KoHTaKTOB
1 H 2.
Bl
l(f.1
OJIOKH HrpyrnKH CMOHTHpOBaHbl
B cl}aHepHOM SllllHKe-no.ucTaBKe. KanCIOJlb
A3M-4M (Bl) Haxomncsi: nponrn Ja.npa-
nHpoeaHHblX OTBepCTHH B nepe.n;HeH CTeH-
Ke no,ucTaBKH. JlaMno'IKH Hl H H2 (rnaJa)
paCC'l.HTaHbl Ha HanpSI)KeHHe 1 B H TOK Ha-
KaJia 75 MA; KOHTaKTbl 1 H 2 «pa3JIHqHTe-
JISI Janaxa>> BMOHTHpoBaHbJ B ronoey KOTa
H coe,nHHeHbI C reHepaTOpOM CBeTOBbIX
HMnYJibCOB H BXO.D:OM ycHJIHTeJISI TOKa OT-
pe3KaMH MHOrO)KHJibHOrO HJOmlpoBaHHO-
ro npoeo.ua.
TpaHC$QpMaTop Tl reHepaTopa
<<MSJY» - Me)KKacKa.L{HbIM TpaHccl}opMaTop
TPaHJHCTOpHoro npHeMHHKa. Pene Kl TH-
na PC-13 (nacnopT PC4.523.017), npy-
:>KHHHbre KOHTaKThI KOTOporo ocna6neHhl,
'IT06hr pene cpa6aThlBaJIO npH HanpSJ)Ke-
HHH HCTO'lHHKa IlHTaHH.SI 6- 8 B. Ko3<l><}>H-
UHCHT h21 3 TpaHJHCTOpOB MO:>KeT 6bITb
30- 60.
OJIOK IlHTaHHSI nrpylllKH o6pa3ylOT .aee
coe,nHHeHHbie IlOCJie,UOBaTeJibHO 6aTapeH
GBl H GB2 (3336Jl). reHepaTop CBeTOBblX
HMilYJibCOB IlHTaeTCSI OT O.n;HOM 6aTapeH
GB2.
HapacTaHHe H cna.n JByKa rettepaTopa
«MSJY» onpe,ueJiffiOTCSI conpOTHBJieHHSIMH
pe3HCTOpOB R5, R6 H eMKOCTblO KOH.D;eH-
caTopa C3, a BbICOTa H TeM6p 3ByKa- eM-
KOCTSIMH KOH,neHcaTOpoB C4, C6 H conpo-
THBJieHH.SIMH pe3HCTOpOB R 7 H R 8. qaCTO-
TY MHraHHH rJiaJ, COOTBeTCTBy10my10 qa-
CTOTe 3BYKOBbIX CHrHaJIOB HrpylllKH, MO:>K-
HO ycTaHOBHTb no,n6opoM pe3HCTopa R 13
H KOH,neHcaTopa C7.
ConpOTHBJieHHe pe3HCTopa R9 a 6aJO-
BOH UenH TpaH3HCTOpa V5 )IOJI:>KHO 6bITb
TaKHM, qTo6hl npH pa3OMKHYTblX KoHTaK-
TaX 1 H 2 KOJIJieKTOpHblli TOK IIOKOSI TpaH-
279

~ ITpHHUHil ee pa6oTbl OCHOBaH Ha B3aHMo-
0Y2
Puc. 276. 3neKTJ)OHHhie Ka'ienH
3HCTOpa V6 6bIJI HeMHoro MeHbllle TOKa
on1ycKaHHS1 pene K 1. Boo6me >Ke :noro
pe3HCTopa MO>KeT H He 6bITb.
B reHepaTope CBeTOBbIX HMnynhCOB
MO>KHO TaK>Ke rrpHMeHHTb naMnoqKH HaKa-
mmaHHSI OT KapMaHHoro 4>0Hap.si (3,5 B X
x 0,26 A) u mrraTh ero, KaK H reHepaTop
«MSJY», OT aceif 6aTapeH 9 B. B 3TOM cny-
qae pene Kl MO>KeT 6bITb c OD.HOH rpyn-
noif HOpMa.JibHO pa30MKHYTbIX KOHTaKTOB
(HanpHMep, P3C-10), KOTOpble BKJUOqa.JIH
61,1 OD.HOBpeMeHHo o6a reHepaTopa. Tor,ua
BO BTopoM KacKane ycHJIHTeJI.SI uenecoo6-
pa3HO HCilOllb30BaTb TpaH3HCTOp MIT42,
a B reHepaTope CBeTOBbIX HMnym,coe -
TpaH3HCTOp rT402 (HJIH mo6oii ,upyroM
cpeilHeH H.Jrn: 60JiblllOH MOll{HOCTH CTpyK-
TYPhl p-n-p).
3neKTpOHHLle KalfeJIH. BttelllHHH BHA
3TOH 3a6aBHOi1 HrPYlllKH-cyBelillpa, npe,u-
no>KeHHoif q1naTenSIM >KypHa.Jia «Pa,uHo»
VI- V5 MflJ9-MR42
-1'
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ce,--.
.PHc. 277. ITp1iHI..Um11aJ1hHasr cxeMa :meKTpOHHhIX Ka'le.rreu (a) H yc-rpoi1cTBo 3neKTpoMam1-1Ta (6)
280
MOCKOBCKHM pa.unomo6HTeJieM 6. <l>e.zw-
TOBbIM, 0 cxeMy, na10my10 npe,ucTaeneHHe
0 ee ,ueiicTBHH, Thi BH,LI.Hlllb Ha PHC. 276.
,ueHCTBHH noneii IlOCTO.SIHHbIX MarHHTOB
H 3JieKTpOMarHHTOB. TioCTO.SIHHble Mar-
HHTbl yKperrneHbI Ha ITO,llBH>KHOH 'IaCTH
HrPYlllKH - nepeKJianHHe 1<aqe.n:ei1, a 3JieK-
TpoMarHHTbI Yl H Y2, nHTaIOIUHeC.SI nynh-
CHPYIOillHM TOKOM,- cmny HrpylllKH, npo-
THB IlOCTO.SIHHbIX MarHHTOB. Kor.ua
B o6MOTKe 3JieKTpoMarHHTa IlO.SIBJISieTCSI
TOK, BOKpyr ee MarHHTonpoBOAa BO3HH-
KaeT MarHHTHoe none, KOTopoe B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT HanpaBJieHHSI TOKa a o6MOTKe
HJIH npHTSinrnaeT K ce6e IlOCTO.SIHHbIH Mar-
HHT, a BMeCTe C HHM H IlO,llBH>KHYIO 'IaCTb
HrpylllKH, HJIH Hao6opoT, OTTaJIKHBaeT.
8 pe3ynhTaTe HrpylllKa <<O>KHBaeT»-<l>H-
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CxeMa 3neKTpOHHOH «HaqHHKH» Hrpylll-
KH ITOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 277, a. 3neKTpoMar-
HHTbl Y 1 H Y2, npHBO,USIIUHe HrpylllKY
B ,ueifcTBHe, mualOTCSI HMnynbcaMH TOKa,
reHepHpyeMbIMH CHMMeTpHqHbIM MYJibTH-
BH6paTOpOM, co6paHHOM Ha TpaH3HCTO-
pax V 1 H V2. 4acroTy cne,uoaaHHSI HM-
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292
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H paccqHTaH ,LI..JlSl H3MepeHHH B uensix
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a rJiaBHoe, 6JIH3ICHMH no 3H8'1eHHIO
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poii onpe.nemIIOTCSI B OCHOBHOM ra6apHTa-
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puc. 286, 6 HCnOJib30BaH MHICpOaMnep-
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poeaHbl Ha .npyroii reTHHalCCOBOH naHeJIH,
ICOTopaSI 38KpenneHa Henocpe,nCTBeHHO Ha
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poe H .non0JIHHTCJibHO c6anaHCHpyit M0CT
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noICa CTpeJIICa MHKpoaMilepMCTpa nepecra-
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6aeo'IHblx pe311cropoe npe.nenoe H3Mepe-
HHH. )];enaif 3TO T0'lfHO TaIC )KC, KalC npH
HaJia)KHBaHHH B0JlbTMCTpa ICOM6HHlff)O-
BaHH0ro H3MepHTeJibHoro npu6opa.
Ha CXCMC BOJlbTMCTpa conp0THBJICHHJI
.no6aeo'IHblX pe3HCTopoe Rl- R5 yxaJaHLI
npHMcHHTCJibHO IC MHICpO8MDCpMCTPY Ha
TOIC le= 200 MKA H TpaH3HCT0p8.M co CTa-
TH'ICCKHM 1Col4>4>HUHeHTOM nepe)la'IH T0ICa
0ICOJl0 50. A,nSI MHICpoaMDepMCTpa u TpaH-
3HCTOpoe C .npyrHMH nap8MeTpaMH conpo-
THBJlCHH.SI .no6aeo'IHblX pe3HCTOp0B 6y.nyT
HHbIMH. B TaICOM CJI}"laC uenecoo6pa3HO
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CTop R2 npe.nena H3MepeHHH 1 B, a JaTeM
no HCMY paCC"IHT8Tb conpoTHBJICHHJI
0CTanbHblX .no6aeo11HblX pe3HCTopoe. Ta.JC,
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HOro pe3HCTOpa 3TOro npe.ncna OKa3aJIOCb
50 ICOM (npHMepHo COOTBeTCTByeT MH-
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JlJIJI npe.ncna 3 B .no6aeo11Hblii pe3HCTop
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15 ICOM. OICOffllaTCJibHO no,n6upaii pe3H-
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o6pa3UOBLIM npH60poM Hanp.SI)KCHWI,
no.naeaeMLie Ha exo.n BOJibTMCTpa.
MO)KHO JIH BLI6paTb HHhlC npe,nenLI H3-
MepCH1di? KoHe1:lHO, H npo.nmcToBaTb HX
MO)KeT ou114>poeaHHaS1 WICaJia MHICp0aM-
nepMeTPa. TaIC, uanpHMep, ecnu MHICp0aM-
nepMCTp Ha TOIC le= 500 MICA, npe,nenhl
H3MepeHHH Moryr 6LITb 0,5; 1; 5; 10
u 50 B HJIH 0,5; 2,5; 10 u 50 B.
IlOJib3Y.SICL TpaH3HCTOpHblM BOJibTMC-
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cnyCT.SI 5-6 MHH IlOCJie BIUIIO'ICHHJI DHTa-
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IlJIOBOH ()e)KHM pa6oTbl TpaH3HCT0poe
H crpenKa npu6opa ycraaaBJIHBaerc.SI Ha
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poM Rl0 KoppeKTHpoeaTb HYJib eoJibTMC-
Tpa.
293
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plHeJibHOro renepaTopa, npH HacTpoiiKe
3JICICTpOMY3LIKaJibHhlX HHCTpyMeHTOB, arr-
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294
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= U6/Iu, rne U6 - Han6oJibwee Hanpjf)l(e-
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mpaH3Ucmopbl, i)uoi)bi, pe3ucmopbl u i)pyzue U3MepeHUU.
omtleA&Hble pai)uoi)emaAu. CoeouHRR ux Bom mo HeMHozoe, 'lmo e o6tq.ux 14epmax
B onpeoo.11eHHOM nopRdKe, i)uKmyeMOM MO:HCHO CKa3amb O MUKpOCXeMax. llpaKmu-
npUHijUflUaA&HOU 3AeKmpU14.eCKOU cxeMOU , Ka ucnoA&3oBaHUR MUKpocxeM e mex
mbl K0Hcmpyupo6llA pa3Hble no CAO:HC.Hocmu
npueMHUKU, ycuAUmeAu, npu6opbi-aemo- K118
Mam&1.
Ceu'4.ac i)uc,q,emH&ie 3AeMeHmbi Bee
6oAbWe ycmyna,om ceoe Mecmo B paduo-
mexHUKe U 3AeKmpoHUKe, MUKpocxeMaM --
MUHuam,opH&lM 3AeKmp0HHblM 6AOKaM
if,yHKIIUOHQA&HOZO Ha3Ha14.eHUR. Oi)uH ma-
KOU 6AOK, 061,ei)UHRJOtq.UU B MUl-tuam10pHOM
Kopnyce mpaH3Ucmopbi, i)uoi)bz, pe3ucmopbi,
M0:HCem BblnOAHRmb !PYHKJ,IUU 11eA020
mpaKma paouoeeu,ameA&Hozo npueMHUKa, Kill
ycuAumeAR 31/, UHepamopa, npeo6pa3oea-
meAR 14acmomb1, 3AeKmpoHHozo aemoMama.
/1,a, IOH&lU i)pyz, mb1-C06peMeHHUK po:HC.-
i)eHUR U BHei)peHUR B padu03AeKmpOHUKY
MUKpoCxeMf
BttewHuu Bui) HeKomopblX MUKpocxeM,
c KomopblMU me6e npei)cmoum UMem& i)eJw
B xoi)e 3mou 6ecei)-,,,, noKaJaHa Ha puc. 294.
'3mo MUKpocxeM&i cepuu K118, K122
u K224. AHaAOZUllHO BblZARc)Rm MUKpo- Puc. 294. BHellIHffH BH.Ll ICOHCTPYKUHH He1Co-
cx eMbl wupoKOZO npu.MeHeHUJI MHOZUX c)py- TOpbix MHICpocxeM

302
ycmpoikm6tlx, pa1Z06op o Komopblx nou-
~ e 3mOU 6eceoe, no.Mo:>«:em AYllUte npei}-
cmaeum& ux nepcne,cmueHOcmb.
HallHY c aHa.A0Z0BblX MUKpocxeM.
HA AHAJIOrOBbIX MMKPOCXEMAX
CEPH:0 K118 H K122
K 11Hcny HaH6onee npOCTbIX an:a.'Io-
roaLIX MIIICpoCXeM, y>1Ce OCBOeHHblX p3;:.{F0-
JUOOHTCJISIMH, OTHOC.HTCJJ MHI<poCXCMbl
K118YH1 H Kf22YH1 H3 cepuii K118
H K122 liyI<Ba K B o6o3Ha'leHHH yxa'3hr-
aae-r Ha TO, lfTO 310 MHKJ)OCXCMbl IUHp0-
KOro HpHMeHeFHSI. HoMep rH6pH.D:HOH ~H-
KpocxeMLI Ualf'fHaeTCSI C .UBORKJI, a nony-
npoBO.UHHKOBOR- C e)lHIUU:(1:,1. Cne.uosa-
TCJlbHO, MHKpocxeMbI cep11ii Kl 18 H Kl22
nonynpoao,zmm<OBhie, umpoxoro np:HMeHe-
HHB.
B 0003HatJeHHe MmcpocxeM BXO.USIT TaK-
>Ke ItK<f>pbI, yI<a3LlBalO.lUHe HOMepa cepMii
(HanpHMep, 118, 122). EyKBhI Y H H xa-
paxTapH3YlOT <f>YffKI.J,HOHaJlbHOe Ha3Ha'le-
HHe MHKpOCXCM- :no ycruurreJrn HanpJ1)1{e-
HHB HJIH MOll(HOCTH. Ilocne,nHSISI I.\H<l>pa
yKa3LIBaer nOp.R,llKOBLIH HOMep pa3pa6or-
lCH. L{anee MoryT <.ne.uoaan, 6yKaeHHbie
HH,UeKCbI A- .U, xapaICTcp1nyionme Hanpsi:-
>KeHHe HCTOtJHHKa IlRTamrn 11 ycrurn-
TeJibHbie CBOHCTBa MHKpOCXeM.
qTO npen;craBJI.HIOT co6oii MHKpOCXCMbl
cepmi K118 H K222? no cymecray, MM-
KpocxeMbl Kt18YH1 11 K122YH1 aem1ior-
CJ1 «6mnHeuaMID> H OTJJWlaIOTCJI OD;Ha OT
.a.pyroii TOJILICO KOHCT()YKTHBHO.
CxeMa «Ha'IHHJm» MmcpocxeMhI
K118YH1 (c nio6hlM 6yKseHHLIM HH.UeK-
COM), KOHCI PYJCUHJI C H}'MepauHe.B BLIBO-
.ll,OB J,f 0003H:!'lettHe ee Ha npHHUH-
IllfaJibHbJX CXeMax noKa3aHbl Ha PHC. 295.
KaK BIC.lHlllb, otta npe.ucraom1er co6oil
Il011TH rOTOBbIR .unyxKaCKa,nHLIH ycu;m-
TeJib Ha q,eMUHeBblX rpaH3HCTOpax Cl'PYK-
TYPLI n-v-n Cesi:3h Me)I(,,UY TpaHJHCTopaM11
MHKpOCXeMLI Henocpe.UCTBeHHa.st. B 3MlIT-
TepHOH u,en¥ TJ)aH3HCTOpa V2 HMeeTCH pe-
3HCT0p conpcTHBJiettHeM 400 OM. Ha HeM
npoHCXO,lHT na.neHHe Hanpsi:>KeHHH, ICOT0-
poe qepe3 JJ.P~ coe,uHHeHHhIX nocne.uoaa-
TeJihHO pe3HCi opa no 4 KOM non.aercg Ha
6a3y rpaH3HC10pa Vl 11, n;eHCTBYH Ka.K Ha·
npJ1>Ke1me CMell(eHHSI, o n<phleaeT cro. Pe-
31fCTOp B 1-OJIJleKl opHOH uenH TpaH3UCTO-
pa Vl (5,7 1COM)-e1 o narpy31<a. Co3,ua10-
meec.J1 tta HeM HanpR:'<'.etrue ycm1eHHer o
cHnia.rm nonaerc.st ttenocpencTaeHHO Ha
6a1y TpaH3HCTOpa V2 /J,JISI )lOilOJIHRTeJIL-
HOrO yCirneHJUJ. BbIRO}l 3 SIBJISleTCJI BXO-
llOM. ~ RbIR04 10 Rh'XO)lOM MHICpocXCMbl.
Bcero '\.fl{KpocxeMa HMeeT 14 BhlB0D;OB,
H}'Mep,U{li.SI K0T0pblX M.LieT OT cnel.(HaJib-
HOH Mel KH Ha ICOpnyce B HanpaeneHHJI
nnmKeHHB lfaCOBOH CTpeJIKR (CMOTpCTb
CIIH3y). Ho HeICOT0phie 113 HHX, ttanpHMep
BbIBO.llbl 1, 4, 6, 8 H 13, BOo6me He 3a.ueii-
CTB0BaHbI, a HeIC0TOpbie, B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT npHMeHeHHJI MHKpocxeMbt, He .HCilOJib-
3 YJOTCJI.
IlpHBeJJ.)' HecKOJibKO K0HKperHhIX, npM-
MepOB npaKTH'ieCKoro npllMeHe~ MM-
KpocxeMbl Kl 18YH 1.
Ilepabm npuMep - npocroii ycHJIHTCJih
3q (pHC. 296), ICOTOpbIH M0>KHO MCil0Jib30-
BaTh, Hanp.HMep, /J,JIH npoc.:iyWHBaHMSI
rpaMJailHCH Ha rOJ"'JOBHble Tcne<f>oHbl HJTH
fl KalfeCTBe npeJ'.l,eapHTeJibHOrO ycru1eHlUI
ttanpg)l(eHHSI KOJie6aHHH 34. B HeM pa6o-
TaeT MHKpocxeMa K 118YH 16. .ua10ma.s1
HecKOJibKO 6oJILIIIee ycHJieHMe, qeM Taxasi:
)KC MMKpocxeMa, HO c 6yKBeHH_bIM MHn;eK-
COM A . 11CTOlfHHI< mn aHMSI UH.fl uanp.H)Ke-
HHeM He 6onee 6,3 B IlO)].KJIIO'laIOT K MH-
KpOCXeMe '1epe3 ee BblB0.ll,bI 7 (n..ruoc) H 14
(MMHyc). CHrHaJI 1syKoaoii l(aCT0Thl, KO·
TOpLm Ha.no ycH.JlHTb. non;aeTCSI Ha BX0,'l
3 MliKpOCXeMbl 11epe3 IC0H)leHCaTOp C 1.
YcHJieHHLIH curttaJI, CHHMaeMhiii c coe.u11-
HeHHbIX BMeCTe BblB0)l0B 9 H 10 (c pe3H-
CTOpa BHYTPH MHKpocxeMhl conpOTHBJie-
fIHeM 1,7 ICOM, Bhlil0JIHSIJOD{ero poJib Ha-
rpy3KH TpaH3HCropa V2), lfepe3 KOH.UCHCa-
TOp C5 nocrynaeT K T~necpoaaM Bl
H npeo6pa3ye1csi: HMM e '>ByK. KoHD;euca-
1 op C4 6nompyeT / TCJ1eq>0Hb1 no uaHBbIC-
mHM 'laCTOTaM 3BYKOBOrO ll;Haila30Ha.
l(f18YH1
,,
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a)
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Pnc. 2-)5 CAeM:1 (a). KOJ'CTPYKIUHI. (6) H ycnoB-
H•'" 0601tta•1urnc (~J l\an,pocxeMbl Kt 18YH I
 Al K118!/Hl.i KoB.ZJ;eHcaTOp C3 wyHTHpyer 3MHT-
CZ
10,0x 108
I - -cs- ~
u"·"''
TepHLii pe3HCTOp TpaH3HCTopa BTOporo
1Cac1ea.na MmcpocxeMhl (400 OM) no nepe-

r- MeHHdMy TOKY II TeM caMhlM ocna6JIJICT

81
aJ
t,I)
PHc.296 YCHJIHTeJU, Ha
K118YH16
Kaxoua pom. 3JieICTJ)OJIHTH11CCXHX ICOH-
,neHcaTOpoB C2 H C3, BICJIIO'leHHbIX Me)l(Jcy'
OOWHM 383eMJieHJll,IM npoBO.lIHHICOM nenH
mrraHHJI u BblBO,D;aMlt 11 11 12 MHICpO-
CXCMhl? KoB.ZJ;eHcaTop C2 COBMCCTH0 c pe-
3MCTOp0M MHICpOCXeMhl (4 ICOM) o6pa3yCT
pa3BJl3hlBaIOlUHH ct>um,Tp, ycrpaHJIIOIUHH
napa3HTffYIO o6pamyio CBJl3L Me)l(Jcy'
~T0pbIM H nepBLIM ICacxa.naMM MHICpO-
cxeMhl '1epe3 o6muii HCTO'IHHIC IIHTaHHJL
6e3 Hero ICOJie6aHHJI TOICa, B03HHKaIOwHe
npM pa6oTe rpaHJltC'I'opa BT0poro KacKa-
.na, MOryT npoHHICHYTL B nem, nHTaHHJl
TpaHJHcropa nepsoro KacICa,na, irro npime-
.ner IC caMOB006YJI(.1leHHIO yCHJIHTeJUI. Ilo-
,D;OOHl,Ie pa3B.R3hlBalOWJre 4>HnbTP¥ 6LinH
BO MHOrHX TBOHX ICOHCTpyICnHRX.
Cl* 1400
Puc. 297. CxeMa reHeparopa xone6aH»H 3syxo-
soii qacTOTLI
OTl)HUaTCJibffYIO o6pamyio CBJ13b, CHH-
)KaIOmyio ycHJICHHe MHKp0CXCMLI. C no-
,no6HbIM BICJIJO'leHHeM ICOB,ZJ;eHCaTopoB Thi
TaI0ICe CT8JIICHBaJICJI IIpll ICOHClJ>YHP0BaHHH
npHCMHOJi H ycHJtHTeJI:&HOH annapazypLI.
Ee.nu ,n.JIJI YCHJIHTCHH MCilOJib3OBaTL
3JielCTp0JIHTH11CCICHe ICOMCHCaTopLI K50-6,
TO ero ACTaJIH, ICp0Me ucroqHHKa mrraHH.H
(lfeThlpC 3JICMCHTa 332 HnH IUITb alacYMY-
JI.HTopoB ,D;-0,06) 11 BLIICJIIO'laTenJI (TYM-
6nep TB2-1), MOllCHO CMOHTHp<>BaTL Ha
JLJiaTe pa3MepaMH He 6onee 'ICM 40 x
x 25 MM (pHC. 296, 6). ,l];eTaJIH pa3Memaii
C pro10:ii CTopoHhl nnaTLI, a coe,nHFieHHiI
+"U. MelK,lly HHMM ,nenaii C ,npyroii CTOpOHhl.
" II r
,l];JIJI BhlBO,D;0B MHICpOCXCMLI npocsepnH
B JLJiaTe .z:tBa p.sma OTBepcndi .lIHaMCTpOM
0,8-1 MM; paccromue MC)l(Jly PAAaMM 0T-
MHxpocxeMe Bepcru.ii 7,5 MM, MelK.l07 neHTJ)a.MH OTBep-
CTHH B pJl.llaX 2,5 MM.
Tenect>oHLI Bl - BL1co1CooMHble TOH-2.
EcnM 6y,nemL HCilOJib30BaTL Tenect>oHHblH
ICailCIOJib ~3M-4M HJIH HH31C00MHble ro-
JIOBHble TCJie4loHbl, TO B.ICJilO'laH HX MelK.l07
IlJilOCOBblM DpoBO,l(Hm(OM M BhlBO,D;OM 10
MHKp<>CXCMbl (He coe.zunuu1 ero C BhlBO,llOM
9).
IlpaBHJihHO CMOHTHposaHHhIH yCHJIH-
TCJIL He Hf)l(.liaeTCJI B no,nromce pe:xcHMOB
rpaH3MCT0p0B. 1 fro6LI OH Ha'lla.JI pa6o-
TaTb, Ha;:J;O JIBlllb no,naTL Ha Hero Hanpx-
)KeHHe rurraHIDI.
BTopoii npHMep-re.HepaTop ICOJie6aHH.H
3ByKosou 11aCTOTbl (pHc. 297). qT06L1 ycH-
mrrenb MHKpocxeMbl npeBpaTHTb B reHe-
paTOp 3JICIC1J)H'ICCICHX ICOJie6aHHH 'l3CTO-
TOH 800-1000 rn, MeJK.lIY ero BbIXO,D;OM
(coe.nHHeHHh!e BMCCTe BhlBO)lbl 9 11 10)
H BXO,D;OM (BblBO,D; 3) Ha.D;0 BICJIIOqHTb l(OH-
,D;CHCaTOp Cl CMICOCTLJO 2200-3000 n<I>.
:3-roT IC0B,ZJ;eHCaTop C03,llaCT MelK,lly Bl>IXO-
L{OM H BXO,D;OM MHICp0CXCMhl IlOJIO)KHTeJib-
HYIO o6paTHYIO CBJ13L no nepeMeHHOMY
TOKY H YCHJIHTCJlb B036y,nHTC.H. IlpH,3TOM
B r0JIOBHbIX TeJie<t>oHax, IlOJUCJIIO'IICHHbIX
K Bl>IXO~ reHepaTOpa, 6y,ner CJlblllle'!, 3BYIC
cpe,AHeu TOHaJJbHOCTH. )l{e11aTeJI.bHblH TOH
3TQrO 3ByICa MO)l(lfO yCTaHaBJIHBaTL IlOJl-
6opOM eMICOCTH IC0H.nCHcaTopa Cl: lfeM
60JILWe 6y,nCT ero eMICOCTb, TCM HIDICe TOH
3B}'JCa.
TaKOH reHepaTOp MO)ICJIO HCil0Jlb30BaTb
ICaIC HCTO'lHHK CHrH8Jla ,n.JISI npouepICH pa-
60TOCIIOC06HOCTH ycHJJHTeJieii 31..1. MO>ICHO
HCilOJib3OBaTL ero H B KalfCCTBe 3BYKOBOro
reuepaTopa ,n.JIJI H3Y'ICHHJI Tenerpa4>Hoii

304
a36}'1(H. B 3TOM CJiy'lae Ha.no T0JiblC0 BMe-
CTO BbIKJIIO'laTeJUI nHTaHHR S1 BKJIIO'IHTb
Tenerpacl>HhIH KJIIO'I, a IC BbIXOLO' IIOJ{KJIIO-
'IHTb rOJIOBHbie Tene<!><>Hbl.
Tpenm npHMep-MaJ1ora6apHTHL1ii pe-
cl>nelCCHbIH npHeMHHIC npn10ro ycWieHHH.
Ero npHHnHnHaJibHa.H cxeMa, M0HTa)l(Ha.H
IlJlaTa H J{eTaJIH B pa3BepHyTOM BH)le,
a TalC:>Ke coenHHeHHH ,llCTaneii Ha IlJlaTe
IIOKa3aHbl Ha J)HC. 298. IlpHHnHDHaJlbHO
3TOT npHeMHHK no.uo6eH 3HaKOMOMY Te6e
npHeMHHICY 2-V-2 (CM. J)HC. 210), TOJlblCO
TOT npHeMHHK 6Lm C <}>HICCHJ)OBaHHOH Ha-
CTJ)OHICOH, a 3TOT c WiaBHOH HacrpoiiKoii
Ha CHl"HaJibI pa,llHOBeWaTeJILHbIX craHUHH.
KopoTKO o pa60Te TaKoro BapHaHTa
npHeMHHKa CHrttan pa,llHOCTaHnHH, Ha ICO-
TOJ)YIO Hacrpoett ICOHTYP L1C1 MarHHTHOH
aHTeHHhl, qepe3 1CaTyw1Cy CBH3H L2 no-,
naeTcR Ha BLIBO.ll 3 MHKpocxeMLI AL C Ka-
~ H L3,' BBJIRiomeiicH paJlHO'laCTOTHOH
Harpy31COH MHKpOCXeMLI, ycWieHHbIH CHr-
HaJI '1epe3 1CaTywKy L4 nocrynaeT Ha JlHOll
V1, a KOJie6amrn 3BYKOBOH 'laCTOTLI, CHH-
MaeMLie C Harpy31CH R1 .n:eTeKTopa, '1epe3
KOH,lleHCaTOp C8 H KaTy1mcy L2 - Ha TOT
)Ke BXO)l.HOH BblBO)l. 3 MHKpOCXeMbI. POJib
.BTOpoH H8rpY31CH BblDOJIHHCT pe3HCT0p CO-
Dp<)THBJieHHCM 400 OM B 3MHTTepHOH ne-
IlH BTOporo TpaH3HCTOpa MHKpOCXeMbI.
C Hero Kone6aHHH 3ByKoaoii qacrOTLI 'IC-
pe3 BbIBO,ZJ; 12 H KOH)leHCaTOp C6 nOJJ,BO-
,URTCR K Tene<l>oey B1 H npeo6pa3y10TCH
HM B 3ByK.
KalCOBLI cl>YHKnHH .upyrHX .neTaneii npH-
eMHHICa? KmmettcaTop C5 myHTHpyeT HC-
TO'IHHK nHTaHHH u
H n no nepeMeHHOMY
TOKy. KOH)leHCaTOp C2 COBMeCTHO C pe3H-
CTOpoM, HMelOlllHMCH B MHKJ)OCXeMe,
o6pa3y10T pa3BB3LIBaiowHii <}>WibTJ). KoH-
n.eHCaTop C3, BKJIIO'leHHLIH Me)l(JlY BLIBO-
JJ.OM 5 H 3a3eMJieHHbIM npOBO,llHHKOM,
ycrpaHHeT OTJ)HnaTeJ1l,ny10 o6paTHYIO
C8B3b no nepeMeHHOMY TOKY, CHID1Ca10-
my10 ycHJieHHe nepaoro Kacxa,lla MHKpo-
cxeMLI. KoH.n:eHCaTop C4 6JIOKHpyeT Tene-
cl>oH no HaHBLICillHM '18CTOTaM 3BYKOBOrO
AHanaJOHa H ycrpaHHeT OTpHnaTeJlbH)'IO
o6paTHYIO CBH3b BO BTOJ)OM KaCICaJJ.e ycu-
JIHTCJIH paJlHO'18CTOTbI.
MCTO'IHHICOM nHT8HHH npHCMHHKa CJiy-
lKHT 6ayapeH, cocraBJieHHaH H3 Il.HTH aKKY-
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lfeTbipe 3JICMeHTa 322 HJIH 316, coe.n:H-
HeHHLie nocne.n:oaaTeJibHO).
J),JIH MarHHTHOH aHTCHHhl W1 HCilOJib-
3Yff (}>eppHTOBbIH CTep)I(eHb MaplCH 400HH
HJIH 600HH nuaMeTpOM 8 H JlJIHHOH
55-60 MM, a JlJIH BLIC0ICO'laCTOTHOro
TpaHC<l>opl\;{8TOpa L3, L4 4>eppHTOBoe
20- 202
K0JILno JlHaMCTp0M 7-8 MM. J),JIH npHeMa
pa,llHOCTaHmtii cpe,llHeBOJIHOBOrO l(H8Il83O-
Ha KOHTypHa.H KaTywKa Ll, HaMOTaHHa.H
Ha 6YMa)ICHOH rHJILJe, non)I(Ha co.nep)I(aTL
70-80 BHTICOB; ICaTywKa CBDH L2, HaMO-
TaHHa.H noBepx ICOHT}'J)HOH 1CaTyw1m, 5-6
BlITK0B npoBOAa Il3B-1 0,12-0,15, a JlJIB
npHeMa PaJJ.HOCTaHnHM Jl]IHHHOBOJIHOBOro
.n:Hana30Ha- C0OTBCTCTBeHHO 210-220
H 15-20 BHTICOB Ta1Cor6 )ICC np0BO,ZJ;a.
J),JIHHHOBOJIHOBYIO KOHTypHylO IC8TymICy
)l(CJlaTeJibHO HaMOTaTb 'ICTLipbMH-IlBTblO
ceKnHBMH no paBHOMY 'IHCJIY BHTICOB B ICa-
)1(.1].0H ceKnuH.
KaTJilllCH BbIC0ICO'laCTOTHOro YpaHc<l>op-
MaTopa HaMaTLIBaii npOBO.llOM Il3B-1
0,1-0,12 c nOM0I.UblO npOBOJI0'IHOro 'ICJI-
HOICa, npeJJ.BapHTeJlbH0 crna.zum yrJILI tl>ep-
pHTOBOro ICOJibna Ha)l(J:(a'IHOM 6YMarOH.
J),JIH cpe.nHeBOJIHOBOrO JlH3Il83OHa 1CaTyw-
1Ca L3 ,ZJ;OJl)l(Ha co.uep)l(aTb 75-80 BHTK0B,
L4-60-85 BHTICOB, a Jl]IB Jl]IHHHOBOJIHOBO-
ro nuana3oHa C0OTBCTCTBeHH0 110-120
H 75-80 BHTICOB TaKoro )Ke npoao,na.
KoH.1J.eHcaTOp nepeMeHHOH eMIC0CTH C1
ICOHT)'pa MafHHTHOH aHTeHHbI M0)ICCT
6LITb JII06oii ICOHCTPYKnHH. )l(enaTeJlbHO,
0}lHaKO, 'ITOObI OH 6blJI MaJIOra6apHTHblM,
HanpuMep THna KTTE-180. Mo)ICHO, pa-
lYMeeTCR, HCilOJlb3OBaTb H nOACYpoeqHhIH
ICOH,lJ,eHcaTop KTTK-2 c HaH60J11>weii eM•
ICOCTblO 100 ncJ>, HO T0r,na .D:Hana30H BOJIH,
nepeKpbIBaCMLIH KOHTypoM, HeCK0JiblCO cy-
3HTCH. OT Toro, KaKHM 6y.n:eT 3TOT 3Jie•
MeHT HaCTpOHKH KOHTypa, 3aBHCHT ICOH-
CTPYKU:H.ff npHeMHHKa B nenOM.
Tene<}>oH B1-ymHoii THna TM-2M,
TM•4M, Tene<!ioHHhIH 1Canc10nb
)I3MI11-4M lfJIH HHJICOOMHhie rOJI0BHble
Tene(}>OHhI, HanpHMep TA-56M. KoH,lleHca-
TOPLI C2, C3 H C5- 3.JieKTpOJIHTHlfecKHe
THDa K50-6, C4 H C7- KJIC HJIH MliM.
Ilpoaep1Cy pa60TOCnOC06HOCTH npHeM•
HHKa npOHJB0AH B TaKOM nopSl,ll,Ke. CHa'la-
na Tene<!><>H ()I(eJiaTeJibHO BblCOICOOMHbIH)
IlOJll(JIIO'IH IC HarpyJO'IHOMY pe3HCTOpy R 1
,llCTeKTOpa, a BLIB0,lJ. OTPHU:RTCJlbHOH o6-
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310
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MH M0HTa>I<Horo npoBo,a:a.
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nepenaeK, CMeH .UeTaJieii, npHlfCM .ueJiaTb
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311
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ICaCICa.n;ax repMaHHeBLie Tp0.H3HCTOpbI TerieJ)I, 0 CTepeoTenecJ>oHaX. K CO.)l(aJie-
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KaHa.Jlbl ycHJIHTeJlj( Hana:>ICHBaH pa.3- ICOHCTpyuposan nono6HL1e cTepeorene-
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no,o,ICJIIO'IH IC BbIXOAJ TenecJ>OHbI, JlBH)l(OIC llHO» OIIHCaHO HeMaJIO palHblX no CJI0)1(-
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(no cxeMe) nOJIO)l(CHHe, a napaJIJICJD:,H(! ICOHCTpyHpyeMbIX Ha 6a3e MaJIOra6a-
pa30MKHYTblM ICOHTaKTOM BLIICJil011aTellil pHTHhIX WHJ)OICOnOJIOCHblX JlHHaMH'leCICHX
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325

Pttc. 316. CaMo.11.enhHhre cTepeoc}loHI1'lecu1e ro-
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326
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HYThI KOHTaKThI S16, 'I8CT0Ta reHepaTopa
onpe.[1.em1.eTCSI TOJibKO cyMMapHbIM conpo-
nrnneHHeM peJHCTopoB R16, R17 11 R28.
IlpH 3TOM 38MbIKamie mo6hIX .upyrHX,
pacnono:>KeHHhIX cneaa (no cxeMe) OT y:>Ke
3aMKHYTbIX KOHTaKTOB, He H3MeIDieT co-
np0THBJieHHSI tJaCTOT03a)la10ru;eif ueIIH H,
cne.uoBaTeJibHO, 'IaCT0ThI reHepaTopa TO-
Ha.
Kone6aH11SI reHepaTopa ToHa, CHHMae-
M.ble C 3MHTTepa ero TpaHJHCTOpa V3, qe-
pe3 KOH,lleHCaTop C6 no.uaIOTCSI B nellb
6a3bl TpaHJHCTopa V5 ycHJIHTenH 3q_
KoWJ,eHcaTop C5 11 nepeMeHHhrn pe3HCTOp
R29, coe;::i:HHeHHhie Me)KJ:{y co6oif rrocne.uo-
BaTenhHO H IIO.UKIDO'IeHHbie napannefl.bHO
KOH)leHCaTopy C4 o6pa3yIOT uellb, C IIO-
MOU..U,IO KOTOpO:tt MO:>KHO ocymeCTBJISITh
o6ru:yio no.ucrpoiiKy ecex cpmcc11poBaHHhIX
qacToT reHepaTopa B npe.uenax nonyToHa.
l.1To6hl qacT0Tbl reHepaTopa TOHa 6hIJIH
ycTOH'IHBhl H He «IIJiaBaJIH» C HJMeHeHHSI-
MH Hanpsi::>KeHHSI HCTO'IHHKa TOKa, B nenb
IIHTaHHSI ero TpaH3HCTOp0B BKIDO'IeH CTa-
6n.mnpoH V6. OH nocToSIHHo rroJI.IJ.ep:>KH-
eaeT HanpS1:>KeH11e IDITaHHSI reHepaTopa
OKOJIO 7,2 B (B 38BHCHMOCTH OT HanpSI:>Ke-
HHSI CTa6HJIH3aUMH HCIIOJibJyeMoro CTa611-
IlHTp0Ha), a 1136bITO'IHOe HanpSDKeHHe 6a-
TapeH GBl racHT pe3HCTop R31.
B reHepaT0pe BH6paTO pa6oraIOT TpaH-
3HCTOpbI Vl H V2. KaK H reHepaTop ToHa,
a HX cxeM.bI npHHUHIIHaJibHO O.UHHaKOBhI,
OH TaK:>Ke npe.ucraBnHeT co6oii HeCHMMe-
TpH'IHhIH MYJibTHBH6pa Top, HO reHep11pyeT
Kone6aHHSI qacToToii 5-7 rn, onpeI{enHe-
Moii KOHJ:{eHcaTOpoM Cl H pe3HCTOpOM
R21. Kone6aHirn reHepaTopa BH6paTo
qepe3 KoppeKT11pyrouzy10 neilh C2R23, BhI-
Kmo'IaTeJlb S18 11 <pHJibTP R24C3 noI{aIOT-
CSI K reHepaTopy TOHa H M0JlYJIHPYIOT ero
Kone6aHHS1. reHepaTop e116paTo Mo:>KeT
6bITh OTKIDO'IeH OT reHepaTopa TOHa Bbl-
KJIIO'laTeneM S18. B 3TOM c_r:ryqae 3BYKH
HHCTpyMeHTa 6y.uyT OAHOTOHHbIMH, He BH-
6p11py10ru;HMH.
YCHJIHTeJib 3q HHCTpyMeHTa OJJ:HOKa-
CKa,UHbIH, Ha TpaHJHCTope V5. Ero BbIXOA-
HaSI MOl.l{HOCTh He6oJiblllaH - BCero 40- 50
MBT. Ho ee BITOJIHe .UOCTaTO'IHO )lllil
rpoMKoro 3BYt:IaHHSI ronOBKll 1rJ].-l8 HJilJ
IIOJ].06HOH eii lrJJ,-28. TeM6p JByKa MO:>K-
338
HO H3MeHSITh rrpH IIO.UKIDO'leHHH KoH,l].eH-
caTopa C7 TyM6nepoM S19 rrapanneJibHO
nepBH'IHOH o6MoTKe BblXOJJ:HOro TpaHc-
<popMaTopa Tl.
l1HCTpyMeHT IIHTaeTCSI ·oT 6aTape11 Ha-
npSI)l(eHHeM 9 B. J1.nsr 6onee rrpo.D.oJI:>KH-
TeJibHoii pa60Tu1 ee nenecoo6pa3HO cocTa-
BHTh 113 .UBYX 6aTapeii 3336JI, o6na.n,aIO-
W:HX 3HatJHTeJibHO 6onbllleH eMKOCThlO,
qeM «KpoHa» HJIB aKKYMYJIHTOpHaH 6ara-
peSI 7J1.-0,1.
Bo3MO:>KHaSI KOHCTPYKllHSI HHCTpyMeHTa
npHBe.UeHa Ha pHC. 328, B. Kopnyc MO:>KHO
c.uenan H3 cyxHx npSIMOCJIOHHbIX .uoru:e-
tJeK 11 <paHephI, oprannTa. B nepe;::i:Heii 'Ia-
CTH Kopnyca pa3Meru;eHa KJiaBHazypa, BHy-
TpH - MOHTa)l(HaH IIJiaTa, roJIOBKa B1
c aKyCTHqecKoii .uocKoii, o6TSIHYTOH .D.eKo-
paTHBHoii TKaH.bIO, 11 6aTapeSI IIHTaHlUI.
P$1)],0M c 6aTapeeii-T)'M6nep S18 no.u-
KmotJeHHSI reHepaTopa B116paTo K reHepa-
Topy TOHa. IlepeMeHHblH pe3HCTOp R29
o6ru;eii IlOJJ:CTpoHKH <pHKCHpOBaHHbIX qa-
CTOT reHepaTopa TOHa H TyM6nep S19 113-
MeHeHHSI TeM6pa JByKa HHCTpyMeHTa pa3-
Meru;eHbl Ha .UHe Kopnyca, IIO.U KJiaB11azy-
poii. PeJHCTOpbI qaCTOT03a)laIOru;eii neIIH
npHIIaSIHbI Herrocpe.ucTBeHHO K KOHTaKT-
HblM rpynrraM KJiaBHaTypbl.
KphillIKa Kopnyca OTKH)lHaH. TI p11 no.u-
HSITHH cToHKH, y,uepxmnaroru:eii Kpb1llIKy,
3aMbIKaIOTCSI KOHTaKTbl BhlKJIIO'IaTenSI IlH-
Tamrn S20. Y CTpoiiCTBO 3Toro BhIKJIIOqa-
TeJISI IlOKa3aHo Ha pHC. 329. Ero KOHTaK-
TaMH cny:>KaT npy)l(HHHble KOHTaKTbI OT
3JieKTp0MarHHTH.bIX pene. TIpH ITOJJ:HSITHH
CTOHKa, noaopallHBaSICb B0Kpyr BHHTa 2 Ha
yron 90°, BblCTYilOM 3 Ha KOp0TKOM KOHUe
Ha)laBilHBaeT Ha KOHTaKThI 4 H 3aMhIKaeT
HX. IlOI{HSITaH CTOHKa JIIlHHHhlM KOHUOM
1 yruipaeTCSI s yrny6neHHe B OTKH,llHOH
KpbillIKe HHCTpyMeHTa. 3a3op Me)l(JJ.Y pa-
3OMKHYTbIMH KOHTaKTaMH BbIKJIIO"tfaTeJISI
peryID1pyroT MeJIHOH nnacTHHKoii 5,
HMeIOru;eiicSI Me)K)ly KOHTaKTHbIMH IIPY:>KH-
HaMH.
a
~
' ---------- z
:±::-_----,,----~ J
6
Ir \'T~~::j
S 4
P11c. 329. YcrpoiicTBO BhIKJ110 1rnrem1 n11raHHH:
1- CTOMKa; 2 - BHHT onophI CTOHKH; 3 - BhICTyn
CTOHKH; 4 - KOHTaKTHhJe npy)KHHhI; 5- peryJIH-
pOBO•mast IlJlacnma; 6 - onOpHaJI CK06a CTOHKH
 KoHCTPYKIUUI KJiammryphI MO)KeT 6hITh 3 2 S 4 6
npoH3B0JlbHOH. O.LQiaKO )KeJiaTeJibH0,
qTo6bI pa3MepbI KJiaBIUII C0OTBeTCTBOBaJIH
craH;xapTHbIM, HanpHMep KJiaBHaType aK-
Kop.neoHa. Ceo6o,nHhIH xo.n 6eJibIX KJiamnu
JIOJl)KeH COCTaBIDITh 8 MM, XOJI qepHbIX
KJiaBHill 6 MM, 3a3op Me)KJIY KJiaBHIIIaMH
JIOJl)KeH 6bITh 0,8- 1 MM. Knau11arypa poSI- 7
,,o
~ 0 K0T0poM SI 3JI0Ch paccKa3bIBaIO, H3-
roTOBJieHa H3 :meKTP0TeXHH'IeCKoro Kap-
TOHa TOJU.IU:IHOH 1- 1,5 MM (pHC. 330).
Moxrno TaK)Ke 11cnoJih30BaTh JIIDI KJiaeHa-
n
20

.....
47
~
I
2S
I_
TYPhI CKJieeHHblH B JIBa-TpH CJIOSI 6onee - II (/)
I.!
I
I
TOHKIIH TJISIHUeBblH KapT0H (HeKOTOpble ..._
t--.
;:: ;
~

I
nanKH JIJISI 6YMar). Ilpope3H B KaPToHe,
06pa3yronu-1e KJiaBHllIH, .nenaii ocTpo 3aTo-
1JeHHbIM HO)K0M no MeTaJIJIHlieCKOH JIHHeii-
Ill

~
I
I
I
-"'
____u
--------·
Ke. qT06hl KJiaBHIIIaM np11,naTb )KeCTKOCTh, - .J

npHKJieii CHH3Y KneeM 6<1>-2 BbIpe3aHHhie -

no HHM cpattepHhie nJiaCTHHKH. Cylllll HX
IlOJl rpy30M, HanpHMep no.n ynor0M, Ha-
rpeTbIM )IO TeMnepaTypbl 40-50°C.
A qTo6hI .neTaJIH He npHKJieH.JrnCb K yrro-
ry, npoJIO)KH Me)KJIY HHMH JIBa-TpH CJIOSI
IlHC'IeH 6YMarn. roTOBbie KJiaBHllIH 0Kpacb
'IepHoii H 6eJioii HHTp03MaJihIO.
,[(JISI y,nep)KaHHSI KJiaBHlll Ha OJIHOM
ypOBHe K Ka)KJIOH H3 HHX np11Kpem1 CHH3Y
lllliypoK, HaTSI)KeHHe KOToporo 6y,nelI.Ib pe-
rynHpOBaTh oTrn6aHHCM TB03JISI, B6HTOTO
e o6uzyro peiiKy eceii KJiaBHaTYPhI. KoH-
TaKTHhie npJ)Kl:Uilil>Ie KJiaBHaT)'pbl )],OJl)K-
Hbl 6bITb OTPery.JrnpOBaHbl TaK, tIT06bI
yCHJIHe, Heo6XOJIHMOe JIIDI Ha)KaTIUI KJia-
BHllI, 6blJIO omrnaKOBhlM )])ISi ecex KJia-
BHlll, T . e ., KaK roBOpSIT, 1fT06bI He 6hIJIO
«T)'HIX» 11 «cna6bIX» KJiaBHI..ll. ,[(JUI 6ec-
l.II)'MHOH pa6oTbI KJiaBHaT)'pbl B Mf"CTax
C0ilpHK0CHOBeHIUI IIB)KHHX BbICT)'nOB 6e-
JlhlX KJiaBHll.I npHKJieH IlOJIOCKII H3 6apxa-
Ta (HJrn cyKHa), a Ha cpaHepHbie nnacTHHKH
B MecTax conpHKOCHoeemrn: IlOJIBlf)KHbIX
KOHTaKTOB - nOJIOCKH 03 JaMllIH (1urn cyK-
Ha).
,[(eTaJIH 3Jie KT poHHOH qacm llHCTpyMeH-
Ta MOHrnpyil Ha nnare ll3 JIHCTOBoro re-
nmaKca HJIH CTeKJIOTeKCTOJIHTa TOJIII.{ll-
HOH 1,5- 2 MM (p11c. 331). IlocJie Hacrpoii-
KH HHCTpyMeHTa MOHTa)KHyIO nnary yKpe-
IlH C IIOMOII.{hIO CTOeK Ha JIHe Kopnyca HJIH
aKyc1W1eCKOH JIOCKe JIHHaMWieCKOH roJIOB-
Kll. ,[(IDI coe.nHHeHHSI MOHTa)KHOH nJiaThI
C ,Il,pyrHMH JieTaIDIMH HHCTpyMeHTa HC-
Il0Jlb3YH JII06h1e MOHTa)KHbie npoBo,na
C Ha,IJ,e)KHbIM H3OJISJUHOHHblM noKpbI-
THeM.
HacTpom<:a HHcrpyMeHTa 3aKJIIOlfaeTCSI
e T01fHOM no.n6ope conponrnJieHHH pe3H-
CTopoB Rl - Rl 7 qacToTOJa.l(aromeii l\eTIH.
reHepaTop BH6paTO npH '.HOM ,IJ,OJI)KeH
22*
I-uc. 330. KoHcTpyKUHR KJiaeuaTyphr :
t " 2- 6enaS1 " 1IepHaS1 KJiaeunm; 3- nOJlKJia-
BHlllHhIH BblCTyn; 4 - KOHTaKTHhie npy)KHHbI ;
5 - npOKJia)lKa (3aMllia, cyKHO) ; 6 - q>aHepHaH
rmacTHHKa; 7 - IlOJlKJiaBHlIIHaR npOKJianKa ;
8- nrnypoK; 9 - rno3,n1,
6bITb OTKJIIOlfeH OT reHepaTopa TOHa.
CHatJana no.n6ep11 pe3HCTop Rl 7. BMecTo
Hero BpeMeHHO BKJIIO'IH nepeMeHHblH pe-
3HCTOp Ha 5-10 KOM, a Me)I(JIY ero JIBH)I(-
KOM ll KOHTaKTaMH KJiaBIIMI-KHOnKH
Sl 7 - nocTOSIHHhIH pe3HCTop conpornene-
HHeM 1- 1,5 KOM. M3MCHSIJI conpoTHBJie-
HHe nepeMeHHoro pe311cTopa, ycTaHOBH Ha
cnyx no o6pa3U:OBOMY MY3hIKaJJbHOMY
llHCTp)'MeHTY (pOSIJib, nHaHHH0, aKK0p-
)],eOH) qacroTy Kone6aHHii 3a11aromero re-
ttepaTopa, cooTBeTcTeyrouzyro 3BYKY «Mlf»
BTopoii oKraBhI. CoBnaJieHHe qacroT reHe-
paropa Ji MY3hIKaJlbHOro HHCTpyMeHTa
onpe11eJU1.H no OTCYTCTBHJO 611eHHH. 3aTeM
OMMeTpoM H3Mepb COIIPOTHBJieHHe epe-
MeHHO BKJIIOlfeHHOH l\eno'IKH pe3HCTOpoB
H BMeCTO HHX Bnasrn B qacTOT03a)],aIOilzyIO
u:enb IlOCTOSIHHbIB pe3HCTOP TaKoro )Ke co-
npOTIIB.'IeHHSI. EcJIH TaKoro HOMHHaJJa pe-
3HCTOpa HeT, TO Heo6xOJIHMOe conpOTHB-
Jiem1e COCT8Bb H3 .neyx-Tpex nocJieJIOBa-
TeJibHO HJlll napaJIJieJihHO coe,nHHeHHblX
pe3HCTOp0B. To'IHO TaK )Ke no.n6Hpaii pe-
3HCTOP R16 (KJiaBHllla «pe ,IJ,He3» BTopoii
OKTaBbI), a 3aTeM nocJie,Q0BaTeJibHO pe3H-
CTOpbI R15 - Rl.
3aTeM npHCT)'Ila:ii: K ttaCTPOHKe reHepa-
Topa BH6paTO Ha 'IaCTOT)' 5- 7 ru. 3To
JIOCTHraeTCSI no,Q6opoM eMKOCTll KOHJieH-
caTopa Cl. Ho Ha Kone6aHHSI TaKoii qa-
CTOThI Halli c.nyx He pear11pyeT. Tio3TOMY
lfT06bI HacTp0HTh reHepaTop, npHJXeTCSI
339

::;J
PHc. 331. MoHTa)Kmu1 nnara
npu6erHyTh K OCl.{HJIJlOrpa<l>y HJill .n:enaTb
3T0 no 1m6pau11n 3BYKOB, H3}laBaeMbIX HH-
crpyMeHT0M. AMnmuy.n:y BbIXO~Horo Ha-
npIDI<eHHH reHepaTopa BH6paTo, OT KOTO-
poro 3aBHCMT rny6HHa BH6pa~ID1 3ByKa,
ycTaHaB.mrnaii no.n:6opoM pe3MCTOpa R23.
EcJIH aMnJIHT)'JIY BH6paUHM H)')KHO yeeJIH-
qJ,IBaTh, TO conpoTHBJieHMe :noro pe3MCTO-
pa yMeHblllaH, n Hao6opoT. B reHepaTope
BH6paTo aMIIJIHTy.n:a e116pauHH B03pa-
craeT c BhICOTOH 3ByKa. Ilo:noMY Ha-
CTpoHKY ero no aMn.mtry.n:e cne.uyeT npo-
H3BOJlHTh nplf HroKanrn BepXHHX KJiaBHlll
HHCTpyMeHTa.
MHororonocHLie 3MH He exo}lstT B co-
.n:ep:>KaHHe Hallleii 6ece}lbl. A ec.rrn: OHH re-
6jl 3aMHTepecy10T, TO npHJieTCjl o6paTHTh-
Cjl K COOTBeTCTByrom:eii JIHTepaType.
3JIEKTPOrMTAPA
K 'iHCJIY 3JieKTpoMY3bIKaJibHblX OTHOCjJ:TCSI
M TaK Ha3UBaeMbie a)lanTepM30BaHHbie
M)'3bIKaJihHhie HHCTpyMeHTbl.
340
CnylllaSI BhICTynnemur 3CTpa.n:Horo op-
KecTpa, Thi, eepoSITH0, o6pam:an BHHMaHHe
Ha TO, 'lfTO 3BYKH rHTapbI, HanpHMep, HJIYT
He OT Hee, a OT rpoMKoroeopHTeIDI. 3To
11 ecn a)lanTepH30BaHHaSI r11Tapa. A,llan-
TepH30BaHHhIMH MOryT 6hITh mofihle .n:py-
rHe CTPYHHble M.Jill KJiaBHIIIllbie MY3bl-
KaJibHhie HHCTpyMeHTbI. Ho rnrapa .n,aeT
HaMJIY'lflIDIH JBYKOBOH 3<l>cl>eKT.
Aoanmep - 3TO 3BYKOCHHMaTeJib, 3JieK-
TpH'IeCKHH .n:aT'UfK. C ero noMOI..l.U>IO JBY-
KOBbie KOJie6aHMSI CTPYH HJIH pe30HaTopa
HHCTpJMeHTa npeo6pa3yroTCSI B 3JieKTpH-
'lfeCKMe Kone6amrn TOH )Ke 'lfaCToThI H noc-
ne ycMJieHHSI npeo6pa3YJOTCSI roJIOBKOH
rpoMKoroBopHTeJIH B 3BYKOBhle KOJie6aHIDI
B03JlYXa. A)lanTepH3~SI He TOJThKO IlOBbl-
rnaeT rpoMKOCTh My3bIKaJTuHUX HHCTpy-
MeHTOB, HO M npM}laeT HX 3ByqaHHIO
HOBb1e MY3hIKaJibHhie orremrn.
TI pocreiilllHM .n:aT'lHKOM rHTapbI MO)l(eT
6b1Th, HanpHMep, 3JieKTpOMarHHTHaH CH-
CTeMa O}lHOro H3 H3JIY'lfaTeJieii roJI0BHoro
Tene<l>oHa TMTia TOH-1 H.mt TOH-2, ecJIH
ero MeM6paHy CKpeTIHTh C pe30HHpywm:eii
.n:eKOH rHTapbl (puc. 332). Kone6JIHCh BMe-
CTe C neKOH, MeM6paHa H3MemreT COCT0H-
HHe TI0IDI Il0CTOIDiH0ro MarHHTa, 'lfTO B03-
6J)l(JiaeT B KarylllKe 3JTeKTpoMarHHTHOH
CHCTeMbl TeJiecl>oHa nepeMeHHoe HanpH)l((}-
HHe 3BYKOBOH qacT0ThI, KOTopoe MO)l(eT
6bITh ycnneH0 .no Heo6XO}lHMOH M0m:H0-
CTH H npeo6pa3oBaHO B 3BYK roJIOBKOH
rpoMKoroBop11TeJU1.
X YJC/
MeMOpoHa
M
Kaony c 1 r,:.r-=- =l=:-,,
Y./ ,,
,'/ ,,
r ,✓ , 7
IL _' _
-_-_
--_:] c_--_-_-_..,_j
l]exa
PHc. 332. Teneq>OH a Ka'lecrae 3ayKocH11MaTenR
3JieKTp0rHTapbl
 Ilpoeepb pa6oiy TaKoro 3BYKOCHHMaTe-
JUI Ha nnape. B KpbIIIIKe TeJiecJ)oHa Me}K.ny
onepcnu1MM e Hen nIDI npoxona 3ey-
Koe1,1x BOJIH C)leJiaii JI063HKOM nponHJihI,
a KpaB no.rrytJ1rnwerocB TpeyroJihHoro oT-
eepcrnjj e1,1poeHBii HancfJHJieM. K Hapy}K-
Hoii CTOpoHe KpbIIIIKli KJieeM E<l>-2 HJIH
HHTpoJiaKOM npHKJie:ii TPH cJ)eTpOBhle 11Jlli
cyKOHHbie npoKJianKH TOJIWHHOH 2-3 MM.
3m npOKJia.llKll 6y.n.yT BblilOJIHSITh poJih
aMopTH3aTopoe Me}K.n.y neKOH rHTapbl
H KopnycoM TeJiecfJoHa. A 'IT06bI OHH MMe-
JIB BO3MO}KHO rJianKHe noeepXHOCTH,
IlJIOTHO rrpHJierarolllHe K neKe llHCTpyMeH-
Ta, cyllilI llX nocJie HaHeCeHHB KJieSI non
TeTIJihIM ynoroM.
Tenepb TO'IHO e I..teHTpe MeM6paHbl Te-
JiecfJoHa rrpHnam nr.rry-oTpe3oK npoeoJio-
KH TOJllllHHOH 1-1,5 MM ll TaKOH J],JlllHbI,
'IT06bI ero BHeUIHllH 3aocrpeHHhIB KOHeI..t
BblCTynaJI Han noeepxHOCThlO npOKJia)lOK-
aMoprn3aropoB na 3-4 MM. L{eJiaii 3To
ocropO}KHO, 'IT06bI He ne<l>opMHpoea·Ib
MeM6patty. roTOBblH 3BYKOCHllMaTeJih
npHKpellll K neKe rHrar1,1 JlllnKoii: 6yMaroii
liJill H30JUII..(HOHHOH JieHTOH C TaKHM pac-
qeroM, 'IT06bI OCTp.He lffJibl Jllllllb cJierKa
yllllpa.Jioc1, e neKy. TIpH 3TOM MeM6paHa
Hll B KoeM c.rryqae He J],OJI}KHa CllJihHO npo-
rH6aTbCB. 11HatJe oHa craHeT Kaca·Ibc~ no-
JIIOCHhIX HaKoHe'IHHKOB MarHHTa H 3BYK
6yner llCKa)KeHHhlM.
3eyKOCHHMaTeJih coenmum: co BXOJ],OM
YCHJrn:Temi: 3q 3KpaHllpOBaHHbIM npoeo-
)lOM, a ero 3KpaH -c o6ll.{lf.M 3a3eMJieHHbIM
npoBO)lHHKOM YCHJrn:Temi:. Bo epeMB Hrpbl
Ha rnrape nonpo6yii 3BYKOCHHMaTeJih ne-
CmpyHa
a/
Pile. 333. 3JieK-rpoMaTHJ.lTHbJM (a) M rJ)eppMTOBbJM
peMeI.UaTh no noeepXHOCTll neKll, lfT06hI
Haihu TaKoe MeCTO, I ne 3By'IaHHe MY3bIKH
6yner HaH6oJiee npllBTHhlM.
Hau6oJiee cywecTBeHHhIH HeJJ,OCTaTOK
TaKoro 3JieKTPOMarHllTHOro )laTtfllKa 3a-
KJIIO'IaercB B TOM, 1JTO OH npeo6pa3yeT
B 3JieKTpH'IeCKHH CllrHaJI KOJie6aHJrn He ca-
MHX crpytt, a pe30Hnpy10meii neKH. CTOHT
c.rryqaiiHo 3aneTh HJrn: CJierKa ynapHTh no
JJ,eKe, ll 3BYKOCHllMaTeJib npeo6pa3yeT co-
3)],aIOll.{lf.eCSI npll 3TOM KOJie6aHllB JJ,eKll
B 3JieKTpH'IeCKHH CiffHaJI-nOMexy. 3roro
HeJJ,OCTaTKa HeT B 3JieKTPOMY3hlKaJihHbIX
HHCTpyMeHTax. y KOTOpbIX Ha 3BYKOCHH-
Ma TeJih B03.D.eikTBYIOT ttenocpeJJ,CTBeHHO
Kone6aHHB CTPYHhI.
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raior?
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3aHBYIO Ha pHC. 342. OHa .D;OJDICHa HanoM-
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23- 202
PHC. 342. CeJieKTHBHOe 3JICKTPOHHOe pene
KOH, BLI,Il,eJUleT CHrHaJI T0JibKO TOH qa-
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353
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Jie K cpa6a Tu1eaeT, a ero KOHTaKTLI 3aMhIM
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CO0TBeTCTBYIOIUHe qacroTaM KOMaH,nHbIX
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K8SI HrpyIIIKa, KaIC Thi 3HaeIIIL, HMeCT OT-
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HO C03)laTh 3BYKH I)a3HLIX 11aCT0T. 3eyK
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354
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6neH. O.a;HaKo ecJIH oocnoJib30BaTLCB re-
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nepe,n.aT'iHK 6y)leT H3JiyqaTL CHrHaJibI
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'IT0 n0BbIIIIaeT Ha,ne:>KH0CTh pa60Tbl anna-
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Mo,a;eJib ,nenaeT nooopoT.
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A uo6L1 Ha.n;e)l(HO cpa6aTuIBaJJH C3P, Ha
HX BXO.Zlbl HJ)l(HO no.n;aBaTb CHmaJI earrp1-
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qro no Mepe yMeHbllleHIDI paccTO.RHHSI OT
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BaCTCJI H MO>KeT COC'raBHTb 50-1()() MB.
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355
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356
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puc. 346, 6 u B. Coe,nHHCHHH JJ:eTaJieii .ne-
JiaH MC)].HblM npoeo,n;OM ,ll;llaMeTpoM
0,4-0,5 MM B DOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpltaHOH H3O-
IDIJlHH.
,[(IDI npHCMHHICa HCIIOJib3YH Manora6a-
,PHTIIbie ,neTa.JIH, HHalJ:e OHH He YMCCTJITCJI
Ha MOHTa)l(HOH nJiaTe HJIH npe.n;eTCJI yse-
JIHIJHBaTb ee pa3MepbI. 3neKTp.oMar-
HHTIILie pene mna P3C-10 (nacnopY
PC4.524.3021 P3C-6 (nacrropT
P<l>O.452145) HJIH caMo,neJibHLie. ,[(HO,,Qbl
V6-V8 cepHH IJ.9 HJIH ,[(2 c mo6LIM 6yx-
eeHHLIM HH));eKCOM. CTaTH11eCKlrn: K03cl>4>H-
IUfeHT nepe.n;a1IH T0Ka h 21 3 scex 1])aH3H-
CT0p<>B MO)l(CT 6bITb OT 40 ,D;O 100.
3JieKTpoJIHTH11CCICHe KOH.LJ:eHcaTop1,1 K50-3
HJIH KSQ.,l. 11:x eMKOCTH MOfYT 6b1Tb
OOJibllle, 11CM yKaJaHbl Ha cxeMe. Ec.JIH 6y-
.nelllb HCil0Jlb30BaTb KOHJleHcaTop1,1 KS0-6,
pa3MCTKy OTBepcTHH ,lJ;Jlll HHX B DJiaTe
iJpH.lleTCH H3MCHHTb.
KaTyllIKB Ll H L2 cj>HJibTPQB C3P Ha-
MOTaii Ha KOJibUaX H3 cj>eppHTa MapKH
lOOOHM HJIH 2000HM c Hapf)l(HLIM JJ:Ha-
MeTpoM 10- 13 MM. Bcero Ha Ka)l(.LJ:0e
KOJibllO C IlOMO~IO qeJillOICa HaMOTail
OKOJIO 1000 BHTKOB npoeo.n;a Il3B-l
0,08-0,1. EcJIH KOJibJla H3 <l>eppu-ra. MapoK
400HH rum 600HH, Tor.na ,nJIJI Ka)l(,n;Oii
KaTylIIICH cj>HJlbTpa npHJJ:eTCJI HCIIOJib30-
BaTb .n;sa K0Jib~a. CKJieHB .HX BMecTe TOp-
naMH KneeM EcJ>-2. Ka'fYIIIICH cj>HJibTp<>B,
HaMOTa.HHbie Ha cj>eppHTOBbIX ICOJib~ax,
KpenH Ha MOHTa)l(HOH DJiaTe BHHTaMH
)].HaMerpoM 2- 2,6 MM c raHKaMH
(pHC. 347).
M11Kp<)(}>OH-3JleKTpoMarHHTIIbIH THOa
Ml (oT cnyxoeoro annapaTa). Pa3Me~aii
ero Ha aMopm3aTope, p<>Jlb KOToporo M0-
)l(CT BbIIlOJIHSITb nopHCTa.JI pe3HHa HJIH no-
p<>JIOH. HHa11e OT coTpHcemm. Mo,neJIH MO-
ryT 61,1Tb JIO)l(HLle cpa6aThIBaHH.R npHeM-
HHKa. PoJib MHKpot}>oHa M0)l(eT Ta.IOKe
BblDOJIHBTb TCJiecj>oHHLIH ICaDCIOJib
,[(3M-4M HJIH TA-56M.
Aa)l(e IlpH HCilOJlb30BaHHH MaJlOraoa-
pHTHhlX .neTaJJee: MOHTa)I( npHeMHHKa no-
nyqaeTCSI OlleHb DJIOTHbIM. 8 CBJ13H C 3THM
npHHHMaH Bee MepLI, npe.nynl)e)l(,IJ;aJOmffe
CJIYllailHbl~ coe,nHHeHIDI MC)l(.LJ:Y ,neTaJIHMH
 70
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0 0 I)
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0 ) 0 0
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0 0 4omo.
-- - - -- -- <1>3
0
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aJ

0 CJ 0
3 RI C9
~
LI C7 l(I
VI KU
Oow,uu 3 K 6_ OOll.(UU
pe11e
Vl - 98
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3 5
VJ VB Kil
V6~ 5 KZ
K
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0 -c::J-+--C:}--e RII
R8 0
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P11c. 346. MOHTIDKHasl nJiaT a ABYXKOMaHJ].HOro npHCMHHKa 3ByKoynpaBmieMOH MO,UCJIH :
a - nnaTa ; 6 - BH)l H a MOHTa)l(HYH> OJiaTy caepxy ; B - BH)l Ha MOHTaJKHYIO OJlaTy CHH3Y

357

Puc. 347. Kpenneeue .neTaneii cI>unbrpa C3P
npHeMHUKa Ha MOHTa:lKHOH nJI-aTe
npH y,n;apax, KOTOpbie He1n6e1KHhI npH HC-
IlbITaHHH MO.UeJIH. Ha 3JleKTp0JUffRqecKHe
KOH)leHCaTOpbI Ha.n;eHI, 0Tpe3KH H30JUl-
l{l:10HHOH Tpy6KH, qT06hI 1n6e1KaTh 3aMbl-
KaHlUI HX KOpnycoB C coce,n;HHMH ,n;eTaJUI-
MH HJIH MOHTa)KHbIMH CTORKaMli. Ha
BbIBOnhI TpaH3HCTOpoB Ha,n;eHb 6onee KO-
p0TKHe 0Tpe3Kli H30Jijil]JfOHHOH Tpy6KH,
qTo H:CKmoqHT 3aMhIKam1e 6a30BbIX ueneii.
C oco6ou: OCTOpO>KHOCThlO npOH3B0.llH
naiiKy, qT06h1 He noapenHTh ,neTam1, 1no-
mru,HOHHb1e TPY6KH.
Hana>KHBaHHe npHeMHHKa HaqHHaH
c npoaepKll pa60Tu1 $HJlbTpoB C3P .n:e-
lliH$paTopa. CHaqana npoaep1> $H1IbTp
C3P nepaoro, 3aTeM BToporo KaHana
ynpaBJieHHR. Ha BXO)l ceneKrnaHoro :meK-
TJ)0HHoro pene C3Pl qepe3 3JieKTpon11rn-
qecKBH KOH)leHcaTop C4, npenaapHTeJibHO
OIDMB ero OT pe3llCTOpa R7 II noMeH.SIB
nomrpHOCTh ero BKJII0qeHJ1jl, nonaft OT
3BYKOBoro reuepaTopa c11rHaJI Hanp.si:1Ke-
HHeM 3 B, a a KOJIJieKTOpH)'IO uenh TpaH-
3llCTOpa V4 BKJIIO'IH MHmmaMTiepMeTp PA
Ha TOK 20-30 MA (pnc. 348). Bxo,n;Hoe Ha-
npIDKeHHe KOHTPOJIHpyn BOJih1MeTpoM
nepeMeHHOrO Hanpjl>KeHHH. IlpH OTcyT-
CTBHll Cll.rHaJia Ha BXO)le C3P TOK KOJIJieK-
TOpa TpaH3HCTOpa AOIDKeH COCTaBJI.SlTh
1,5-2 MA. EcnH 3TOT TOK 3Ha'lIITeJibHO
MeHbme, TO yMeHhmaii conpornaneHHe pe-
3HCTopa RlO. IlpH rro,n;KJIIOqemrn: rrapan-
neJibH0 3T0MY pe311cTopy .n;pyroro corrpo-
nrnneHHeM 1-2 KOM KOJIJieKTOpHhlli TOK
TpaH3HCTOpa .llOIDKeH pe3KO B03pacrn,
a pene cpa6oTaTh.
Ilocne '3Toro npHCTynaii K ttacTpoiiKe
K0HTypa LtC6 Ha 'laCTOTY 0.llH0ro Il3 KO-
MaHJlHhIX CHrHaJI0B. A llAA 3T0fO npnn;eT-
CR, IlOJib3YBCb 3BYKOBbIM rettepaTOpOM,
npe)l(ne acero CHRTh qacTorny10 xapaI<Te-
pHcTllKy $H1IbTpa. Pa6oTa 3Ta KpOilOTJIH-
Bajl. Tpe6yeT 60JiblliOro BHHMaHl{jl 11 TO'I-
HOCTll., HO 6e3 Hee He y,n;aCTCR 3aCTaBHTh
MO,n;eJib 6bITh IIOCJIYIDHOR 3BYKOBbIM KO-
MaHJJ:aM. KpoMe Toro, 3TO IIOM01KeT Te6e
rrpOqttO 3aKpeIIllTh B IlaM.SlTH cyll{HOCTh
pa60ThI ,n;eIDHcl>paTopa II IIOJIY'lHTh Ha-
fJUl,llHOe npe,n;CTaaneHHe o poJlll ero ,n;eTa-
neii.
Cne.n:.si: 3a TeM, 'lT06bI HarrpR>Kem1e CHr-
HaJia Ha BXO)le C3P ace BpeMSI'. 6bIJIO paB-
HO 3 B. nJiaBHO H3Mem1u: qacTOTY reHepa-
TOpa rrpHMepHo OT 500 no 5000 ru.
MHnJmaMuepMeTP B KonneKTOpHoif Qen11
TpaH3HCTOpa BHa'laJie 6y,n;eT Il0Ka3bIBaTh
TOK 1-2 MA. 3aTeM Ha KaKOM-TO yqacTKe
Alfana30Ha' 3BYKOBbIX qacTOT TOK pe3KO
Bo3pacTaeT .n:o 8-12 MA, a npII ,n;aJibHeif-
meM H3MeHeHHH qacTOTbI reHepaTopa CHO-
Ba yMeHhlliHTCR )lO 1-2 MA. BOT 3TOT yqa-
CTOK B03pacTaHHSI'. H crra;::(aHIIR TOKa TpaH-
3llCT0pa, KOTOpbIR Te6e Ha,n:o H306pa3l1Th
rpacl>w-IeCKII, II ecTh qacTomaSI xapa1<TepH-
crnKa $H1IbTPa. Te6e Ha.no 3HaTh, KaKoii
0Ha IIOJIY'IHTC.Sl H 'ITO Hano c.n:enaTb,
'lT06bI HaCTpoHTh $HJibTP Ha qacTOTY KO-
MaH.n;HOrO CHrHana.
8o3bMH JIHCT MHJIJIHMeTpoBOH HJIH
KJie~aTou: 6yMarH, Haqeprn Ha Heii nae
B3aHMHO neprreH.n;HKYJIBpHbie JIHHHH-OCH
K0Op,n;IIHaT-H pa3nem1 HX Ha O)lHHaKOBhie
yqaCTKll JVIHHOR no 5-10 MM (pHC. 349).
[,-,MA
L =J!L
mo• Rpene 4

I~ 1-12HA
,,
ll ;;;;,'-1~~--<>.:

10
j
8 lcp
7 -
6 Pe11
5 (nae
.r,. PC//.524.
J
z
3( '
O~,0,-=-'0i~'O~l.~-:-:---~"""='!="'"=""='="'="="'"=,.,..,_'O...,l&-:-O,.....,O....li-ll
ftpe 3=1150fi.t, "2pe3=1550f4 fsDu=Z450{q
Puc. 348. Cmnne 'IaCTOTHoii xapaKTepucTuI<u PHC. 349. qaCTOTHbie xapaKTepUCTUKH q>UJTb-
q>UJTbTpa C3P .neurnqiparnpa TpOB

358
Ilo :eepnncaJibHOH OCH B:eepx onma.D,LIBaH
3HalfeHHjj' T0ICa K0JIJieICTopa lK B MHJIID-IaM-
rrepax, a no rop1130HTa.libHOH BIIpaBO -
3Ha11eHID1 11acT0TL1 reHepaTopa B repuax.
J:{onyCTHM, 'ITO AO 'laCTOThl 1350 TOKn.{
ICOJIJieICTopa He H3MeHRJICjf H 6bIJI paseu
1 MA. C 3TOro MoMeHTil, ICOTOpbIH ua ICpH-
ooii 1 (puc. 349) OTMC'leH 6yICBOH a, T0IC
uaqan yaeJIH'IHBaTLCJI. Ilpu qacToTe
1400 n.1,
OH 61,m paBeH 1,5 MA (TOl!Ka 6),
npH IJBCTOTe 1450 n,l-5 MA (TOl!Ka B),
a npu 1JaCT0Te 1500 ru- 10 MA (TOl!Ka r).
EcJIH 3JieICTpoMarHHTHOe pene THna
P3C-10 c o6MOTKOii conpoTHeneHHeM
630 OM (rracnopT PC4.524.302), ro npu qa-
cToTe 1550 ru TOK KOJIJieKT0pa AOCTHraeT
HaH6oJib111ero 3H31JeffHjj' (TO'IKa ,n), a JaTCM
Ha~aeT yMeHblllaThCJI. EcJIH 3HalJeHIDI
TOKa KOJIJieKTOpa OTMel!aTh TOIJICaMH np11-
MepHO qepeJ KaiK.D,bie 500 n.t
(TO'IKH, e, iK,
3, H, K), a JaTeM BCe 3TH TOIJKH coe,L{HHHTh
CIIJIOWHOH JIHHHeu, nonyqHTCJI rpa<l>HK qa-
CTOTH0H xapaKTepHCTHKII fl>HJib Tpa. ,nrur
munero cny'laJI 3To 6yneT ICpHea.sr 1, co-
OTBeTCTeyioma,r pe30HaHCHOH IJ8CTOTC
<l>HJibTpa 1550 ru npH R9 = 82 ICOM 11
C6 = 0,05 MK<I>.
Pe30HaHCHajf 'l:aCTOTa fl)HJJb Tpa C3p
TBOer0 np11eMHHICa M0iKeT 6hITh HHOH, HO
$opMa ICJ)HBOH ero qaCTOTHOH xapaKTepH-
CTHKH JJ:OJDICHa 61,1Tb 6JIH3ICa IC 4>opMe ICJ)H-
BOH 1. qeM OCTpee II0Jiy'IHTCJI ICpRBa.SI qa-
CTOTH0H xapaKTepHCTHKH 4>HJibTJ)a, TCM
BbIWe ero ceneICTHBHble CBOHCTBa, TeM,
CJICAOBaTCJibHO, Bblllle KalJeCTB0 pa6oTLI
npHeMHOH arrnapazyp1,1.
J:(onycTHM, 'IT0 y TC6JI IIOJiy'IHJiaCb
HMCHHO TIUCa.SI ICpHBa.SI. Ilonpo6yii Tenepb
(yiKe .L{Jljf 3ICcrrepHMeHTa) conpoTHBJJeHHe
pe3HCTOpa R9 y:&eJIH'IHTh .D,O 150-20() JCOM
H CHOBa CHJITh tiaCTOTH)'IO xapaKTCpHCTH-
ICY tl>HJibTpa Y Te6JI IIOJIYlfHTCJI ICpHBa.SI,
6JIH3ICaB IC KpHBOH 2 Pe30HaHCH3B qacro-
Ta tl>HJibTJ)a ocraHeTCJI TOH iKe, a Ma.ICCH-
M3JlbHbIH T0IC ICOJIJieKTopa OICaiKeTCJI Ha-
CT0JibICO MaJibIM, "lTO pene He cpa6oTaer
J:(anee nonpo6yii, Hao6opox, yMeHbIIDfTL
conpoTHBJICHHe 3TOro pe311CTopa AO
20- 27 ICOM H eme pa3 CHBTL 118CTOTHJIO
xapaKTepHCTHICy tl>HJibTJ)a. Pe30H3HCH351
lfaCTOTa <l>HJibTpa OIIBTh-T3J(H ocnrneTCJI
npeiKHeii, a ICpHeag (3 Ha p11c. 349), He
II0.n;HJIBWHCb BbIWe T0ICa uaCblllJ,CHffjf
TpaH3HCT0pa, 0XBaTHT 0'leHh WHp<)IC}'IO rro-
JIOCY IJaCTOT. Cl>HJibTJ) C T3ICOH xapaKTep11-
CTHICOH co:eepweHHO HerrpuroneH, TaK IC3.IC
ero ceneKTHBHOCTh OKaiKeTCJI IlpecK:eep-
HOH- C3P CTaHeT cpa6aTLIBaTh rrpu CHr-
Hanax caMblX pa3JIH'IHblX 'laCTOT.
3m 3ICCIIepHMeHTLI, ICOTOphie JaHMyT He
6oJiee qaca, noJB0JUIT Te6e cy,nHTh o BJIIDI-
HHH pe3HCTopa R9 Ha ICalJeCTBO JJ:eWHtl>pa-
T0pa rrpHeMHHKa 113MeHJUI ero COIIJ)OTHB-
JICHHe, Te6e Ha;:(0 JJ:06HTLCJI, IJT06bl ICpHBa.SI
l13CTOTHOH xapaICTCJ)HCTHKH tl>HJibTJ)a MaIC-
CHMaJibHO npH6JIH3HJI3Cb no <}>opMe IC KpH-
B0H 1.
Tenepb YBCJIH'Ib eMKOCTh ICOH,IleHcaTopa
C6, noJJ:KJII011HB napaJIJieJibHO eMY BTopoii
ICOH,IleHCaTop eMK0CTblO 0,05 MKCI>, HJIH Ja-
MeHH ero ICOH,IleHcaropoM eMK0CTblO
0,1 MKCI>, H CHOBa CHHMH IJ3CT0THYIO xa-
paKTepHCT.HKY c),HJibTpa npu R9 =
82 ICOM.
KpHBaB CJJ:BHHeTCJI B CT0J)OHY HH3llIHX
3BYKOBbIX, IJ3CTOT (ICpHBa.SI 4), T3.IC IC3.IC TC-
nep1, co6l=TBeHHa.sr 'laCTora ICOJie6aTeJILHO-
ro ICOHTypa c),HJibTpa yMeHbllIHJiaCb. A ec-
JIH eMKOCTb ICOIUleHCaTopa C6 YMCHbIIDfTh,
HanpHMep, no 0,025 MKCI> (R9 =
82 ICOM),
yBeJIHIJHB, TaKHM o6pa30M, co6cT:eeHHylO
tiacT0JY ICOHTypa, TO H ICJ)HBa.SI IJ3CTOTHOH
xapaKTCJ)HCTHKH tl>HJibTJ)a CJJ:BMHeTCJI
B CTOp0HY BhlCIIIHX 3BYICOBbIX l!aCTOT (ICpH-
BaSI 5).
11TIUC, H3MeHJIJI eMKOCTb ICOJie6aTCJibHO-
ro IC0HJYpa fl>HJILTpa C3P, MOiKHO no-
,no6paTb TaICyIO pe30HaHCHYIO IJaCT0JY ero,
ICOTOpaSI COOTBeTCTByeT 11acroTe 3BYICOBOH
IC0M3H,LJ,bl CBHCTICa IIJIH JJ:YAOIJKII. AHaJIO-
rH'IHbie pe3YJibTaThl IIOJIYll3TCJI, ecJIH H3-
MeHJITh lfH.llYKTHBHOCTb ICOHTypHOH Ka-
JYllIKH tl>HJibTpa. TaKHM o6pa30M, nepen
T06oii CTOHT 33.D,al!a: CHHMaH 'laCTOTHbie
xapaKTepucmKH H non6Hpa51 OilblTHbIM
nyTeM naHHbie ICOHTypoB c),HJibTJ)OB, Ha-
CTJ)OHTh HX Ha IJaCT0Thl 3BYKOBbIX ICO-
Mall,Il. Ilpu 3TOM CJie)lH, tIT06bI HanpJI)l(e-
HHe CHrHaJia Ha BbIXOJJ:e 3BYKOBOrO reHe-
paTopa see epeM.SI 6Lmo paaHo 3 B. Kor.D,a
pe30H8HCHble IJaCTOThl ICOHl)'poB tl>HJib-
TJ)OB o6oux C3P nonroHHlllb ITOA qa-
CTOTLI ICOMaH,llHbIX CHrHaJIOB, eme pa3
CHHMH HX IJaCT0THbie xapaKTepHCTHICH.
KpHBLie He JJ:OJl)l(Hbl nepeICpbIBaTh Apyr
npyra, HHalJe MOryT npoHCXO,.nHTh JIO)I(HLJe
cpa6aTLIBaHID1 peJie. qaCTOTHbie xapaICTe-
pHCTHKH tl>HJib TpoB npHeMHHKa, H3fOTO-
BJieHH0fO MOHMH IOHLIMH APY3bJIMH, 0 JCO-
TOpOM JI 3JJ:CCb paccKa3bIBalO, COOTBeT-
CTBOBaJIH ICJ)HBLIM 1 H 5 (puc. 349).
YCHJIHTeJlb 3q npHeMHHKa, ecJIH s HeM
HeT HeHCilpaBHblX JJ:eT3JICH H OH CMOHTH-
J)OBaH 6e3 OWHOOIC, HaJiaiKHBaHHJI He Tpe-
6yeT. Ilpo:eepHTh ,ice ero pa6ozy MO)KHO
TaK. BMecro pe3ucropa R7 BKJIIOIJH B n:eilh
IC0JIJieKTOpa TJ)3H3HCTOpa V3 roJIOBHLie
TeJie<l>oHLI, a Ha BXOA YCHJIHTCJUI - MHKp0-
4>ou. Ilepen MHICpo<}>oHOM no.nail 3BJKO-
BOH CHrHaJJ CBHCTICOM HJIH JJ:YJJ:OIJICOH - B
TCJie<p<>He JJ:OJl)l(eH npocnyWHB3ThCJI JJ:0-
. 359
 CTaTO'IHO rpoMKJrn 3BYK, a O.UHO H3 C3P
)l0JDKHO cpa6oTaTb. rpoMKOCTh 3ByKa mo-
6oii KOMaHLI.bl He )lOJDKHa Memt.TbCjj' no
Mepe ynaJieHHjj' ero HCTO'IHHKa OT MHKpo-
<l>otta Ha paCCTOSIHHe .no 18-20 M. 3To
IIO)lTBep)lHT, 1ITO ycHJIHTeJib H KaCKa,n
orpaHH'leHHjj' cHrHaJia pa6oTaIOT Hcrrpae-
HO. Hana>KeHHblli TaKHM o6pa30M rrpHeM-
HHK MO>KHO CTaBHTb Ha MO,ZleJib.
EcnH Tbr 3axo'lelllb yeeJIH'IHTh 30Hy
.ueiicTBJljj' npHeMHHKa yrrpaBJijj'eMOH MO,Zle-
Jlli, Te6e IIpJ:I)].eTCjj' OTKa3aTbCjj' OT CBJICT-
KOB HJIH IlYJlO'IKJI II co6paTb 6onee Ha-
,ne>KHbIH nepenaT'IJIK 3BYKOBbIX KOMaH,ll.
fl pHHUHIIHaJibHajj' CXeMa JI B03MO>KH~
KOHCTPYKUIUI TaKoro rrepei:r.aT'I.HKa IIOKa-
3aHbI Ha p11c. 350. 3TO CJIMMeTpH'IHblli
MYJThTHBH6paTop c YCHJIHTeJieM MOll.lHO-
CTJI. Harpy3KOii ycHJIHTemr CJIY>KHT nHHa-
MH'lecKajj' roJIOBKa Bl, SIBIDIIOlllaRCSI HC-
TOlJHHKOM KOMaH,llHhIX Cl1THaJIOB, BKJIIO-
'leI-IHaR B KOnJieKTOPHYIO uenb TpaH3HCTO-
pa V3 qepe3 BhIXO)lHOM TpaHc<popMaTop
Tl.
IlepenaT'IHK 'leTbipexKOMa:H,[(HhlH (c 3a-
nacoM - Ha cJiyqaii, eCJIH II0Tpe6yeTCjj' yBe-
JIHlfHTb 'IHCJIO KOMaHJl). y rrpaBJijj'eTCjj' OH
'leTbipbMjj' KHOIIO'IHbIMH BhIKJllO'laTeJijj'MH
(HnH TyM6nepaMH) Sl - S4. Jl:JISI nHTa:HHjj'
rrorpe6yeTCSI HCTOlfHHK Hanpjj')l(eHJieM
OK0JIO 12 B, COCTaBJieHHblli, HanpHMep, H3
Tpex 6aTapeii 333611
tJacTOTa JBYKOBoro cHrHaJia o:1pene-
Jij!eTcS1 conp0THBJieHHeM TOrO H3 pe3HCT0-
poB R5- R8, KOTOpblli OLIHOli H3 KHOIIOK
Sl - S4 BKJIIOtJ:aeTCjj' ( qepe3 pe3HCTOphr R2
H R4) B 6a30Bhie uerrn Tpa:H3HCT0p0B
MYnhTHBH6paTopa. EcnH HH OJlHH 113 3THX
pe3HCTOpOB He BKJIIOlfeH B 3TH uerrH, OTpH-
l.{aTeJihHOe Hanpjj')l(eHHe He nonaeTcjj' Ha
VJ-VJ Mll39 - Mll4Z S5
Pnc. 350. Op1rnunnnaJihHasi: cxeMa (a) n B03MO)KHaSJ KOHCTPYKI.Urn (6) nepenaT'-mKa 3BYKOBhtX
KOMaH,U
360
6a3hI TpaH3HCTopoe Vl H V2 H MYJihTH-
BH6paTop He B036y>K)laeTCSI.
Iloi:r.6HpaSI pe3HCTOpbI RS- R8, reHepa-
Top rrepenaT'IHKa MO>KHO HaCTpoHTb Ha
qacTOTbl 1550, 1950, 2350 H 2720 ru. EcJIM
BhI6epelllb JIHbie pe3OHaHCHhie qacTOThI
4>11JThTpoe C3P rrpHeMHHKa, cooTeeT-
creeHHO np11neTCjj' rrono6paTh II HOMHHa-
JibI 3THX pe3HCTOpOB. Pa3yMeeTCjj', lfHCJIO
KOMaH,ll MO>KHO yMeHbllIHTb.
KoHCTPYKUH» rrepenaT'IHKa rrpo113eoJTh-
Hajj'. Ba>KHO JIHlllb, 'IT06b] OH 6hIJI y.uo6eH
npH yrrpaBJieHJIH MOLieJThIO. 3TO MO>KeT
6bITb 4>attepHbIH SllllHlJeK pa3MepaMH rrpH-
MepHO 120 x 160 MM c peMellIKOM, Ha-
KJl)lbIBaIOmHMCSI Ha rue10. Ha nepe,nHeii
CTeHKe jj'l.QJl'fKa - )lHHaMH'leCKajj' ronOBKa,
Ha eepxHeii (HJIH 3a,nHeH)-BbIKJIIOlfaTeJib
IIHTaHJ:ljj' H KHOIIKH yrrpaBJieHlfjj' nepe,naT-
lfHKOM, BHYTPH-MOHTa>KHajj' nJiaTa a 6a-
Tapejj' IIHTaHJljj',
ADDAPATYPA PAJJ:l1OYTTPABJ1E-
Hl1R MOJJ:EJIRMI1
JJ:njj' ynpaeJieHHjj' Mone]Ijj'MH no pa.n;Ho
MHHHcrepcTBOM CBjj'Jlf CCCP OTeeneH
yqacTOK JII0611TeJibCKOro LIHana30Ha
28.0-28.2 Mru H tJ:aCTOTa 27,12 Mru.
Pa3pellleHH~ MOlllHOCTb nepe,n:aT'IHKa He
60Jibllle 1 BT. Ho .ZlJISI Hane>KHOro ynpae-
neHHjj' M0LieJijj'MR BnOJIHe LI.OCTaTOlfHa
MOillHOCTb nepenaT'iHKa 0,25- 0,5 BT.
Jly'lllle 6yneT, ecJIH e 3TOii pa6oTe ThI
061,enHHHlllbCR C TOBapHll.leM, yeneKalO-
ll.llfMCjj' IlOCTpOHKOH aBTOM06HJibHbIX, no-
pmKHO-CTPOHTeJibHbIX, nnaeaIOll.lHX HJIM
Jiera10mHx Mo,neJieii. OH 6yneT KOHCTPYK-
TopoM MO]leJIH, a Tbl - KOHCTpyKTOpOM an-
napaTyphI TeneynpaBnemrn.. 11 Ha copeB-
H0Bamu1x Bbl 6yn:eTe BbICrynaTh BMecTe,
n0TOMY •no pa6oTa KOJIJieKTliBHaSI.
HaqHHa10m11.e KOHCTPYKTop1,1 pa,zum-
ynpaBJISleMbIX Mo)Ieneii 06bJ1{H0 liCilOJlh-
3YIOT MHOrOKOMaH,L(HY10 annapaTypy, KOr-
.ua pa.u1101:1aCTOTHaS1 :meprm1, 113ny1:1aeMaS1
KOMaH,LIHblM nepe,uaT'-IHKOM, MO.UYJIHpyeT-
CSI pa3HblMH no qacTOTe KOJie6aHHSIMH
3BYKOBOro .unana30Ha. CT pH TaKOM BH)Ie
K0,UHpoBaHHSI Ka)K)IOli KOMaH,Ue COOTBeT-
CTByeT CBOH 3BYKOBOH TOH MO,D:YJISII.UIM.
KaHaJI CBSl3H O,UHH-pa,UHOBOJIHbl, a KO-
MaH,U, BbIIlOJIHSleMbIX MO,UeJihlO, HeCKOJih-
KO.
CTpyKTypHaSI cxeMa annapaTyphI TaKoii
CHCTeMhI TeneynpaBJiemuI noKa3aHa
pnc. 351. IlpHHI.11-IIl pa60Tbl annapaTypbl
CBO,UHTCSI K CJie)Iy10weM)'. KoMaH,LIHblH
nepe)IaT'-IHK HMeeT HeCKOJihK0 reHepaTO-
poB 3Byi<oBhIX 1:1acToT: F1, F2, F3 n T.Jl .•
BbIIlOJIH.SllOlllMX pOJih KO)lHpy10wero
ycrpoHCTBa. Ha)KttMam1eM TOH HJIH HHOH
KHOnKH Ha nyJihTe ynpaBJieHHSI TTY MO)K-
H0 nO)IKJI101:IHTh K nepenaT1:IHKY JI1060H H3
3B)'KOBblX reHepaTOpOB. B pe3yJibTaTe H3-
ny1:1aeMaS1 nepe,UaT1:IHKOM pa.UHO1:laCTOTHaSI
3HeprHSI 6y,aeT M0.llYJlHpoBaThCSI COOTBeT-
CTBYIOllleH 3BYKOBOH 1:1aCTOTOH.
AnnapaTypa, ycTaHOBJieHHM Ha pa-
,unoynpaBllileMoii Mo.UeJIH, npe,ucTaBnReT
co6oii npneMHHK pa,UH01:laCT0THhIX MOny-
JIHpOBaHHbIX CHrnaJIOB C ceneKTHBHbIMH
3JieKTpOHaMH pene Ha BhIXO,Ue - TaKHMH
)Ke, KaK H B )Iel.l.lH4lpaTope nptteMHHKa 3BY-
KoynpaBmieMOH Mo,aenn. Cpa6aT1>rnaeT
3JieKTpOMarHHTHOe pene TOH Sl1:leHKH
l.l.lH4lpaTopa, cl>HJibTP KOTOpoii HaCTpoeH
Ha COOTBeTCTBy10my10 eMy 1:1acTOTY
MaH,LIHOro cnrnana.
Pa6oTy no H3r0TOBJieHllIO annapaTypbl
ynpaBJieHnSI Mo.nen1,10 no pa,UHo ueneco-
Bt
llY
SI
I Jl
'-4~~ flepeiJom -
1/UK
SJ
FJ
KoiJupy,o~ee
ycmpoiicm~o
Pttc. 35 t. CTpy1<TypHaS1
cxeMa MHOrOI<OMaH.LlHOM annapaTyphI pa.nttoynpaBJICHHSI c I<O.LlHPOBaHHCM
KOJie6aHHSIMH 3BYI<OBOH 'laCTOThl
o6pa3Hee HaqaTu c nocTpoi%KH nepe.naVIH-
Ka, TaK KaK OH 3Ha1:IHTeJibHO 06nerq11.T Ha-
Jia.UKY npHeMHHKa.
flepe)IaT&fHK. n
pHIIl.lHilHaJibHaSI CXeMa
.llBYXKOMaH,LIHOrO nepe,aaTqHKa TIOKa3aHa
Ha pnc. 352. OH, KaK BH.UHillh, TpaH3H-
CTOpHblli. CocTOHT 113 'Ja,UaIOlllero rettepa-
TOpa C ycnnnTeneM MOlllH0CTH H MO.UY JISI-
TOpa, 06Be)leHHhIX Ha cxeMe UBeTHbIMH
JIHHllSIMH. U:nct>paMH 1-11 o603Ha1:leHbI
TO1:IKH nO)IKJII01:leHllSI K nnaTaM nepe)IaT1:IH-
Ka HCTO1:IHllKa nnTaHHSI H KHOnO1.J:HOro
nyn1,Ta ynpaBJiemrn. TTepe)IaT'-mK nHTaeT-
CSI OT 6aTapeH HanpSl)KeHneM 12 B, C0CTaB-
JieHHOH H3 rpex 6aTapeii 333611.
BhlXO)IHaSI MOI.UHOCTb nepe,aaTTHKa
Ha 0,1-0,15 BT, 1:1To 06ecne1.J:HBaeT yBepeHHYIO
CBSl3b C ynpaBJISleMOH MO,UeJibIO Ba pac-
CTOSIHHH ,UO 1,5 KM. CTptt 3TOM OH nOTpe6--
JISleT OT 6aTapen TOK He 6onee 80 MA.
Cne.n;oBaTeJibHO. 3HeprHH KOMnneKTa 6a-
Tapeii 333611 XBaTaeT Ha S- 6 1.J: HenpepbIB-
HOH pa60Tbl nepenaT1:IHKa. IlepenaT1:IHK
pacc1.J:11TaH Ha pa6oTy B ,unanaJOHe pamm-
1.faCT0T 28,0-28,2 Mru. HecymaS1 1:1acT0Ta
MOAJ11HpyeTCSI no aMnJIHTy,ae KOJ1e6amrn-
MH 3BYKOBOR ll3CTOTbl, SIBJISIIOlllHMHCSI KO-
MaH,LIHblMH ClirHanaMH.
B 3a,na10weM reHepaTope nepenaT1:111Ka
pa6oTaeT TpaH3HCTOp V6, BKJII01.feHHblli no
cxeMe C eMKOCTH0ll o6paTHO'H CBR3bl0. Ta-
KOH cnoco6 BKJIJOqeHHSI TpaH3HCTOpa
06ecne1:1HBaeT xopornyro pa3BS13KY Me)Kny
Ja,UaIOlllHM KOHTypoM L1 CH C12, BKn10-
1:1eHHhIM no TpeXTO1:le1:IHOH cxeMe, H KOJI-
JieKT0pHbIM KOHTYPOM L2C13, 1.J:TO nOBbI-
)Ie- rnaeT CTa6nnhHOCTh 1:laCTOTbI reHepaTopa.
3MHTTep TpaH3HCTopa reHepaTopa OTne-
KO- neH IIO BbICOKOH 1:1aCTOTe OT ]a3eMJieHHOro
npoBO,UHHKa nHTaHllSI BbICOKO1:laCTOTHblM
)IpocceneM L6. Pe3ttCTop R24, 3a6noKttpo-
BaHHblH KOH,LieHCaTOpOM C16, TepMOCTa-
r
CJPI
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I
!lpueM-
HUK
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CJPJ
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361

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75
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Pnc. 352. IlpHHIIHilHaJlbHaJI cxeMa .UBYXKOMaH.UHoro nepenaT'iHKa ,UJUI ynpaBneHHSl MonenblO
6nJIH3upyeT pe)l(HM pa60Tbl TpaH3HCTOpa.
IlpH cpLIBe reHepanHH TOK KOJIJieKTopa
.llOil)l(eH .llOXO.llHTb .llO 1-1,5 MA, lfTO .llO·
CTHraeTC.R IlO,ll60pOM pe3HCTOpa R22.
KoHTYP L2C13, BKmOlfeHHbIH B KonneK-
TOPHYJO. uenb TpaH3HCTopa V6, KaK H 3a-
naioIUHH KOHTYP L1C11C12 e 6a3oBoii u:e-
nH, HaCTpaHBalOT Ha cpe,nHIOIO lfaCTOTY
HHTepBaJia 28,0-28,2 Mru.
CurHan 3a.n.aiomero reHepaTopa lfepe3
KaTYlllKY CB.R3H L3 no,naeTC.R Ha BXOll
)lByxTaKTHoro ycHJIHTem1 MOll(HOCTH, Ha
TpaH3HCTopax V7 H VS. Pe3HCTOpLI R26
H R27, 3alllyHTHpOBaHHbie KOH.neHCaTopa-
MH C18 H C19, 06ecne1rn:ea10T Heo6xo,nH-
MYJO CTa6HJIH3aU:HJO TOKa BbIXO,ll;HbIX
TpaH3HCTOpOB. Har-py3KOH ycHmffeJI.H
MOw;HOCTH .RBJI.HeTc.R KOHTYP L4C20 (Ha-
crpaHBaeMbIH Ha TY )Ke 'laCTOTY, 1:ITO
H nepBLie .uBa), C KOTOpbIM 1:1epe3 KaTylllKY
L5 CB.H3aHa aHTeHHa nepe,naTtt:HKa Wt.
B pa6o1:1eM pe)l(HMe IlOCTO.RHHa.R COCTaB-
JI.RIOW:aJI KOJIJieKTOpHoro TOKa Ka)l(,ll.OrO
BbIXO,llHOro TpaH3HCTOpa )lOCTHraeT 30
MA. TaKHM o6pa30M, 3TH TpaH3HCTOpbl
C ueJiblO OT,llalfH Hatt60JibIIIeH none3HOH
MOW:HOCTH B aHTeHHe pa6oTalOT ll He-
362
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CKOJibKO neperpy,KeHHOM pe)l(HMe. Ho 3TO-
ro He cne,llyeT onacaTLC.R, TaK KaK nptt Ta-
KOM pe)l(HMe MOw;HOCTb, pacceHBaeMa.H Ha
Ka)l(,llOM TpaH3HCTOpe, He npeBbilllaeT 40
MBT, lfTO MeHbllle MaKCHMaJibHO .llOnyCTH-
MOH.
Mo.zzynHl.{H.R pa,llH01:laCTOTHOH 3HeprHH,
H3ny'laeMOH aHTeHHOii, ocyw;eCTBJI.HeTC.R
1:1epe3 uenh IlHTaHH.H TpaH3HCTOpOB ycHJIH-
TeJijJ MOw;HOCTH. JIlfeii:Ka, COCTO.Rw;a.sr H3
BbICOK01:laCTOTHOrO .llPOCceJijJ L 7 H KOH-
neHCaTopa C21, npeil.RTCTByeT npOHHKHO-
BeHHIO KOJie6aHHH Hecymei 1:1aCTOTbl nepe-
,naTtt:HKa B ero MO.IzyJI.RTOp.
Mo.zzyn.RTop nepe,llaTtt:HKa TpexKa-
cKa.ll.HhIH. IlepBLIH ero KaCKa.n., e KoTopoM
pa6oraioT TpaH3HCTOpLI Vl H V2,- reHepa-
TOp KOne6aHHii 3BYKOBbIX 1:1acTOT, BTOpoii
KaCKa,ll. Ha TpaH3HCTOpe V3- yCHJIHTeJib
Hailp.R)l(eHH.R, TpeTHH, Ha TpaH3HCTOpax V 4·
H V5,-.llBYXTaKTHbIH yCHnHTenb MOw;HO-
CTH. reHepaTop Mo.zzynJ1Topa, auano-
rH'IHbm Il0)l06HOMJ KaCKa,ny 3BYKOBoro
reHepaTopa, peKOMeH,noBaHHOro MH9H ,ll;JI.R
TBoeii H3MepoTeJibHOH na6opaTOpHH (CM.
pttc. 291), reHepHpyeT KOJie6aHHjl .llBYX
cl>HKCHpoBaHHblX 1:1acToT: 1000 H 2500 ru.
IlpH Ha)l(aTHH KHonKH S2, Kor.na K 6aJO-
Boii uerm TpaHJHCTopa Vl no.ZIKJII01:laeTcSI
ueno111Ca pe3HcTopoB Rl, R4 H R5, reHepH-
PYJOTCSI KOJie6aHIDI nepBOH KOMalUIHOH
1:laCTOTbl, a npH Ha)l(clTHH ICHOilKH Sl, KOr-
.na 00.ZIKJII01:laeTCSI ueno11Ka pe3HCTOpoB
Jl2, R3 H R6, reHepHpyIOTCSI' KOJie6aHHSI
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MeHHLie (H~H IlO.ZICTpoeqHbie) pe3HCTOpbl
R5 H R6, BX0.[(Sl'I.llHe B 3TH 11acTOT03a,llaIO-
ll{He nenH, HY)l(HLI .llJUI T01:lHOH no.ncTpoii-
KH reHepHpyeMLIX KOJie6aHHH no.n pe3O-
HaHCHhie 1:laCTOTbl <l>HJibTpOB .Zienm<J>paTo-
pa npHeMHHKa.
qHCJIO K0MaH,ll nepe,llaT1iHKa MO)l(eT
6bITb YBeJIHl{eHO. ,llJISI 3TOro Ha.no JDllllb
.no6aBHTb COOTBeTCTBy10m:ee 1:lHCJIO :neno-
1:leK pe3HCTOpoB H KHOnOK ynpaBJieHHSI. 11,
uao6opoT, ero MO)l(HO yMeHbWHTh .ZIO
0.ZIHOH KOMaH,llbl, HCKJll01:lHB H3 reHepaTO-
pa O.ZIHY neno'lKy peJHCTopoe H OTHOCSI-
IIzylOCSI K HHM KHOnKy.
Kor.na KH0ilI<H ynpaBJieHHSI' He Ha)l(aThI,
reuepaTop Ja C1ieT nocT0SIHHO BICJIIO-
IJCHHbIX pe3HCTOpoB R7 H R8 reHepHpyeT
KOJie6aHHsr 1:laCTOTOH 70-80 r:u. CHrnaJI
'.JTOH 1:laCTOTbl ffY)l(eH He )lJijl ynpaeneHHX,
a T0JibKO .[(Jljl HaCTJ)OHKH npHeMHHKa Ha
11acr0Ty nepe,uaT1:llWl. IlepeMeHHLIH pe3H-
CTop R15, BICJil01:leHHbIH B KOJIJielCTOpHyIO
nenL TpaH3HCTOpa V2, JIBJUICTCJI Bbl-
xo,nHbIM 3JieMeHTOM reHeparopa. C ero
.llBH)l(Ka CHrHaJI reHepaTopa 11epe3 KOHlleH-
caTop C6 no,naeTcx Ha 6aJy TpaHJHCTopa
V3 ycHJIHTeIDI nanpJI)l(eHHX. Ho 3TOT Ka-
CICa,u BbIIlOJIHSleT ponb He TOJibKO ycHJIHTe-
Jljl HanpJI)l(CHHB, HO H <J>a30HHBepTopa,
o6eCile1:lHBaIOIIlero pa6oTy BbIXO.llH0rO
JIBYXTaKTHOrO ycHJIHTeJUI MOWHOCTH MO-
.zzyJljlTOpa.
Bo BTOpWIH0H o6MOTKe TpaHc<J>opMaTo-
pa T2, 11epe3 KOTopy10 nHTalOTCX KOJIJieK-
T0pHLie uenH ypaHJHCT0poB V4 H V5 ycH-
JIHTeJijl MOIIlH0CTH nepe,uaT1:lHKa, paJBH-
BaeTCSI nepeMeHHoe HanpJI)l(eHHe C aMDJIH-
TY.llOH oKono 12 B. B peJyn&TaTe eoJ,ueii-
cTeHx 3TOro HanpJI)l(eHIDI Ha TOK TpaHJH-
CTOpoe nepe.naT1:lHKa aHTeHHa Wl HJJIY-
1:laeT 3JieKTpoMarHHTHbie KOJie6aHHSI', MO-
JzyJIHp0BaHHbie no aMilJIHTJ.Zie Kone6aHHSI-
MH JBYKOB0H 1:laCTOTbl KOMaHllHOro CHrHa-
Jia. rny6HHy MO.llJJUIUHH perynHpJIOT
nepeMeHHblM pe3HCTOpoM R15.
B uenoM nepe.naT1:lHK pa6oraeT TaK. 3a-
,naIOI.llHH reHepaTop BL1pa6aTbIBaeT nepe-
MeHHoe HanpB)l(eHHe 1:lacTOTOH, COOTBeT-
CTBy10meii yqacTKY 28,0-28,2 Mru, KoTo-
poe nonaeTCH Ha ycHJIHTCJib MOIIlHOCTH,
nHTa.lOIIUffl aHTeHHy. O.ZIHOBpeMeHHO Ha
ycHJIHTeJib MOIIlHOCTH no.naeTCJI nepeMeH-
Hoe Ha(lpB)l(eHHe JBYKOBOH 1:laCTOTbI. Kor-
.Ila He Ha)l(aTa HH 0.llHa HJ KHOnOK ynpa-
BJieHHSI 3BJKOBblM reaepaTopoM, C BblXO.Zia
M0.llJJUITOpa Ha YCHJIHTeJib MOIIlHOCTH
nepe.naT11mca 11epe3 .npocceJib L7 no.naeTcB
HanpJI)l(eHHe 1:lacTOTOH 70-80 ru. B 3TO
BpeMJI aHTeHHa nepe.naT1:lHKa H3JIY'IReT
3JieKTpoMarHHTHble KOJie6aHHSI, Hecym:ax
K0T0pbIX npoMo.nynHpoBaHa no aMIIJIHTY-
.ne KOJie6aHHSIMH 1:lacTOTOH 70-80 ru.. IlpH
Ha)l(aTHH O)lHOH H3 KHOilOK 3BYKOBoro re-
HepaTopa Hecywas 3JieKTpoMarHHTHOH
3HeprHH, H3JIY1:laeMOH nepe.naT1:lHKOM, MO-
.ll)'JIHpyeTCX HailpSl)l(eHHeM 1:laCTOTOH 1000
HJIH 2500 ru, 1:lTO H JIBJIXeTCX nm«)>poM KO-
MaH)l pa.nHoynpaBJICHHJI•
Mo.nynS1Top H 3a.n;a10wmt reHepaTop
C ycHJIHTeJieM MOIIlHOCTH, HaJia)l(HBaTb K0-
T0pbie Thi 6y,nelllb pa3,neJibHO, MOHTHpyii
Ha OT.ZieJibHblX reTHHaKCOBbIX nnaTax pa3-
MepaMH 145 X 70 H TOJill{HHOH 2-2,5 MM.
IlnaTa MO.llJJ!'IT0pa C pa3MeTKOH OTBep-
cnm H COC,llHHCHHSI ,lleTaJieH Ha ueii noKa-
33.Hbl Ha pHc. 353. OTeepcTHX e nnaTe
ceepnu csepnaMH Tpex .llHaMeTpoe:
6 MM-)lJljl nepeMeHHblX pe3HCT0poB,
loi3 MM-.llJUI BblBO.llHhIX JiaMeJieH,
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CTffjl )lllaMeTpoM 3 MM, CBOOO,llHhie OT .Zie-
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IlJiaTbl B «)>yTIDlpe nepe.n;aT1iHKa.
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TOKa TpaH3HCT0p0B MO~m1Topa MO)l(eT
6LITh OT 40 .no 100. Te H3 HHX, KOT0pbie
6y.nyT pa60TaTb B ycHJIHTene MOIIlHO<!TH
(V4 •H V5), ,llOJl)l(Hbl HMeTb B03MO)l(H0 60-
nee 6JIH3ICHe napaMeTpbI no h 21 3 u IK1,o.
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H R15-THna cno. IloCTOJIHHbie pe3H-
CT0pbl II ICOHlleHcaTOpbl - Jil06bie MaJiora-
6apHTHble.
TpaHc<J>opMaropi:.1 Tl H T2 CaMo-
.nenLHL1e. )];JUI HHX HY)l(Hbl MarHHTonpo-
B0.llbl H3 nnaCTHH III-8; TOJIWHHa Ha6opoe
8 MM. IlepBH'IHaB o6MOTKa ypaHc4K>pMa-
Topa Tl co.nep)l(HT 2000 BHTKOB nposo.na
Il3B-1 0,12, BTOpHllHaB-250 BHTKOB npo-
B0)la Il3B-1 0,15 c OTB0.llOM OT cepeAHHbl
(.nee CCKUHH no 125 BHTKOB). IlepBH'IHSSI
o6MOTKa TpaHc<l>opMaTopa T2-1300 BHT-
K0B npoao.na Il3B-1 0,15, c OTB0.llOM OT
cepeAHHbl (.nse CCKUHH no 650 BHTKOB),
BTOpH'IH8jl - 700 BHTKOB TaKOro )Ke npoBO-
.na 06a YpaHc4K>pMaTopa KpenH c HH)l(-
Heii CTOpoHbl nnaTbl. OTeepcrHX )lJijl Kpe-
ne)l(HblX BHHT0B CBepJIH no MecTy.
HHKaKOH cnel\lfaJibHOH pery.Jill.poBICH
MO.llJmlTOp He Tpe6yeT, a C HaJia,z:J;KOH OT-
)leJibHblX ero KaCKa)lOB Tbl y)l(e 3HaKOM.
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CTOTaM 1000 H 25()() n_{.
Harpy3H BTOpHllHYIO o6MOTKY TpaHc-
4>opMaTopa T2 Ha pe3HCT0p conpOTHBJie-
HHeM 390-430 OM u H3Meph Ha HeM
BOJibTMeTpoM nepeMeHHOe HanpJI)KeHHe.
Bpall{a11 OCh nepeMeHHoro pe3HCTopa R15,
no6e:n.c.R, 'lfT06LI BOJib TMeTp noKa3LIBaJI
Hanp.R)KeHHe 8 B. OTKJII01DIB JTY epeMeH-
Hyro Harpy3KY, MO)Keun. ClfHTaTb, 'lfTO MO-
'11.Ymrrop nepe,!1aT11mca roT0B.
IlnaTa reHepaTopa nepe.uaT'IHKa c pa3-
MeTKoii Bcex Heo6XO,llHMhIX OTBepcrnii
no.u MOHTaJICHbie CTOHKH, .ZleTa.JIH H Bbl-
B0,ZJ.Hble naMeJIH, a TaIOKe cxeMhI coen;1rne-
HHjl .ueTaJieii IlOKa3aHbI Ha puc. 354. OT
Ka1JecTBa c6opm u MOHTa)Ka ero B 6om.-
woii CTeneHH 3aBHCHT xa'lfecTB0 pa60Thl
scero nepe.naT11HKa•
.L{JI.R cTa6HJihHoii pa6on,1 3a.ZJ.8.lOW:ero
reuepaTopa H YCHJIHTem1. MOll{HOCTH HX
,ZleTaJIH ,ZlOJl)l(Hbl 61,1n, BbIC0KOro Ka'leCTBa:
K0H,ll;eHCaTOpbl IlOCTO.RHHOH eMKOCTH KTK
HJIH K)U(, IlO.ll;CTp0elfHhie KOH,ll;eHca-
rop1,1- KIIK, pe3ncTop1,1-MJIT-0,5, a Ka-
TJIIIKH ,!IOJl)l(Hbl 6LITb BbIIlOJIHeHbl C OCO-
6oii Tll{aTeJibHOCTLIO. ,lJ;JIJI ycTpaHeHHjl
napa3HTHOH CB.R3H Me:>Kn;J rpynnaMH ,n;eTa-
neii Ha nnaTe ycTaHOBJieHbl 3KpaHbl - m1a-
CTHHICH H3 JIHCTOBoro aJIIOMHHH.R IIIHpH-
H0H 35 MM c nanKaMH JlJI.SI Kpe11JieHH.R.
TpaH3HcTop1,1 V6-V8 (Il403, II416,
Il422, rT308 H ,llp. BbICOKO'lfaCTOTHLie)
Il0JDICHhl HMeTb K03(}>it,HUHeHT h 213 OT 80
)J.O 150. Pa3JIH'llle B K03(}>«1>u:uueHTe h213
n;JI.SI TpaH3HCTOp0B V7 H V8 He )l0Jl)KH0
npes1,1IIIaTh 20-30%. Kapxac KaTYIIIKH Ll
BbITO'lfH H3 opraHH'l.ecKoro CTeKJia HJIH no-
JIHCTHpona no qepTe)KaM, IlOKa3aHHLIM Ha
puc. 355, a. I10.n;cTpoequ1,m cep}lelfHHK Ka-
TYIIIKR BbITO'ili H3 aJIIOMHHH.R, a B ero «n.SI-
TO'lfKe» C,ZleJiaii WJIHI( .ll;JI.R OTeepTKH. Ilepe-
Mell{aJI cep.ue11HRK BH}'TpH KaTyIIIKH, Thi
6ynelllb HaCTPaHBan. 3a.ll8.lOII.UIH KOHTYP
ua Heo6XO;:J;liM)'lO 'lfaCTOT)'. Bo H36e)Kam1e
caMonpOH3BOJlbHOro BbIBHHlfHBaHHJI cep-
,ZJ.elfHHKa Me:>K.ZlY HHM H BHyTpeHHeii no-
BePXH0CTblO KapKaca BCTaBb KYCO'lfeK pe-
3HHbl Ce'lfeHHeM 1 x 1 MM. KaT)'IIIKY HaM0-
TilH npoeo,uoM II3B-1 0,4- 0,5, yno)KHB Ha
KapKace 10 BHTKOB. Eonee TO'lfHO 'lfHCJIO
BHTKOB YCTilHOBHlllb B npou.ecce HaJia)KH-
eaHH.R 33J:taIOll{ero reHepaTopa.
KaTyIIIKH L2 H L3 HaMOTaii Ha .llByxceK-
UHOHHOM KapKace, BbITO'lfeHHOM H3 opra-
HH'leCKOro creICJia no qepTe>KaM, npHee-
,ueHHbIM Ha puc. 355, 6. KaTyIIIKa L2
,ll0Jl)l(Ha co,uep)KaTl, 14 BHTKOB np0BO.z::ta
II3B-1 0,5, yno)KeHHhIX no ceMh BHTKOB
B Ka)K,llOH ceKUIIH, C IIIaroM HaMOTKH
1 MM. KaTywKy L3 HaMOTaH npoeo,uoM
,llHaMeTp0M 0,8 MM B nOJIHBHHHJIXJIOpH,ll-
HOH u3om1uuu noeepx KaTYIIIKH L2 Bcero
OHa ,ZlOJl)l(Ha co,uep)KaTb qerblpe BHTKa - no
,llBa BHTKa B Ka)K.ZJ.OH CeKUHH, HO HaMO-
TaHHbIX B pa~Hble CT0p0Hbl. HaMaTblBaii
KaTyUIKY TaK: OTpe3OK rrpoeo.na ,llJIHHOH
npHMepHo 300 MM oronu B cepeJlHHe Ha
.n.mrne 30-40 MM, CRO)KH npoeo.n B,llB0e,
a oroneHHbIH }"laCTOK CKpyTH H npo-
na.SIH-3TO 6y,uer Cpe.D.HHH BbIB0,ll KaTyIIIKH
L3. 3a.Kperru ero e npope3H cpe.nHero
<J>naHu.a KapKaca. a nonoBHHKH npoBo,na
HaMoTait: e pa3HbIX HarrpaeneHH.Rx. Kpaii-
HHe BHTKH KaT)'UIICH aKKypaTHO 3aKperrH
rneJIKOBOH HHTICOH. ,lJ;JIHHHbie BblB0,lll,I Ka-
TyuIKH L3 noii,D,YT K 6a3aM TpaH3HCTOp0B
V7 u V8.
KaTyIIIKH L4 u L5 (pHc. 356) 6eCKap-
KacHbie, npuqeM KaTyIIIKa L4 HMeeT nna-
CTHHKH, CKpeilJljllOll{He BHTKH. O6e KaTyIII-
KH BMCCTe C nO,llCTp0ClfHbIM KOH,ll;eHCaTo-
poM C20 MOHTHpyii ua IlJiaCTHHKe H3
opraHH'l.eCKOrO CTeICJia, KOTOpy10 3aTeM
npHKpeilHIIIb K IlJiaTe B eeprnICaJibHOM no-
JIO)KeHHH (CM. pHc. 3 54, 6). )J;IDI o6eHx Ka-
TyrneK IlO,llOH,lJ.eT Me,llHbIH nocepe6peHHhIH,
C 3MaJieBOH H30JI.SIUHeH HJIH B KpaiiHeM
~ ~ I
cnyqae rOJiblH Me,ZlHbIH npoBO.ll .ll;HaMe-
Tp0M 1,8-2 MM. KaTyrnKy L4 HaMoTaii Ha
KaKOM-JIH6o KpyrJIOM npe,uMeTe ,llHaMe-
TpOM 20-21 MM, JJIO>KHB IlJIOTHhIM pSl,!l;OM
9-10 BHTKOB. KOHUhI npoeo.ua OTKycu,
'lfT06Ll B CnHpaJIH OCTaJIHCb TOJlhKO ueJibie
BHTKH. 3arOTOBb H3 opraHH'leCKOro CTeKJia
.uee nnacTHHKH IIIHpHHOH 5 H JlJIHHOH no
25-28 MM. IlpoceepJIH B WIX OTBepcTH.SI,
paBHbie no nnaMeTpy np0B0.llY- PaccTOSI-
HHe Me>Kn;y l{eHTpaMH OTBepCTHH 3 MM.
3aTeM BBepHH O,llHH 3a .upyrHM BHTKH CIIH-
paJIH B OTBepcTHJI nJiaCTHHOK. B OKOillfa-
TCJlbHOM BH,lle KaTyIIIKa L4 ,llOJl)l(Ha HMeTb
B0ceMh BHTKOB. KOHUbl npoB0,lla, He BXO-
,ll.Slll{He B 3TO 'lfHCJIO BHTKOB, OTOrHH H Bbl-
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JIJIM Ha nJiaTe. OTBO,ll c.nenaii T0'lfHO OT
cepe,uHHbl KaTyIIIKH ru:6KHM H30JIHpo-
BaHHblM np0B0,ZlHHKOM.
KaTyIIIKa L5 HMeeT ,llBa BHTKa c Ha-
PY)KHblM ,ZJ.HaMeTpoM 15-16 MM, paccTO.R-
HHe Me:>Kn;J BHTKaMH 2 MM. Ee HaJ:(0 pa3-
MCCTHTb TO'lfHO B cepe.uuHe KaTJIIIKH IA
(6e3 conpHKOCHOBeHH.R c Hero) u npHilaJITb
BblB0,llaMH K KpaHHHM JiaMemIM. ,lJ;pocce-
JIH L6 u L 7 HaMOTaii Ha pe3HcTopax
365
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366
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P1-1c. 356. KaTyUJKI-I ycHJIBTemi: MOlllHOCTH 1-1 HX MOHTa)K

MJIT-0,5 conpon1sJiem1eM He Mettee 30 rpa.n,yRpyroT B qacT0TaX. .[(eTeKTOP

KOM, ynmKl-IB Ha HX KOpnycax BHaBaJI no 60
BHTKOB npoBona TT'.3B-1 0,12- 0.15.
.[(eTaJIR 3Toro 6noKa nepe.n.aTqHKa pa3-
Memaii: Ha IlJiaTe, npl-l.Llep>KRBa11ch
pHc. 354, qTO l-l36aBl-IT Te6si OT cnyqaHHblX
oum.6oK. Bee coe.n,1-IHRTenhHhie npoBO.UHR-
KH .UOJDKHhI 61,1Tb BO3MO>KHO KOpoTKl-IMH.
TpaH3l-ICTOpbI BnaHBaH no Mepe HacTpoii-
l<H t<aCKa.n,oe: CHalfaJia TpaH3RCTOp V6 3a-
.na10wero reHepaTopa. JaTeM, Kor.na HaJia-
.nmm, '.HOT KacKa,ll, TpaH3l-ICTOphI V7
ycHJIHTeJISI MOWHOCTl-l.
Kor.n.a cMOHTHpyelllb 3a.n,a10w1-1ii reHe-
paTop, Il0)lBe,llH K JiaMeJISIM 9 11 11 nnaTbI
IlHTaIOlUee HanpIDKeHHe 12 B. EcmI 0llll-l-
6oK B M0HTa>Ke HeT 1-I .n,eTaJll1 npe.n,Bapl-l-
VJ - JI106oii ToqeqHbIR ,nHO.U. MHKpoaM-
nepMeTp PA1 Ha TOK 100-500 MKA.
KaTyUJKy BOJIHOMepa H8MOT8li Me,llHbIM
npoBO,ll0M nHaMeTpOM 1,5- 1.8 MM Ha Kap-
Kace ,llHaMeTp0M 32 MM, HanpRMep Ha
nnaCTMaCCOB0M U0K0Jie pa.n.nonaMnbl
6H8C, 6TT6C HJIH HM no.uo6ttoii: qHCJIO
Bl-ITKOB ceMb, paccTOS!Hl-le Me>Kn.y BHTKaMH
1,5-2 MM. KoHI.J,hl KaTylllKH 3aKpem-I B OT-
1-I vs VI ,11.98

m
TeJibH0 npoBepeHhI, reHepaTop )lOJDKeH I
cpa3y HaqaTb pa6oTaTb. TToTpe6yeTCSI
T0JlhKO ycraHOBHTb ,llRanaJ0H reHepH-
pyeMblX HM Kone6aHliii, qTo M0>KH0 c.ue- Mfu,
naTh no pe3OHaHCHOMY BOJlHOMepy.
CxeMa H KOHCTpy.KUHS! npOCTOfO pe3O-
HaHcHoro BOJIHOMepa IlOKa3aHbl Ha
p11c. 357. TTpH6op npencTaBru1eT co6oii
.nereKTOpHbm npReMHl-IK, Ha BbIXO.U KOTO-
poro MO>KHO no.n.KmOqHTb l-IH,1U1KaTOp Ha-
CTp0iiKH - MHKp0aMnepMeTp PA1 mm ro-
JI0BHbie Tene<poHbI B 1. IIIKany npR6opa P1-1c. 357. PeJOHaHCHbIH BOJIHOMep

367
Bepcnrnx, npocBepneHHbIX B KapKace. KoH-
11eHcaTop Cl - noncTpoe'lHbIH c B03,llyrn-
HbIM ,llli3JieKTplilCOM liJIH KepaMWiecIGiH
nma KfIK-L TipH T~KHX )IaHHbIX KOHTypa
BOJIHOMep nepeKpbmaeT ,llHana3OH 'iaCTOT
npHMepHo OT 25 .uo 32 Mn.(.
lknonb3YSI KOH.UeHcaTop KTIK, Y.llJIHHH
ocb ero poTopa, np1maS1B K Heu cmny oT-
pe3oK TOJICTOM npoBOJIOKH, Ha KOTOpbIH
MO)KHO Haca.L(HTb pyqKy C yxa3aTeJieM Ha-
CTpoHKH np116opa.
L(eTaJIH np116opa MOHTHpyM ua reTMUaK-
COBOH IlJiaCTHHe, KOTopyro y.uo6uo 6bIJIO
6bl .uep>KaTb B pyKe. J],m1 rpa.ay11poBaHHSI
llJKaJibl BOJIHOMepa Te6e npH,llCTCSI o6pa-
THTbCSI B MCCTHyi-0 paJlMOUIKOJIY H.JIM
cnopTHBHo-TeXHM'iecKHH Kny6 AOCAA<l>,
a pan11ona6opaTopmo cTaHUHH 11nH Kny6a
JOHbIx TexHHKOB, r)le ecTb YKB cHrttan-re-
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reHepaTopa no,uKJIJO'lH KaTyrnKy m Tpex-
'ieTblpex BHTKOB npOBO)la ,[[HaMeTpOM
25 30 MM, a Bo3ne pacnonm1m KaTymKy
BOnHOMepa. no.nae Ha BbJXO.lJ. CHrHaJI-re-
HepaTOpa CHrHaJI 'iaCTOTOH 28,85 Mru,
npoMO.llYmrpOBaHHblli KOJie6aHJ•I.SIMH 3BY-
KOBOH 'iaCTOTbI, Hacrpoif Ha Hero KOHTYP
BOJIHOMepa. B MOMCHT pe30HaHca B Tene-
<pottax, flO,llKJIIOlfCHHbIX K BblXO.llHbIM 3a-
)KHMaM BOJIHOMepa, )lOJDKeH OTlfCTJIMBO
npoc.rryurnBaTbCSl 3BYKOBOH TOH MO.UyJISI-
UHH, a CTpeJJKa MHKpOaMnepMeTpa, no.n-
KJil:O'IeHHOf O BMCCTO TCJICQ)OHOB, ,[[OJl>KHa
naBaTb Ha1160Jibll1ee OTKJIOHCHHC. lhMe-
HSlSI HEUl,yKTHBHOCTb KaTylllKH KOHTypa
BOJIHOMepa nyTeM c6.mnKeHHSl ee BHTKOB
HJIH yBe.rrn:qeutteM paccTOSIHHSl Me>K.ny HH-
Ml1, .no6eHCSI, qT06bI Hacl pOHKa BOJIHOMe-
pa Ha :ny qacToTy c11Tttan-re1-1epaTopa 6b1-
na np11 cpe)lHCH CMKOCTH KOHTypHOfO
KOH.UeHcaTopa CL 3aTeM, y>Ke He TporaS1
BHTKOB KaTylIIKH, nporpaJJ,yHpyi1 BCIO lUKa-
ny qaCTOT, nepeKpbIBaCMbIX BOJIHOMepoM.
3aKOH'iMB rpanyHpOBKY WKaJibl BOJIHO-
Mepa, cpa3y >Ke BHTKJi KaTylllKH npttKJieH
K ee Kapxacy KJieeM E<l>-2, 'lJ.T06hI OHM He
CilOJ13aJIH, HHa'ie MO>KeT H3MCHHTbCSI co6-
CTBeHHaSl qacTOTa KOHTypa, HapyumThCSI
rpa)lyHpOBKa WKaJlbl nptt6opa.
Tenepb, norrh3YSICb pe3oHaHCubIM YKB
BOJIHOMepoM KaK 3TaJIOHOM, Thl .llOJI>KeH
HacrpottTb KOHTYP 3a,ua10wero reHeparo-
pa nepe,uaT1unca Ha qacTOTY 28,1
Mru - cpe,LlHIOIO 'iaCTOTY yqacTKa
28,0-28,2 Mfu. ,n:enaif 3TO Tax. KaTylIIKy
BOJIHOMepa IlO,UHCCH K KaTylllKe Ll KOHTY-
pa reHepaTOJYd Ha paCCTOSIHHe 2- 3 CM.
llpH 3TOM poTOp IlO,!lCTpOC'IHOfO KOH,l.{CH-
CaTOJ)'d C13 yCTaHOBH B TIOJlO>KeHHe cpe.u-
Heii eMKOCTH, a uerm 6a3a - 3MHTTep TpaH-
368
P11c. 358. Jl,onOJIHltTeJibHble 113MepHTeJibHble
u.en11 JJ.JISI HacTpOHKH 3a,naiorn;ero reHepaTopa
3HCTOpOB V7 H V8, IlOKa He BilaslHHbIX
B ycHJIHTem, MOWHOCTH, 3aMeHH 3KBMBa-
JICHTHbIMH: napannenbHOH ueno'IKOH H3
pe3HCTOpa conpOTHBJieHHeM 100 OM
H KOH.UeHCaTopa CMKOCTblO 24 n<l>. Ecm1
He y.naeTcSI nepeMemeHtteM cep,ne'IHHKa xa-
rylllKH Ll HacTpOMTh KOHTYP Ha HY>KHYJO
"lfaCTOTY, TO COOTBCTCTBeHHO H3MeHSIH 'IMC-
JIO BMTKOB KaTylllKH. IlO)IfOIIB:Y MH,Ll:YKTHB-
HOCTH KaTylllKH Ll MO)Kelllb C'iMTaTb 3a-
KOHqeHHOH, ecJIH nptt cpen.HeM nOJIO>KCHMli
cep.ne•rnHKa 'IacToTa 3an.a10wero reHepa-
Topa 6mnKa K 28,1 Mfu.
Tenepb nepexon0 K HaCTJX)ttKe KOHTypa
L2Cl3. AnSI 3Toro co6epH Ha miaTe D.Be J.lO-
nonmne.JlhHh1e H3Mep11TeJlbHb1e uenH, cxe-
MhI KOTOpbIX noKa3aHbl Ha pHc. 358 cnpa-
aa. ,[{HO.Uhl (Jl:9 HJIH .n:2 c mo6bIM
6yKBeHHhIM HH.UeKCOM, HO O)IHOTHilHbie)
npHilaSIH Henocpe)ICTBeHHO K TeM MOH-
Ta)KHbIM CTOHKaM, K KOTOpbIM ,UOJI>KHbl
TIO)IKJUO'iaTbCSI 6a30Bbie BblBO.llbl TpaH3H-
CTOpoB V7 M V8 (Ha pHc. 354, 6
tt 358 - TO'IKM a tt 6). Bpawas1 poTop KOH-
.ueHcaTopa C13, Jl06ei1CS1 MaKCHMaJihHbIX
noKaJamrn MHKpoaMnepMeTpoB PA. Ecnu
TTOKa3aHHSI nptt6opoB pa3JIH'iaJOTCSI 6om,-
llle 'IeM Ha 20- 300/4, TO C)],BMHb no6m-:nKe
BMTKH B TOH ceKUHH KaTylllKH L3, B u.entt
KOTOpoH MeHbllJHH TOK. Tiocne HacTpOHKH
3a.ua10wero reHepaTopa .ueTailll .aononHH-
TeJihHbIX H3MepMTeJ1bHblX ueneii y.uanH,
Bnam TpaH3HCTOpbI V7 11 V8 H nepeXOJ.lH
K HaJla)KMBaHHIO YCHJIBTeJISI MOll{HOCTH.
Kone6aTeJibHbIH KOHTYP L4C20 ycttJIH-
reJUl MOWHOCTH HacTpattBaii B pe3oHaHc
c qacTOTOH rettepaTopa B raxon nocneno-
saTeJihHOCTM. AHTeHHYJO KaTylIIKy L5 Ha-
rpy3KH Ha pe3HCT0p conpoTHBJ1em1eM 75
OM, COOTBCTCTBYIOII..{Hli conpoTHBJieHIH-0
H3JiyqeHMSI HacTpoeHHOH aHTeHHhl. IlapaJI-
neJibHO 3TOMY pe3ncTopy no.uKmo•m Ta-
Kyro )Ke H3MepnTCJibHyro ~enb, Kaxyro Thi
TTO,[[KJlJO'iaJI K O.UHOMY H3 IlJIC'i KaTylllKM
L3, HO c MHJIJD-taMnepMeTpoM Ha TOK
1 MA. B MOMCHT HacTpOHKM KOHTypa
L4C20 B peJOHaHc c lfacToron reHepaTopa
IIOKa3aHHe npn6opa ,lJ,OJDKHO 6b1Tb MaKCH-
MaJlbHO.
Hacrpa0Bas1 KOHTyp1,1 L2Cl 3 0 IAC20,
pOTOpbl IlO)lCTpoe~mbIX KOH)leHCaTopoB
Cl3 " C20 Bpamaii OTBeprKoii, MJroTo-
BJieHuon 03 opraHH11ecKoro cTeKJia, '36omi-
Ta ttJIH Jlpyroro JlH'.:UieKrptt11ecKoro Mare-
pttaJia.
CttMMerp11.qHOCTh pa6oTb) BhlXO)lHhIX
rpau3ttcTopoB npome Bcero onpe.nemnh,
C)YclBHHBasl IlOCTORHHbie HanpR)l(eHHR Ha
pe3ttcropax R26 tt R27. CTpH OJlHHaKOBhIX
KOJUieKTOpHbIX TOKaX o6oHX TpaH3MCTO-
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paBHbI, TO 3aMeHH TpaH3MCTOpbI V7 M vs
.npyrMMil C O,UMHaKOBbIMH napaMeT-
paMH.
Bee 'JJieMeHTbl nepe.n,aTl.J:MKa, BKJIIOl.J:aSI
aineHHY, KHOilKli ynpaBJieHHSI, 6aTapero
J,f BbIKJIIOl.J:aTeJib IlttTaHMSI, yKpentt Ha mu.i:e-
BOM naHeJIH ero <pynrnpa (p11.c. 359) tt coe-
JlHHH MHOrO)l(MJibHbIMll M3OJIHpoBaHHbIMM
npOBO)lHHKaMH. '.:hy naHeJih Bblpe)l(b M3
JIMCTOBoro amoMMHHR TOJIIUMHOM 1,5- 1,8
MM. 0TBepcTHR B naHeJIH CBepm-1 C y11eTOM
pa3MepoB JleTaneii. EcJIH y re6R He OKa-
)l(eTcR IlO.[0(O,lJ,RIUHX KHOilOK, 3aMeHH liX
TyM6nepaMH. TinaTy 3a.na10mero reHepa-
Topa C ycttJIHTeJieM MOIUHOCTH M mraTy
MO.UYJIRTopa Kpenn K naHe;m Ha Tpy6-
G:aTbIX CTOMKax JlJIHHOH 30- 35 MM, a 6aTa-
pero IlHTaHMR (Tptt 6aTapett 3336J1)- c no-
MOIUhlO )l(eCTRHbIX XOMYTOB.
AHTeHHa nepe.n,aT'IHKa - 0Tpe30K TOJI-
CTOH Me.n,HOH npoBOJIOKM, aJilOMHHtteBOU
HJIH naTyHHoii Tpy6Ktt )lJIHHoii 1,6 M. Ono-
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CTOHKa srnm1eTCSI O,UHOBpeMeHHO KOHTaKT-
HOH, coe)lHHRIOlll.ett aHreHHY C KaTylIIKOH
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na npHeMHHKa 3ByKoynpaBJISleMOH MO,ne-
J]l{.
TI p»cTynaH K HaJia)KHBaHHJO CBepx pere-
ttepaTopa, npoBepb Hanp.sr)Kett11.sr B TO'IKax
a, 6 11 B (CM. pHC. 361). B TO'IKe a 0THOCH-
TeJlbHO IlJIIOCOBOro npOBOJl,HMKa Hanp51)Ke-
HHe Ill1TaHHSI )],OJl)KHO 6h1Tb rrpHMepHO 2,
B TOqKe 6-6, B TO'IKe B OK0JI0 2 B. HaM-
BhffOJI.Hdiumil pe)KHM pa6oTbI csepxpere-
ttepaTopa ycTattaBJ111Baii no)16opoM pe311-
CTopa R2 ,neJI.HTeJIH ttanp.sr:JKett11si R2, R3.
BMecTO Hero MO:JKHO Bl1a51Tb nepeMeHHblll
pe3HCTOP conpOTl1BJieHl1eM 47- 51 KOM M
c ero IlOMOI.llhlO no6MBaThCSI xapaKTepHO-
ro n11.sr cBepxperettepaTopa «cynepttoro»
rnyMa B BhlCOKOOMHhlX Te11e<J:>ottax, no,n-
KmotJeHHhIX K K0HTaKTaM 4 H 5. ]aTeM
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3- 5 M. TionpocH TOBapHU\a no,uaBaTh He-
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uaJI, a Thi, H3MeH.sr.H cep,uetJ:HHKOM HHLJ:YK-
THBHOCTh KaTyllIKH Ll BXO,nuoro KOHTypa,
ttacTpa11Baii np11eMHl1K Ha Hecymy10 tJ:a-
CTOTY nepenaTlfHKa. Ec1111 TOJihKO cepnetJ:-
HHKOM He y.naeTCSI TOtfHO HaCTp011Th KOH-

373
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23
TIPMrJIAIIIEHME B PAJJ:110-
CTIOPT
Tbl, HQi}erocb, Ha CBOeM AUl.lHOM onbime
y6ei}uAC.R 6 moM, llmO pMUOA106umeA&CmBO
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meopllecmeoM. 3mo KOHcmpyupoeaHue pa-
i}uoeeu,ame.11bH&1x npueMHUKOB u ycuAume-
Aeu 3'C/, U3MepumeA&H&ix npu6opoe u aemo-
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napamypbl meAeynpaeAeHUR, 3ey1<0Janucu
U MHOZOZO i}pyzozo. 6 OCHOBe ll€W Ae:HCum
pai}uo3Ae1<mp0Hu1<a. C He1<omopbl.MU' Hanpa-
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cmea mbl y.,,ce 1Ha1<0M.
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HanpaBAeHue, Ha3bl.BaeMoe pai}uocnopmoM.
llo(}f.lep1<uea10: cnopmoM. A cnopm, KaK u3-
eecmHo, 3mo cucmeMamul.leCKue mpeHupoe-
Ku, copeeHoeaHUR, no6ei}b1 u Heyi}a11u-e
cnopme ece 6b1eaem. Ho ynopcmeo ecezoa
no6e:>,ei}aem.
B 3mou 6ecei}e R xol.l y pacc1<a3amb me6e
o t}eyx euoax paouocnopma: 06 «oxome Ha
AUC», HQ3blBaeMOM maK:>tCe cnopmueHOU pa-
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6 paouocnopm.
HallHY c «oxombl Ha AUC».
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.z:monepe.n;a'flIHKll, KOTOpbie pa3MemaroT
B necy, B KycTapHHKe, Ha nomrnax. Ka-
374
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n11ocnopTCMeH-<<OXOTHHK» MOr YBH.D:eTb ee
c paCCTO.RHlUI He 6onee 3-5 M. BMecTe
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JIHC H cyneii copeBHOBaHHH. B 38BHCHMO-
CTH OT YCJIOBHH copeBHOBaHHH q11cno JIHC
Ha MeCTHOCTH MO)l(eT 6hITb OT ,ZI.Byx JlO
D.RTH, a BC.R Tpacca DOHCKa JIHC ,ZI.OCTHraeT
HecKOJihKHX KHJIOMeTp0B.
Ka)IC,n:OH JIHCe npHCBaHBaeTC.R HOMep:
rrepahrn, BTOpou: 11 T. n. OnepaTop1,1 n11c
nooqepe.uHo, poBHO no MHHyTe, ae.n:yT
nepe,n:aq11: «.SI: n11ca nepaa.R, .R JIHca nep-
J38jl)>, «.SI: JIHCa BTOpa.R, .R JIHCa BTOpa.R»...
KoHqaeT pa6oTaTh nocne,ZI.HSl..R JIHCa, TYT
)Ke HaquHaeT nepe,n:aqy nepaajl. Bee nHc1,1
pa6oraIOT Ha 0.D:HOM HJ paJlHOJII06HTeJllr
CKHX ,ZI.Hana30HOB: 80 (3,5--3,65 Mru), 10
(28-29,7 Mru) HJIH 2-MerpOBOM
(144-146 Mru) .z:manaJoHax. )].n.R Ha-
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80-MeTpOBbIH .z:mana30H.
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np~eMHHK, Hac-rpa11aaeMbIH Ha pa6o1me
qaCTOTbl JIHC. Tiom.Jy.RCb HM KaK neneHra-
TOpOM, OXOTHHK .n:oJDKeH HaHTH acex JIHC
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no)l(eHH.R 4>epp11Toeoro cTep)l(H.R ero Mar-
HHTHOH aHTeHHbI no OTHOWeHHIO K paJlHO-
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reM, qTo MarHHTHajl aHTeHHa o6na.naeT
HanpaaJieHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH (pHC. 364).
rpoMKOCTb npHeMa 6y,ZI.eT MaKCH.MaJlbHOH,
Korna _?Cb cTep)l(H.R, a 3HaqHT, H OCb HaMO-
TaHHOH Ha HeM KaTyWKH BXOJlHOro KOHTy-
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HHH Ha pa,ZI.HOCTaHUHIO, rpoMKOCTb npH-
eMa 6yneT MHHHMaJihHOH.
PaCCMOTpH xopoweHhKO pHC. 365. Ha
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HanpaBJieHHOCTH MarHHTHOH aHTeHHbl w
C q>eppHTOBblM CTep)l(HeM. HanpaBJieH-
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npaBJICHH0CTH HMeeT ,nsa CHMMeTpWIHblX ,[{enaJOT 3ro TaK, IlpHCMHHK, Ha-
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Kpyr BepTHKaJlbHOH OCH ,no nonyqeHHSI
qeTICO BbipIDI<eHHOro MHHHMJMa rpOMKO-
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~,lluca" ,llHarpaMMY HanpaeJieHHOCTH.
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peeo:ir (pHc. 366). Illn1peeaR aHTeHHa Wl
HMeeT Kpyroeyro ,llHarpaMMJ HanpaeneH-
Hocrn, H ecnH oHa onpe,neneHHbIM o6pa-
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npaBJICHHhIMH CBOHCTBaMH HMCIOll{YIO TaKOH BHll, Ha3hIBaJOT KapOUOU-
OOU. Bo BpeMR IlOHCKa JIHCbl OXOTHHK no-
Jlb3yeTc.R o6eHMH aHTeHHaMH. no MaKCH-
+HOKCIIM!JM MYMY Kap,nHOHllbI, Kor,na ,neu:cTBYJOT o6e
aHTCHHbl, OH HaxO,llHT CTOpOHbl, rne Haxo-
AHTC.R JIHCa. TO'lfHOe >Ke HanpaeJieHHe Ha
n11cy oH onpenem1eT no MHHHMYMY TOJib-
KO MarHHTHOH aHTeHHbl.
,[(JISI IlOHCKa JIHCbl MO>KHO TaK>Ke IlOJib-
3OBaTbC.R paMoqHoH aHTCHHOH-KaTyillKOH
cpaBHHTeJibHO 60JibillHX pa3Mepoe, HMelO-
meii <l><>PMY KoJibna HJIH np.RMoyroJibHoii
paMKH. 3TO TO>Ke MarHHTHaR aHTeHHa, TaK
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♦ MQNCUM!JM
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HaR aHTeHHa C q>eppHIDBbIM CTe~HeM.
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HaKCUHIH TaKoij aHTeHHbl 61,1saeT TOrJJ;a, Kor,na IlJIO-
WT CK0CTb paMKH HaxO)J:HTC.R B eepTH.KaJibHOM
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Ha «JIHCy». IlpH IlO,llKJIIO'lfCHHH K paMO'lf-
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CTopoHHeii uanpaeneHHOCThJO aHTeHHbl.

375
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376
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377
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378
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noch 320 nap rnaroe. Orc10,lla H.ZlH B .llPY-
roM nanpaenemm, uanpHMep no aJHMYMY
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180° H, on.RTb-TaKH no npHeMHHKY H KOM-
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379
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384

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385
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THBJICHHH pe3HCTopos R9, R14 H R15. Ha
3T0 BpeMSI ICOH.llCHCaTop C13 Ha BXO)le
yCHJIHTCJISI MO)l(HO OTKJIIO"IHTb OT <l>HJlbT-
pa R5C12. OpHeHTHpOBO'IHble 11anp.H)l(e-
HHS1 Ha 3JICKTpo)lax TpaH3HCTOpoB, yi:a-
3aHHbie Ha npHHUHDHaJlbHOH CXeMe, H3MC-
peHbl BOJlbTMeTpoM Il0CT0JIHHOfO TOICa
C OTHOCHTCJibHblM BXO)lHLIM conpoTHBJie-
HHCM 10 KOM/B.
CHa'laJia no)l6opoM pe3HCTopa R15
yCTaH0BH Ha 3MHTTepax TpaH3HCTOpoB V8
H V9 Hanp.H)l(eHHe, paBH0C IlOJIOBHHe Ha-
np.H)l(CHHSI 6aTapeH IlHTaHHSI, a 3aTeM IlO)l-
6opoM R14-TOK e KOJIJICITOpHOH uenH
TpaH3HCTopa V8, paeHh.m: 0,5--0,6 MA. Ha
BpeWI 3aMeHbl pe3HCT0pa R14 IlHTaHHe
BblKJIIO'laH, HHa1:1e BLIXO)lHble TPaH3HCTOpbl
M0ryT BbIHTH H3 CTpOJI. Ilocne 3TOfO IlO)l-
6opoM pe3HCTOpa R9 ycTaH0BH pe)l(HMLI
TpaH3HCTopos V5 H V6. IlpH3Ha.ICoM pa-
OOTLI yCHJIHrenSI cJiy)l(HT $oH nepeMeHHO-
ro TOICa, IlOSIBJIJIIOI.l{IIHC.H B Tene<t>ouax
npH KacaHHH 6a3LI TpaH3HCTopa V5.
)];anee nposep1,, pa6oraeT JIH reTepo-
JlHH. IlapaJIJieJlbHo -xoimeHcaropy Cl0
nO)llCJIIO"IH BOJlbTMCTp IlOCT0SIHHoro TOICa,
a 3aTeM 3aMKHH ICOH,D;CHcaTop C6 ICpaTKO-
BpeMCHHO IlHHUCTOM IUIH OYpe31COM npo-
BO,ll,a. Ee.rm reTepo)lHH pa6oTaeT, TO Ha-
np.H)l(CHHC Ha KOHJleHcaTope Cl0 JlOJDKHO
H3MCHJITbCJI.
Tenepb, IlOJlh3YJICb reHepaTOpoM ICOJie-
6amm pa.ztHO'laCTOTLI, Ha)lO ycTaHOBHTL
rpaHHULI nOJIOCLI 1IaCTOT, nepeKpLieaeMOH
KOH)lCHcaT0poM C8 reTepo)lHHH0r0 ICOHTy-
pa, H HaCTpoHTL KOHTYP L2C4 yCHJIHTeIDI
pq H KOHTYP Ll Cl paMO'IHOH aHTCHHhl
Ha 11aCTory 3,6 Mru. )];enaii 3T0 s TaICoif
IlOCJIC,lJ,OBaTCJibHOCTH. BoCCTaHOBH COCJlH-
'HCHHC KOH,D;CHcaropa C13 c <l>HJlbTp0M
R5C12. PoTop 1eoH1IeHCaTopa C8 «Ha-
cTpoHICa» noCTaBb B IlOJIO)l(CHHe cpe)lHCH
CMKOCTH, a HCMO)lJJIHJX)BaHHh.IH CHrHaJI
reHeparopa, uacTpoeHHoro Ha 11aCT0'fY
3,6 Mrn, no)lai Ha nes1,m (no cxeMe) BLI-
eo.n IC0ff.llCHCaTopa C2. Hanp.H)l(CHHe CHr-
Hana reHepaTopa He JlOJDKHo 6L1Tb 6oJlb-
we 1 MB. BpalllaB no,nCTpoet1Hb.m: cep.ne11-
HHIC Ka'fYUIICH 13 KOHTJpa reTepo.n;HHa,
)l06eHC.H IlO.HBJICHHJI B rene4>cmax 3ByKa
cpenHeii TOHa.Jll,HOCTH. lleM MCHbWC ypo-
BCHb BXO)lH0r0 CHrHana, TCM 'ICT'IC 6y.ner
upocJiyllIHBaTLCSI B Tene<t>ouax 3T0T MO-
MCHT.
MO)l(eT CJIY"IHTLCJI, 'ITO ,no6HTLCJI Tpe-
6yeMOH HacTpoHICH TOJlblCO Il0.llCTp0e11HblM
cep.n;e11HHICOM He y)laCTCJI. IlpH'IHHOH MO-
)l(eT 6bITL HC.llOCTaTOIIHaJI HJIH CJIHllIICOM
6oJlbwa.s H~ICTHBHOCTb re-repo,ll,HHHOH
ICaTyIIIKH. B TaIC0M cny1Iae nepecrpoiilCoii
'laCTOTLI reHepaT0pa MO)l(HO .no6HTLC.H no-
.RBJICHHJI 3ByKa B Tene<t>oHax, no ero IIIIC8JIC
y3HaTL Y.llBOCHH}'IO 11aCTOTY reTepo)lHHa
H TaKHM o6pa30M onpe.nenHTb, B ICaKYIO
CT0poH)' H}')KHO H3MCHJ1Tb CMICOCTb KOH-
)lCHCaT0pa C6 .IJ;JI.S ,llOCTIDICCHH.H 33,1:UlHHOH
HacTpoHICH reTepo)lHHa.
rpaHHULI nonocbl 'lacTOT rerepo.n;HHa
onpe.n;em no cumanaM reHeparopa. Cur-
Harr 11acT0Toif 3,5 Mru (HH31eo11acromaJ1
rpaHHua JJ;Hanasoaa) ,noJDICeH npocJIYIIIH-
BaTLCH npu HaHOOJlbIIIei eMKOCTH ICOH,D;CH-
caropa C8, a CHraan 11acT0Toii 3,65 Mrn
(BbICOICO'laCT0mag rpaH11Ua)-npH ero
HaHMCHbIIIei CMK0CTH. 11To61,1 nonocy 'la-
CTOT pacnIHpHTL (ecJIH 3T0 He06XOJJ;HMO),
CMKOCTb ICOH,D;CHCaTOpa C7 YBCJIHllHBaii,
a 'IT06&1, Hao6opoT, c.nenan ee 6onee y3-
1eou, CMKOCTb 3T0ro ICOH,IJ;eHcaTopa yMem.-
wait
3areM nepexo.IJ;H IC HacrpoiiKe Harpy3011-
Horo IC0HTYpa yCHJIHTeJIJI pq H KOHTypa
paMO"IHOH aHTeHHhl. CHrHaJI OT rCHepaTO-
pa 11aCToroii 3,6 Mru u aMIIJIHry.noii
100-200 MKB no)lai Ha exo.n npHeMHHICa,
o6epeys npoB0.ll OT reHeparopa B01Cpyr
KOJibUa paMO'IHOH aHTCHHhl .nsa-TpH pa3a
(CBJ13b Tenepb 6y)leT HH.nJKTHBHOH). KoH-
TYP L2C4 HacrpaHBaii no.ncTpoe1IHblM cep-
.ne11HHKOM KaTyllIICH L2, a ICOHTYP paMO'I-
HOH aHTeHHbl - IlO~CTpoetlHhIM KO~eHca-
TOpoM Cl. no Mepe HaCTpoHICH ICOHTypoB
Ha 11acT0'fY 3,6 Mrn lfYBCTBHTCJlbHOCTL
npHeMHHJ:a H, CJJC,lJ,OBaTCJlbHO, rpoMKOCTL
3sy1ea s rene<t>oHax B03pacrae-r. 1IT06L1
B03MO)l(H0 T0'IHee yJIOBHTL MOMCHT pe30-
HaHca, aMIIJIHTYJlY CHrHaJia yMCHbWaH no-
CTCIIC,HHO. HacTpoiiICy 3THX ICOHTJpoB Ha
cpe)lHIOIO 'laCTO'fY JJ;Hana3oHa M0)l(HO C'IH-
TaTb 3aKOH'ICHHOH, CCJIH JII06oe H3MCHe-
HHe no,nCTpoe"IHOl"0 cep,net1HHK3 Ka'fYIIIIC:H
L2 HJIH eMKOCTH KoH,IJ;eHcaTopa Cl ICOHTY-
pa paMO'IHOH aHTCHHbl conpoBO)ICJJ;aeTC.S
CHIDl(CHHCM rpoMKOCTH 3B)'11aHH.H TCJiect,o-
HOB.
EcJIH HaH60nbWU CMKOCTb KOH,IJ;eHca-
T0pa Cl oJCR)l(eTCH He.nocraT0'IHoii JlJIJI
TO'IHOH HacTpoHICH paMO'IHOH aHTCHHbI Ha
11aCTO'fY 3,6 Mr:rt Tor.n;a napannem.Ho eM)'
nO,llKJII01IH KCpaMH'leCKHH HJIH CJilO)lJIHOH
KOH,D;CHcaTop CMKOCTLIO 30-47 n<I> u Ha-
C11)0HICY nOBTOpH.
3aBep111a10midi 3Tan - uacrpoHKa aH-
TeHHb1 .IJ;Jlj[ nony11e1DU1 JJ;HarpaMMbI Hanpa-
387
BJICHH0CTH B 4>opMe 1eap.zumH,LU,I. )];eJiaTb
3TO Ha.no no HCMOJlYJIHpoBa.HHLIM CHrHa-
JiaM nepenaT11HKa-JIHCL1 C eepTHICaJihHOH
aJITeHHOH Ha OTKpLITOM MecTe H Ha pac-
CT0JIHHH OT nepe}l~HICa 100-150 M.
86JIH3H He ,llOJDKHO 6LITb 3}laHHH, lKCJle30-
6eToHHbIX coopyxceHHH H JIHHHH 3JieKTpo-
nepe.l{a'IH, nornomaromux HJIH pacceHearo-
mux 3Hepmro pa.l{HoBoJIH. Ha 3T0 epeMJ1
corJiacyroIIUIH pe3HcTop Rl 3a.Meuu nepe-
MCHHhIM HJIH nO}lCTpoe11HbIM pe3HCTOpDM
C HOMHHaJibHblM conpoTHBJICHHeM
5-7,5 KOM. BKJilO'IH nHramre, uacTp<>ii
npHeMHHK Ha CHrHaJI nepe}laT'IHICa H, no-
eopa'IHBaJI ero BOKpyr eepTHICaJILuoii OCH,
y6e)lHCb, lfT0 }lHarpaMMa HanpaBJICHHOCTH
OJlHOH paMo'IHoii aHTeHHLI HMeeT 4><>PMY
BOCbMCpl<H - }l0CTaT0lfH0 'ICTKO BblpWICCHhl
OCTpLie yrJibl CHMMCTpH'IHblX MHHHMyM0B.
Ilocne :noro npHCMHHIC DJI0CKOCTblO pa-
MO'IHOH aHTCHHhl B03MO:>KHO TO'IHee Ha-
npaeb Ha JIHcy, BICJilO'IH (KHOnKOH S1)
IIIThlpeBylO aHTeHHy, a 3aTeM noeepHH
npHCMHHIC Ha 180°' '1To61,1 cpaBHHTb rpoM-
ICOCTb npueMa JIHCl,I C JlByx Hanpaeneumt
HanpaBb npHeMHHIC Ha JIHcy MHHHMJMOB
Kap}lHOH)lhl H nepeMCHHhIM pe3HCT0poM
.Uo6eifoSI MHHHMaJibHOH rpoMICOCTH IlpH-
eMa OCTaeTCSI H3MCpHTb IlOJIY'IHBIIIeecSI
conpoTHBJieHHe nepeMeHHOr0 pe3HCT0pa
H 3aMeHHTb ero nOCT0SIHHbIM TaICoro :>Ke
conpoTHBJieHHB. IlocJie 3Toro, noJIL3yJICb
TCM )KC BLICOICO'laCT0THhIM reHepaTOpoM,
nporpa,nyHpyii 11IICany HaCTpoHICH npHeM-
HHICa.
llyBCTBHTeJibHOCTb npHCMHHICa no Ha-
npSl)KCHHOCTH nOJISI MOlKHO H3MCpHTb no
cxeMe, IlOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 381. )lIDI 3TO-
ro ICJ)OMC reHepaTopa Pll noTpe6yeT-
CSI eme MHJIJIHB0JILTMeTp nepeMeHHoro
TOKa H K:wt.l{paTHaSI paMKa co CTOpoHOH
380 MM, comyTaSI H3 MC)J;HOH npoBOJIOICH
}lHaMCTp<>M 3-5 MM. 0cHOBOH paMKH MO-
------
PHC. 381. CxeMa H3MepeHHJI 'IYBCTBHTeJibHOCTH
npHCMHHia no H3DpH)l(CHHOCTH IlOJIJI
388
lKCT 61,1Tb KpecTOBHHa H3 cyxmt._ Jlpe-
BCCHbIX nnaeoK. llepe3 cornacyromHii pe-
3HCTop R, KOTOpLIH Jl0JDKeH 6LITh 6e31:dH-
JlYICllHOHHLIM (HenpoBOJIO'IHbIM), paMKy
no}lKJilO'IH IC BLIXo.uy reHepaTopa Pl-I.
Cuaqana Ha,no H3MepuTb aanpSl)KeHHe IIIY-
Ma Ha BhIXOJle npHeMHHKa. )];nH noro na-
paJIJieJILHO r0JIOBHhIM Tene<l>onaM no}l-
KJilO'IH MHJIJIHBOJlbTMCTp nepeMCHHOro
TOKa, BKJilO'IH nHTaHHC H K0HJlCHCaT0poM
HaCTpOHICH C8 Ha.H}lH B pa6o'leM }lHana3o-
HC (3,5-3,65 Mru) yqaCT0IC, B KOTOpoM He
npocnyllIHMlOTCSI pa6oT3.1011UfC pa.l{HO-
CTaHIIHH H BHCIIIHHC n0MCXH. MlfJIJIH-
BOJibTMCTP noKa)I(eT HanpS1:>KeHee III)'Ma.
HopMaJILHLIM M0:>KH0 C'IHTaTb HailpSllKC-
HHe IIIYMa, paBH0C 0,125--0,15 B )lJIJI BhlCO-
KOOMHblX TeJie<l>oHOB HJIH 0,025--0,05 B
)J;JIJI HH3KO0MHLIX.
3aTeM, He H3MCHSISI HacrpoiiICH, pa3MC-
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'IT06LI DJIOCKOCTH paMKH H paMOIJHOH aH-
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MC:)l(Jzy HX reoMCTpH'leCICHMH ne\npaMH
paBHJIJIOCb 1 M. HacTpoii reHepaTop Ha
'laCTO'fY npHeMHHICa no MaKCHMaJibHOMY
HaDpSl)KeHHlO Ha rOJIOBHbIX TeJie4><>Hax
H yCTaHOBH. arreHlOaTOpoM reHepaTOpa
TaKoe HanpJDKCHHe curnana, npH KOT0poM
Ha TeJie(J>cmax npHeMHHKa 6yJJ;CT HailpSl)Ke-
HHe B 10 pa3 6onbllle HaDpSl)KCHHB IIIYMa.
3-ro Hanp.R)l(CHHe reHepaTopa H 6yJlCT xa-
' paICTepH30BaTb 'IYBCTBHTCJibH0CTI, npHeM-
HHKa no Ha,IIpSl)KeHH0CTH noJISI. K npHMC-
py, ecJIH BLIXO}lH0e HallpjJ)J(emie reHepaTO-
pa OICa3aJIOCb paBHLIM 20 MXB, 'IJBCTBH-
TeJibHOCTb npHCMHHKa COCTaBHT
20 MKB/M.
6onee no}lpo6Ho MeTo}lHICa H npaICTHKa
H3MepeHHS1 qyBCTBHTCJibHOCTH npHeMHHJCa
«JIHconoea» no HaIIpSl)KCHHOCTH IlOIDI H3-
JIO)KeHbl e mHre A. rpe11HXHHa «Copeeuo-
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1973, 176 c.).
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ro Kacxa.na, OT ICOTOpLIX BO MHOr0M 3aBH-
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MaJiaSI HX eMJCOC'f"b. 3-roMY Tpe6oBaHHlO
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JlHOi.1,r cepHH K,l{503. IloAOHJlYT TalOICe
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CTBBTeJILHOCTb npHeMHHICa C HHMH He-
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nepe.n;a'IH TOKa He MeHee 100.
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HblX TpaH3HCTOpax COOTBeTCTByIOIUeH Puc 382. CxeMa 3aMem,1 ,nuo,noe CMeCHTeJU1
cYpynyp1,1 (puc. 383): V8- H3 cepuii
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lllHH Ha 6a3ax 3THX TpaH3HCTOpoB HanpSl- K R16 KXl
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He HanpH>KeHHSI HCTOl.fHHKa IlHTamuI, yCTa-
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HHKa.
Ka Ha repMaHUCBbIX TpaH3UCTopax
PerynHp0BICa rpoMKOCTH MO)KeT 6bITb
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HeTPYJlH0 pelllHTb BKJIIOlfeHHeM nepeMeH-
Horo pe3HCTOpa (R' Ha pHC. 384) BO BXO,D,-
HYIO Uellh TpaH3HCTOpa V7 npe)lOKOHelf-
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na CTTO-0,15 HJIH c;no-o,5 HOMHHaJih-
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O,:JJ
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IlOJib30BaTb «Kpoay» HJIH aKKYMYnnop-
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<1>a:10HHBepCHoro H BhlXOllHOro KaCKa}lOB.
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R 14. EcJIH KpeMHHeBbie TpaH3HCTOpbl Bbl-
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BaTb TOK IlOKOSI He npH,lleTCH. KoCTu • -

389
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y cnex B copeBHOBaHIUIX no «OXOTe Ha
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,naTb HeKOTOpbie COBeTbl.
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npHeMHHK, no,uCTpoHTb aHTeHHY, ecnH B
3TOM IlOJlBHTCJl Heo6xo,nHMOCTb. IlHTalO-
maJI 6arape» ,nomKHa 6LITb cBe)KeH, HHa11e
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Ha CTapre Te6e Bpy'IaT KaPTY HJIH
rutaH MeCTHOCTH C noMeTJC:OH CTapTa H
KOHTpOnbHbIH 6HJieT, Ha KOTOPOM CY.l:\bH
npH JIHcax 6y,ny-r OTMe'laTb BpeM» HX Ha-
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no OCHOBHOH .D;OK}'MeHT OXOTHHKa. TioTe-
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,neHHe TpaCCbl, ,na)l(e ecJIH Tbl 6bICTpee
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yCTaHOBJieHo B «IlOJIO)KeHHH O copeBHO-
BaHHJIX». 1-IHCJIO JIHC Ha Tpacce H DOpMOK
DOHCKa HX Te6e H3BeCTHbI*. 3Ha'IHT, OCTa-
HOBHBWHCb B KOHUe CTapTOBOfO. KOPHJlO-
pa, TLI ,UOJl)l(eH BHHMaTeJibHO nocnywaTb
BCex JIHC H onpe)leJIHTb HX aJHMYTbl
(puc. 385). 3TH ,UaHHbie DOJie3HO HaHecTH
Ha KapTy. Oco6eHHO TmaTeJlbHO H3.)l0
onpe.ueJIHTb HanpaeneHHe Ha Ty JIHCY, KQ-
TOpy10 Tbl 6y)leWb HCKaTb nepBOH.
Onpe,ueJIJITb HanpaimeHHC Ha JIHcy Ha'IH-
Ha.H C HaX0>K,neHIUI npJlMOH, Ha ICOTOpoH
0Ha Haxo.nHTCJl. 31-o .neJialOT o6bl1fHO no
MHHHMJMY .nuarpaMMbl HanpaBJJeHHOCTH
paMO'lfHOH aHTeHHbI, T.e. MHHHMaJibHOH
rp0MIC0CTH npHeMa 3aTeM, nosepHyBWHCb
JIHnOM B CTOpOHY O,n;Horo H3 BO3MO)l(HbIX
HanpaBJ1eHHH, BICJIIO'IH WTbipeByJO aHTemzy
H TyT )Ke Hanpaeb MaKCHMYM tcap,nHOH)lhl
nonepeMeHHO Bnepe.n H Ha33.)l. CpaHHBajf
ypoBHH rpoMK0CTH CHfHaJIOB JIHCLI,. Tbl
TeM caMLIM onpe.neJIHillb HanpaBJICHHe, B
K0TOpoM H3.)lO 6e)l(aTb-Ty.na, JCY,Ua CM0T-
• Ha copeBHOBaHH.HX onbITHLIX cnoprCMeHOB
nop!IJ.{OK IlOHCKa JIHC npoH3BOJibHbdt, 'ITO yc-
no>KIDICT IlOHCK HX H npoxoxc,neHHe BCCH
Tpacci,1. Ha copeeuoeaHHHX Ha'IHHaJOll(HX OXOT-
HHKOB nop,i,uoic noHCKa JllfC 06LJ11HO C00611UlJOT
nepe,n CTapTOM HJDf Ha CTap-re.
390
Ce6ep
PHc. 385. CxeMa B03MO)l(Horo pa3MemeHHSI
u noHcJCa <mnc» Ha Tpacce
pHT MaKcHMyM Kap)lHOH)lbl. 11 Bee 3TO
H3.)l0 ycneTb 3a MHHYTY, DOKa pa6oTaeT
nHca. .
3aMeTHB BpeM» 0KOH'laHHJl pa6oTLl JIH-
Cbl, OTKJIIO'IH WTblpeByJO aHTeHHY H 6erH
B CTOpoHy JIHCbl. Kaic TOJibKO OHa CHOBa
Ha1IHeT pa6oTaTb, npoBepb HanpaBJieHHe
Ha ~ee no MHHHMYMY paM01IHOH aHTeHHhl.
IIITb1peBy10 anTeHHY BKJD011aii ec»ICHH pa3,
KOr,ua Ha)lO YTOIJHHTb HanpaeJieHHe Ha
;rncy, HanpHMep Kor.ua npo6e)KaJI ee H
Hanpae.rieHHe Ha Hee H3MeHHJIOCb.
Ho Mepe npH6nH)l(emu1 K JIHce HanpaB-
neHHe Ha Hee KaK 61,1 «pa3Ma3LIBaeTCJl»,
CTaHOBHTCJl MeHee omyTHMbTM Ha cnyx.
B 3TO BpeMJl H3.)l0 CHH3HTb IIYBCTBHTeJIL-
HOCTb npHeMHHICa HJIH y6aBHTb rpoMK0CTb
H 6b1Tb oco6eHHO BHHMaTCJlbHblM H Ha-
6JI10.naTCJILHblM - Be,D;b JIHCa MO)KeT 6b1Tb
COBCeM PMOM ! lfuor.na none3H0 6LIBaeT
npo6e)l(aTb necy, 'IT06bI 3aTeM, YTO'lfHHB
o6paTHOe HanpasneHHe, 6blCTpo o6Hapy-
)l(HTb ee. Cy.nLJl npe nuce CJlenaeT Ha
TB0CM ICOHTpOJibHOM fiHJieTe COOTBeTCT-
ey10my10 OTMeTicy. TenepL Thi CHOBa ,non-
)l(eH pewaTb ece Te 33.)la'IH, 0 KOTOpbIX
JI Te6e paccKa3a.JI 3,UCCL, HO y)l(e B HanpaB-
JieHHH Ha cne.ny10my10 nucy.
B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT o6meii: npoTJl)KeH-
H0CTH 1'paCCbI H 'IHCJia JIHC Ha HeH MJI
y11aCTHHKOB copeBHOBaHHH yCTaHaBJIHBaJOT
KOHTpOnbHoe BpeM». 3To MaKCHMaJlbHoe
BpeMJI, B TelleHHe KOTOporo yqaCTHIIK MO~
)l(eT HCKaTb JIHC H npH6b1Tb Ha ¢>HHHIII.
Ecmr OXOTHHK r.ue-To ,uonyCTHJI OWH6Ky
H c6HJICjJ c npaeHJibH0fO HanpaeJieHH»,
a KOHTp0JibHOe BpeM» eme He BbIWnO,
OH HMeeT npaB0 BepHyTbCJI Ha CTapT If
CH0Ba Ha11aTb' Il0HCK JIHC.
Bee 3TH H MH0rHe .npyrHe T0HKOCTH
TaKTHKH H TeXHHICH noHCKa JIHC Tbl }'3-
Haewb y)l(e B xo.ne nepBbIX copeBHOBaHHH
no 3T0MY yBneKaTeJU,H0MY BHAY pa.nHo-
cnopra.
PA)lHOCilOPTCMEHbl-KOPOTKO-
BOJIHOBHKH
B AHana3oHax KB H YKB ecTb y11aCTKH
BOJIH, r.ne HA)'T O)ICHBJieHHble pa3rOBOpb1
Me)KA)' pa,nHOJIIOOHTeJI.HMH pa3HbIX ropo-
A0B H ceJJ, crpaH, K0HmHeHT0B. 6bIBalOT
JJ.HH, Kor.na B 3CpHpe Me)K)ly HHMH HAeT
.npy)l(ecKaH 6opb6a 3a npaBo C11HTaTbCH
CHJJbHeHillHM, Il0JIJ'IHTb cnopTHBHbIH pa3-
PBA, AHnJJOM, 3BaHHe MaCTepa :noro BH.lla
pa.nHocnopra. CopesHyroTCH JIIOAH pa3HbIX
B03paCTOB H npot}>eccuii. CpeAH HHX ecTb
H TB0H csepCTHHKH. Ilo6e)K)laeT TOT, KT0
ny11we 3HaeT pa.nH03JieKTpOHHKY, KTO xo-
powo BJialleeT TeXHHKOH pa.nH,.onepe.na11H
H pa.nHonpHeMa.
Ilyn, B 3T0T BHA PaAH0Cil0pTa 0TICpbIT
H ,wrH re6a
JJ:nH JlBYCTOpoHHeH Jll06HTeJibCKoii pa-
AHOCBH3H Ha,D;0 HMeTb pa,llHOCTaHUHIO- ne-
pe,nayqmc H npHeMHHK, HacrpaHBaeMble Ha
O.D,HH u Te )l(e qaCTOTl,l. AHTeHmi - o6maSI
)lJUI nepe.nannKa H npHeMHl{ICa. Bo BpeMSI
nepe.na11H pa.nHocrroprcMeH no,nKJI1011aer ee
K BblX0.llY nepe.nanHKa, a BO BpeMSI npHe-
Ma - K BX0AY npHeMHHICa. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, Kor.na cnopTCMeH pa6oTaeT Ha csoeii
pa.nuocraHUHH, ero cnywaeT ToBapHIU no
3<f,Hpy. 3aKOH11HB coo6me1me, OH aHTeHHy
nepeKJI10'laeT Ha sxo.n npneMHHICa- nepe-
X0.llHT Ha npHeM. Ero )Ke K0ppecnoH,lleHT
B 3TO BpeMSI nepeKJI1011aeT aHTeHHY csoeii
CTall.UHH C npHeMHHKa Ha nepe.naT11HK.
Tenepb OH nepe.naeT Kaxue-To cse.nemm,
a.npecyeMhle nepsoMy crropTcMeey. TaK
MdlC.llY HHMH yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH JlBYCT0poH-
HSISI Jll06HTeJlbCKa.sI pa.nH0CBSl3b TeJie<l>o-
HOM, T. e. pa3rOBOpHOH pe11bl0.
CB.R3b MO)ICeT 6bITl, TenerpacpoM, Kor.na
BLI30B Koppecn0H'AeHra H o6MCH C HHM
coo6meHHSIMH np0HCXOAHT 3HaICaMH TeJie-
rpa4>HoH a36ym. B TaKHX cey11aJ1x co.nep-
)l(aHHe coo6meHHH Ko.nHpyeTcR Tenerpa<l>-
HhlM KJII0110M. B pe3YJibTaTe B 3<f>Hp H3-
ny11a10TCJI HMfiYJlbCbl HeMo.nynHpOBaHHbIX
3JieKTpoMarHHTHbIX KOJie6aH~ COOTBeT-
CTByIOIUHC 3By'laHHIO T011eK H mpe.
Jlio6HTeJibCICHe Pa.rtH0CTaHUHH MoryT
6bITh KaK KOJUieKTHBHbIMH, HanpHMep
crropTHBHO-TeXHH'leCKHX KJIY60B ,noCA-
AcJ>, WK0JI, ,nsopuoB H ,l{oMOB IlH0HepoB,
CTam:um: IOHblX TCXHHKOB, TaK H HH,llHBH-
.llYaJibHblMH. Ka)l(lIOH pa.llHOCTaHUHH npH-
CBaHBaeTcR no3LIBHOH- CBoeo6pa3HbIH a.ll-
pec, COCTO.RlllHH H3 HecK0JiblCHX 6yKB na-
THHCKoro aJiq>aBHTa H UHcpp Me)KA)' HHMH.
HanpHMep, UY5AG (Tene4><>HoM 3BY'IHT
TaK: Y Jibma, HrpeK, mrrepKa, AHHa, r eop-
ruii). IlepBble .use 6yKBbl xapaKTepH3YIOT
npHHa,wieXCHOCTI, CTaHUHH K TOH HJIH HHOH
CTpaHe, UHcppa- paHOH BHYTPH CTpaHbl,
noCJie,llHHe .use 6yKBbl - 3RK0AHP0BaHHaJI
«q>aMHJIHJI» .naHHOH CTaHUHH.
OIlblTHbIH pa.nHocnoprcMeH no n03bIB-
H0MY CTaHUHH MrHOBeHHO pacwH4>pyeT ee
a.npec. qTO )l(e KaCaeTCJI .npyrHX .lleTaJieH,
ICacalOIUHXCJI ee onepaTopa, 06 3T0M OH
Y3HaeT n0JIJTiHB OT Hero QSL-Kal)To11Ky-
KBHTaHUH10, nOATBep)K)laIOIUYIO COCTO.RB-
WYIOCH BCTpe'IY B 3<f,Hpe.
Ho nyTb B 3T0T YBJieKaTeJibHblH BH.ll
pa.nHocnopTa M0)ICH0 Ha11HHaTb C Ha6JI10-
.neHHS1 3a pa60TOH .npyrHX PaAH0CilOpT-
CMeH0B. Jl:JIJI 3Toro Ha.no HMeTb T0JiblC0
npHeMHHK. Ero BJia,D;eJibizy T0)ICe npHcBaH-
saeTCJI n03blBHOH Ha6JI10,llaTe.TIS1, H OH 06-
MeHHBaeTCJI QSL-KapTO'IICaMH (pHc. 386)
C TeMH cnopTCMeHaMH, pa3rOBOp KOTOpbIX
OH cnywan B 3<f,upe.
B pa.nH011aCT0THoM .nHana3oae KB pa-
AHOCnoprcMeHaM Bbl.lle.TieHO HeCIC0JibK0
cpaBHHTeJILHO Y'.31CHX (no qacTOTe) y11aCT-
KOB- n106HTeJibCICHX,llHana30H0B: 10-MeT-
poBLIH (28-29,7 Mru), 14-MeTpOBblH (21-
21,45 Mru), 20-MeTpoBbIH (14-14,35 Mru),
40-MeTpoBbIH (7-7,1 Mru) H 80-MeTpoBblH
(3.~3,65 Mru). A s 1979 r. cneUHaJibH0
)lJIJI Ha11HHalOll{HX pa.UHOCilOJYfCMeHOB, B
B03pa.CTe OT 14 JieT, rocy,napcmeHHOH
KOMHccueii no pa.nHo'laCToTaM CCCP Bbl-
.neneH eme 0.llHH JI106HTCJibCKHH AHana30H
pa.nuo11aCT0T- l60-MerpOBblH (1850-1950
nu). Ero TaK H Ha3bIBalOT: ,llHana30H
Ha11HHaIOll{HX. Ho OH nonyn.RpeH H cpe.nH
0ilbITHbIX KOp0TK0B0JIH0BHK0B. B 3T0M
Zone 18
UK1'J-
-I0:3-I
Qx-,-..NT.-.-
Puc. 386. QSL-kapTO'lka kOpoTkOBOJIHOBHICa-
Ha6mo,naTeJIJI, )l(Heymero e KpacHm1pcxe
391
.IIHana3oHe pa,llHO'laCTOT MOXCHO pa6oTaTb
Tenect>oHOM C aMDJIHT}',ll.HOH MO.ll.)'JUll.lHCH,
Tenerpa4>0M H Tenect>oHoM C 0,l].HOD0JI0C-
HOH Mo.aynM.lHeii. IlepBbIH H3 3THX DH.II.OB
H3JIY'ICHHB Ha31,1sa10T coicpamel\ffo AM,
BTopoii CW (cH-.aa6nb10), TJ)eTHH-SSB
(3C-3C-6H). C 0(;B.OeHHB 3TOro .IIHana30Ha
Ha'laJIH nyTb B 3Cl>Hp MHOrHe cero.amnn-
HHe 0ilbITHble pa.llH0CD0pTCMeHbI-K0poTK0-
B0JIH0BHICH. CoBCT}'IO H Te6e D0CJIC.llOBaTb
HX npHMepy.
Ha'l8Tb MOXCHO C DOCTpoibCH npHeM-
HHKa ,ll.JIB Ha6n10.aeHHB 38 pa6e>TOH
34>upe .apyrux pa.llHOCDOpTCMeHOB, a OO3-
xce, Kor.aa Ha6n10.aeHHR, se.aeHHe annapaT-
Horo :>Kypmma II o6MeH QSL-KapT011Ka-
MH CTaHYT npHBbl'IHhlM nenoM, npHIUITb-
CB 38 I<;0HCTpyHpoBaHHe nepe.aaT'IHKa. 3To,
T8K CKa38Tb, Tp8JlHUHOHH~H nyTb CO3.II8-
HH11 JII06HTCJlbCKOH pa.aHOCTaHimH. B no-
nynHpHOH pa,nHOTeXHH'leCICOH JIHTeparype
ODHC8HO HeMaJIO T8KHX npHeMHHKOB
nepe,n,aT'IHK0B. 06
0AHOM 113 BO3MO:>KHblX
sapHaHTOB npHeMHHKa K0p0TK0BOJIH0BH-
Ka-Ha6n10,n,aTeJIB H SI paccKa3hIBaJI B npe-
.llbI.D.YI.UeM H3.II8HHH 3TOH KHHrH.
Ho 0DbIT, caMa :>KH3Hb H Bee BpeMB
H3MeHHIOlllaRCB 3JICMCHTH8B 6a3a pa.auo-
TeXHIIKH BH0CSIT CB0H nonpaBKH B CICJia-
.llbIBaIOU{HeCB Tp8.D.HUHH. Ceiiqac pa.nHo-
Cil0pTCMeHbl Bee 6om,we Dpe,llil011HTaIOT
CTp0HTh He 0T.IICJibHbie npHeMHHKH H ne-
pe.aaT'lfHKH, a K0MilJieKCHble ycTpOHCTBa, B
ICOT0pbIX 0.IIHH H Te llCe 6noKH H Y3Jibl
HCilOJih3YIOTCB KaK B npHeMHOM, TaK H
nepena10meM 1-paKTax. Hx · H83bIBa10T
mpaHCU8epaMU. O.IIHH H3 T8ICHX npHeMo-
nepe,uaT'IHK0B, paCC'lfHTaHHblH Ha pa6oTy
B 160-MerpoBOM .mo6HTCJil,CICOM ,llHaIIa3o-
He, SI 6y.ny peKOMCH)t0BaTb Te6e.
Pa3peweHHe Ha ero DOCTpoiiKy Te6e Bbl-
,llaCT rocHHcneKI.{HB 3JieKTpoCBSl3H, Ky,lla
Ha)lo o6paTHTbCSI qepe3 cnopTHBH0-Tex-
HH'lfeCICHH KJIY6 HJIH KOMHTeT ,llOCAA«I>
no Mecty llCHTCJlbCTBa. K 3aSIBJieHHIO-aH-
KeTe Ha,ZJ,0 apHJIOllCHTb xapaKTepHCTHKY C
MeCTa yq:e6bl (wKon1,1, TeXHHKyMa, IlTY),
cnpaBKy O DOCTOSIHHOM MecTe nponBCKH
C OTMeTKOH «,[{m1
npe1tCT8BJieHHSI B opra-
Hbl rOCHHCDeKQHH 3JieKTpOCBSI3H», cxeMy
6y.nyweii pa.a;H0CT8HIIHH H, ICp0Me Toro,
38JIBJieHHe rnaBbl TBOeii ceMbH (ecJIH Te6e
He HCD0JIHHJI0Cb 16 neT), 11T0 OH He B03-
pa)l(aeT npoTHB BbI;::Ul'IH Te6e pa3peweHHSI
Ha nocTJ)omcy nw611TeJ11>CKoii pa.nHoCTaH-
uuu u npHHHMaeT Ha ce6SI 0TBeTCTBeH-
H0CTb 38 co6n10.u.eHHe npaBHJI ee 3ICC-
nnyaTal{HH H TexHHKH 6e30Il8CHOCTH.
CHa11aJia . Tl,] nonyq:HWb p83peWeHHe
T0JibK0 Ha nOCTpOHKy pa.nH0CTaHI.{HH, CpoK
392
)l~HCTBHB KOToporo-6 MCCSIIJ:eB~ 3a 3T0
epeMSI Th] )l0JOl(eH ee CIC0HCTpyHp0BaTb,
HaJI8,l(IITb H coo6ll{HTb 06 3T0M o6mecr-
BeHHOMY RJIH WT8THOMY COTpY.ll.HHK)' MeCT•
HO:U rOCHHCDeKUHH 3JlCKTpOCBSl3H. EcnH
TeXHH11CCKHX 38Me'l8HHH He 6y.aeT, TO BCKO-
pe TbI nony'lmnb pa3pemeHHe Ha 3Kcnnya-
TaUHID pa-)IH0CT8HUHH, T. e. Ha pa6oTy B
3<J>Hpe.
..• Ey.neM C1111T8Tb, 'ITQ pa3peWeHlle Ha
DOCTpoiiKy pa,nH0CTRHUHII Tbl nonyq:HJI.
3Ha'IHT, MO)KH0 Ha'l8Tb ero npaKTH11ecxy10
B peaJill38UHIO.
TPAHCHBEP HA11HHAIOll{Ero KO-
POTKOBOJIHOBHKA
IlepBOH8118JlbHbIH BapllaHT 3Toro Tp8HCII-
Bepa, npe)lHa3H811CHHoro MB pa6oTbl Ha
SSB B rene<l>oHHOM y11acrKe 80-MeTpOBo-
ro AHana3oHa, CK0HCTpy11poBaH B pe~a.IC-
H UIIOHHOH na6opaTOp11H xcypHaJia «Pa,nHO»
MaCTepaMH cnopTa CCCP E. CTenaHoBbIM
(UW3AX) H r. IIlyJibrllHbIM (UA3ACM),
HCilLITaH Ha KOJIJielCTIIBHOH pa,nH0CTaHUHH
UK3R J1CYPHaJia II onHCaH B 3T0M llCyp-
HaJie B 1976 r. no MCCTY II ro.ay «pollC-
ACHH.H» OH Ha3B8H Tp8HCIIBepoM «Pa,n;uo-
76». 3a HeCK0JibK0 nocne.ny10mHX JieT OH
3asoeBaJI nonymrpHOCTb y WHpoKoro Kpy-
ra K0p0TK0B0JIH0BHK0B. A 0,l].H0 H3 npo-
MblWJieHHblX npe,nnpHRTHH CTpaHbl np11-
CTYDHJI0 K BbIDyCKY pa,nH0K0HCTpyKTopa
«3neKTpOHHK8 KoHTyp-80»- ua6opa ACTa-
ne:u II MaTepllaJI0B ,z:vIB caM0CTOBTCJibHOH
c6opKH np11eMHIIK8 Tp8HCIIBepa «Pa)lH0-
76».
BapllaHT Tp8HCHBepa, 0 KOTOpOM SI
3,D;eCb paccKa3b1B8IO, AOpa6oTaH ero 8BT0-
paMH MSI pa6oTbl Ha SSB B 160-MeT-
poBoM n10611TeJibCKOM AHana3oHe.- OH M0-
:>KeT 6bITb co6pall K8K 113 HMelOU{HXCSI B
TB0CM - pacnopHJICeHHH pa.n110.aeTaJie:u, TaK
H H3 )lCTaJieH Ha6opa «3neKTp0HHKa KoH- '
ryp-80».
,l],11ana30H '18CTOT, nepeICpbIBaeMbIH
1-paHCHBepoM, 1840-1960 Kru, T.e. C 38O8-
COM Ha ICpaHX IlO -10 Kr!\. llyBCTBHTeJib·
H0CTh np11eMHoro TpaKTa OK0JI0 1 MICB,
B.bIX0,ll.HaSI M0ll{H0CTh nepeAaIOmero TJ)aK-
Ta Ha aICTHBHOH Harpy3Ke conp0THBJie-,
HIICM 75 OM-OKono 2 BT. IlHTaeTCSI 1-paH..
CHBep OT c:ra6RJIH3Hp()BaHHoro HCT0'IHHKa
D0CT0JIHH0r0 T0Ka Hanps)l(eHHeM 12 B;
T0IC Il0IC0SI B pe)l(HMe np11eMa He npeBbl-
waeT 100 MA, TOK IlOKOSI B pellCIIMe nepe-
A8'111- 0K0JI0 360 MA.
CTpyKyYpHBR cxeMa Tp8HCIIBepa npHBe-
AeHa Ha p11c. 387. OH C0CT0HT H3 Tpex .
6nOKOB: 0CH0BHOro, BBJIBIOlllerocsi o6mHM

PHC. 387. CTJ)yKTypttaR cxeMa -rpaHCRBepa
JJJISI npHeMHoro II nepenaiomero TpaKTOB,
6JIOKa reTepO)ll'lHOB M YCHJIHTemi: MOIU-
HOCTM. TipHeM " n epena1.1a Be)lyTCSI Ha
o6IUYJO aHTeHHY W .
B pe:>KHMe npHeMa CHrHaJJ M3 aaTeHHhl
qepe3 aHTeHHhlM nepeKJIJOl.{aTeJih If
Q)UJihTP cocpe)lOTOl.leHHOH ceneKUHH 2 no-
CTynaeT Ha BXO)l nepBoro TaK Ha3hIBaeMO-
r o KOnhueaoro cMeCHTemi: 3, aaxoAHme-
r ocR B OCHOBH0M 6JIOKe. Ciona :>Ke qepe3
K0MMYTaTOp 12 TIOJJ:aeTCR HanpSl:>KeHHe re-
repO)lHHa 10, reaep11pyromero KOJie6aHuR
1.1acT0Toii 2340-2460 Kru. Co3na10mu.iicR
npu 3TOM CMrHaJI npoMe:>KyTOl.lHOH 1.laCTO-
ThI, paBHOH 500 Kru, ycuJIHBaeTCR Kac-
KaJlOM nq 4, npOXO)llfT 1.1epe3 3JieKTpO-
MexaHH1.leCKUM <pHJibTp 5, yc1rnuaaeTCSI BTO-
pbIM KacKaJl0M 6 TpaKTa nq M nocTynaeT
Ha BTOpoii KOJihneBOH CMeCHTeJib 7, Bhl-
TIOJIHSIIOIUUH B 3TOM pe:>KMMe pa60Th1 TpaH-
CMBepa 'PYHKUUIO CMeCHTeJibHOrO )leTeKTO-
pa. O )lH0BpeMeHHO Ha 3TOT CMeCHTeJib
nonaeTc si 1.1epe3 KOMMyTaTop 12 HanpSl:>Ke-
HMe 1.1acTOTOH 500 Kru OT reTepO)lHHa 11,
a nponereKmpoBaHHhlli HM ClffHaJI YCHJIH-
aaeTCR ycMJIMTeJieM 3q 8 " npeo6pa3yeT-
CR B 3BYK TeJie<pOHaMH B2.
B pe:>KMMe nepena1.1u cHrHan MuKpo¢o-
Ha B 1, y c1rneHHblH )lO He06XO)lHMOro Ha-
npsi:>KeHHR ycHJiuTeneM 9, nocTynaeT Ha
nepBblH KOJihUeBOH CMeCHTeJib 3, KOTOphIH
Tenepb BbIIlOJIHSieT QJYHKUHIO 6anaHCHOro
MOJlYJ1SITOpa. Ha Hero :>Ke 1.1epe3 KOMMyTa-
2 I
Top 12 no,uaeTcsi eme II HanpR:>KeHHe re-
TepOJlHHa 11 (500 Kru). KacKaJl ycmrnTeJIR
nq ycHJIMBae"I AByxnonOCHbIH CHrHaJI,
a 3JieKTpOMeXaHH1.leCKMH lplfJibTp 7 BbI)le-
JIReT M3 Hero BepXHIOIO 6oKOBYIO TIOJIOCY
"TaKHM o6pa30M ¢opMttpyeT SSB c11rHan.
ITocne yc1,memrn BTOpbIM KaCKa,[J:OM yclf-
JIHTeJISI Ill.J SSB CHrHaJI nocTynaeT Ha
BTOpoii KOJibUeBOH CMecHTeJih, KyAa no-
naeTCR eme (1.1epe3 KOMMyTaTop) 11 HanpR-
:>KeHHe reTepo,uima 10. C KOJihUeBoro cMe-
CHTeJIR rrpeo6pa30BaHHblH CHrHaJI nocTy-
naeT Ha BXO)l JlBYXKaCKa,UHOro YCMJIUTeJIR
MOIUH0CTH 13 u. 14, a c ero BhIXO)la -
qepe3 nepeKJIIOl.laTeJib 1 a aHTeHHY w.
Il03HaKOMHBIIIHCb C npHHUHilOM pa60TbI
TpaHCHBepa no ero crpyKrypHoii cxeMe,
Te6e HeTpy)lHO 6y)leT pa3o6paTbCR H C pa-
6oTOH ero 6JIOKOB.
IlpHHQHDHaJibff&j[ cxeMa OCHOBHOro 6no-
Ka TpaHCHBepa IlOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 388.
ITo,n:KJIIOl.{eHHhie K ero nnaTe (1.1epe3 Bhl-
BO)lHhie KOHTaKThI 5 M 6) KOHyYpbl LtCl,
L2C3 co CBSl3YIOII(lfM MX KOH)leHcaTOpOM
C2 06pa3y10T $H1IbTp cocpenoT01.1eHHOii
ceneKUHH. B pe:>KHMe np11eMa 1.1epe3 aero
Ha nepBhIH KOJibUeBOH CMeCHTeJib, BhlilOJI-
HeHHhIH Ha n11onax Vl - V4, no.naeTCSI npH-
HRThrii aHTeHHOH CHrHaJJ, a qepe3 BhIB0llhI
3 u. 4 - HanpSl:>KeHHe reTepOJlHHa 1.1acTOTOH
2340-2460 Kru. Ha ei.ixonHoii KaTyIIIKe L8
KOJibUeBoro CMeCHTeJISI BhI)leJISleTCSI CJffHaJI
npoMe:>KyT01.IHOH qacT0TLJ (500 Kru), K0T0-
393
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Pee. 388. CxeMa OCHOBHOfO 6n01Ca
pi.iii ycHJIHBaerc.H TpaH3HCTopoM V 5 nep-
Boro KaCKa.aa ycHJIHTeJI.Sl nq. Ilpe,nBapu-
TeJibHa.H cl>HJibTJ)aUH.Sl CHrnaJia npoMe)l(y-
TOlfHOH lfaCTOTl,I ocymeCTBJI.SleTCSI KOJie6a-
TCJlbHblM KOHTypoM L10C8-C10, a OCHOB-
HaSl-3JICKTpoMexaHHlfCCKHM (pHJlbTpOM Zl,
BKJllOlfCHHblM B KOJIJICKTOpHylO u.en1, Tp3H-
3HCTOpa vs. ,llaJiee CHrHaJI B TpaKTe nq
ycHJIHBaeTC.Sl MHKpocxeMOH A 1, npe,llCTaB-
JISIIOI.UCH co6oii KaCKO,llHbIH ycHJIHTCJib.
C KOHTypa L 13C21, S1B.JIS1101.Ueroc.S1 Ha-
rpY3KOH MHKpocXCMhl A1. CHrHaJI nq
nocrynaeT (lfepe3 KaTyWKH CB.H3H L 14 H
L 15) Ha BTOpoH KOJlblJ,CBOH CMecHTeJlb Ha
.aHo,nax V9- V12. Ha Hero )ICC lfepe3 Bhl-
BOllbI 8 u 9 no,AaeTC.Sl HaDpSl)ICCHHe lfaCTO-
TOH 500 Kru. c 6noKa reTepo.nHHoe. Coo-
AaromHiic.H npu 3TOM CHrHaJI 3BYKOBOH
lfaCTOTbl npoXOllHT lfCpe3 <}>HJlbTp, o6pa3o-
BaHHbIH ,npocceJieM L22, KOH)tCHCaTopaMlt
C25, C26 u pe3HCTOpOM R12 u YCHJIH-
eaeTC.Sl MHKpocxeMOH A2 H TpaH3HCT0pa-
MH V14 - V16. TpaH3HCTop1,1 V15 u V16
YCHJIHTCJI.Sl 3q BKJIIOlfCHbl 3MHTTepHbIMH
IlOBTOpHTeJISIMH, IlO3TOMY K BLIXO,lly ycu-
JIHTCJI.Sl (pa3'bCM XJ) MO)ICHO IlOJU(JIIOlfaTb
HH3KOOMHLie rOJIOBHbIC TeJie<}J<>HbI HJIH AH-
HaMHtfecicyro ron0BKY M0I.UHOCTblO 0,25-
0,5 BT co 3eyicosoii KaTyWICoii conpoTHB-
neuHeM 8-10 OM.
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curaa.na ocymecTBJI.HeTcSI nepeMeHHbIM pe-
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0CHOBHOro 6JIOKa, nyTeM H3MCHCHH.Sl Ha~
np,r)l(eHHJI B 6aJOBOH u:enu TpaH3HCTopa
VS nepeoro KacKa11a ycWIHTem1 nq_
B pe)ICHMe npHeMa CHrHaJI MHKpocl>oHa
B 1 lfepe3 pa:n,eM X4, noACTpOe'IHLiii pe-
3HcTop R8 H BbIBOA 1 OCH0BH0ro 6noICa
nocrynaeT Ha BX0A MHKpocXeMbI A3 u
YCHJIHBaeTCSI ero. qT06bI BbIXOJlHoe conpo-
THBJICHHe 3TOH MHKpoCXCMbl CHH3HTb npu-
MepH0 AO 300 OM, ee B\,IBOA 10 Coe)lHHeH
He C 3a3CMJICHHblM npoBOAHHKOM, ICaIC 3TO
C,Aemmo s MHKp0CXeMe A2 ycHJIHTeJIJI 3q
(a TaK)ICC 61,mo B 3Ha,KOMbIX Te6e KOH-
ctpyICUHSIX Ha MHKpocxeMe cepHH K122),
a c BbIB0AOM 11, KOTOpbIH B .a;aHH0M CJIY-
11ae JIBJI.SleTC.Sl BbIXOAHbIM BbIB0)l0M MHICpo-
CXeMhl.
C BblXOAa MHKpo<l>oHHoro ycHJIHTeJI.Sl
CHrHaJI 3BYKOBOH lfaCT0Tbl lfCpe3 KOH)leH-
caTop C41 H cl>HJlbTP Ll2C7 noczynaeT
Ha nepehlii KOJIL:U:CB0H CMCCHTCJib (Ha AH0-
nax Vt - V4), BhlilOJIHS1101.UHii e noM pe-
)KHMe pa6oTbI <l>YHKUHIO 6aJiaHCHOrO M0-
nym1Topa. CIOAa :>Ke lfCpe3 BbIBO)J;l,I 4 H
3 c 6noKa reTepoAHHOB no,AaeTc.H Hanpsi-
)KCHHe lf3CTOTOH 50() Kru.. 1ia.naHCHpy10T
CMeCHTeJib IlOACTpoe'IHbIM peJHCTopoM R2.
C 6a.naHCHoro M0JcyJI.SlT0pa CMeWaHHblH
curHa.n nocrynaeT e -rpaICT nq. B pe-
3yni.TaTe Ha BXOA eToporo KOJlblJ,CBOrO
CMCCHTCJI.Sl nonaeTC.Sl y)l(e c4>opMHpoB<lH-
HbIH u ycnneHHLIH SSB curHaJI. 11epe3
BblB0,llbl 8 H 9 Ha 3TOT CMeCHTCJlb no-
crynaeT eme Hanp,r)l(eHue lfaCToToii: 2340-
2460 Kru. c 6JioKa reTepOAHH0B. Ilpeo6pa-
30BaHHbIH CHfHaJI lfCpe3 ICaTYWKY CB.SI3H
L20 H BbIB0,llbl 10 H 11 OCHOBHOr0 6noKa
no~e'TC.Sl Ha BXOA ycHJIHTeJISI MOI.UHOCTH
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HHH.
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uen.HX -rpaHJHCTopa VS ICacKa,na nq 06pa-
3y10T KOMMyTaUHOHHbIH YJeJI, C IIOMOI.UblO
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eao6opoT. 0 pa6oTe noro y3na SI pac-
cKa)ICy IlO3)1CC.
CJie,nyiomHii: 6noK -rpaHcueepa- reTepo-
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reTepo,llHHa, OAHH H3 KOTOpbIX (Ha TpaH-
3HCTOpe Vl 7) reHepHpyeT ICOJie6aHU.Sl lfaC-
TOTOH OT 2340 ,llO 2460 ICrU., a BTOpoH (Ha
TJ)aH3HCTope V23) KOJie6aHH.Sl <}>HKCHpoBaH-
HOH lfaCTOTh] 500
Kru.. TpaH3HCTOpb1 V21
H V22, BKJIIOlfCHHhle COCTaBHbIM 3MHTTep-
HblM Il0BT0pHTeJJeM, o6paJyIOT 6y<l>epHbIH
ICaCKaJ);, OCJia6mnoII.UIB BJIHJDIHe Harpy3KH
reHepaTopa Ha ero 'laCTOTY R aMTIJIHTYAY
BbIXO,D.HOrO CHrHa.rra, a 3JJCKTpOMarHHTHble
peJie K 1 H K2- K0MMyTaTop, nepeKmo-
lfaromnii reHepaTop1,1 npH nepeso,Ae TpaH-
cHsepa c npHeMa Ha nepeAa11:y H, Hao6o-
p<JT, C nepe.nalfH Ha npHeM. IlHTaHHe Ha
TpaH3HCTOp Vl7 nonaeTC.Sl 11:epe3 11apaMeT-
pHlfeCKHH CTa6HJIH3aTop Hanp.Sl)l(eHHJI Ha
CTa6HJIHTpoHe V20.
Kone6aTeJibHbIH K0HTyp nepeoro re-
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eapmcana V18, V19, BICJIJO'leHHble BCTpe'i-
eo-nocJieA0BaTe.,rLH0. Ero lfaCToTy, onpe-
.nemuo~yio Hac1-p01hcy Tpa.HcHBepa Ha pa-
6o11:yio 'laCToTy 160-Me-rpoeoro mo6HTeJib-
cxoro AHanaJoHa, nJiaBH0 H3MCHSIJOT sapH-
KanoM Vl8, no,naaa.H Ha Hero c nepe-
MeHH0ro pe3HCTopa R35 «HacTpoiICa» yn-
paBJISIJOI.Uee Hanp.Sl)ICCHHC noJIO)ICHTeJibHOH
nom1pHOCTH. qaCTOTa KOJie6aHHii BTOporo
reTepoAHHa cra6HJIH3HpoeaHa KBapu.eBbIM
peJoHaTopoM 22.
Kazywm L23 Kone6aTeJibHoro IC0HTypa
nepsoro reTep0JlHHa HaX0AHTC.Sl BHe IIJiaTbl
noro 6noKa H no,llKJIIOtfaeTC.Sl K HeMy lfe-
pe3 BbIB0JJ;bl 7 H 8. TaKoe KOHCTpfKTHB-
Hoe pemeHHe IlO3BOJI.SICT IlpocTOH 33MCHOH
KaTyWKH nepeBCCTH -rpaHcHBep Ha pa6oTy
B .ttpyroM, HanpHMep 80-MCTpOBOM, mo611-
TeJibCKOM AHana3OHe.
395
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396
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ne K 1 H K2 KOMMyTaTOpa, IIOKa3aHHbie
Ha cxeMe 6noKa reTepo.nHHOB, COOTBeTCT-
BYIOT pe}l(MMY nptteMa. B :no apeMSI 06-
MOTKH pene 06ecT01.JeHbI, HanpH}l(eHHe nep-
Boro reTepo.uuHa nocTynaeT (qepe3 6ycpep-
HhIH KaCKa)],, KOHTaKTbl K 1.1 pene K 1, Bbl-
B0)],bl 1, 2) Ha nepBblH CMeCHTeJih, a Ha-
npH}l(eHHe BTOporo reTepO)],HHa - Ha BTO-
poii CMecttTeJib OCHOBHOrO 6noKa (qepe3
KOHTaKThl K2. t Ii BblBO)],bl 3, 4). B pe>KH-
Me nepenaqu Ha BhIBO.U 11 6noKa reTepo-
Jl.MHOB nonaeTCSI Hanpsi}l(eHHe t 2 B. TI pH
3TOM pene Kl H K2 cpa6aT1,rna10r, MX
KOHTaKTbI nepeKJIIO'-laIOTCSI, B pe3YJibTaTe
qero Hanpsi>KeHMe nepaoro reTepOJlHHa Ha-
qnHaeT IIOCTynaTh Ha BTOpOH CMeCliTeJib,
a ttanpSl)KeHHe aroporo reTepomma -Ha
nepBbIM CMecliTeJib OCHOBHoro 6JIOKa.
Y CHJIHTeJih MOW:HOCTH (pttc. 390) BKJIIO-
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JllfTeJISI MOW:HOCTH qepe3 BbIBO)],bl 1 H
2. .llBYXKOHTYPHbIH nonOCOBOH <pHJibTp
L28C57, C58, L29C59 BhI)],enHeT H3 Hero
none3HhIH c11rHaJI, cOOTBeTCTBYIOll{Mif pa-
601.Jeii qacTOTe TpaHCHBepa. TpaH3HCTOp
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MOll{HOCTH. qepe3 KaTyIIIKY CBSl3H L35 11
BblBO)lbl 9, 10 BblXO)],HOH CMrHaJI nonaeTCSI
B aHTeHHY np0:eMonepenarquKa.
IlMTaHMe Ha nepBblH xacKa)l ycMJiliTeJISI
nonaeTCH qepe3 siqeifKy pa3asi31,rna10mero
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qepe3 MHmrnaMnepMeTp PA 1. KoH)],eHca-
TopaMM nepeMeHHOH eMKOCTM C64 Ii C69
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mofoueJibCKoro nuanaJoHa.
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H neTaneii, HaxonJ11IJ;HXCJ1 BHe nnaT 6no-
K0B, Il0Ka3aHa Ha pHC. 391. AHTeHHY' o6-
lllYIO .l:\JISI npHeMHoro H nepe.naromero
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JIOCOBOH 4>1:111bTp L 1Cl C2, L2C3 nocry-
naeT Ha BXO,n OCHOBHOr0 6noKa. HaClpOH-
Ka ua pa6o'ly10 qacroTy ocymecTBJI.HeTc.H
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npHmlToro CHrHana - nepeMeHHbIM pe3HC-
T0pOM R20. ronoBHbJe TeJie<})oHbI HJIH nu-
HaMH'leCKY10 rOJIOBKy IlOJlKJIIO"'laK>T
pa31,eMy X3.
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npHeMHyro aHTeHHY, MHHY.H aHTeHHbIH ne-
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St «IlpHeM-nepe,na'la» TpaHcHBep nepeso-
n.HT B pe)KHM nepena'IH. flpH JTOM Ha-
npj{)ICeHHe HCTO1IHHKa n:n:TaHHSI non.aeTC.Sl
Ha YCHJIHTeJII, MOillHOCTH, BblBO.ll 14 OCHOB-
Horo 6noKa H BbIBO.ll 11 6noKa reTepo-
.llHHOB. O)].HOBpeMeHHO cpa6aTblBaeT all-
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eMHHKa OT o6meii aHTeHHbl.
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peaone JpaHCHBepa c npHeMa Ha nepena~.
B pe>KHMe <<flpHeM>► HH)KHHH (no CXeMe
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TepoD.HHOB, coenHHeH C o6m;HM 3a3eM-
JieHHblM npoBO)].HHK0M uenH nHT3HH.Sl,
nHon V8 OTKpbIT HaIIpSl)KeHHeM, nan.aK>-
ll{HM Ha 3MHTTepHoM pe3Hctope RS. B 3TO
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RS, ocna6n.HeT OTpHIJ.aTeJibHYK> o6paTHYK>
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ycmieHHe KacKa.na. flpH IlO,ll,a'le Ha BbIB0n
14 OCHOBHOro 6noKa IlOCTO.RHHoro HanpJl-
)KeHHSI + 12 B (nepeKJiro'laTeJieM St) nuon
V8 3aKpbIBaeTC.Sl H TeM caMblM OTKJU0'l3eT
K0H,ZJ,eHcaTop C13 OT pe3HCTopa RS; Ha-
'IHHaeT neiicTBOBaTb OTpHIJ,aTeJibHa.Sl 06-
paTHa.Sl CB.R3b, CHH)K3JOIIJ;a.Sl ycHJieHHe Kac-
Ka,z:J;a. 3To npe.noTBpamaeT neperpy3Ky
TpaICTa flq OTHOCHTCJibHO CHJibHbIM CHr-
HaJIOM, nOCTYnarom;HM B Hero c nepsoro
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398
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HHSI, He 33BHC.Hntero OT Hanp.Sl)KeHH.Sl Ha
BbJBone 15 H H3MeHg10merocJI npu pery-
JrnpoeaHHH ycHJICHHSI nepeMeHHbIM pe3HC-
TOpoM R20.
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neTaJieii lpaHCHBepa CMOHTHpOBaHa no-
6JIO'IHO Ha TpeX IlJiaTax H3 ct>om.rnpoBall-
HOro CTCKJIOTeKCT0JIHTa TOJIIUHHOH 1,5-
2 MM. flnaTLI 0CHOBHOro 6JIOKa, · 6noKa
reTepo)lHHOB H coen.IrneHHS1 neTaneii Ha
HHX IlOJCa38Hbl Ha pHC. 392 H 393. KOH-
TaICTHblMH BbIBO,ll,3MH ruiaT CJiy)KaT OTpe3-
KH nocepe6peHHoro (HJIH ny)KeHoro) Men-
Horo npoeona TOJUUHHOH 1,2-1 ,5 MM, Ja-
K npeccosaHHbie B oTeepcTHgx B mIayax.
fle'laTHbJC IlJI8Tbl 3THX 6JIOKOB lpRHCH-
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3JieK1J)0JIHTHEJecme - KS0-6; BbJcoKo'lac-
TOTHbie ,ApoccenH L 11 H L 12, L21 H
L22-,ll.-0,2 HJIH caMonen1.HbIe Taicoii )Ke
KOHCTPYKnHH, L26 H L27 - )],-0, 1 ; :meKYpo-
MafHHTHble pene- P3C-15 (nacnopr PC4.
591.004); KaTJIIIICH L9 H Lt0, Ll3 H L14
s ycHJIHTeJie nq, a TaIOKe L24 H L25
reTepoD,HHa cl>HKCHpOBaHHOH qaCTOTbl
500 Kru-TpaHc<})opMaTOpLI cJ>fllJ-2 OT pa-
)IHOilpHeMHHKa «CeJira-404»; 3Jie1CTpoMe-
xaHH'leCKHH 4>HJIL1P Z1-3McJ>-9JJ;-500-3B;
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500 Kru s Kopnyce E 1.
He H3Memur ne'laTHbIX npoB0,llHHKOB
nJiaT, MO)KHO npHMeHHTb HeICOTOpbie JIPY-
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pe3HCTop CTT4-l (R2), nanpHMep, MO)KHO
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(HanpHMep, Ctl, C14)-Ha IVIC H KJlf,
B OCTaJibHbIX BbJC0KO'laCTOTHbIX uemIx-Ha
KT llJIH KCO. B Ka'leCTBe KaTyweK lbl-
JIYKTHBH0CTH B ycHJIHTeJie fill (L9 H LIO,
L13 H L14) H B reTeponHHe Ha 'laCT0'ry
500 Kru (L24 H L25) M0)KHO npHMeHJiTb
TpaHc<})opMaTOpbI nq C COOTH0IIIeHHeM
'IHCeJI BHTKOB OT 20 : 1 no t 0 : 1 OT n1061,1x
TpaH3HCTOpHbIX cynepreTepO.llllHOB, COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO npoKoppeKTHposae no.ll HHX
nelfaTHble npOBO.llHHKH nJiaT.
TpaHJHCTopbI KT315 (VS, V14, V17,
V21-V23) HJIH nono6Hhle HM KpeMHHCBbJe
BbJCOKoqaCTOTHbie n-p-n Tpall3HCTOpbI
KT30t, KT306, KT312 MoryT 6bln c mo-
6bJM 6yKBeHHblM HHJleKCOM. Cne.nyeT JIHIIIb
Y'{CCTh, 'ITO K03(}>(1>HIJ,HeHT h213 lpaH3HCTO-
poB V 5, V 17 H V21 non)KeH 6b1Tb He
MeHee 80 (npH TOKe KOJIJieKTO"a t MA),
 Puc. 392. n11aTa ol:-
HOBttoro 611mca

V22 He MeHee 30 (rrpM TOKe

a TpaH31fCTOpa
KonneKTOpa 20 MA). qepe3 rpaH31iCTOp
V22 npoTeKaeT TOK 15- 20 MA, no::iTOMy
ero >KeJiaTeJibHO CHa6)lHTb npOCTeihIIHM
TennoOTBOJlHIUHM pai::i;HaTOpOM. TpaH3llC-
TOpbI IT404E (Vl 5) M IT402E (Vt 6) MO)l(HO
3aMeHHTb ManOMOlUHbIMM TpaH31fCTOpaMH
MTI4 l " MI138. Ho B 3TOM cnyqae K
BhlXOD:Y YCHJIHTem1. 3q OCHOBHOrO 6noKa
{K pa31>eMy X3) MOiKHO 6yner IlOJJ,KJII0-
1-laTb mmib rOJIOBHbie Tene<!loHbI.
Mo>KHO JIM CBepXBbICOKO'laCTOTHbie
rpaH3HCTOpbI KT606 If KT904 ycHnHTem1.
MOUJ.HOCTJf 3aMemnb KaKMMM-TO npyrl-I~rn?
K CO)I(aJieHHIO, HCT. IlonbITKa aBTOpOB
TpaHCHBepa lfCilOJib3OBaTb B 3TOM 6nOKe
MeHee neqmU.HTHbie TpaH3MCTOpbl ycrrexa

PHc. 393. TT11aTa reTepoJlHHHOro 6noKa

399
ue HMeJIH. Ho 3TO He 3HalfHT, lfTO DOJIO-
)KeHHe 6e3BblXO,AHOe-ycHJIHTeJib MOllUIOC-
TH MO>KeT 6.bJTb co6paH Ha 3JieKTpOHHbIX
naMnax, o lfeM SI paccICaxcy no3xce.
MmcpocxeML1 Kt22YH2A (At) u ICOTOpLie .ZJ.OJDICHbl coeAHHJITbCJI c o6m:HM
Kt22YHtr (A2, A3) MOllCHO ;utMeHHTb aHa-
JIOIBlfHbIMH HM MHICpocxeMaMH cepHH
Ktt8 - Kt18YH2B u Ktt8YHtr, HO Tor.na
c yqeTOM HX UOKOJieBICH Ha.no 6y,D.eT nepe-
pa6oTaTh OTHOCJIIIUleCSI IC HHM ylfaCTKH TO-
ICOHecym:Hx npoBO,D.HHICOB nelfaTHbIX IlJiaT.
J:(HO,llhI KJ:(503A (Vt-V4 u V9-Vt2)
ICOJibUeBLIX cMecHTeJieii MOllCHO 3aMeHHTh
,D.HO,D.aMH KJ:(509, KJ:(507. MollCHO TaIOICe
HCDOJib30BaTb )];HO,llhI J:(18, J:(311, HO C
HHMH lfYBCT~HTeJibHOCTh npHeMHOrO TpaK-
Ta TpaHCHBepa HeCKOJibICO yxy.z:unaeTC.51
(npHMepHo .a.o 2 MICB). B .a.pymx ecnoMo-
raTeJILHbIX uenJIX .D.HOAhI KA503A MOllCHO
3aMeHHTb JllOOblMH KpeMHHeBhIMH HJIH re-
pMaHHeBhlMH BbICOICOlfaCTOTHblMH C BO3-
3HTHhle CBJ13H MellC,ny Y3JiaMH H ,D.CTaJIJIMH
H TeM caMhIM npe,D.OTBpamaeT CaMOBO3-
6y)ICJleHHe ycHJIHTeJI.51 MOW:HOCTII. IlpH Ta-
ICOM cnoco6e MOHTaxca BbIBOAbl .ZJ.CT~eH,
383CMJieHHbIM npOBO,nHHICOM ueneH DHT8-
HH.JI, nponycKalOT lfepe3 OTBCJ)CTHR B nna-
Te H npunaHBalOT IC <I>on1>re (puc. 394, 6).
Bee .npyrHe OTBCpCTHJI B DJiaTe 3eHKYlOT
co CTOpOHLI tl>oJibrH ceepJIOM 6oJiblllero
,D.HaMeTJ)a, nponyCKalOT llepe3 HHX BhIBO,llhI
.ZJ.eTanei H coeAHHJIIOT Me)l(,.lzy co6oii 0Ype3-
ICaMH H3OJIHpoBaHHOro MOHTallCHOro npo-
BO.ZJ.a.
TpaH3HCTopLI V25, V27 H V28 ycHJIH-
Tem1 MOllUIOCTH yCTaHOBJieHbl Ha TeilJIO-
OTBO.ZJ.RW:CM pa.a.HaTope, pOJib ICOToporo
BbIIlOJIHHeT .ZJ.lOpaJIIOMHHHCBaSI nJiaCTHHa
TOJIIUHHOH He MeHee 5 MM. B ICOpnyce
TJ)aHcHeepa pa.a.HaTop pa3MemaroT no.a.
MOHTallCHOB nnaTOH Hano.a.o6He 3TaxcepKH

t
MOllCHO MailblMH o6paTHblMH TOICaMH, Ha- H l:lepe3 CKBO3Hbie OTBepCTHH B DJiaTe
npHMep .D.HO,D.aMH A9K.
KaTywKH Lt, L2 ICOHTypoB nonocoBoro
(}>HJibTpa II ICazywKy L23 ICOHTypa reTepo-
JIHHa nJiaeeoro .D.Hana3oHa HaMaThlBa10T O
---~-------ir--r
e 6poeee1>1x cep,nelfHHICax Cli-t2a npoe0- ,,,.
noM Il3B-2 0,33. KaTyWICH L 1 H L2 .a.onxc- / 'OllbZO
Hbl co.a.epxcan no 20 BHTICOB c OTBO,D.OM
OT 5-ro BHTKa, CtfHTa.51 OT 3a3eMJieHHoro
ICOHua, a L23- 25 BHTICOB TaKoro llCe npo-
BO,D.a.
KazymICH L3-LS, L6-L8, Lt5-L17 H
L18-L20 rpa1tc4>opMaTopoe cMecHTeJie:ii
OCHOBHOro 6JioICa HaMoTaHbJ Ha ICOJibn;ax
nmopa3Mepa K7 x 4 x 2 H3 cpeppuTa Map-
K'lf 600HH. MollCHO TaIC)Ke ucnoJih30Ban,
<f>eppHTOBhle ICOJibI.J;a C MarHHTHOH npoHH-
uaeMOCTblO 400- t 000 H BHelllHHM ,llHaMeT-
J-----~....._
poM 7-12 MM. Ka)l(,D.a.51 H3 ICaTymeIC TpaHc- f
ct,opMaTopoe co.a.epllCHT 34 euTKa npoeo.a.a
Il3B-2 0,15. HaMaThlBaTb ICaTywm ICaxc-
.a.oro TpaHCcpopMaTopa ea.a.o OJIHoepeMeH-
HO TJ)CM.51 npoeo.a.aMH, npeneapHTCJlbHO
CICpJTHB HX llCryTHICOM, a BO BpeM.51 MOH·
Taxca BHHMaTeJibHO CJie.ZJ;HTb 33 nopJI..QICOM
HX COC,llHHeHH.51 (Ha pHc. 388 Ha1lana ICa-
Tywel( OTMelfeHbI TO'IICaMH).
J:(pocceJIH L 11, I: 12, L2 t, L26 H L27
MOllCHO HaMOTaTb Ha pe3HCTopax MJIT-0,5
CODpOTHBJieHHeM He MeHee t MOM, yno-
:>KHB Ha HX ICopnyca no 18()-200 BHTICOB .,
IlpoBO.rta Il3B-t 0,1-0,12. 0 _._
J:(JI.51 DJiaThl YCHJlHTeJI.51 MOIIl;HOCTH HC· ----5•0_____.
•1
5-1:J
. nOJib3OBaH ct,oJILnipoBaHHLIH CTeICJIOTCIC- ...- . - - - - - - - - - - ~
CTOJIHT, HO MOHTallC ,neTaneH BblilOJIHeH II)
6}
HaBecHbIM MOTO,llOM (pHc. 394, a). C.a.enaHO PHc. 394. IlJia-ra ycHJIHTCJHI MOUlHOCTH (a),
TaIC MSI Toro, lfTOOl,J coxpaHHTb BO3MOllC- MOHT8)K ,ll.eTaneH ua uefi: (6) H MOHT8)1( Tp~~H-
HO 6om,myro DJI0lll8.llb 3a3eMJieHHOH CTOpoB YCHJIHTCJISI Ha TenJJOOTBOAJUUeii llJJa-
ct,om,ru, IlOCICOJibICY OHa oCJia6JISICT napa- cnme-pa)UlaTOpe (s)

400
.rmaMeTpOM l 0-12 MM BhIBOnhI TpaH3HCTO-
poB coenHHfilOT C COOTBeTCTBYlOJ.I.(11Ml1
TO':IKaMH MOHTa)Ka.
Pe311CTOpbl 11 KOHneHCaTOpbI, HCilOJlh3ye-
Mble B ycmrnTeJie MOII.{HOCTM. TaKHe )Ke,
KaK B OCHOBHOM 11 reTepowrnHOM 6noKax.
KaTyLUKl1 L28 11 L29 axonHoro nonoco-
Boro $11JibTpa TO':IHO TaKHe )Ke, KaK Ka-
TYI.1IK11 Lt ll L2 nono6Horo <J}mlhTpa npll-
eMHoro TpaKTa. KaTyrnK11 L30- L32 Me)K-
KacKa,zworo TpaHc<J)opMaTopa HaMoTaHhI
Ha KOJlhI.J,e nmopa3Mepa K 12 x 6 x 4 113
cpepp1na M20HlJ2 npoBonoM TI3B-2 0,35.
KaTyrnKa L30 conep)KHT 2 BHTKa, L3 l - t 7
BHTKOB, L32- 2 BHTKa c OTBonoM OT cepe-
)J.l1Hhl. MarHl1TOnpoaonoM KaTyrneK L33-
L35 BhIXO.llHOro TpaHccpopMaTopa CJIY)KHT
KOJlhl.J,O K20 X 10 X 5 113 <J}epp11Ta
M50BlJ2. KaTyLUKa L33 conep)KHT 2 BHTKa
c OTBOnoM OT cepe.llHHhl, L34- 16 Bl1TKOB,
L35- 2 Bl1TKa npoBona Il3B-2 0,35.
KoHneHcaTophI nepeMeHHOH eMKOCT11
C64 H C69 nma KTIE-180. Boo6me )Ke
MO)KHO HCilOJlb3OBaTb onHoceKI.J,HOHHhie
KTIE c TaepnhIM nnH B03nYLUHhIM nH-
:meKTp11KOM OT Jll06bIX Manora6apHTHhlX
TpaH3HCTOpOB nptteMH11KOB. JJ:110,ll KJJ:504
(V24) MO)KHO 3aMeHl1Th Jll06bIM KpeMHHe-
BhlM.
iilJMep11Tenhtthiii np116op PA l - Ha TOK
0,5 - 1A. IlononneT n106oii MHJIJIHaMnep-
MeTp C lllYHTOM COOTBeTCTBYIOIUero co-
npoTHBJleHl1.H.
Bo3M0)Kffb[ll BapHaHT KOMilOHOBKH 6no-
KOB H neTaJieii TpaHCHBepa npHBeneH Ha
p11c. 395. Ero Kopnyc 06pa3y10T nae .mo-
pamoM11HHeBhIe nnacntHhI, corHyThie Hano-
.uo611e 6yKBbl n, onHa H3 KOTOphIX .HBJI.HeT-
CSJ OCHOBaHHeM C nepenHeR 11 3anHeii
naHeJI.HM, a BTOpa.H I<phlllIKOH. qeTblphM.H
BMHTaMH M4 KpbllilKY npHBepThIBalOT K
MeTaJU1H':leCKl1M yronKaM, npHI<nenaHHbIM
K OCHOBaHHlO.
Ha OCHOBaHlIH C ITOMOIUhlO CTOeK Bhl-
COTOH 5- 10 MM 3aKpenneHO nnocKoe Me-
TanJIH':leCKOe lll3CCH 3 C Haxon»IUHMHC.H Ha
HeM nnaTaMl1 6noKOB TpaHCl1Bepa. TinaTbl
OCHOBHOro 2 11 reTepO.llHHHOro l 6noKOB
npHKpennetthl K LUaccH HenocpencraeHHo, a
lfT06bI He 6bIJIO JaMbIKaHH.H MOHTa)Ka, non
HHMl1 B LUacc11 c.uenatthl np.HMoyronhHhie
OTBepCTH.H. CTnaTa yc111111Ten.H MOIUHOCTl1 5
np11Kpen.1IeHa K pa.u11aTopy 4 Ha ':leThlpex
CTOHKax BbICOTOH 8-10 MM. Ha nepe,llHeii
naHeJIH pa3Mell{eHhI ece opraHhI ynpaane-
HH.H 11 113Mep11TeJihHhiii npH6op (PA l) ;:urn
KOHTpOJIR TOKa OKOHe':IHOro KaCKana yc11-
JUITeJI.H MOIUHOCTl1, Ha 3a,lltteii- ace Bxon-
Hhle 11 BhIXOnHhte rHeJna 11 pa3'beMhl TpaH-
CMBepa. Bxonttoif .llBYXKOHTypm,1if nonoco-
26-202
PHc. 395. KoMnOHOB1<a .neTaneif " 6no-
KoB TpancuBepa B xoprryce
BOH <J)HJibTp npHeMHOro TpaKTa, neTaJIH
KOToporo CMOHT11pOBaHhI Ha reT11HaKCO-
BOH nnaCT11HKe, H :meKTpOMarmITHoe pene
K3 (P3C- l 5, nacnopT PC4.591.004) Haxo-
n»Tc» Ha Il'acc11 Me)K.ny TIJiaTaM11 H Ja;:r-
Hdi naHeJiblO KOpnyca.
HanaiKHBauue. TpaHc11Bep-pa,ll11oanna-
paT IlOBhIIIleHHOii CJIO)KHOCTH. TI03TOMY,
ecTeCTBeHHO, KOHCTpyHpoBaHHe, HaJiaxrn-
BaHHe H pa6oTa C Hl1M B 3<J}Hpe IlOTpe-
6 yIOT OT Te6» nononHHTeJibHbIX 3HaHHH,
KOTOpble np11neTC.H qepnaTb H3 COOTBeT-
cTBy10meii JIHTeparyphI, HaBblKOB o6parn:e-
Hl1.H C HOBblMH .!(JI.ff Te6.H pa;:r1103neMeHTa-
Ml1, 113MepHTeJibHblMH np116opaMH. K Ha-
CTpOHKe TpaHCHBepa K TOMY )Ke npen'h-
.HBJI.HlOTC.H 6onee BbICOKl1e rpe6oBaHl1.H,
':leM. CKa)KeM, K 6bITOBbIM ycHJmTeJIRM 3q
11 pan11oaemaTeJibHhIM npHeMHHKaM. Ilo-
TOMY ':ITO Ka)K.llhlii HOBbIJI JilOfoITeJihCKl1ii
np11eMonepe,llaT':111K- 3TO HOBblH Il03hIBHOH
B 7$Hpe. iii eCJIH TBOH TpaHCHBep OKa-
)KeTC.H He,UoCTaTOlfHO xopOLUO HaCTpOeH-
HbIM, TO He TOJ1bKO Te6.H, HO 11 Thi He
CMO)Kelllh ycnbILUaTh B 3<J}Hpe ronoca npy-
ntx pan11ocnopTcMeH0B.
Bo BpeM» HaJia)KJ1BaHl1.H H HaCTpOiiKH
TpaHCl1Bepa IlHTaTh ero MO)KHO OT HMelO-
meroc.H y Te6» ceTeaoro 6noKa. A ;:rn»
pa6oThI B 3$11pe np1-t;:reTC.H CKOHCTpy11po-
BaTb 6onee MOil{Hhlii CTa6HJil1311poBaHHhlH
HCTO':IHHK IlHTaHH.H, 0 ':leM SI CKa)Ky Il03)Ke.
HaJia)Kl1BaH11e HalfJ-IHaH C ycraHOBKH pe-
)Kl1MOB pa60Tu1 rpattJHCTopoa VS " V14 -
V16 OCHOBHOro 6noKa (cM. pHC. 388). JJ:m1
3Toro nepeKJTIO':laTenh S l «Tip11eM-nepe-
401
,ua11a» ycTaHOBH B DOJIO)l(eHHe «IlpHeM»,
,ZlBH)l(OIC nepeMeHHoro pe3HCTopa R20
«YCHneHHe>> - B noJIO)l(eHHe uaH60JibWero
ycHneHIDI H, no,u6Hpa» pe3HCTOp R4, .uo-
6euc», 'ITOOhI uanp»)l(eHHe Ha 3MHTTepe
TPaH3HCTopa V5 6bma oKono 2 B. Hanp»-
)l(eHHe Ha 3MHTTepax ~H3HCTOp0B Vl 5
H Vt 6, paeuoe nonoBHHe uanp»)l(euu» uc-
T011HHKa IlHTaHH», ycTaHaBnHBaH no.u6o-
poM pe3HCTopa R 14 B 6a3oooi nenu TPaH-
3HcTopa V14.
JJ:a.rree 3aHMHCb reTepo,ZlH,HHblM 6JIOKOM.
CHa11a.rra npooepb ero pa60Tocrroco6uocTb
It HaCTpOH reHepaTOp <l>HKCHpOBaHHOH 11ac-
TOThl 500 Krn. An» 3Toro Me:xc.n:y BhIBO,lla-
MH 3 H 4 IDiaTbI BKJII011H BhICOK011aCTOTJ-lhlH
BOnhTMeTp c npe.uenoM H3MepeHH» .l(O 1 B
u opameuueM no,ucTpoe11Horo cep.ue11HuKa
KOHTypuoii KaT)'WKH L25 JI06eiic» aMnnH-
T)',Zlhl uanpJI)l(eHH» ua Bhixo.ue reHepaTopa
OKOJIO 0,5 B.
Ha.rra)l(HBaHHe reHepaTopa rmaeuoro
.l(Haila3oHa Ha11HHaH C npoeepKH pe)l(HMOB
pa60Tbl TPaH3HCTOpoB no IlOCTOJIHHOMY
TOICy. Ilpe,uoapuTeJibHO KOHT)'pHy10 Ka-
TYWKY L23 (Hnu BhIBO,ZlhI 7 H 8 nnaThI)
BpeMeHHO 3aMICHH HaKopOTKO npoBOJIO'I-
HOH nepeMhl'IKOH, 11T06hl C0pBaTb reHepa-
UHIO. B TaKOM pe)l(HMe Hanp»)l(eHHe Ha
3MHTTepe TpaH3HCTopa Vl 7 .UOJillCHO 6bITb
OKOJIO 1 B, a Ha 3MHTTepe TPaH3HCTopa
V22-4-5 B. IlpH HcnpaBHhIX ,ueTa.rrJ1x H
OTcyTCTBHH OIIIH60K B MOHTa)l(e 3TH Ha-
np.sl)l(eHHJI ue .l(OJI)l(Hhl OTJIH'laTbCB 6011ee
11eM ua 20-25%. Tio.uoruaT1, Taxue pe)l(HMhI
MOllCHO no,u6opoM pe3HCTOp0B R22 H R27.
3aTeM y.ua.rru np0BOJI011HYIO nepeMhl11KY,
3RMbIKa10myro KOHT)'PHYIO KaTyWKY, K Bhl-
xo,ny reuepaTopa (BblBO,Zlhl 2 H 1 IDiaTbI)
11epe3 KOH,ZleucaTop CMKOCTblO 0,1-
0,47 MKcl> no,uKnro11u pe3ncTop MJIT-0,25
Hnn MJIT-0,5 conpoTuene1rneM 470-
510 OM, a napa.TIJieJibHO 3TOMY pe3HCTO-
py- BhlCOK011aCTOTHbIH BOnhTMeTP. EcJIH
reHepaTop pa6oTaeT, BOJlhTMeTp .l(OJI)l(eH
<l>HKCHpOBaTb KaKoe-TO HaflpJI)l(eHHe. Or-
cyTCTBHe uanpB)l(eHHB- npH3HaK Toro, 11TO
reHepaTOp He B036y)l(,ZJ.aeTC.H. B TaKOM cny-
11ae ua.a:o K0H,ZleHCaTOp C46 3aMeHHTb .a:py-
rHM, C HeCKOJibKO MeHbWeii eMKOCTblO.
Ilo.u6epu TaKOH KOH,ZleucaTop, npH KOT0-
poM curua.rr reuepaTopa 6y,ueT ycroii11H-
BhIM BO BCeM .l(HaIIa30He 'laCTOT.
JJ:o6uewncb ycToil11ueou reuepauuu, ne-
peMeHHhIM pe3uCTopoM R35 «HacTpoii:Ka»
no.a:aii ua BapHKailhI ynpaBJIB101Uee uanpB-
)l(euHe 3,2 B H IlO.l(CTpoe'IHblM cep.a:e•rnu-
KOM KaT)'WKH L23 ycTaHOBH 11aCTOTY re-
uepaIUm 11YTb MeHhWe 2350 Kru (npHMep-
HO ua 5-10 Kru). 3aTeM, ycraHOBHB JlBH-
402
)l(OK pe3HCTOpa R35 B .npyroe Kpaiiaee
IlOJIO)l(eHHe, no.uail Ha BapHKRIIbl Hanp.H)l(e-
HHe, 6JIH3KOe IC uyJIIO. Tenepb pa6011a.R
11acrorn rmaeuoro reuepaTopa ,uoJlllCHa
- 6bITb HeCKOnhKO BbIWe 2450 Kr:u;. EcJIH
npu opameHHH py11KH pe3ncTopa R35 OT
O,ZlHoro KpaH.Hero o ..Zlpyroe Kpaii:Hee nono-
)l(eHIDI nepeKpblTHe ,ZlH8Ila30Ha 'laCTOT 6y-
.l(eT MeHbWe 110-120 Kr:u;, TO KOH,Zleuca-
TOp C45 3aMeHH KOH,ZleucaTOpOM MeHhWeH
eMKOCTH HnH }'MeHbWaii conp0THBJieHHe
pe3HCTOpa R34, 11T06bI MRKCHMaJibHOe yn-
paBJIBIOinee uanp.s)l(eHne, no,ZlaeaeMoe Ita
eapHKaIIbl, yeeJIH'IHTb .l(O 3,5-4 B.
JJ:a.rree HR,ZlO no.uo6paTb KOH,ZleucaTOp
C48. Ero eMKOCTh .l(OJl)l(Ha 6bITb TaKoii:,
11T06bl uanp»)l(eHHe Ha BblXO.l(e reHepaTopa
6bIJIO 0,7-0,9 B u He H3MeHJIJIOCb no
.l(Halla3oHy 6onee 11eM ua 0,1 B. 3aTeM
npooepb .a:uanaJOH 11acToT, nepeKphleae-
MbIH reuepaTopoM, H ecJIH OH H3MeHHnCB,
TO no,ucTpOH cep,ue11HHKOM KOHT)'PHYK> Ka-
TYWKY L23. rpaHH11Hhie qacTOTbI reuepa-
Topa rmaeHoro ,ZlHRlla3OHa, COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IUHe 2340 H 2460 Krn, ycTaHaBJIHBaii no
11acTOTOMepy, no IIIKa.Tie CBB3Horo npueM-
HHKa, uacTpaHBa.R ero Ha CHrHanhI reHepa-
TOpa, HJIH C noMOillblO pe3oHaHCHoro BOJI-
HOMepa, no.uo6Horo TOMY, KOTOpbIM Thl,
BO3MOllCHO, nOJib3OBa.TICJI npH uacTpomce
nepe,uaT11HKa annapa-rypbI pa,uuoynpaene-
uu» Mo,uenBMH (cM. pHc. 357).
IlocJie 3Toro rrpHcTynaii K HaCTPOHKe
pa.nuo11acTOTHOro TpaKTa - OCH0BHOro 6no-
Ka TPaHcnoepa. )lenaii 3TO TaK. K pa3'be-
MY X3 no.a;Kn1011H Harpy3KY yce:JIHTemI
3q _ AHHaMH11eCICylO roJIOBKY co 3BYKOBOH
KayYWKOH conpOTHBJieHneM 6-10 OM HnH
ee 3KBHBa.TieHT-pe3HCTOp TaKoro )l(e co-
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xonbIMH JIJ1Hl1.HMH. Onn1MaJ1hHOH cB»3H mepee1-wu u noJ1e31-t0u.
yc11m1TeJI.S1 C aHTeHHOH .uo6HBalOTC.SI: IlOJJ:-
6opoM 'iHCJia BHTKOB KaTyillKH L6.
YnpaBJieHne rpaHCHBepOM C naMIIOBbIM
ycmrnTeJieM M0ll.lHOCTH npaKTHqeCKl1 oc-
TaeTC» TaKHM )Ke, KaK C TpaH3HCTOpHhlM
yc11mne.rreM. Opu 3TOM BepXHIOIO (CM.
pHC. 391) rpynny KOHTaKTOB nepeKmoqare-
Jl» S l HCIIOJib3YIOT )lJlSl nonaq11 Hanp»-
)l(eHlrn + 290 B Ha JiaMIIOBhlH ycHJlHTCJib
M0ll.ll10CTH, a Hl1)l(HIOIO )lJISI no.ua•rn Ha-
Ilp.sJ)l(eHJrn + 12 B Ha OCTaJlbHbie 6JIOKH
TpaHCMBepa.
AHTCHHa. 0 JlHOH H3 rry'iillHX aHTeHH
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BO.TIHOBblM .1]11.IT0.Tib - nna 0Tpe3Ka nponona
C l130JlSIT0paMH Ha KOHUax (pHc. 399,a),
o6ll.laSI ,UJIHHa K0TOpbIX panHa IIOJIOBHHe
JlJIHHblpa)lH0B0.TIHbl,UHana3oHa,T.e.oKOJIO
80 M (ToqHee: L= 0,475>-.). )],n» coop}')Ke-
HMSI TaKOtt aHTeHHbI norpe6yIOTCSI Me.u-
HblH npono.u HJIH aHTeHHblH KaHaTMK n11a-
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c rpaHCHBepoM - KOaKCHaJibHblH Ka6eJib c
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KHM Ka6e.JieM neJiaIOT BB0)lbl TCJ1CBH3H0H-
HblX aHTCHH).
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cocraen»Th 39-40 M, HO 6h1Th o6»3aTeJib-
H0 O]lHHaKOBOM JlJISI Ka)l(,UOfO nne'Ia. K
BHCIIJHHM K0HIJ.aM JlHIIOJI.SI npHB.Sf:)1(11 no
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24
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B. H. Jleuuua. Y:>1ee B nepebie MeC.Rl#bl cy-
u,ecmeoBaHuR MO.IJOOOM y npoAemapCKO.My
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i>eAe ceo,o cnoco6Hocm& op2aHU10Bam&cR.
no Bb1pa:>1eeHu10 B1tadu.Mupa HAbU'la, OAR
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mR6pe.M pecny61tuKu pa6ottux u Kpecm&.RH.
TaKou op2aHu1ar,ueu cma1ta KpaCHa11 Ap-
.MUR. llep6ble ee omp.RObl 23 cjjeepaAR 1918
zoi>a ycneumo Bbtdep:HCaAu 6oeeoe Kpeu,e-
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Mbl om.Me'laeM e:HCezocJHo KaK J{eH& Co-
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ma.
Boopy:HCeHHb1e CuAbl Haweu PoduHbl pac-
no1ta2a10m pa3H006pa3HOU lfleXHUKOU C6R3U,
o6ecnettU6al0£11eu onepamusHoe ynpaBAeHue
60UCKaMU 6 A106blX YCAOBURX. HcKAIOtlU-
meJtbHO Ba:HCHoe .Mecmo B o6£lleM Ko.MnAeK-
ce cpei>c"'8 CBR3U 1aHUMaem pai}uoceR3b.
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6.R3aHHou HaM cjjawu1.Mo.M, noi)msepOUA
nepBocmeneHHYIO pOAb padUOC6R3U 6 pyK0-
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ttecm& 6b1m& eoeHHblM pai>ucmoM !
Te6e, Kozi>a npui>em epe.M.R Haoem& wu-
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1 HllKOMUfflb me6R C HeKomopblMU 6UOaMu
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B apcemUie BoopyllCeHHLix C1rn HMeIOTCSI
nepeHOCHbie, RBTOM06HJihHhie, TaHKOBhle,
CRMOJieTHbie, KOpa6eJU,Hble 11 ,npyrHe pa-
.l(HOCTRHUHU. Pa3Hble no np1rnaJL)lellCHOCTH
K po,naM BOHCK H pa60TRIOIUHe B pa3HhlX
nHRila30HRX BOilH, ece OHR npH3BaHbl o6ec-
ne11HBRTb Ha)lellCHYIO CBSl3h BOHCKOBhlX 11ac-
Teii e Jll06blX ycJIOBHSIX MHpHOH HJIH 6oe-
BOH o6CTRHOBKH. Ka)K,UajJ pa)lHOCTaHllHSl-
3TO, o6pa3HO Bbipa)l(8JICh, opyllCHe B pyKax
pa.n11cra.» llCe paccKa>Ky 6onee no.upo6Ho
JlHIIIh O He6oJiblIIOM ceMeiiCTBe nepeHOC-
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craeuHii P-105, P-108 11 P-100, c KOTo-
phlMH, B03MO)ICHO, Te6e npM,llCTCSI HMCTb
.ueno.
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28,0 .l(O 36,5 Mru, P-100-0T 21,5 ,no
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no 46, 1 Mr:u:, 11TO COOTBCTtTBYCT pa.n1m-
BOJIHaM )lJIHHOH OT 13,95 .l(O 6,51 M . 0HH
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6ruie II e CTaUHOHapHblX ycJIOBHSIX. CTaH-
llHH coxpaHSIIOT pa60TOCilOC06HOCTb npH
TeMnepaType OT 40° MOpo3a no 50°C Ten-
na. 3TH pa.nuocraHUHR,, Me>K,lly npo1111M,
IlIHpOKO HCDOJ1b3YIOTCR H JL)IR copeBHOBa-
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BeemuHu en.11. pa.n11ocTaHUHH P-105 no-
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407
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Pnc. 400. Pa.1:n10crnHu1rn P-105 :

1 - PY'fKa uacTpoHKH auTeHHhI; 2- rnKana uacTpottKH npHeMonepe.n.aT'fHKa; 3 - aineHHa; 4 - py'fKa
ycTaHOBKH pa6o'Jett qacTOTbl; 5 - nptt6op npoBepKH HCToqHHKOB IlHT3HHSI; 6 - BblKJUO•IaTem, ITHTa-
Hl1SI; 7 - KHO II Ka nepeKJUO'faTeJISI «TI pHeM - nepe.n.a '{3»; 8 - aKKyMy JISITOpHaSI 6aTapesi; 9 - y .D.JIHllM-
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nma. BeyTpeHHSUI 1:1aCTb Kopnyca, Ha3bl- rapHMTypa Mo:>KeT 6hITb IlOllKJII01:leHa K

BaeMaSI paHueM, pa311eneHa rnyxoii nepe-
ropo.n:Kou Ha nBa oTceKa. B nepenHeM oT-
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C BH6pauHOHHblM npeo6pa30BaTeJieM HH3-
Koro HailpSI:>KeHHSI 6aTapeH IlHTaHHSI B BbI-
COKOe, tteo6xon11Moe nmr mnamrn aHonHo-
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ca cTaHlum, a Ha 60KOBOH - neTJill )IJISI
Kpennemrn 3annelfHhIX peMHeii.
B pa601:1Hii KOMilJieKT pan11ocTaHL{Hll
BXOWIT TaK:>Ke MHKpoTeJTecpoHHaSI rapHHTY-
pa - o6nemmeHHhie B o.n.Ho uenoe M11Kpo-
<f>oH H Tene<f>oH C KHOIT01:1HhIM nepeKJTI0-
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BOeHHhIMH pa.[(HCTaMH TaHreHTOH, lllTbipe-
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BOllHHKOB, BbIIlOJIHSIIOll{.HX pOJib 3a3eMne-
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MOraTeJibHOe HMyll(eCTBO. B 3aBHCHMOCTM
OT ycJIOBMii pa60Tbl MMKpOTene<f>oHHaSI
npHeMonepenar1:111Ky 1:1epe3 KOJIOJIKY Ha JIH-
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eMoncpe.na rlfHKY qepe3 KOJIOllKY Ha pam.1,e.
06 yCTpottcTBe H pa6oTe npHeMonepeuaT-
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no crpyKTypHoii cxeMe, tt3o6pa:>KeHHoii Ha
pHC. 401.
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cTpoeH no cxeMe TpaHcttBepa (KaK rpaH-
cttBep Half1rna10mero KOpOTKOBOJIHOBHKa,
0 KOTOpOM SI paccKa3aJI B npellhI.Uyll(eii
6ecene). 3To 3HalfttT, lfTO qacTh ero KacKa-
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0peMS1 npMeMa. TiepeKJII01:leHHe CTaHL{Hlf C
nepena1:lll Ha nptteM M o6paTHO ocy1uecTB-
nsi:eTc.SI TaHreHTOH Ha MMKpOTeJie<f>oHHOH
rapHHType. TipH '.H OM :meKTpOMarHlfTHOe
pene (Ha pttc. 401 He noKa3aHo), ynpaBJISle-
Moe KOHTaKTaMH TaHreHTbl, nepeKJII01:laeT

408
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naT':IHKa COOTBeTCTBeHHO Bl'I)laM pa60TbI
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ryphr, KOTOpbie HCilOJlb3YIOTCSI Ha o6oHX
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HHSIMH. JlHHHSIMH co CTpeJIKaMl1 IlOKa3aHbI
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3,nech pannocraHU.HH rpexKacKa,nHbIH: Kac-
KaJI Ha naMne V2 - 3a11a10mnif retteparop,
HJIH, KaK ero eme Ha3bIBaIOT, B036y.UHTeJih,
KacKa.U Ha JiaMne Vt - ycHJIHTeJib MOll(HOC-
TH, KaCKa,U Ha JiaMne V3 - 'laCTOTHhlH MO-
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3JieKTpHqecKHe Kone6aHHSI pa6oqeu qacro-
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npHeM BbIIlOJIHSieT pOJih rerepo.nHHa npH-
eMHHKa. l1 eme o.uHa oco6eHHOCTb reHepa-
ropa nepe11aT1mKa - ero naMna SIBJISieTcSI
0}1HOBpeMeHHO B036y.UHTeJieM pa,n:noqac-
TOTHbIX KOJie6attHii: H npe11BapttTeJibHhIM
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B HeKOTOpbIX H3 npe,UblJlYlll:HX 6ece.u
ynoMHHaJI O qacTOTHOH MOJlYJISll.l,HH. MHo-
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maTe.JJbHbIX YKB cTammif c qacrorHoii
Mo.uyn»uHeil:. C qacroTHOil: Mo.nyn»uHeii
pa6ora10r nepenaT'lHKH 3BYKOBOro conpo-
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pa3yMeeTcSI, 3BYK0BhIX KaHaJIOB TeJieBH30-
poB. TaK BOT, B nepeHOCHbIX BOeHHbIX YKB
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HH1I, nocryna10mHe B aHTeHHY, H3MeHSIIOT-
CSI no.u B03,UeHCTBHeM KOJie6attHil: 3ByKo-
BOH qacTOThI He no aMrnrnryne, KaK Ha
umpoKOBemaTeJibHblX CTaHU.H1IX ]lJIHHHO-
BOJIHOBOro, cpe11HeBOJIHOBoro l1 KOpOTKO-
BOJIHOBOro imana3oHax, a no qacrore
(pHc. 402). Ponh TaKoro MOJlYJISITOpa B
nepe.uarqHKax YKB cram1,Hii BbIIlOJIHSieT
KacKa.u Ha naMne V3, Ha3bmaeMoil: B nan-
HOM cnyqae peaKTHBHOH naMnou. HanpSI-
)KeHtte 3BYKOBOH qaCTOTbI OT MHKpo<f>oHa
(Ha pttc. 402-rpa<f>HK a) 11epe3 MHKpo<f>oH-
HbIH TpaHc<popMaTop ( OH )Ke BbIX0}1HOH
rpaHc<popMarop npHeMHHKa) no.uaercst Ha
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Pttc. 402. rpac}mKH, HJIJUOCTpttpyIOll{He npIDI-
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KOBOH 'l3CTOThl; 6 - 'JaCTOTHO-MO)].yJIH poBaHHhie
Kone6aHHSI pa,QHO'laCTOThl

27 202 409
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llzylO B KOHTYP 3a.Jlaiomero reHepaTopa,
co 3BYKOBOH 'laCTOTOH (Ha puc. 402-rpa-
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MO)lJJIHpoeaHHLie 3JICKTJ)OMarHHTHble KO-
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o6pa3YIOT <l>HJibTJ) Anq H peaKTHBHajl
JiaMna V3, '1epe3 KOTOpLie 'IaCTOTI:lblH ,ne-
TCKTOp COC)lHHBeTCSI C reTCJ>O,llHH0M npe-
o6pa30B3TCJISI npHCMHHKa. EcJIH BXO,llHOH
CHIBaJI HMeeT HCKOTopy10 pacc-rpomcy no
410
OTHOWCHHIO K pe30HaHCHOH 'laCTOTe .ne-
TeKTopa, TO Ha BblXO.ne ,llCTCKTOpa, KpoMe
CHrHaJia 3BYKOBOH 'laCTOTLI, B03HHICaeT
DOCTOSIHHoe uanpH)ICCHHe, 3Ha11eHHe H no-
IDipHOCTb KOToporo 3aBHCSIT OT BLICOKO-
'laCTOTHOro CHrHana Ha exone .neTeKTopa.
3-ro HanpSI>ICeHHe '1epe3 peaICTHBHYIO naM-
ny B03)lCHCTByeT Ha 'Ia~TOTY re-repo,nHHa,
}'MCHbWaH, TaKHM o6pa30M, paccTpOHKY
npHCMHHICa OTH0CHTe.JlbHO 'laCTOTLI CHrua-
Jia, Ha ICOTopyIO OH HaCTpoeH. IlpH 3TOM,
npaB,ZJ;B, DOJIOCa 1faCTOT nponycKaHH11 npH-
CMHHKa CJ)KaeTCJl, 3aTO pa.!UfCT MO)ICCT eec-
TH 6ecno,nCTpoe11HYIO CBSI3b. 3To O'ICHL
y,uo6Ho, oco6eHHo npH pa6oTe Ha xo,ny:
HaCTpOHB npHeMOilepe)laTCJ:HIC Ha 3a,UaHHYIO
'IaCToTy, PaJlHCTY J)Ke He npHXOJlHTC11 eo
BpeM11 CBSIJH ero no.ncrpaHBaTb.
lliKa.na HaCTJ)OHXH npHeMonepe,naT'IHKa
06ma11 JlJl11 nepenaT'IHKa H rrpHeMHHKa.
OHa nporpa,nyHpoeaHa e <l>HKCHJ)OBaH-
HbIX 11aCTOTax, Ha3bIBaeMLIX TalC)ICC <l>HK-
CHpoBaHHblMH BOJIHaMH HJIH, 'ITO TO
)ICC CaMoe~ KaHaJiaMH CBSIJH. PHCKH <l>HK-
CHpoBaHHblX 'laCTOT HaHeCCHbl Ha WKa-
ny qepe3 Ka)l(Jlble 50 Kni, a HX nopSl)llCo-
BLie HOMepa-qepe3 200 Kru, T.e. '1epe3
Ka)l(Jlble 'ICTLIJ)C <l>HKCHpoBaHHble 'laCTOTbI.
Ha wICane panHocramum P-l 00, Hanpe-
Mep, 0003Ha'leHbI t 41 <l>HKCHpoBaHHajl qac-
TOTa. EcnH HOMep <l>HKCHpOBaHHOH 'laCTO-
TLI }'MHO>ICHTb Ha t 00, TO nony'IHM pa-
6oqyw 11acro-ry, e1,1pa>ICeHHY10 e KHJiorep-
uax. Harrp:uMep, pa6oqeif 'laCTOTe 245 H~
WICaJie paZIH0CTaHUHH C0OTBCTCTByeT 'lac-
TOTa 245 x too= 24500 Kru HJIH 24,5 Mru.
Bo3paCTaHHe HOMepoe <l>HKCHpoBaHHbIX
'laCTOT (BOJIH) H)lCT B HanpaeJieHHH epa-
11.(CHHH pyqm HaCTJ)OHICH no )lBIOICCHHIO
11acoeoe: CTpeJIKH. IlbcaJia CHa6)1CeHa JIHH-
30H, yeeJIH'IHBaIOlllCH HaHCCCHHble Ha Hee
pHCKH H I.tH<l>pLI, 'ITO DOBbIWaeT TO'I-
HOCTb HaCTJ)OHICH npHeMOilepe)laT'IHKa Ha
3a,na11Hy10 'laCToTy. A 'IT06LI HacTpomca
He c6HJiaCh, PaJlHCT C nOMOlllLIO PY'IICH
«CTonop» WKaJILI Ha JIHneeoif naHenH
<l>HKCHpyeT B 3TOM noJIO)ICCHHH MexhHH3M
Hac-rpoHICH npeeMonepe,llaT'lmca.
qTO npe.ncTaBJIRCT co6oH KBapueeblH Ka-
JIH6paTop? 3To reHepaTop, 'laCToTa KO-
ne6aHHH KOToporo CTa6HJIH3HpOBaHa Keap-
UCBl,lM pe3OHRTOpOM. 3ToT reHepaTop -
ceoeo6pa3HbIH 3TaJIOH, no KOTOpoMy npcr
BepSIIOT rpa,nyHp0BKY WKaJibl npHeMonepe-
.naT'IHICa.
Thi, KOHC'lHO, nOHHMaew1,, KaICoe 3Ha-
'lCHHe HMCCT rpa,llyHpoeKa WKaJibl. Be,n1,
OT Hee 3aBHCHT T()qHOCTb HaCTJ)OHKH CTaH-
UHH Ha 3a)l3HHJIO 'laCTOTY, a 3Ha11HT, H
o6ecne'ICHHC yaepeHHOH paJlH0CBSilH. BoT
KBapucBbIH Kam16paTop H CJIYiKHT ,llJUl
Toro, cno6hr pa)lHCT Mor rrpoacpHTb rpa-
,izynpoaxy wxanbI npHeMoncpenaP-rnKa H,
ccmt Hano, npOH3BCCTH KOppcKTHpOBKy.
KoHCTpyKTOpbl Il03a6onrnHcb O TOM,
KaK npe)lCJlbHO ynpOCTHTb pa6oTy Ha pa-
)lHOCTaHUHH. PanncT noJiiKCH JIHWb non-
KJIIOqHTb K npncMoncpci:i:a~HKY aKKyMyJIJI-
TOpttyro 6aTapero, aHTeHHy H MHKpOTCJIC-
q>OHHYIO rapHHTYPY, ycTaHOBHTh Ha wxanc
3a)laHHYIO pa6oqyro qacTOTY, HacTpOHTb
aHTeHtty- H panHocTaHl(HJI roTOBa K CBJ13H.
A ycTaHOBHB naycTOpOHHIOIO CBJ13b. pa-
)lHCTY OCTaCTCJI TOJibKO HaiKHMaTb H OT-
nycKaTb KHOIIKY TaHrCHTbI Ha MHKpOTCJIC-
q>OHHOH rapHHTypc, qT06bI ncpenaaaTb H
npHHHM8Th HYiKHbIC coo6mcHHJI. Ticpcna"Ia
H npHCM BC.ll.)'TCJI Ha onHOH H TOH )KC
qacTOTC.
Tc6J1, KOHC~o. HHTCpccycT «,UaJibH06oii-
HOCTb» 3THX pa,uHOCTaHuHH. CpaBHHTCJib-
HO HC60Jibll13JI. Be,ub 3TO MaJioMomHbIC
' 2 J BacMhiii: CTaHUHCH P-104, OT 1500 (.UJIHHa
PHc. 403. Pa,n:HOCTaHQHSI P-104:
1 - llJKaJia HaCTpOHKH npHeMOnepeJJ,aT'IHKa;
2- naMna nOJlCBeTKH lllKaJibI; 3 - py'IKa non-
CTpOHKH CBSl3H C aHTeHHOH ; 4 - llJTblpeBaSI aH-
TeHHa; 5 - Ta6JIH'fKa ,llJISI 3anHcei1: ; 6 - pyqKa Ha-
CTpOHKH aHTeHHbI; 7 - py'IKa ycTaHOBKH pa6o-
'lett 'faCTOTbl; 8- nepeKJIIO'faTeJib pDJJ.a pa60Tbl;
9- KHOnKa nepeKJI10'faTenS1 «TipHeM - nepeJla-
'fa»; 10- KOJIOJlKa JlJHI BKJIIO'feHHSI JiaMnbI-no.a-
CBeTKH; 11 - py'IKa peryJISITOpa rpOMKOCTH;
I 2 - KHOnKa KOHTpOJISI 'faCTOTbl npHeMonepe-
}laT'IHKa c noMOrn:b10 KBapQeeoro reeepaTopa;
13 - pylfKa nepeKJIIO'faTeJISI IlOA!lHana30HOB;
14- ynaKOBKa mnaHHSI; t 5 -TeJierpaq>HblH
KJIIOlf
27*
YKB pannocTaHUHH: MomHocTh nx ncpe-
,uaTqHKoa acero 1 BT. ,[(aJibHOCTb CBSI3H C
O)lHOTHIIHOH pa.unocTaHUHCH 38BHCHT OT
npHMCHJICMbIX aHTCHH, pCJibcq>a MCCTHOCTH
11 HCKOTOpbIX npyrHX ycJIOBHH. TipH pa6oTC
c rH6Koii WTLIPCBOH aHTCHHOH BbICOTOH
1,5 M naJibHOCTb CBSI3H nocTHraCT 6 KM.
EcJIH HCilOJib3OBaTb TY )KC WTbipcayro aH-
TCHHY, HO c noMombro Tpy6oK-KOJieH. BXO-
,USJmHX a pa6oqHH KOMIInCKT CTaHI..UIH, yac-
JIH"IHTb ee BbICOTY no 2, 7 M, naJibHOCTb
CBSl3H B03pacraeT ,uo 8 KM. TipH pa6oTC
C nyqcBOH aHTCHHOH, nonBCWCHHOH Ha Bbl-
COTC 1 M, ycTOH1:IHBast CBSJ.3b MOiKCT 6bITb
ocymccTBJICHa Ha paCCTOSIHHH ,uo 15 KM,
a c TOH iKC aHTCHHOH, Ho nonHSJ.TOH Ha
BbICOTY 6 M - no 25 KM.
K qncny ncpCHOCHbIX OTHOCHTCSI TaKiKC
pa,uHOCTaHl(HSI P-104, IlOKa3aHHaSJ. Ha
pnc. 403. 3-ro KOpOTKOBOJIHOBaSJ. pa,uHo-
CTaHI.J,HSJ., paCC'IHTaHHaSJ. Ha pa6oTy KaK a
TCJICq>OHHOM, TaK 1-1 B TCJicrpaq>HOM pciKH-
MaX. BbIXO)lHaSJ. MomHOCTb ncpcnaTqHKa B
TCJICrpaq>HOM pciKHMC ,UOCTHracT 3,5 BT,
a B TCJICq>OHHOM 1 BT. L(aJibHOCTb CBSl3H
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pciKHMa pa60Tbl H HC-
IlOJib3YCMOH aHTCHHbI 6c3 )lOilOJIHHTCJib-
HbIX yc1rnHTCJlbHbIX ycTpOHCTB MOiKCT
6hITb AO 50 KM H 60JibWC.
Bech ,unana30H pawmqacToT, nepeKpb1-
BOJIHbI 200 M) no 4250 xru (,llJIHHa BOJIHbI
OKOJIO 70 M), HMCCT 27 5 KaHaJIOB CBSl3H -
q>HKCHpoaaHHbIX pa6o1:IHX qacTOT, qcpc3
Ka)l()lbIC IO Kru. Pa,n:HOCTaHI.J,HSI 06ccnc1.1H-
aacT BXOiK)lCHHC B CBSl3b H BC,UCHHC nay-
CTOpOHHCH CBSl3H 6c3 noncTpOHKH C HC-
IlOJib30BaHHCM ,ZIJISI ncpena"IH H npHCMa
O)lHOH H TOH )KC q>HKCHpoaaHHOH IJaCTOTbI.
Pa.unocTaHl(HSJ. P-104, KaK H pa.unocTaH-
UHH P-105, P-108 H P-109, HCI10Jlb3YCTCSI
H a pa.unocnopTc, HanpHMcp Ha copcaHo-
aaHHSIX no pa60TC a pa,n:HOCCTH (pHc. 404),
B Ka"ICCTBC JIHCbI.
roaopSI O ncpeHOCHbIX BOCHHbIX pa,uHo-
CTaHl(HSJ.X. HCJlb3SJ. HC BCilOMHHTb O BCTcpa-
HC BenHKOH 0TC1:ICCTBCHHOH BOHHbI-pa-
,UHOCTaHuHH PEM. B pyKax yMcJib1X pa-
nncToa 3TH MaJIOMOmHhIC TCJICq>OHHO-TC-
ncrpaq>HbIC KB pa,uHOCTaHI.J,HH o6ecncqH-
B8JIH Ha,uciKHYIO H ycT00qHBYIO CBSJ.3b B
JII06bIX. caMbIX CJIO)J(HbIX ycJIOBHSIX 6oeBOH
o6cTaHOBKH.
CeHqac B BoopyiKCHHbIC CHJibI npnwna
HOBaSJ. TCXHHKa, a «cTapyWKH 3p-63-3MKH»,
KaK HX JII060BHO Ha3bIBaIOT 6bIBWHC pa-
nHCTbI-BOHHbI, ncpcnaHbl B pacnopSJ.)l(CHHC
opraHHJaI.J,HH L(OCAA<I> - )lJISJ. HJyqcHHSI HX
6ynymHMH BOHHaMH, ,llJISI pa,uHocnopTa.
ECTb OHH H BO BHCWKOJibHbIX yqpciK)lC-
411

PHc. 404. Pa,nHOCTaHl.\MH P- 104 B pa~1-1ocnop-re
HlUIX, 3,D,ech BMeCTe C ,npyrHMH pefonaMH
TbI MO>KeWb OBJia,D,eTh TeXHHKOH eeneHH.H
pa,D,HOCB.H3H.
OPr AH 113AU11.sI PAlll1 OCBR311
Tipe:>KJle ecero - o BHilaX BeneHH.H panHo-
CB.H3M. Pa3JI1-1'laJOT nsa su,D,a eeneHu.H IlBY-
cTopoHHeii CBSl3H: OynAeKCHy,o H CUMnAeKc-
1-1y,o. TipH nyrmeKCHOM CB.H3H pa,D,HCTbl MO-
ryr pa6oTaTh Ha nepenaqy 11 npHeM on-
HOBpeMeHHo H He3aBHCHMO npyr OT ,D,pyra.
Ecm, npHHHMaJOmnii 'ITO-To He noH.HJI,
Hanp11Mep H3-3a KaKOH-TO noMeXH, OH,
BOCnOJib30BaBWHCb KpaTKOBpeMeHHOH nay-
30H, Mo>KeT nepe61-1Th pa6oTy nepenarome-
ro, 'IT06b1 yro'IHHTh conep)KaHHe coo6me-
H1-1.H. )],JISI TaKoro BH.Lla CB.H3H pa)lHCTbl
noJI>KHhl pacnonaraTh IlBYM.H npneMonepe-
na10m11MH CTaHUH.HMH IUIH pa3neJibHO ne-
penaT'IHKOM n npHeMHHKOM, pa6oTaJOmH-
Ml1 He3aB11CHMO O,ll,HH OT npyroro. TipH
CHMnJieKCHOH CB.H311 panHCTbl pa6oTaI-OT Ha
nepenaqy " npHeM nooqepenHo : onuH ne-
penaer, a npyroii B :no BpeM.H npHHH-
MaeT, 3aTeM, ttao6opoT, BTopoii nepeD,aeT,
a nepBblH np1-1HHMaeT . TIpH TaKOM e~e
cesi3H nepe6oii paJlMCTa, pa60Ta1-0mero Ha
P1-1c. 405. CxeMa pa.n1-1ocBH3M:
a- no pa,n1-1ouanpasneu1-110 : 6 B pa.rmocer1-1
412
nepenaqy, HCKJII-O'leH. Bee np11eMonepena1-0-
mue CTaHIUrn, nocTpOeHHhle no TpaHcH-
eepHOH cxeMe, pacc'IHTaHbI Ha eeneHHe
TOJibKO CHMil.JleKCHOH CB.H3H.
He3aBHCHMO OT B~a Be)leHH.H CB.H3H
cyll.lecTBYI-OT ,ll,Ba OCHOBHbIX cnoco6a opra-
HH3aU1111 .u;eycTopOHHHX panHOCB.H3eii - no
paOUoHanpaBAeHu,o 11 6 paouocemu.
CxeMa CB.H3H no panHOHanpaBJieHHIO,
T . e. B KaKOM-TO O.[\HOM HanpaBJieHHH, no-
Ka3aHa Ha puc. 405, a. B :noM cnyqae ,nea
panHcra 3Toro pan11OHanpaeneHH.H pa6o-
TaI-OT TOJibKO Me>Kny co6oii. TipH TaKOM
cnoco6e CB83h MO)KeT 6bITh eecbMa ycroii-
'IHBOH H K TOMY >Ke ,nyillleKCHOH. Tio-
CKOJlbKY pan11cTaM coo6maeTc.H Hanpaene-
HHe Jll1H1111 CB_Sl311, OHH MOryT npHMeH.HTb
aHTeHHbI HanpaeJieHHoro ,neHCTBH.H, yBeJIH-
'IHBa1-0m11e naJibHOCTb H Hane)KHOCTb CB.H-
3H.
Ce.H3b B panuoceTH - CB.H3b Me:>KJlY rpeM.H
11 6oJiee pa,uHcTaMli (p11c. 405, 6). lln.H Ka>K-
,D,oii pa,n11ocTaH~H BbJ,lJ,eJI.HeTC.H pa6o'la.H
'laCTOTa, o6hl'IHO o6ma.H ,nJI.H ecex CTaH-
~ )laHHOH panHOCeTH, H 3anacHaH - pa6o-
'la.H 'laCTOTa, Ha KOTO'pYl-0 nepec1'paHBaI-OT
cTaHUl111 B CJiyqae nOSIBJieHl1.H noMeX HJll1
tteycTOH'IHBOH CB.H311 Ha nepBoii BhineneH-
Hoii qacTOTe. Cpe,D,H HHX ecTh rnaeHa.H
CTaHUH.H, KOTopa.H ycTaHaBJIHBaeT nopSl,UOK
pa6oTbI e panuoceTH. KaK npaemm, CBH3h
Be.ll,eTC.H noo'lepe,D,HO Me)Kny napoii paAHO-
cram.urn:, a .ll,pyrne CTaHUHH ceTH B 3TO
BpeM.H nepeKJII-O'leHhr Ha npHeM. lleTKOCTb,
BHHMaTeJlhHOCTb ".ll,HCUHilJIHHa pa)lHCTOB-
rapaHTIDI CJ18)KeHHOH pa60Tb1 B panHoceTH.
l1Ha'ie CB.H3b MO>KeT 6bITb HapyweHa H3-3a
B3aHMHhIX noMex.
MO)KHO JIH MaJIOMOlI.lHhlM11 CTaHUH.HMH
CO3naTb JIHHHl-0 CB.H3H, ,nJIHHa KOTOpoii
3Ha'iHTeJibHO npeebrll.laeT ux «nan1,uo6oii-
uocTh». Mo>Ktto. KaK? C nOMom1,1-0 nyHK-
Ta peTpaHCJI.HU11H (p11c. 406) - npoMe)Ky-
TO'IHoro nyttKTa, rne Bencrc.H np11eM OT
O)lHOH CTaHUHH, ycHJieHHe H nocJienyroma.H
nepe,D,a'ia c11rHaJIOB K npyroii CT8HUHH
paJlHOJIHHHH CB.H3H, HO y)Ke Ha npyroii

~ pesy10 aHTeHHY H IlO,nHJITb ee BbIWe )le-
8
.. tpPJO .. :ronDAb ..
{n!JHKm p1mpaHt/llll4UU}
Puc. 406. ITyHKT peTpaHCJIJIUHH
qaCTOTe. Ami TaICoro npoMe)((yTo'IIHoro
ITyHICTa HCil0Jlb3YIOTCJI .use pa,uHOCTaHUHH,
coe,nHHeHHhie Mexc.uy co6oii npoBO.D.HOH JIH-
HHeii CBJl3H, a npH pe-rpaHCJI.HUHH B .nyn-
JieICCHOM pe)ICHMe- }lBa npHeMHHKa H .usa
nepenaT'IHICa.
A CCJIH nyHKT perpaHCJl.HUHH pa3MCCTHTb
B sepTOJieTe? IlpOT.H)((eHHOCTb JIHHHH CBJl-
3H Mexc.uy ee ICOHe'IIHbIMH pa.UHOCTaHUH.SIMH
MO)((eT 6bITb MHOrOICpaTHO }'BeJIH11eHa.
J:(aJJbll'oCTb, yCTOH'IHBOCTb H Ka11eCTBO
pa.llHOCBJl3H 3aBHCJIT OT Toro, ICaIC pa3Me-
meHbI pa.UH0CTaHUHH H HX aHTeHHbI. B
ropo.nax H .upyrHx ICpYnHbIX HaceneHHbIX
nyHKTax ,Ua.JlbH0CTb paJJ.H0CBJl3H, H oco6eH-
HO Ha YKB, YMeHbWaeTcH no cpaeHeHmo
C paJJ.HOCBJ13blO Me)f(,rzy CTaHIIHJIMH B Il0JJe-
BbIX ycnosH.HX. A ecmt paJJ.HOCTaHJ.\H.H c
aHTeHHOH 0ICa)ICCTCSI B Il0.UBaJJe, no.u MOC-
T0M, B KaHa.JJH3aUH0HH0M Kopu.uope, TO
paJJ,HOCBJ13b soo6me M0)ICCT nponacTb H3-
3a 11orJIOI.UCHH11 3JICICTpoMarHHTIIOH 3Hep-
fHH 3eMJIJIHbIMH yKpbITHJIMH, xceJie3o6e-
T0HHblMH IC0HCTpy~HJIMH. BoT IlOl:feMy
OilbITHbIH pa)J.HCT crapaeTCJI pa3MeCTHTb
cso10 YKB CTaHUHIO HJIH ee aHTeHHY,
coe,nHHeHHYIO C npHeMO{fepe,llaT11HIC0M qm-
JlepoM, Ha B03BbIIIICHHH, HanpHMep Ha
qep)J.aKe 3.U8HHJI, Ha ICpbIWe, H BO3MO)ICHO
,UaJibWe OT rnyXHX CTCH H )((eJie3o6eTOH-
HblX nepeICpbITHH. CB113b CTaHOBHTC11 nyq-
me ! B necHcro-6onoTHcroii MeCTHOCTH pa-
JlHCTbI pa3BePTbIBalOT CBOH CTaHUHH Ha
onyw.ICax neca, B MeJIIConeche, Ha nomrnax,
PHc. 407 Pa3eepTl,IBaHHC YKB pa,llHOCT8HllHH B ropHCTOH MeCTHOCTH
H36era.H BJIH.HHH11 ua pacnpoc-rpaHeHHe pa-
AHOBOJIH BJia)KffbIX CTBOJIOB )lepeBbCB. 8
TaKHX YCJIOBIUIX xopoIIIO Y.D.JIHHHTb lllTbl-
peebeB.
B ropHCTOH MeCTH0CTH YKB paJJ.HO-
cTaHUHH pa3BePTblBalOT Ha BO3BblIIICHHOC-
TJIX (puc. 407}, 'IT06bI auTeHHbl CTaHUHH
«BH.UCJIH» Jlpyr ,npyra. O.ZJ.HaICo ecJIH YKB
CTaHUHH 6y.ll.YT pa3BepffYTbI B6JIH3H ropbI
HJIH 3a ropou, 3aKpb1ea10meii ICoppecnoH-
.ueHTa, CBJl3b M0)(CeT 6b1Tb HapyweHa. EcJIH
pa,nHOCW13b ycTaHaBJIHBalOT qepe3 3aMep3-
mee 03epo, pexy HJIH )lpyroii eo.noeM c
npecHoii so.non, YKB paJJ.HOCTaHUHH pac-
nonara10T He Ha J1b.Z1.Y sonoeMa, a no-
.UaJJbllle OT 6epera Ha BO3BbIIIIeHHOCTH.
qTO npe,uCTaBJI.HeT co6oii nyqeea.H aH-
TeHHa, o6na,na10masi HanpaeneHH0CTblO
H3JIYl:fCHHJI H ppHeMa pa,uHOBOJIH? 3TO
nposo.u J].JIHHOB OICOJIO 40 M, H8UlffYTblii
Ha H3OJI.HTOpax Ha)J. 3eMJieii, O,UHH KOHCU
IC0TOporo no)lKJIIO'leH IC rrpHeMonepe.llaT-
qmcy (pHc. 408). K ,npyroMy IC0HUY nposo-
na qepe3 Harpy30'IHblH pe3HcTop conpo-
THBJieHHeM 0ICOJI0 400 OM npHCOO).lHHBIOT
np0THBOBeC - HeCK0JILICO OTpC3lCOB np0BO-
.ua ,wmHoii, paeHOH rrpHMepHo 'leTBel>fH
.UJIHHbl pa6011eii BOJIHbl pa.llHOCTamum.
Ilposon TaKOH aHTCHHbl C IlOMOI.UblO ICO-
JlbIIIIlCOB, BXO)l.HI.UHX B IC0MilJieICT pa.nHo-
CTaHUHH, IlO,llBCIIIHBalOT ropH3OHTa.JlbHO
HaJ]. 3eMJJeii Ha BbJC0Te 1 M •• IlpH 3TOM
OCb nposo.ua aHTCHHbl .U0JI)Kffa COBna.naTb
C HanpaBJICHHeM Ha ICOppecnoa.ueHTa H
<<CMOTpeTb» Ha Hero Harpy3O'IHbIM pe3HC-
TOpOM C npoTBBOBeCOM. B 3TOM aanpae-
JieHHH aHTeHHa H H3JIJ11aeT 60JiblllYIO
'laCTb 3JieKTpoMaTHHTHOH 3Hepnm H MHO-
ro nyqIIIe qeM c .npyrHx HanpaeneHHii
npHHHMaeT paJJ.HOBOJIHbI. TaJCylO 8HTCHHY
xopowo HcnoJib3osaTh, ICor.na pa.uucry
npHX0.l{HTCJI pa6oraTb B 6JIHffA8)(Ce, no.u-
BaJJe, OICOne HJIH ,npyroM yKpblTHH. T011HO
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413

Pee. 408. Jl)"leBaJI airreHHa
WTblJ)CBYIO aHTCHHY, COCAHHHB ee C npH-
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,nHarra3oue YKB MO)KCT 6hITL C03JlaHa
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MOIUblO pa.nuopeneiiHblx CTilHUHH (PPC)-
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peneiiHou JIHHHH CB.R~H pa,nHO'laCTOTHblH
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414
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P A)],HOJIOKAI(H.Jl
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1020 M.
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415
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PHc. 412. YCTpoikrno H npHHUHn JJ.eifcrnHsi: 3nexTpoHHo-ny'lesoi! Tpy6KH
:meKTpo,n:aMH H CHJlhHbIM pa3peX<eHHeM
B03.D,yXa BHYTPH (pHc. 412, a). 3KpaHOM
noKpbITaH C BHyTpeHHeii CT0p0Hbl T0HKHM
CJI0eM JllOMHHO<popa- Il0Jiynpo3pa 'IH0ro
aemecTBa, ceeTS1merocH non y napaMH
3JieKTp0H0B. KaTo.n: 3JieKTpOHHO-JiyqeBOH
Tpy6KH rro.n:o6eH nonorpeBHoMy KaTo.n:y
3JieKTpOHHOH naMilbl. OH 0KpyX<eH MeTan-
JIH'ICCKHM UHJlHHnpoM C tte60JiblllHM 0T-
BepCTHeM nocepenHHC, qepe3 K0Topoe Bbl-
JieTalOT H3JiyqaeMhie KaT0.U0M 3JieKTp0Hbl.
3To ynpaBJISIIOIUHH 3JieKTP0.D, Tpy6KH.
HenonaJieKy OT Hero pacnoJioX<eH nep-
BhIH aH0.ll,, HMeIOIUHH cpopMy TI0.Jloro
UHJIHHnpa. Ha Hero 0TH0CHTeJibH0 Ka-
Tona rronaeTCSI Il0JI0X<HTe.JlhH0e HanpH-
)l(eHHe, no,n neii:CTBHeM K0Toporo 3JieKTpo-
HhI, H3JiyqaeMbie KaT0.ll,0M, noJiy'lalOT yc-
KopeHHe. 3a nepBbIM aH0.ll,0M HaxonHTCH
BTOpoii. 3To M0)l(eT 6hITb IIOJibIH UMJlHIU{p
MJIH T0K0npoeonS1mee Il0KpbITHe, HaHCCCH-
H0e Ha BHyTpeHHIOIO Il0BepXH0CTb ropJio-
BHHbl Tpy6K11. Ha Hero rronaeTcH eme
6oJiee BblC0KOC Il0JI0)l(HTeJibH0e HanpsnKe-
HHe, qeM Ha nepBblH aHon. 3.JieKTpOHbl,
npoJieTaH ero, np1106peTa10T eme 6oJib-
rnyJO CK0p0CTb nBHX<eHHH K 3KpaHy. Ha-
npsi:)l(eHHSI Ha 3.JleKTponax Tpy6KH rron611-
pa10T TaK, 'ITO Me:>KJJ.Y HHMH 06pa3yeTCS1
3.JleKTpHqecKoe Il0Jie, o6Jianaiomee CBOHCT-
B0M co6Hpan, 3.JleKTp0Hhl, JieTS}-IUHe I( 3K-
paHy, B Y3KHH rryqox-Jiylf.
aJ
2)
417
 Ilo.n: neHCTBHeM y.a.apoe :meKTpOHOB JII0-
MHHoq>op ceeTHTCJI - Ha 3KpaHe noJ1BnJ1eTCJI
ceenuuaHcH To11xa (p11c. 412, 6). OHa TeM
Hp'le, 'leM 6oJibll1e 3JieKTpoHOB B Jiy11e
11 'leM 6oJibll1e HX CKOpOCTb. YnpaeJIJIIO-
u.um 3JieKTpon H3MeHJleT IIJI0THOCTb 3JieKT-
p0HHOro ny11a H, cnenoeaTeJibHO, HpKOCTb
ceenuueiicH TO'IKH Ha 3KpaHe.
Bero CHCTeMy, COCTOJIII.{YIO 113 KaTo.n:a,
ynpae11J110mero 3JieKTpo.a.a H aHonoe, Ha-
3hIBaIOT 3JieKTpOHHbIM npo)KeKTopoM
3JieKTpOHHO-JIY'leBOH Tpy6KH.
Me)K)ly aHonaMH H 3KpaHOM Tpy6KH
pa3MemeHhl eme 11eTbi:pe n11acnrnb1, HOCH-
llIHe HaJeaHHe OTKJIOHJIIOIUHX. OHH o6-
pa3yIOT .a.ea IIJI0CKHX KOil)leHcaTopa, 3J1eK-
TpH'lecKHe nom1 KOTOpbIX nepneH11HKynRp-
Hbl .a.pyr npyry. IlonaeaH HanpJl)KeH11e Ha
napy eepTHKaJII,HO pacnoJio)KeHHhIX n11ac-
THH, JJieKTJ)OHHbIH Jiyq MO)KHO OTKJIOHHTb
eneeo HJIH enpaeo H TaKHM o6pa30M
nepeMemaTb CBCTJIII.{YIOCJI TO'IKY Ha JKpaHe
no ropH30HTaJ1H. 3To IIJlaCTHHbl ropH30H-
TaJlbHOro OTKJI0HeHHJI nyqa. BTopaH napa
IIJiaCTHH, pacnoJIO)KeHHbIX ropH30HTanbHO,
06pa3yeT KOHJleHcaTop, noJBOJIJIIOIUliH
3JieKTpOHHbii:i ny11 H ceenuuyrocg TO'IKY
Ha 3KpaHe nepeMeman, no eepTRKaJIH.
3To - IIJiaCHIHbl eepTHKaJibHOrO OTKJIOHe-
HHSI ny11a.
11cnoJib3YH 3JieKTpottHo-nyqeeyro Tpy6-
Ky B Ka'leCTBe 3J1eKTpOHHOro ceKyH)lOMe-
pa, Ha ee IIJiaCTHHbl ropH30HTaJihHOrO
OTKJlOHeHHJI ny11a no11a10T OT cneuJfaJib-
HOfO reHepaTopa IlepeMeHHOe HanpJl)KeHHe
nHJioo6pa3HOR cpopMbl (puc. 412,e), Ha3hl-
eaeMoe HanpJl)KeHHeM ropH30HTaJibHOH
pa3eepTKH u r.p· OT o6bI'lHOf0 CHHYCOH-
D,aJibHOfO HanpJl)KeHHJI ITHJioo6pa3Hoe OT-
JI.H'laeTCJI rnaBHbIM o6pa30M TeM, 'ITO OHO
yMeHhlllaeTCJI :rna11HTeJibHO 6bICTpee, 11eM
eo3pacTaeT, npn11eM HJMeHeHHe HanpJl)Ke-
HHH npoHCXOJlHT He no KpHBbIM, a no
rrpHMbIM JIHHHSIM. IlpH 3TOM 3JieKTpOH-
HblH JIY'I 11epTHT Ha 3KpaHe Tpy6KH npsr-
MYIO ropH30HTaJibffYIO ceeTJIIUYIOCJI JIH-
HHIO (pHc. 212, r)- JIHHHIO ropH30HTaJibHO ii
pa3eepTKH. OHa-TO H BblilOJIHJleT poJih
lllKaJihI TaKoro np116opa pa.a.11onoKaTopa.
EcJIH Ha nnacTHHbl eepTHKaJibHOfO OTKJIO-
HeHHJI nyqa nonaTh HMnyJihC OTpa>I<eHHO-
ro CHrHaJia, OH Bhl30BeT Ha 3TOH lllKaJie
OTMeTKY B e.H)le BCIIJiecKa.
Ha IIJiaCTHHbl ropH30HTaJlbH0f0 OTKJIO-
HeHHJI nyqa np116opa no.a.a10T n11noo6pa3-
Hoe HanpH)KeHHe pa3eepTKH TOH )Ke 11ac-
TOTbI, C KOTOpOH rrpoHCXOJlHT H3Jiy11eHHe
30HD.HPYIOIUHX na11eK panHoBOJIH, HanpH-
Mep 1000 ru. Ilp11 TaKoii 11acT0Te 3neKT-
poHHhIH JIY'I 1000 pa3 B 1 C npo11epKH-
418
eaeT 3KpaH, o6pa3yH Ha HeM npsiMyro
ceeTHIUYIOCH JIHHHIO. O6maH JlJIHHa JIHHHH
Ha 3KpaHe npH 3TOM COOTBeTCTByeT B Mac-
ll1Ta6e oTJ)e3KY epeMeHH D,JIHTeJihHOCTblO
0,001 c, T. e. I MC. OHa MO)KeT 6bITh OT-
rpany11poeaHa e KHJIOMeTpax.
ny11 Ha 3KpaHe Tpy6KH Ha'IHHaeT D,BH-
taThCJI cneea Hanpaeo oT ttyneeoro nene-
HHH lllKaJibI B TOT MOMeHT, Kor,ua npoHc-
XOD,HT 113ny11eHHe HMTIYJihca. MoMeHT no-
ChIJIKH HMnynhca OTMe11aeTCJI BbI6pocoM
JIHHHH y HyJieBoro .a.eneHHJI lllKam,r Tpy6-
KH. IlnacnmhJ eepTHKanbHOro OTKJIOHeHHJI
ny11a Tpy6KH BKJIIO'leHbI Ha BbIXone npHeM-
HHKa. EcnH B npHeMHHK He nocTynaJOT
OTpa)KeHHbie HMnyJlbChI, TO ocraJ1bHa.s1.
qacTh JIHHHH pa3eepTKH Ha 3KpaHe Tpy6KH
HMeeT BHA npS!.MOH. Ho KaK TOJihKO Ha'IH-
HalOT nocrynaTb OTpa)KeHHbie HMilYJihCbI,
Ha ceenimeiicsi JIHHHH nony•:meTCH BTo-
poii BbI6poc. }J;JIH cny11aJ1, noKa3aHHOrO
Ha pHc. 413, BHJlHO, 'ITO paCCTOHHHe D,O
061,eKTa, OTpa3HBlllero panHOBOJIHbl, 70 KM.
KaK onepaTOpbr PJIC onpe,ueJIJIIOT Te-
Kym11e KOOPllHHaTbI o6Hapy)KeHHOro 061,-
eKTa, Hanp11Mep caMoneTa? ero aJH- no
MYTY, T. e. no yrny Me)K.a.y HanpaeneHHeM
Ha ceeep H HanpaeneHHeM Ha caMoJieT,
H no yrny Mecm - yrny, 06pa3yeM0My ro-
pH30HTaJihHOH JIHHHeH H HaKJIOHHOH JIH-
HHeH, HanpaeJieHHOH Ha caMoJieT (pHC. 414).
3TH naHHbie q>HKCHPYIOT HHJlHKaTOpbI no
noJIO)KeHHIO aHTeHHhl. A Korna H3BeCTHbl
a3HMYT, yron MecTa 11 HaKJIOHHaSI ,n:aJib-
HOCTh, TO HeTpynHo pacc'IHTaTb BbICOTY
noneTa H MeCTO, rne B naHHbIH MOMeHT
HaXOD,HTCJI o6Hapy)KeHHblH caMoJieT. B
PJIC ece 3TH pac11eThl npoHJBOJlHTCH, pa-
3yMeeTcJ1, aBTOMaTH'lecKH. O11ee1t:nHO, 'ITO
ecJIH p JIC HaXOD,HTCJI Ha 3eMJie HJIH ye-
llocb111oeMhtll llpuHRmb1iJ
UMflyllbC UMflYllbC
I I I I I I I 1 1 1
15 !ID 'f§ &D 75 SD 105 12013515
KunoMempbl
Puc. 413. Bb16poc ceers11ueikS1 JIHHHH Ha 3Kpa-
He :meKTpOHHO-Jiy'JeBOH Tpy6KH yKa3blBaeT pac-
CTOSIHHe JJ.0 ueJiu
 TaHOBJieHa Ha xopa6ne H npeuHa3Ha1IeHa
)J,JISI Ha6mo.aeHHSI 38 Ha3eMHbIMH HJIH n11a-
BaIO[UHMH no BOlle Kopa6JISIMH, HeT Heo6-
~ XOllHMOCTH H3Mep.RTb yron MecTa.
~ l.J.To6bI Thi HMen 6onee IlOJIHOe npeu-
~ CTaBJieHHe o PJIC, pa36epeM ee pa6oTy
1::3
no ynpomeHHOH cTpyKTypHoii cxeMe, H3o6-
~ pa)KeHHoii Ha pHC. 415. Ha Heii noKa3aHI,I
~~ ~~ .
TOJibKO OCHOBHhle YCTPOHCTBa H HX B3aHMO-
-~ CBSl3b.
AHTeHHa, H3JI}"laIO[Ua.R HMilYJibCbl pa-
ic~
_.,,,..~ llHOBOJIH H npHHHMa10ma.R OTPa)l(eHHhie
-7 pa,uHOBOJIHbl, o6na.[(aeT OCTPOH HanpaB-
JieHHOCTbIO. TipH IlOMO[UH 3JieKTPOllBHra-
Teneii OHa, Ham.ynhIBa.R UeJih, MO)l(eT epa-
maThC.R BOKpyr ceoeii OCH H H3MeHSITb
yron HaKJioHa. C MeXaHH3MOM apameHHSI
H HaKJioHa aHTeHHbl CBSl3aHbl npH6opbI,
PHc. 414. OnpeJJ.eJieHHe HanpaBJieHHSl H BbI- IlOKa3bIBaJOmHe a3HMYT H yron MecTa ca-
coTbJ noneTa caMonera MOJieTa, Ha KOTOpbIH B ,z:i:aHHbIH MOMeHT
oHa HanpaeneHa. reHepaTop nepenaT'IHKa
H npHeMHHK HMeIOT C aHTeHHOH He np.R-
MYIO CB.R3b, a qepe3 nepeKJIIO'IaTeJih. poJib
AHmeHHb/1/ feHepamop KOToporo BblilOJIH.RIOT 3JieKTPOHHbie npH-
nepeKIIHJIIO- nepeiJam- 6opbI. Bo epeM.R IlOChIJIKH HMilYJibCOB pa-
me/!b 1111Ka
llHOBOJIH aHTeHHa IlO.[(KJIIO'IeHa K nepeuaT-
MexaHU3M 'IHKY, a BO epeMSJ nay3 - K npHeMHHKy.
Opal#eH/JR IlpHH.RTbie OTpa)KeHHbie CHrHaJibI nocne
U HOK/IOHQ
OHmeHHbl ycHJieHH.R H i:i:eTeKTHpoeaHH.R nouaJOTC.R Ha
t t 3JieKTPOHHO-JiyqeeyIO
JlaJibHOCTH.
Tpy6Ky
ropH30HTaJibHOe
yKa3aTeJI.R
JlBH)l(eHHe
0
t( 270090
feHepamop
poJ8epmK11
nyqa 3TOH Tpy6KH ocymecTBJI.ReTCH IlHJIO-
o6pa3HbIM Hanp.R)l(eHHeM reHepaTopa pa3-
0 !BO eepTKH. HoBbIM )J,JIH Te6SI Ha 3TOH cxeMe
YKO.Jamenu : .RBJISleTC.R xpoRH3aTop-ycTpOHCTBO, corna-
!/Zlla Mecmo, O.JUMymo, iJO/fbHOCmU
cy10mee pa6oTy reHepaTopa nepeuaT'-IHKa,
PHc. 415. CTPy1c-rypHaJ1 cxeMa pa.n;HonoI<auuoH- aHTeHHoro nepeKJI10qaTeJIS1 H reHepaTopa
HOH CTaHUHlf pa3eepTKH Tpy6KH i:i:aJibHOMepa. qepe3
CTPoro onpeneneHHbie npoMe)l(yTKH epeMe-
HH OH Bbipa6aTh1BaeT nycKOBbie HMilYJib-
Cbl, i:i:eiicTByIOmHe Ha reHepaTopbI pa3-
OmMemKu 11,enu
aepTKH 3neKTPOHHo-nyqeao11 TPY6KH. Xpo-
C HH3aTop 06ecne1IHBaeT CJia)l(eHHOCTb pa6o-
TbI ecex npH6opoe H ycTpoiicTB PJIC.
CoapeMeHlibre PJIC HMeIOT, KaK npaBH-
no, He TPH, KaK Ha cTpyKTypHoii cxeMe,
a ABa OCHOBHbIX 3JieKTPOHHbIX HH.[(HKaTo-
pa: HHllHKaTop Kpyroeoro o63opa H HH-
llHKaTop BbICOTbl uenH. 3neKTpoHHO-JI}"le-
B Ba.R TPY6Ka MHJJ:HKaTopa Kpyroeoro 0630-
pa (pHc. 416) HMeeT pa,uHaJihHYIO pa3aepT-
KY, CBeT.R[UaHC.R JIHHH.R KOTopoii nepeMe-
maeTC.R no Kpyry CHHXpOHHO C epam;e-
HHeM aHTeHHbI. Ha o6paMJieHHe 3KpaHa
TPY6KH HaHeceHbl MeTKH rpa.uycoe a3HMY-
TaJibHOH mKaJibl. Ha caMOM 3KpaHe
Hl 3JieKTPOHHblM MeTOJlOM C03AaIOT KOHUeHT-
PaiJUO/lbHOR /IUHUR
pa31JepmKu pH'ICCKHe MaCUITa6Hbie OTMeTKH HaKJIOH-
HOH ,z:i:aJibHOCTH (Ha pHC. 416- 1Iepe3 50 KM).
PHc. 416. 11HJJ.HI<aTop I<pyroeoro o63opa Ha 3KpaHe TaKoro HH.[(HKaTopa q>HKCH·

419
pyroTCJI BCe o6oeKThI, HaXO,lJ,JIJ.l{HCCJI B 30He
)lCHCTBHSI, BH.llHhl HX a3HMYTbI H HaKJIOHbI
,AaJibHOCTH. HanpHMep, nm1 cny'la.st, ITOKa-
3aHHoro Ha pHC. 4 t 6, 83HMYT o6oeICTa a
90c, HaKJIOHHaJI ,ll,aJibHOCTb 150 KM, a )])ISi
o6oeKTa 6 COOTBCTCTBCHHO 230 11 375 KM.
Yron MecTa onpenemu-0T no HHnHKaTo-
py BblCOThl UCJIH C IlOMOIUblO T3K Ha3hI-
B8CMOrO 20HUOMempa-ycrpOHCTBa, H3MC-
HSIIOWCro ,ll,HarpaMMY HarrpaBJICHHOCTH aH-
TCHHbI. TaKHM o6pa30M, 3TH ,D,B3 HH,D:H-
KaTopa Il03BOJIJIIOT onepaTHBHO, 33 1(}-15 C
onpeneJISITb .H CJIC,ll,HTb 33 TCICYWHMH KOOp-
nHHaTaMH BCCX ueneii, HaXO,llJIJ.l{HXCJI B 30-
He o6ttapy)KeHHJI PJ1C.
Tb1 enpaae 33113Tb aonpoc: a KaK )KC
Y3H3T h, caoii HJIH 'IY)KOH fcaMOJICT o6Ha-
py)KeH? Ha caMoneTax ycTaHaBJIHBaIOT
He60Jlhnme nepenaT'IHKH, K0TOphIC aBTO-
MaTH'ICCKH BKJIIO'laIOTCSI np.11 o6ny'leHH.H
HX pa,D,HOB0JIHaMH 3anpoc'IHKa caoeii PJIC
.H IlOChlJiaIOT OTBCTHblC Oil03HaeaTCJibHblC
CHrHaJihl. OTBCTHbIC CHrHaJibl caoero caMO-
JieTa BMJlHbI Ha 3KpaHe HH)lHKaTopa Kpy-
roeoro 063opa. EcJIH OTBCTHhlX CHrHaJIOB
HeT - 3H81IHT, caMoJieT 11y:>Koii.
,UOCTaTO'iHO IlOJIHOe npencTaBJICHHe 0
PJ1 C Te6e ,D,aCT pHc. 4 t 7, Ha KOTOpOM
H'3o6pa)KeHa proaepHyTaSI IlOJlBH)KHaJI Ha-
3CMHaSI p J1C, pacc'iHTaHHaSI rJiaBHblM o6-
pa30M Ha o6Hapy)KeHHe 11 onpeneneHHe
KOOPJlHHaT caMOJICT0B H KpbIJiaThlX paKeT.
Bee o6opynoaaH11e l1 HMYWCCTB0 CTaHUHl1
pa3MCWCH0 B KY30B3X neyx aBTOM06m1eii
PHc. 4 t 7. PaJlHOJIOICat\HOHHaH crauuHsi TI-10:
I - annapaTHasi MamHHa; 2 - c1rnoBaJ1 MamHHa; 3 - aHTeHHa PJIC; 4 - aHTeHHa 3anpoc11HKa
C IlOBbllIICHHOH npoxonHMOCTblO. B KY3OBe
0,ll;Horo aBTOM06HJIJI HaXOASITCH arperaTbI
ITMTaHHR, a Ky3oae BToporo - pa,D,HOJIOKa-
UMOHHasi annapaTypa. HenO,ll,aJICKY OT HID(
ycTaHOBJieHa aHTCHHa 3anpOC'IHKa. IlpH
pa3MCWCHMH TaKOH CTaHUHH Ha pOBHOH
nnowanKe panHycoM oKono 500 M nanb-
HOCTh o6Hapy)KeHHJI caMOJICTOB-6oM6ap-
.D:HPOBWHKOB, JICTSIWHX Ha BhICOTC l O000 M,
.ll0CTHraeT t 8(}-200 KM. ·
KottcTpyKUHSI, ra6apHTHbie pa3MepbI 11
«npo<t>eccHSI» P J1C aecbMa pa3Hoo6pa3Hbl.
Ceii11ac TPYnHo Ha3BaTh po,ll, Boopy)KeH-
HhlX CHJI, rne 6hr B TOH HJIH HHOH cTeneHH
HC HCilOJib3OBaJiaCb panHOJIOKaUHOHHaH an-
naparypa. lie3 Hee HCB03MO)KHO Ha1-16onee
3<p<l>eKTHBHO HCilOJlh3OBaTh 6bICTPOKpbl.1Ihle
HCTpe6HTCJIH-nepeXBaT'IHKH, 3CHHTHO-pa-
KCTHbIC ycTaHOBKH, caMOJICThI-paKeTOHOC-
UhI, Kopa6n11 pa3JIH'iHOro Ha3Ha'ICHHSI H
npyrym BOCHHyIO TCXHHKy.
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peHUe 6 :HCU3H& WKOAbl cpeocme aemoMamuKU, Ha OCHa-
u,eHue (PU3U'U!CKOZO Ka6uHema ytle6&lMU u OeMOHCmpa-
11uo'HH&lMU noco6u.RMU no paooomexHuKe u 3AeKmpoHuKe.
llponazaHoupyu 3HaHUR ocHOB 11u(fipoeou mexHuKU. KoM-
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zpaMomH&lM cne11ua.4ucmoM 6 AK>6ou ompacAu HapooHozo
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cKou KOpomK060AH060U U y A&mpaKopomK060AH060U C6R3U,
opzaHU3amopoM KOAAeKmueHou paouocmaH11uu. KaKue 3a-
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3auMemcR 3ntUM euooM pai>uocnopma! A pa36e He yB-
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0,033 0,033 0,33 3,3 33 3,3 3,3 3,3 33 33 33 330 330 330
3,6 36 360
0,039 3,9 3,9 39 39 390 390
4,3 43 430
0,047 0,047 0,47 4,7 47 4,7 4,7 4,7 47 47 47 470 470 470
5,1 51 510
0,056 5,6 5,6 56 56 560 560
6,2 62 620
0,068 0,068 0,68 6,8 68 6,8 6,8 6,8 68 68 68 680 680 680
7,5 15 750
0,082 8,2 8,2 82 82 820 820
9,1 91 910
)];onycTHMble OTICJIOHeHHJI OT HOMHHaJihHl,IX 3Ha'leHHH

±20% ± to HJ ±20% ± 10% ± 5% J ±20% ± 10% ± 5% I ± 20% ± 100/4 ± 5% I ± 20% ± 100/4 ±5%
5%

4. rAJihBAHJfqECKHE 3J1EMEHThl H 6ATAPEH

3JICMeHT, PalMepw, MM, Macca, r, Ha'l8JJl>Hl,IC xapaxtepHCTHIH PellrHM pa3p.t.DKH Coxpan-

6aT&pCll He 6anee He 60.11ee npH ±20"C HOCTa,,
MCClllll,I
HanpllllCCHHC, IlpOJIOJIJlrHTCJib· ConpoTHBJJCHHC KoHe'flloe eanpll-
UHa"f,B HOCTJ, pa60TW, BHelllHCK llCDH llCCHHC UkOH, 8
"I R H, OM

316 014 X 50 20 1,52 60 200 1 9

332 022 X 37 30 1,40 6 20 0,85 6
336 020 X 58 45 1,40 10 20 0,85 6
343 026 X 50 52 1,55 12 20 0,85 18
373 034 X 61 115 1,55 40 20 0,85 18
3336Jl 63 X 22 X 67 150 3,7 3 10 2,0 6
«Py6HH-1» 62 X 21 X 63 150 4,1 180 100 9
«Py6HH-2» 62 X 21 X 63 150 4,0 20 15 9
,«Kpoua BQ» 16 X 26 X
X 48,5 40 9,0 900 5,5 6

IlpHMe'laHHe. IlpH TeMnepaType -40°C DpO,AOJI)l(HTeJil,HOCTh pa60Tbl COCT8BJIJICT OKOJIO 10%

DpO,D.O.JDKHTeJll,HOCTH pa60TbI DpH TeMilepaType 20°C +
426
5. MAJIOrAEAPIITHhlE AKKYMYJlSITOPhl 11 EATAPEl'.I

3neMCHT, )lllllMCl"p, BWCOTil, Macca, HoMHHBJlh- HoMHHBJ11>Ha11 PexoMeHJlYCMblii PexoMCHJlYCMhlA TOI(

6aTapCll MM MM r Hoe uanpx- eMICOCTb, TOIC p113pliJlKH, 38pll.ltl:H, MA
llCCHHe, 8 A•'I MA

20., 15 • 10.,

A-0,06 15,6 6,4 4,0 1,25 0,06 6-12 4 6 9

A-0,1 20,0 6,9 7,0 1,25 0,1 10-20 7 10 15
,ll-0,25 27,0 10,0 14,0 1,25 0,25 25-50 15 25 35
7,ll-0,1 24,0 62,2 60,0 8,75 0,1 10-20 7 10 15

6. flOJIYflPOBOJJ:Hl'.IKOBbIE JJ:1'.IOJJ:hl

_,

MaxCHMBJlbHO ,Qonycrn- MaxCHMaJibHO llOllJCTHMoe MaxCHMBJlbHO ,QonyCTH- MaXCHM&!lbHO ii.onyCTHMoe

Ilpu6op Mblii cpemrnit nOCTOJIHHoe o6paTHoe )lHOll MhlA cpe.lUIHii IlOCTO.IIHJloe o6paTHoe
BblilpKMJICHHl,IH TOK, HanpHllCCHHC, Uoopmax, B ewnpxMJieHHl,IH TOIC, HanpHllCeHue, Uo6pmax, B
Uenmax• MA Ienmax, MA
T O'le'IHbie (yHHBepca.nbHhle)
A2B 16 10 ,n;9r 80 30
A2B 25 30 ,ll9,ll 80 30
.nir 16 50 ,ll9E 54 50
,ll2,ll 16 50 ,ll9}1{ 38 100
,ll2E 16 100 ,ll9M 80 120
,ll2}1{ 8 150 ,ll9K 80 60
,n2M 16 100 ,ll9JI 38 100
,ll9A 65 10 ,ll9M 80 30
)l9E 105 10 318 16 50
,ll9B 54 30 ,ll20 16 100
BLmpSIMHTeJILHhle (cnnaBHble)
,ll7A 300 50 ,ll226E 300 400
,ll7E 300 100 ,ll226B 300 300
,ll7B 300 150 Jl226r 300 200
,n;1r 300 200 ,ll226,ll 300 100
,ll7,ll 300 300 ,ll242 10000 100
,ll7E 300 350 ,ll242.S 5000 100
,ll7)K 300 400 ,ll243 10000 200
,ll202 400 100 ,ll243E 5000 200
,ll203 400 200 ,ll245 10000 300
,ll204 400 300 ,ll246 10000 400
,ll205 400 400 ,ll246,E 5000 400
,ll207 100 200 ,ll247 10000 500
,ll208 100 300 ,ll247.S 5000 600
,ll200 100 400 ,ll302 1000 200
,ll210 100 500 ,ll303 3000 150
,ll211 100 600 ,ll304 5000 100
IlpHMe'laHHJI: 1. ,llHO.D.hl cepeii ,ll2, ,ll7, ,ll9, ,ll18, ,ll20 e ,ll302-,ll304-repMaHHeBLie, cepeii
,ll202-,ll211, 1J,226, ,ll242, ,ll243 H A245- A247 - KpeMHHeeLie. 2. ,llHO.D.bI cepeu 11.9 o6o3HR'lalOT Ha
cepe.neue HX Kopnycoe llBeTHbIMH MeTKaMH: ,ll9.6-KpaCHOH, ,ll9B-opaH)l(eBOH, ,ll9r->ICeJITOH,
,ll9,ll -6enoii, ,ll9E-rony6oii, ,ll9}1{ - 3eneuoii, ,ll9M - JtBYMJI )l(eJITLIMH, ,ll9K-JtBYMJI 6e11LIMH,
,ll9JI - .llBYMR 3eJieHblMH. Ha Kopnyce B03Jie Bb1B0.ll8 8HO.[J.a - tcpacHU Mella.

28* 427
7. 6HilOJI.JIPHhlE TPAH3HCTOPhl MAJI08 MOillHOCTH

IlpH60p Crpynypa rpaHH'IHB.I CTBTH'ICCDIII O6paTln.ill MaKCHMaJILB0 MBICHMaJIWIO Maa:cHMaJibllO PHC

'fllCTOTB 1'.0J4,4,H- TOI'. I0JIJlel'.- llOll)'CTHMoe no- llOll)'CTHMhlll no- n
JlOll)'CTIIMB.I pac- I
IO~H- IUICHT nepe- ropa CTO.IHHOC Hllllp.1• CTOllHllhlii TOI CCHBaeMB.I M0llt•
UHCHTB IlC- D,B'IH T0l'.8 IKJiO• MIA, :l[CHHC IC0JIJlel'.- IC0JIJlCICT0pa HOCTb ICOJIJlCl'.T0pa
f.CD,811.H TOD h;u3 HC 6onec T0p·3MHTl'Cp •a:rnax• MA Pxmax• MBT
rp• Mru UI:Jnmax• B

HH3KO':IRCTOTHble
Mil25 p-n-p 0,2 13--25 75 40 300 200 a
Mil25A p-n-p 0,2 20-40 75 40 400 200 a
Mil25E p-n-p O,S 30-80 75 40 400 200 a
Mil26 p-n-p 0,2 13--25 75 70 300 200 a
Mil26A p-n-p 0.2 20-50 75 70 400 200 a
Mil266 p-n-p 0,5 30-80 75 70 400 200 a
Il27 p-n-p 1,0 20-100 3 5 6 30 a
Il27A p-n-p 1,0 20-70 3 5 6 30 a
n2s p-n-p 5,0 20-200 3 5 6 30 a
Mil35 n-p-n 0,5 5-25 30 15 20 150 a
Mil36A n-p-n 1,0 6-45 30 15 20 150 a
Mil37 n-p-n 1,0 6-30 30 15 20 150 a
Mil37A n-p-n 1,0 6-30 30 30 20 150 a
Mil37Ji n-p-n 1,0 8-50 30 30 20 150 a
Mil38 n-p-n 2,0 8-55 30 15 20 150 a
Mil38A n-p-n 2,0 17-100 30 15 20 150 a
Mil39 p-n-p 0,5 >12 15 10 20 150 a
Mil39E p-n-p 0,5 20-60 15 JO 20 150 a
Mil40 p-n-p 1,0 20-40 15 10 20 150 a
Mil40A p-n-p 1,0 20-40 15 30 20 150 a
Mil41 p-n-p 1,0 3<Hi0 15 10 20 150 a
Mil41A p-n-p 1,0 50-100 15 10 20 150 a
Mil42 p-n-p 1,0 20-35 25 15 150 200 a
Mil42A p-n-p 1,0 30-50 25 15 150 200 a
Mil42E p-n-p 1,0 40-100 25 15 150 200 a
IT108A p-n-p 0,5 20-50 10 10 50 75 6
IT108E p-n-p 1,0 35-80 10 10 50 75 6
IT108B p-n-p 1,0 60-130 10 10 50 75 6
rr1osr p-n-p 1,0 110--250 10 10 50 75 _ 6
IT10'JA p-n-p 1,0 20-50 5 6 20 30 B
IT10'JE p-n-p 1,0 35-80 5 6 20 30 B
IT10'JB - p-n-p 1,0 60-130 5 6 20 30 B
rr1oor p-n-p 1,0 110--250 5 6 20 30 B
fTlO'J.[l p-n-p 3,0 20-70 2 6 20 30 B
ITlO'JE p-n-p 5,0 50-100 2 6 20 30 B
IT10'JH p-n-p 1,0 20-80 5 6 20 30 B
Mil111 n-p-n 0,5 10-2$ 3 20 20 150 a
Mil111A n-p-n 0,5 10-30 1 10 20 150 a
Mn 11 lE n-p-n 0,5 15-45 3 20 20 150 a
Mil112 n-p~n 0,5 15-45 3 10 20 150 a
Mil113 n-p-n 1,0 15-45 3 10 20 150 a
Mil113A n-p-n 1,2 35-105 3 10 20 150 a
Mil114 p-n-p 0,1 >9 10 60 10 150 a
Mil115 p-n-p 0,1 9-45 10 30 10 150 a
Mil116 p-n-p 0,5 15-100 10 15 10 150 a

BLICOICO-i8CTOTHble
0401 p-n-p 30 16-300, 10 10 10 100 r
11402 p-n-p 50 16-250 5 10 20 100 r
Il403 p-n-p 100 30-100 5 10 20 ' 100 r
Il403A p-n-p 80 16-200 5 10 20 100 r
n416 p-n-p 40 20-80 3 12 25 100 r
428
Ilpa6op Crpyrrypa rpaJlll'IBU CTaTil'leca:d 06paTIIWI MIIICCBMaJIWfO MIIICCHMaJD.HO Mu:CHMaJibllO PIie.
. .CTOTa 11:03"H- TOI[ 11:0JIJICI:- JlODycTHMOC no- JlOUJCTHMwil no- AOU)'CTIIMH pac- Il 1
11:0~R- IUICHT nepe- Topa crOllHHoe Raup• CTOllHHwtl TOI'. ceRIIIIOIU MOIQ-
uamrra ne- A&'IB TOH IKJiO• 1aA, •ea■e 11:0JIJJCJ(- 11:0JJJJCITopa IIOCT1, 11:0JIJ1erropa
~a'IH TOIi:& hu3 BC 60Jiee Top-3~ l11:max• MA Pnnax• MBT
rp• Mrn ultJJlm&X•

II416A p-n-p 60 60--125 3 12 25 100 r

II416E p-n-p 80 90-250 3 12 25 100 r
II422 p-n-p 50 30--100 5 10 10 100 r
II423 p-n-p 100 30-100 5 10 to 100 r
KT301 n-p-n 30 20-o() 10 20 10 150 .n
KT301A n-p-n 30 40-120 10 20 10 I
150 .n
KT301E n-p-n 30 10-32 10 20 10 150 .n
KT301B n-p-n 30 20-60 10 20 10 150 .n
KT301f n-p-n 60 10-32 10 20 10 150 J].
KT301A n-p-n 60 20-60 10 20 10 150 J].
KT301E n-p-n 60 40-120 10 20 10 150 .n
KT30t:>K n-p-n 60 80-300 10 20 10 150 J].
IT308A p-n-p 90 20-75 2 IS 50 150 r
IT308E p-n-p 120 50-120 2 ts so 150 r
IT308B p-n-p 120 80-200 2 ts 50 150 r
IT30'JA p-n-p 120 20-70 5 10 10 50 .n
IT30'JE p-n-p 120 60--180 5 10 10 50 J].
IT30'JB p-n-p 80 20-70 5 10 10 50 J].
IT30'Jr p-n-p 80 60--180 5 10 10 50 J].
IT30'JA p-n-p 40 20-70 5 10 10 50 .n
IT30'JE p-n-p 40 60--180 5 10 10 50 J].
IT310A p-n-p 160 20-70 5 10 10 20 B
IT3106 p-n-p 160 60---180 5 10 10 20 B
IT310B p-n-p 120 20-70 5 10 10 20 B
IT310r p-n-p 120 60--180 5 10 10 20 B
IT310A p-n-p 80 20-70 5 10 10 20 fl
IT310E p-n-p 80 60--180 5 10 10 20 B
IT311E n-p-n 250 15-80 to 12 50 150 e
IT31 DK n-p-n 300 50-200 10 12 50 150 e
IT31 U1 n-p-n 450 100-300 10 10 50 150 e
KT312A
KT312E
n-p-n
n-p-n
80
80
- 10-100
25-100
10
10
20
35
30
30
150
150
)I(
)I(
KT312B n-p-n 80 50-280 10 20 30 150 )I(
IT313A p-n-p 300 20-250 5 12 30 100 e
IT313E p-n-p 450 20-250 s 12 30 100 e
IT313B p-n-p 350 30-170 s 12 30 100 e
KT315A n-p-n 250 20-90 1 20 100 150 3
IT315E n-p-n 250 50-350 1 15 100 150 '3
KT315B n-p-n 250 20-90 1 30 100 150 3
KT315r n..p-n 250 50-350 1 2S 100 150 3
KT315A n-p-n 250 20-90 1 2S 100 150 3
KT315E n-p-n 250 50-350 1 2S 100 150 3
KT361A p-n-p 250 20-90 1 2S 100 150 3
KT361E p-n-p 250 50-350 1 25 100 150 '3
KT.361B p-n-p 250 20-90 1 25 100 150 3
KT36tr p-n-p 250 50-350 1 2S 100 150 3
KT361A p-n-p 250 20-90 1 25 100 150 3

429
 K

r 011,5

,i-~--i
---- Meml<'a
Memra
'

a)
z)

<ZZ,5
/

Kopnyc '
fl) 11
</JB
14. ¢ 7,4 •I

~~Mem<a ~
~~□3~0D 7~K~O~-~

iJ) e) 3)
Puc. TI.1

8. ITOJIEBhIE TPAH3MCTOPbl
npn6op Hanpll)l{CHIIC OTCe'IKH KpyTH3Ha xapaK- MaKCHM3.JlbHO .ao- MaKCHM3.JlbHO Pnc. TI 2
U311oTc· B, He -repncrnKII S, MA/B nycTHMoe ttanpsi>Kem1e. .aonycrnMbIH TOK CTOICa
6onee CTOIC HCTOIC. Uc11max• B lcmax· MA

KTI102E 2,8 0,25- 0,7 20 0,18- 0,55 a

KTI102}K 4,0 0,3-0,9 20 0,4-1,0 a
KTI10211 5,5 0,35-1,0 20 0,7- 1,8 a
KTI102K 7,5 0,45-1,2 20 1,3-3,0 a
KTI102J1 10,0 0,65-1,3 20 2,4-6,0 a
KTI103E 1,5 0,4-1,8 15 0,3--0,7 6
KTI103}K 2,2 0,7-2,1 15 0,55-1,2 6
KTI10311 3,0 0,8-2,6 15 1,0-2,1 6
KTI103K 4,0 1,4-3.5 15 1,7- 3,8 6
KTI103J1 6,0 1,8-3,8 15 3,0- 6,6 6
KTI103M 7,0 2,0-4,4 15 5,4-12 6
KTI301E 1,0 20 15 B
KTI302A 5,0 5 20 24 r
Kil302E 7,0 7 20 43 r
KTI302B 10,0 20 43 r

430
 OKOH'laHHe
npooop Hanp11JKettHe OTCC'IKH KpyTH3Ha xapax- MaxcHMaJILHO llO- MaxcHMaJILHo Pnc. n.2
U311oTC• B, He TepHCTHKH S, MA/B nyCTHMOC Hanpllll(eHHC, .nonyCTHMl,JH TOK CTOKa
6oJiee cToK~HcToK, Ucttmax• B Icmax, MA

Kil303A 0,5- 3,0 1-4 25 20 )].

Kil303E 0,5- 3,0 1- 4 25 20 .ll
KTT303B 1,0-4,0 2- 5 25 20 .ll
Kil303r 8,0 3- 7 25 20 )].
Kil303,A 8,0 2,6 25 20 .ll
Kil303E 8,0 4 25 20 .ll
Kil303)K 0,3- 3,0 1- 4 25 20 .ll
Kil303M 0,5- 2 2- 6 25 20 .ll

Il p n Me q a Hn SI: 1. ,A.IUI TpaHJHCT0poe cepHH Kil102 n Kil 103 HarrpSl)l(eHHe Ha CTOI<e 0TH0CH-
TeJibH0 HCT0I<a 0TPHI\aTeJlbH0e, Ha JaTB0pe-II0JIO:>KHTeJlbH0e.
2. ,AJISI rpaHJHCT0poe cepHH Kil301 Hanp.HJI<eHHe Ha CTOI<e 0THOCHTeJil>H0 HCT0I<a n II0,llJI0)K-
KH - 0TpHUaTeJibH0e, Ha JaTB0pe-T0>Ke 0Tpm:.{aTeJlbH0e.
3. ,Ami Tpatt3HCT0poe cepHH Kil302 H Kil303 HaIIpSl)KeHHe Ha CT0I<e 0TH0CHTeJlbH0 HCT0I<a rro-
JI0)KHTeJibH0e, Ha JaTB0pe- 0TPHl.\aTeJlbH0e.

Jam/Jop - 1<opnyc Kopnyc

Jamnoo
Jam/Jop-1<0pnyc Kopnyc-noil11olf(Ka I Kopnyc
CmOK JamlJop
Cmo1< '-
CmoK flCmOK 11cmoK 11cmoK
f!CmoK
Jam.iop CmOI( CmOK
¢5,1 l,5 ¢';,95 ¢ 4,9
7 ,.. I

~
II"'

""'
,..,;

~ro •
O0
11 3 C
a;
:JI :LI 0) .i)
cc:,

~
a~ a
i!)
~ 000
i})

Pnc. IT.2

9. CTAEHJIHTPOHbl KPEMHHEBbIE MAJIOM MOmHOCTH

npH6op Hanpllll<eHHe MaxCl!MaJll,HO AonyCTH- npooop Hanlllll(eHHe MncHMaJlhHO AOOyCTH-
CTa6HJill38IIHH Mhrli nocTOJIHHhlH TOK era- CTa HJIH38UHH MblH OOCTOJIHHLd\ TOK era-
Uer, B 6HJIH3anHH lcTmax• MA Ucy, B 6HJIH38llHH Ier max, MA

KC133A 3- 3,7 81 }];811 10- 12 23

KC139A 3,5- 4,3 70 }];813 11,5- 14 20
KC147A 4,1- 5,2 58 JJ:814A 7-8,5 40
KC156A 5- 6,3 55 }];814E 8-9,5 36
KC162A 5,8- 6,6 22 ,A814B 9- 10,5 32
KC168A 6,2- 7,5 45 ,n;s14r 10- 12 29
KC175A 7- 8 18 ,A814,D; 11,5- 14 \ 24
KC182A 7,6- 8,8 17 JJ:818A 9- 11,25 33
}];808 7- 8,5 33 JJ;818E 6,75- 9 33
,A809 8- 9,5 29 ,A818B 7,2-10,8 33
.ns10 9- 10,5 26 JJ;818r 7,65- 10,35 33
n pH Me q a HHe. Ilom1pHOCTh BI<JllO'-leHHSI CTa6HJIHTpoHa ,ll0JDiCHa 6bITb TaKOH, 11T06bl Ha aH0,ll
II0,llaBaJI0Ch 0TpHQaTeJibH0e Hanpa)l(eHHe HCT0'lHHKa IIHTaHHSI.

431
 KC/62 , !ff 168,
KC IJJ, KC /39, KC /47, KCTS5. f(C!7S, I([ 182
/l,808 - /1,814, /l,818

15
20

11111

PHC. IT.3
S5 J -- _ 8_ _j

10. TPAHCct>OPMATOPhl TI1IlA TBK

lJHCJIO ConpOTHBJieHJre
TpaHcclJopMaTOp Marmnonposo,n O6MOTICa BHTK0B IlpOBOJl nOCT0l!HH0M)'
TOK)', OM

TBK-70JI2 Ylll16 x 24 I (1- 2) 3000 I13B-1 0.12 460

II (3- 4) 146 I13B-1 0,47 1,75
TBK-110JIM IIIJ116 x 25 I (1- 2) 2400 IT3B-1 0,14 280
II (3-4) 148 IT3B-1 0,62 1,05
III (5- 6) 240 I13B-1 0,14 30
TBK-1lOJI-1 IIIJI20 x 32 I (1-2) 2140 Il'.JB-1 0,17 250
II (3- 4) 214 IT3B-1 0,64 1,5
III (5- 6) 238 I13B-1 0,17 25
TBK-UOJI-2 YIII16 x 24 I (1- 2) 2430 I13B-1 0,15 280
II (3- 4) 150 I13B-1 0,55 1,05
III (5- 6) 243 I13B-1 0,15 32

11. ronOBKM )],MHAMMl.JECKOro IlP.}lMOro M3JIY'-IEHH.}l

'
roJIOBJCa HoMHHanbHIUl H o MHHanbHbl ~ HOMMHaJib Hoe P a'lMepb1,
MOIUHOCTb, JlH3Tia30H 3JleKTp H'leC- MM
BT pa6o'IHX Koe conpo-
'laCTOT,ru THBJie HHC,
OM
~---- - -- - - -
o,025r.n,-2 0,025 1000- 3000 60,0 040 X 16,5
o,o5r,n:-t 0,05 700- 2500 60,0 020 X 8,5
o,05r,n:-2 0,05 700-2500 6,5 020 X 16,5
0,lr,D,-3M 0,1 630-3150 10,0 050 X 20
0,lr,D,-6 0,1 450-3150 10,0 060 X 27
o,01r,n:-9 0,1 450-3150 60,0 050 X 14
o,1r.n:-12 0,1 315- 3550 10,0 060 X 27
o,25r,n:-1 0,25 315- 3550 10,0 070 X 36
o,25r,n:-2 0,25 315- 7000 10,0 070 X 34
o,25r,n:-10 0,25 315- 7000 10,0 070 X 36
o,5r.n,-10 0,5 200- 6300 6,5 0105 X 50
o,5r.n,-11 0,5 315- 5000 8,0 106 X 70 X 37
o,5r.n,-20 0,5 315- 5000 8,0 080 X 34
o,5r,D,-21 0,5 315-7000 8,0 080 X 34
o,5r,D,-30 0,5 125- 10000 16,0 125 X 80 X 47
o,5r,D,-37 0,5 315- 7100 8,0 80 X 80 X 37,5
1r.n,-3 1,0 5000- 16000 12,5 070 X 27
lr)l-4 1,0 100- 10000 8,0 150 X 100 X 58
432
 OKolf<lattne

roJIOHa HoMHHam,11a. HOMHHaJlbHwl HoMHJlaJiblfoe P83Mepw,

MO[llllOCTI., ,llllBnll30H :JJIC.:TJ)H'ICC· MM
BT pa6o'IHX 11:oe conpo-
11acT0T, rn ~He,

1r]:l-5 1,0 125-7100 6,5 0126 X 54

lf)l-18 1,0 100-10000 6,5 156 X 98 X 48
lr,D;-19 1,0 100-10000 6,5 156 X 98 X 42
lf}:l-28 1,0 100-10000 6,5 156 X 98 X 42
lf,ll-36 1,0 100-12500 8,0 100 X 160 X 58
1r,D;-40 1,0 100-10000 8,0 100 X 160 X 45
1f)l-40P 1,0 100-10000 8,0 100 X 160 X 45
2r}:l-19M 2,0 100-10000 4,5 0152 X 52
2r,o;-22 2,0 100-10000 12,5 82 X 280 X 77
2r]:l-28 2,0 100-10000 4,5 0152 X 52
2r,o;-35 2,0 80-12 500 4,5 0152 X 52
3rJ:l-1 3,0 200-5000 8,0 0150 X 54
3r]:l-38 3,0 80-12 500 4,0 160 X 160 X 73,5
4r,D;-4 4,0 63-12 500 8,0 0102 X 76
4r,D;-5 4,0 63-12500 8,0 0202 X 76
4r.n-1 4,0 63-12 500 4,5 0202 X 76
4r,D;-9 4,0 100-8000 4,5 204 X 134 X 54
4r}:l-28 4,0 63-12 500 4,5 0202 X 71,5
4r,D;-35 4,0 63-12500 4,0; 8,0 200 X 200 X 74
4r,D;-36 4,0 63-12500 4,0; 8,0 200 X 200 X 85
IT pH Me If a H n e. 3ee3Jl01fICoii 0TMe'leHbI ronoeKH c 3.IIDHnTH'lecKHMH (oea.n:hHbIMH) nml>$y3opaMn.

.
12. MAJIOrAliAPMTHhIE PEJIE IlOCTO.SIHHOro TOKA
Ta6nm.{a

nacnopT 11HCJJO II ConpoTHBJICHHC ToK, MA Macca, r P11c -

4>y1111:11Hll 06MOTKH, n 4
ICOHTaltTOB OM cpa6aT1,,1- OTnyc1Ca-
ea111111 111111

PCM-1
P<l>4.500020 498-5TI 25 6 25 a
P<l>4.500.022 675-788 25 5
P<l>4.500.028 675- 825 24 6
P<l>4.500.029 190-210 45 8
P<l>4.500.030 54-66 68 15
P<l>4.500033 225-275 40 16
P<l>4.500039 28,5-31,5 100 26
PCM-2
P<l>4.500.021 13, Ip 498- 577 26 4,5 25 a
P<l>4.500.023 675- 825 24 4 25 a
P<l>4.50(W25 675- 825 25 5
P<l>4.500.026 108-132 70 10
P<l>4.500.031 54-66 68 15
P<l>4.500.034 675-825 24 4 .
P4>4.500.036 498-577 18 4
, PCM-3
P<1>4.500.024 2p 675- 825 24 3 25 a
P<l>4.500.027 108-132 65 9,5
P<l>4~500.035 498-577 18 4
P3C-9
PC4.S24.200 2n 450- 550 30 5 20 6
PC4.524.201 450-55() 30 5
PC4.524.204 8160-10560 7 1,1
PC4.524.205 2890-3740 11 1,7

433
 OKOH'laHHe

ITacnopr lJHCJJO H ConpoTHBJieHHe Tmc, MA Macca, r Pac.

4>ym:I1HII o6MOTKH, n. 4
SOHTllKTOB OM CJ)86aTW- omycsa-
BaHHII HHll

PC4.524.208 2n 8160-10560 7 1,1 20 6

PC4.524.209 450-550 30 5
PC4.524.211 882-1078 23 3
PC4.524.213 450-550 30 5
PC4.524.217 8160---!10560 7 1,1
PC4.524.218 2890-3740 11 1,7

P3C-10
'
PC4.524.300 h 3825-5175 "6 0,8 7,5 B
PC4.524.305 1360-1840 10 1,3
PC4.524.308 108-132 35 5
PC4.524.311 108-132 35 5
PC4.524.3i6 1360-1840 10 1,3

PC4.524.301 1n 3825-5175 8 1,1 7,5 B

PC.524.302 536-724 22 3
PC4.524.303 108-132 50 7
PC4.524.312 108-132 50 7
PC4.524.313 3825-5175 8 1,1
PC4.524.314 536-714 22 3 7,5 B
PC4.524.319 536-724 23 3
P3C-15

PC4.591.001 ln 1870- 2530 8,5 2 3,7 r

PC4.591.002 134-184 30 7
PC4.591.003 280-380 21 5
PC4.591.004 612-828 14,5 3,5
PC4.591.006 425-575 17 4
P3C-22

P<l>4.500.125 4rr 2380-3080 11 2 36

PCl>4.500.129 158-210 36 8
PCl>4.500.130 2250-3875 10,5 2,5
PCl>4.500.131 552-780 20 4
PC1>4.500.163 595- 805 21 3
IlpHMe'laHHe. Ey:iCBeuH1>1e 060JHa'leHHJ1 rpynn KOHT B.KT OB; 3-r pynna Ha 3~bIICaIIHe;
p-rpynna Ha pa3MbIICaHHe; n -rpynna Ha nepeK111011euHe

434
 15

10 l 4

PCHS?--~~
II 1 .J
a)
M.!
70 2 4

PCH-J ~ - - ~ - - ~ r-l_J~i_ li
" I J TP?
2 4 7
oJ

4,8 7,7 Jl,5

PHC. Il.4

435
 CO_QEP)KAHHE
IIPE,D;HCJIOBHE K CE,D;hMOMY H3,D;AHHIO • 3
IOHbIA JJ;PYr! • . • • • • • • • • • • • 4

liECEJJ;A IIEPBAj{.

HCTOKH PA)];HO 5
ff3 rny6HHLI BeICOB (5). 3armrneM e MHKp<>MHp (7). 0 npo-
B0)lHHICax, HenpoB0,U:HHICax u nonynp0B0,llHHICax (9). 3neICTpH-
'ICCICHA T0IC (10). 3nenpH'lecTBO H MarHeTH3M: ICaICaJI Me'lK)ly
HHMH CBJl3b? (13). IlepeMCHHLIH TOK p<))l(JJ;aeT 3RCICTJ)OM3rHHT-
HLIC BOJIHbl (15). PO:llCJlCHHe paJlH0 (16). «ra3eTa 6e3 6yMarH
H 6e3 paCCTOJIHHH» (19).

:&ECElIA BTOPAj{.

IlEPBOE 3RAKOMtTBO C PA,[(HO-

IlEPEJ:(AllER H PA)];HOilPHEMOM 21

0 Kone6aHHJ1X H eonHax (21). 0 nepHo,u:e H 'lacToTe Kone-

6aHHii (23). Ente pal o paJlH0BOJillaX (24). PaJ(HOBCntaTem.-
HLie ,nHana30Hhl BOJIH (25). PaJ(Honepe,na11a (25). PacnpocTpa-
ueuHe pa,!lH0BOJIH (27)

EECE,n;A TPEThjJ.

TBOR IlEPBbIR IlPHEMHHK 29

AHTCHHa H 3a3CMJieHHe (29). IlepeLIA paJlH0ilpHCMHHK (33).
IlpHHllHilHanLHaJI 3JICICTJ)H'ICCICaJI cxeMa TBOero npHCMHHICa (38).
KoHCTp)'KIIHJI npHeMHHICa (42). Bo3MO)ICHble HeHcnpaBHOCTH (43)

EECE,D;A 1:IETBEPTAj{,

KAK PA60TAET PAJ!HOilPHEM-

HHK. . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . 45

Kone6aTem.HLIH IC0HT)'p (45). )];eTeICTop H )lCTCICTHpoBaHHe (51).

ronoeuoii renecl>oH (52). rpoMKHii paJlHonpHeM (54)

EECE,n;A Ilj!TAj!.
3KCKYPCHJI B 3JIEKTPOTEXHH-
KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3neICYpH'ICCICHH TOK H ero oueHICa (56).. 3neKTpH'ICCICoe conpo-
THBJieHHe (57). 3ne1CTpH11eC1Coe HanpnceHHe (58). 3aKon OMa
(58). HHJcyKTHBHOC conpoTHeneHHC (61). MontHOCTh H pa6oTa
T0ICa (61). TpaHc4>opMaIUfJI nepeMeHHoro T0J:a (62). Pe3HCTOpbI
(65). Ko.H,[leHcaTOphl (67). CHCTCMa C0ICpaiueHuoro 0003Ha'leHHJI
H0MHHaJll,HblX conpOTHBJieHHil: pe3HCT0p<>B H CMICOCTeii K0H-
.u:eucaTopoe (72). Kopono o nnaeICoM npeJl0XpaHHTene (73).
OcTopo)ICHO-BblCOICOC Hanpsmeuee! (74)

EECE,D;A WECTASI.
IlOJIYTIPOBOJ:(HHKH H IlOJIY-
IlPOBOJ:(HHKOBblE IlPH60Pbl . . 75

IlonynpoBOJlHHICH H HX CBOHCTBa (75). 3neKTJ)OilJ)OBOJlHOCTb

436
nonynp0BO,llHHICa (76). ,UHO,llbl H HX npHMCHCHHe (79). CTa6H-
JlllTpoH H ero npHMCHCHHe (85). liHilOIDipHbIC TpaH3HCTopb1 (86).
TpaH3HCTop-ycHJIHTCJlb (89). CxeMbl BICJII0'ICHHJI H OCH0BHhle
napaMeTpLI 6HnOJIJlpHbIX TpaH3HCT0p<>B (92). KopoTICo 0 none-
BOM TpaH3HCT0pe (94)

liECEAA CE,lU,MAJI.

IlEPBbI0 TPAH311CTOPHbI0 IlPH-

EMHHK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

OT .llCTCICT0pHoro-K 0,llHOTpaH3HCT0pH0My npHCMHHIC)' (97}. Ba-

pHaHThl 0,llH0TpaH3HCT0pHoro npHCMHHICa (100). O,llHOTpaH-
3HCTopHblii: pe<t,JICICCHLJH (101). Ilo.nee,n:eM Hexoropble HT0rH (104)

liECE)J;A BOChMAJI.
113MEPl1TEJ1bHMI TEXHHKA IlEP-
B00 HEO6XO,lll1MOCTl1 . . . ,. . 106

l13MCpHTeJIJ,ffblC npo6HHICH (106). l13MCpHTCJll,HblH npH6op Mar-

HHT0JJJCICTpH11CCICOH CHCTCMbl (110). MHJIJJHaMIIepMeTp (114).
BoJJbTMeTp (115). OMMCTJ) (116). MHJIJIHaMnepBOJJbTOMMC1])
(117). l13MCpeHHC OCH0BHblX napaMeTpoB TpaH3HCT0poB (123)

liECE)J;A AEBRTAJI.

TBOJI MACTEPCI<Afl 126

BepcTa•rna.11 .ll0CICa (126). Pa6o'IHii CT0JJ (127). Ha)"IHCb IlaJITh
(128). 0 HCIC0T0phlX MaTepHaJiax H npHeMaXI M0HTa:>ICa (130).
rHe3,ZJ;a H 38:>ICHMbl (134). KoMMyTa.IUIOHHbIC YCTp<>HCTBa (135).
KaT)'UDCH ilH,ll)'ICfflBH0CTH ICOJJe6aTCJILHblX IC0HT)'p0B (138). Ma-
KeTHaJI naeem, (141). Ile'laTHLiii M0HTa)I( (144). 0 Mepax npenoc-
T0pollCHOCTH npH MOHTa:>ICe TpaH3HCTopoe (145)

liECE)J;A )J;ECRTAJI.

MHKPO«l>OHbl, 3BYKOCH11MATE-
J111, 3J1EKTPO,lll1HAMl1qEcKHE
rOJ1OBKl1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

MH"ICpocl><>Hhl (147). 3ByICOCHHMaTeJIH (149). roJIOBICH ,ZJ;H"HaMH-

'ICCXHe np.AM0ro H3JI)"ICHHJI H rpoMICoroeopHTCJIH (150)

liECEAA O,UHHHA.[(QATAJ!.

HCTQqHHKH TOKA . 155

fa.m.saJU111ecme 3JlCMCHTbl H 6aTapeH (155). AKJCYM}'JJJITOpbI H

aJCKYM}'JJJIT0pHhle 6aTapeH (158). B1,1np.RMHTCJJb (160). CeTeeoii
6JJOIC IlHTaHHR (162)

6ECEAA J].BEHA.[(QATAJ!.

YC11J1HTEJ1b 3BYKOBO0
qACTOTbl . . . . . . . 167
Kacxartbl yCHJlHTCJUI (167}. IlpocTOii AeyxICaCl:a,llHbIH ycHJJHTCJlb
(169). )J;eycropOHHHH TeJie4>ou (171). CTa6HJIH38QHR pe)l(HMa
pa6oThl TpaH3HCTopa (173). )J;eyxTaICTHblii: ycHJJHTCJIL M0~OCTH
(175). IlapaMC'l'pLI YCHJIHTCJISI 3q (177). YcHJJHTCJlb 3q c no-
BblllleHHOH BLIXO,llH0H M0~0CTblO (178). 3nenpo4>0H (181).
IlepeeocP1a1ii pa,llHoY3eJJ (188).
437
 EECE.llA TPHHAJlUATAR.

TPAH3l1CTOPHblE llPHEMHHKH
IlP_jiMOrO YCHJIEHH_ji . . . . . . 193

OT ycHJIHTem1-K npHeMHHKY np.SIM0ro ycHJieHIUI (193). YcHJIH-

TeJih pa.U,H()llaCT0Tbl H MaI'HHTHaJI aHTeHHa (195). 0 HeK0T0pbIX
,neTilmtX Il0PT8THBHblX npHeMHHKOB (197i IlopTaTHBHbIH npHeM-
HHK (199). Pa,uHO'laCTOTHbIH 6JIOK Pa.zlH0Jibl (204). Pe4>JieICCHbie
npHeMHHKH (207).

EECEJlA tJEThIPHAJlUATAJI.

HA 3JIEKTPOHHblX nAMilAX 213

YcTpoHCTBO :meKTpOHHOH JiaMilbl (213). Kax pa6oTaeT ,ZlH0.n:

(214). Tp110,n H ero ceoiicTBa (216i KaTO.Zlbl 3JieKTPOHHbIX JiaMII
(218). Tp110,n-ycHJilfTeJih (218). Muoro3JieKTJX).ZlHhie JiaMnbl (221).
KoHCTPYKIUIJI, MapImpoBKa H U0K0JieBKa pa.U,H0B0JIH (222). YcH-
JIHTeJib 3BYKOBOH 'laCT0Tbl (223). IlpHeMHHK 1-V-I (228)

EECE,D;A IIJITHA,D;UATAJI.

OT IlPHEMHHKA IlP..ffMOro YCH-

JIEHH..ff - K CYTIEPrETEPO.l{HHY . 236

Oco6eHHOCTH cynepreTepo,ZlHHa (236). Ilpeo6pa3oBaTeJib 11acTo-.

Thi (237). TpaH3HCTOpHbIH cynepreTepo.n:HH (238). JlaMilOBblH
cynepreTepo,nHH (242)

EEC~A IDECTHA~QATAJI.

3HAKOMCTBO C ABTOMATHKOR · 249

Cl>OT03JieMeHTbl (249). 3JieKTpoMarnm111,1e pene (252). 3JieKTJX)H-

uoe peJie (255). Cl>oTopene (256). ABTOMaT BICJIIO'leHHJI YJIH'IH0-
ro oceeI.QeHH11 (258). Pene Bbl)),eJ»KICH BpeMeHH (259). AKyCTH-
qecxoe pene (261). 3neKTpoHHblH CTopo>K (263). Ko,ZlOBW 38M0K
(264)

EECE~A CEMHA,D;QATAJI.

0 MYJ1bTl1BHliPATOPE H Ero
IlPHMEHEHHH . . . . . 269

MyJihTHBH6paTop aBTOKOJie6aTeJibllbIH (269). )l{.n:yII.tHii M}'JibTH-

BH6paTop (272). MyJibTHBH6paTop B reuepaTopax H 3JICICYpOH-
HblX nepeKJII0'18Tem1x (274). MyJihTHBH6paTop e pa.n:HoTeXHH-
11ecKHX HrpyI1IICaX (276). My3bIKaJibHbIH aBT0MaT «C0JIOBeH» (281)

EECE~A BOCEMHA,D;UATAJI.

TBO..ff H3MEPHTEJ1bHA..ff JIA:60-

PATOPH.ff . . . . . . . . . 287

MocToeoii H3MepHTeJih (287). 'fpaa3HCTOpHblii BOJibTMCTP noc-

T0JIHHoro T0Ka (291). 'lacTOTOMep (294i lhMepHTeJihHbie re-
uepaTop1,1 CHrHa.JI0B 3BJICOBOH 'IRCT0Tbl (297).

EECE~A }lEBJITHA}lQATAJI.
HA MHKPOCXEMAX . 302

Ha auanoroBblX MHKpocxeMax cepHii K118 H Kl22 (303). Cynep-

438
reTepo.l(HH Ha MHICpocxeMax cepHH K224 (307). Y CHJIHTCJlb 31:I
Ha 0)1.HOH MHKpocxeMe (312). Ha JI0TH11CCICHX 3JICMCHTax (313).
MHHHanopHbIH npeCMHHIC (318)

liECEJlA .llBA.llUATAJI.
CTEPEO<l>OHMJI . . 321

CTepeo3(}>q>CICT. 1:IT0 :no TaICoe? (321). CTepeo$oHH11eCICHii 3By-

lC0CBHMaTeJib (322). Crepeo4>0BHSI Ha r0JI0BHblC TeJie4>0H1,I (322).
CTepeocl>oHH'leCICHii KoMnJieKc (327}.

liECEJlA JlBA.llUATh ITEPBAJI.

BBE,D;EHME B 3JIEKTPO- 11 QBE-
TOMY3blKY . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

0 HCK0T0pbIX CBOHCTBax M}'3bIKaJJhH0ro 3ByKa (332). TepMeH-

B0ICC (333). 3eyqamaSI ICJlaBHarypa (334). 3JieICTpoHHbIH p0SIJlb
(336). 3neKTporHTapa (340). 0 l.lBeT0M}'3bIKe (343). UeeTo-
M}'3bllCaJibeaSI npHCTaBICa (343). CeeTO)).HHaMJllleCICaSI YCTa.H0BICa
(344)

liECE,llA ):{BAAUATh BTOPAJI.

TEJIEYTTPABJIEHME MO,D;EJUIMM 351

Mo,neJib 11,[lCT Ha CBCT (351). ,l:{elIIHcl>paTop (353). Mo-

.neJlb, ynpae.IDieMU 3BJIC0M (354). AnnapaTypa pa.n:uo-
ynpaeneHHJI M0,llCJISIMH (360)

liECE):{A ):{BAAUATh TPEThJI.

IlPMrJIAilIEHME B PA,L(MOCilOPT 374
1:ITO TaICoe «JIHCa»? (374). Pa.LUIOKOMilaC (376i IlpeeMHHIC «JIH-
C0JI0Ba» (379). Ha copeBH0BaHHSIX (390). Pa.LU1ocnopTCMCHhl-KO-
poTIC0BOJDI0BHKH (391 ). Tpaucueep Ha11HHa10ntero K0p0TIC0BOJI-
HOBHKa (392)

liECE)lA ):{BA.llQATh qETBEPTAJI.

HA CTPA)l(E OTlIM3Hbl . . . 407

Opy:ime pa.llHCTa (407). OpraHH38IV{JI pa,n:H0CBJl3H (412). Pa.n:uo-

peJICHHa.SI CBSl3b (414). Pa,lUIOJIOUIUfJI (414)

3AKJll01:IEHUE • 421
IlPRJIO)l(EHUJI. 423

1. MellC.IzyHapo,nHas CHCTCMa C.l(HHHU: (423). 2. YcJIOBHhIC 6YIC-

BCHHO-U:H4>poe1,1e 06oJHa'leHHJ1 Ha 3JleKTpeqecICHX cxeMax (424).
3. HoMHHaJibl IC0H,llCHC8T0p<>B H pe3HCT0p0B (426). 4. ra.m,ea-
HH11ecme 3neMeHThl H 6aTapeH (426). 5. Ma.nora6apHTHLie aKICy-
M}'JIJ1Top1,1 H aJCKYMYJIJIT0pHhIC 6arapeH (427). 6. IloJiynp0BO)).-
HHICOBhIC I(H0.llhl (427). 7. liHilOJIJlpHL1e TpaH3HCT0pbl M8JIOH
M0I.UHOCTH (428). 8. IloJieBblC TpaH3HCT0phl (430). 9. Cra6HJIHT-
p0Hhl ICpeMHHCBblC MaJIOH M0I.UHOCTH (431). 10. Tpauccl>opMa-
T0phl THna TBK (432). 11. ronoBICH ,llHHaMH'ICCICHe npSIM0I'O
HJJl)"ICHHJI (432). 12. MaJior a6apHTHblC pene Il0CT0JIHH0ro T0Ka
(433)

439
BHKTOP r ABPHJlOBH~ 60PHCOB

IOHhIH PA_QHOJIIOiillTEJih
Pe,naICTop H3AaTCJibCTBa T. B. }I( y°K o ea
Xy.n.olKecTBCHHbIH pe,nmnop P.A. Kno'IKOB
XyAOlKHHICH A.B. CaJibHHICOB u A.r. 6eccoHOB
TexHH'lecnrli pe,naXTop r.3. KyJnenoea
KoppeICTop T.C. BnacKuna

C.!UlBO B Ha6op 21.02.85. flO.mJHCllHO B IIC'l8Tb 16.10.85 T•20223. 4>opM8T 70 >< 100/16.
B)'Mara otcerau ~ 2. rapHHTypa TalMc. flC'laTJ, o4,ctTHu. YCJJ. ne11.n. 35,75
YCJJ. a:p,--OTT. 131,95. Y11.•HlJL n. 41,86. THpa.• 300000 (1·A 3UO,n 1-100000 :Jn.)
lhJL Ml 20673. 3u. Ml 202, Ueaa 3 p. SO a:.
}b,!J.BTCJIJ,CTIIO 4<PMHO H CH3b>►• 101000 Mocua, IlO'ITIIMT, a/• 693.

MolUAcsHI non11rpact,.0M6HH&T Co103IIOJIIUl)BIJ>npMS npH rocy.naJ)CTIICHHOM a:oMH-

TCTe CCCP no .AeJJ8M m.u.aTCJIM:111, nom1rpa4>H1f H 11:HD(HoA ToproBJIH.
143200, r Mo:s:ale1, yn. M11pa, 93.