TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

Compiled by

Dr Chook Ka Joo
Quality Assurance Department
Tunku Abdul Rahman College

and

Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung

Extra-Mural Studies Department
Tunku Abdul Rahman College

2008
 CONTENTS Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES 1

3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM 1

4.0 THE HARVARD SYSTEM 2

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT 2

6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST 6

7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 9

REFERENCES
 TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Referencing or citing means acknowledging the source of information and ideas

you have used in your assignment (e.g. essay, report, project, research paper,
etc.). This is a standard practice at all institutions of higher learning including
Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College.

This learning guide on Harvard referencing system was developed based on the
following references:

 Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing.

 Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references.
 Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for
business students.
 University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references.
 University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author–
date system.

2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES

The following are reasons why referencing is needed:

 to acknowledge debts to other writers

 to demonstrate the body/scope of knowledge upon which your research is
based on
 to enable all those who read your work to locate the sources easily

More importantly, by using appropriate references, you will show the breadth and
quality of your assignment and avoid plagiarism. For further details on plagiarism,
please refer to the TAR College guide on Avoiding Plagiarism.

3.0 REFERENCING SYSTEM

The two most common types of referencing systems used are:

i. Author-date system such as the Harvard System, APA (American

Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Languages Association)
ii. Numerical system such as the Chicago or Turabian, Vancouver and footnote.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 1

The referencing system used in TAR College is the Harvard System for all of the
Schools except the School of Social Science and Humanities, which is using the
APA system.

4.0 THE HARVARD SYSTEM

In the Harvard System, cited publications are referred to as citation in the text by
giving the author‟s family name and the year of publication and the details are
listed in the reference list at the end of the text/work (see page 9 for examples).

The process of citing references consists of two inter-related parts:

i. Citing - the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used in the
assignment.
ii. Referencing - the process of creating a reference list of each source a writer
has used in writing the assignment.

All statements, opinions, conclusion, etc. taken from another writer‟s work should
be cited, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.

5.0 CITATION IN THE TEXT

When writing a piece of work, you will need to refer to materials written or
produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. The
system that you have used to cite the sources must be consistent and accurate
to enable readers to identify and locate the materials to which you have referred
to. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.

When you cite references in the text of your assignment include:

 the author or editor‟s family name (or organisation responsible) - do NOT

include given names or initials
 the year of publication
 page(s) of publication (if appropriate and where available)

5.1 In many cases, you just need to use the author‟s family name and date.

For example:

Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary
education level (Saunders, 2005).

OR

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 2

 Saunders (2003, p.21) claims that there are many factors that are known
to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level.

In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view

expressed in an article written by Saunders, which is not taken from one
single page of the source. Also note that the first example highlights the
information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the
author of the article.

i. If the author‟s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given
in parentheses:

In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good

practices…

As Harvey (1992, p.21) said, ‘good practices must be taught’ and so

we …

ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and
year are given in parentheses:

A more recent study (Stevens, 2002) has shown the way theory and
practical work interact…

Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or

explain the practice (Stevens, 2002).

5.2 There are cases when you need to include a page number in the
parentheses.

For example:

Ramli (2006, p.7) showed that 63 percent of workers was found to be

affected by work-related stress.

You need to include the page number when you:

i. use a direct quote from an original source

ii. summarise an idea from a particular page
iii. include tables, figures, charts or illustrations from other sources in your
work

Use „p.‟ when you are citing the information from a single page and „pp.‟
when the information is cited from more than one page.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 3

5.3 When there are four or more authors for a reference, you need to include
all their names in your first in-text citation of their work. When the same
source is cited again, use „et al.‟ (which is Latin for „and the others‟).

Saunders, Jones, Cooper and Steinmark (2006, p.7) postulate that 54

percent of the students do not use proper referencing system… As a
result of this, Saunders et al. (2006) listed a few major problems that
students face in doing project work.

The names of all the authors are listed in the reference list in the same
order they are listed in the original reference.

5.4 Personal communication such as interviews, telephone calls, video

conferencing and internet chat do not provide recoverable data; therefore,
they are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communication in
the text citation only. Provide initials as well as the family name (full name
for Asians) of the communicator and provide the exact date.

Many designers do not understand the needs of the young people

according to Toi See Luon (personal communication, 19 April 2007)

5.5 Additional Information

Quotations – As a rule, if the quote is less than a line, it may be included

in the body of the text in quotation marks.

Summaries or paraphrases – Give the citation where it occurs naturally or

at the end of the relevant piece of writing.

Tables, charts, diagrams or illustrations – These should be referenced as

though they were a quotation if they have been taken from a published
work.

If details of particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page

numbers, they should be given after the year within the parentheses.

Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to electronic
documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document
does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system,
the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number
of lines, screens, etc., e.g. “[21 lines]” or “[approx 8 screens]”.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 4

5.6 Writing convention

The following conventions are not prescribed by national or international

standards but have been included because they are usually adhered to by
the academic community.

If you are quoting a few words, the usual practice is as follows:

Example A:

Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003, p.93) argued that grounded theory
is best defined as ‘theory building’ compared to the assertion of Glaser
and Strauss (1967) of inductive approach to research.

Example B:

Robson (2002, p.178) defines case study as ‘a strategy for doing research
which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary
phenomenon [current issues] …using multiple sources of evidence.’

The quotation forms part of your text and is indicated by enclosing it using
either single apostrophe „ ‟ or double apostrophe “ ”.

 The … indicates word or words from the original source have been left
out.
 Square brackets [ ] tell your reader you have added your own words to
the quotation.
 If you are quoting a longer quotation, it is a common practice for the
whole quotation to be indented:

“There is no doubt that Internet technology has changed and

is changing the way organizations do business. Using the
Internet, companies have, for instance, (1) created
knowledge bases that employees can tap into anytime,
anywhere; (2) turned customers into collaborated partners
who design, test and launch new products; (3) become
virtually paperless in specific tasks such as purchasing and
filling expense reports; (4) managed logistics in real time;
and (5) changed the nature of numerous work tasks
throughout the organization …” (Robbins & Coulter, 2005,
p.197)

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 5

6.0 THE REFERENCE LIST

6.1 The reference list in the Harvard system:

 is titled „References‟
 is arranged alphabetically by author‟s family name
 is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources are listed
together and not arranged in a separate list
 includes the full details of your citation in the text
 is NOT a bibliography – you do not need to produce a bibliography for
your assignments unless specifically asked to do so by your lecturer. A
bibliography lists everything you may have read but did NOT use it in
the course of doing the assignment while a reference list is limited to
the citation in the text references used in your assignment.

6.2 Steps involved in referencing

a. Note down the full details of the source including page number from
which the information is taken.

In the case of a book, the details included are author(s) of the book,
year, title, edition, place of publication and publisher as found on the
front and back of the title page.

In the case of a journal article, the details included are author(s) of

the article, date of publication, title of article, title of journal, volume and
issue number of journal and page numbers.

For all electronic information, in addition to the above, you should

note the date you accessed the information and database or website
address (URL).

b. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the
document.

c. Provide a reference list at the end of your assignment.

6.3 Whenever possible, elements needed for the reference list should be
taken from the title page of the publication.

 For place of publication, provide the city.

 If more than one town/city is listed, list the first one or the location of
the publisher‟s head office.
 If the town is not well known, you may add a county, region or state.
Note that in the United States of America, states are denoted by a two-
letter code, for example „Hillsdale, NJ‟.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 6

  For the publisher‟s name, omit superfluous terms such as „Publishers‟,
„Co.‟ or „Inc.‟ but always retain the word „Books‟ or „Press‟.
 Where the publisher is a university and the place or the location is not
included in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of
publication.

6.4 Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
following examples for the different types of work you may have cited.
Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when references are
handwritten.

6.5 The reference list is arranged alphabetically by authors‟ family names.

When an item has no author (e.g. newspaper report, annual company
report, brochure), it is cited by its title and sequenced in the reference list
by the first significant word of the title.

6.6 The Harvard System requires the second and subsequent lines of the
reference to be indented to highlight the alphabetical order.

6.7 Setting out the items in a Reference List using the Harvard Referencing
System

The main elements required for a reference are set out in this order:

6.7.1 Example of a book

The main elements required for referencing a book are set out in this
order:

Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication:

Publisher.

Author‟s family name Year of publication Title of the book in

followed by a comma, followed by a full italics followed by a full
then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets stop - upper case used
by a full stop only for the first word

Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study

and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

Place of publication Publisher followed

followed by a colon by a full stop

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 7

6.7.2 Example of an academic journal

The main elements required for referencing a journal article are set out in
this order:

Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. „Title of article‟. Title of journal.

Volume number and (issue or part number), page number.

Author‟s family name Year of publication Title of the article in single

followed by a comma, followed by a full inverted comma - upper
then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets case for the first word only,
by a full stop full stop after the second
inverted comma

Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. „Mission statements in Slovene

enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation‟.
Management Decision., 45(4), pp.773-788.

Page number (pp) of

Title of the journal Volume Issue number in a
the article followed
in italics followed number of bracket followed
by a full stop at the
by a full stop the journal by a comma
end

6.7.3 Example of an electronic publication

The main elements required for referencing an electronic publication are

set out in this order:

Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of document or website. Date

viewed. Full address <url>.

Author‟s family name Year of publication Title of the article in italics,

followed by a comma, followed by a full followed by a full stop -
then initial(s) followed stop - no brackets upper case used for first
by a full stop word

Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007.
Available from: <http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

The internet address (URL) is enclosed in < Date the document is

and > with the full address and followed by a accessed followed by a
full stop full stop

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 8

7.0 EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING

7.1 Books

Basic format for books:

Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

An example of citation in the

Books The entry in the reference list
text
Single author A key factor in good exam Cameron, S. 2002. Business student’s handbook: Learning skills for study
technique … (Cameron, 2002, and employment. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
p.158)
Khoo, K. K. 1977. The western Malay states. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
Khoo (1977, p.45) argues that … University Press.

Two or three According to Kim and Mauborgne Kim, W. C. and Mauborgne, R. 2005. Blue ocean strategy: How to create
authors (2005), … uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant.
Boston: Harvard Business School.

Guelich, S., Gundavaram, S. and Birznieks, G. 2000. CGI programming

with pel. Cambridge: O‟Reilly.

Four or more As suggested by Sandler et al. Sandler, M. P., Patton, J. A., Coleman, R. E., Gottschalk, A., Wackers, F.
authors (1995, p.14) … J. and Hoffere, P. B. 1995. Diagnostic nuclear medicine. Baltimore:
Williams & Wilkins.

Leeders, S. R., Dobson, A. J., Gibbers, R. W., Patel, N. K., Mathews, P. S.,
The industry … (Leeders et al., Williams, A. and Marriot, D. L. 1996. The Australian film industry.
1996) Adelaide: Dominion.

Book with no As shown in Networking Essential Networking essential plus. 2000. 3rd edn. Redmond: Microsoft Press.
author Plus (2000), …

Book with no date This has been emphasized by Seah, R. n.d. Micro-computer applications. Redmond: Microsoft Press.
Seah (n.d.) when … .

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 9

Electronic book Gottshalk and Solli-sather (2006) Gottschalk, P. and Solli-saether, H. 2006. Managing successful IT
contend that … outsourcing relationship. Viewed 30 July 2007. Available from
<http://site.elibrary.com/lib/tarc/docuement/display.jsp?docID=1008436
&page=1>.

Translated book Popularity of the novel „Les Cocteau, J. 1961. Les enfantrs terribles, trans. R Lehmann. Penguin:
Enfants Terribles‟ increased after London.
Translation (Cocteau, 1961)

Second edition or … Walpole and Evans (eds, 2001) Walpole, M. and Evans, C. (eds). 2001. Tax administration in the 21st
later edition of a question whether century. St Leonards, New South Wales: Prospect Media.
book
If there is only one editor, use the
abbreviation ‘ed’.
Edited book – The instrument must … (Jones Jones‟ Instrument Technology. 1985. Mechanical measurement. London:
editor‟s work not Instrument Technology, 1985). Butterworth.
paramount
Singapore 2001. edn, Rodan, G. Ashgate: Aldershot.

One volume of a It has been implied (Einax, 1995) Einax, J. 1995. Chemometrics in environmental chemistry: Applications.
multi-volume set that … Vol. 2. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Berlin: Springer.
of books
Chapter in an Ezhar (2001) notes that … Ezhar, T. 2001. „Working with foreigners‟. In Asma Abdullah and Aric Low.
edited book (eds). Understanding Malaysian workforce. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian
Institute of Management, pp.179-196.

Encyclopaedia or Collins Cobuild English Dictionary No entry is required in the reference list because you have the name and
dictionary - with (1995) defines ethics as … date of the dictionary in the in-text citation.
no author
Encyclopaedia or Hawkins (1997, p.128) defines Hawkins, J. G. 1995. Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar. 2nd edn. Kuala
dictionary - with ethics as … Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.
author

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 10

7.2 Journal articles

Basic format for journal articles:

Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. „Title of article‟. Title of journal, Volume number, Issue, Page no.

An example of citation in the

Journal The entry in the reference list
text
Single author Ho (2007, p.2) argues that … Ho, S. 2007. „Knowledge sharing - a fear factor‟. Malaysian Management
Review. 42 (2), pp 1-22.

Two or three Bilosvalavo and Lynn (2006, Bilosvalavo, R. and Lynn, M. 2006. „Mission statements in Slovene
authors p.774) acknowledge … enterprises: Institutional pressures and contextual adaptation‟.
Management Decision. 45(4), pp.773-788.

The impact of IT … (Li and Li, G. and Clifford, N. 2007. „When a talking computer agent is half human
Clifford, 2007, p.163). and half humanoid‟. Human Communication Research. 33(2), pp.163-
193.

More than four 2nd citation onwards George, B., Sims, P., Mclean, A. N. and Mayer, D. 2007. „Discovering your
authors authentic leadership‟. Harvard Business Review. 85(2), pp.129-138.
George et al. (2007) claim that …

Journal article It is a growing problem in the UK Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal. 10(2), pp.529-536.
with no author (Anorexia Nervosa, p.530)…

Electronic book Holland (2004) maintains that … Holland, M. 2004. Guide to citing internet sources [online]. Poole,
Bournemouth University. Viewed on 10 July 2007. Available from:
<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet
_source.html>.

Journal article … and this has been established Eisend, M. and Schucherta, P. 2006. „Explaining counterfeit purchases: A
from an electronic by Eisend and Schucherta (2006). review and preview‟. Academy of Marketing Service. Vol. 2006 (2).
journal using Viewed on 31 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.amsreview.org/
electronic articles/eisend12-2006pdf>.
database

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 11

A World Wide The result of the test can … Potter, J. 2005. The big five personality test. Viewed on 11 July 2007.
Web site (Potter, 2005). Available from: <http:// www.outofservice.com/bigfive>.

Document on Harvard referencing is a format of Wikipedia. 2007. „Harvard referencing’. Viewed on 23 July 2007. Available
World Wide Web … (Wikipedia, 2007). from: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/harvard_referencing>.
with no author
Electronic thesis Crain (2000) postulates that … Crain, J. 2000. „The effects of a formal induction program on newly hired
teachers‟ perceptions on self-efficacy‟. Department of Teaching and
Leadership, University of Kansas. Viewed on 30 July 2007. UMI
Proquest Dissertation ATT990068.<http://proquest.umi.com.newdc.
oum.edu.my/pqdweb?index=1&did=728423791&SrchMode=1&sid=3&F
mt=14&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=118
5859215&clientId=56581>.

Media releases on Ong (2007) notes that sustainable Ong, K. T. (Minister of Housing and Local Government). 2007. „Sustainable
the World Wide living … living in Malaysia’. 16 June 2007. Ministry of Housing and Local
Web Government. Kuala Lumpur. Viewed on 30 July 2007. Available from:
<http://aplikasi.kpkt.gov.my/ucapan.nsf>.

Discussion lists or Marsh (2007) postulates that … Marsh, A. 2007. “What are these?‟List server. Google Recreational
newsgroups Gardens. Viewed on 30 July 2007. Available from:
<http://groups.google.com/group/rec.gardens/browse_thread/thread/e0e
c899d3facbe61/2956944565b8e75c#2956944565b8e75c>.

email Amir (2007) confirmed this by Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
email on 1 July 2007… email messages are not included in a reference list.

Computer A programme was developed … MathWorks. 2001. MATLAB. Ver 6. computer programs. Natick, MA: The
program (MathWorks, 2001). MathWorks Inc.

CD ROMs and Hawkings (1994) states that … Hawking, S.W. 1994. A brief history of time: An interactive adventure. [CD-
DVDs ROM]. Crunch Media.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 12

7.3 Special publications and materials

Basic format:
Author‟s family name, Initial(s). Year. Title of item, description of item. Place of publication: Publisher.

An example of citation in the

Example The entry in the reference list
text
Conference paper It has been shown (Chang, Chang, C. C. 2003. „Malaysia‟s outline perspective plan towards prosperity
2003) that … in the trend of globalisation‟, Proceedings of the Seventh World Chinese
Entrepreneurs Convention, 21 - 26 July 2003, Sunway Resort, Petaling
Jaya. The Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of
Chang (2003) contends that … Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: ACCIM.

Newspaper article As Fernandez (2007) notes in Fernandez, T. 2007. „I didn’t make any threats: Kayveas’. The Sun. 31 July
with author his articles, … 2007, pp.2.

Newspaper article …in The Sun (31 July 2007, The Sun. 31 July 2007. „Master plan boost for northern corridor’, pp.3.
with no author p.3).
Publication from a The plans include … Unesco. 1995. General information programme and UNISIST. Paris:
corporate body (UNESCO,1995). Unesco.

Genting Berhad. 2007. Genting Berhad annual report 2006. Kuala Lumpur:
Genting Berhad.

Government article The strategic approaches Ministry of Agriculture. 1998. „The third national agriculture policy’. Kuala
include… Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture.
(Third National Agriculture
Policy 1998-2010, 1998).
Patent Tadayuki, Kazuhsia and Atushi Tadayuki, O., Kazuhsia,Y. and Atsushi, N. 1999. Hard butter composition
(1999) show that … and its production. Japanese Patent 99-78710.

Aziz, A. 1997. Methods and apparatus for a key management scheme for
interent protocols. United States Patent Application 68-438.

Video or television The process involves 3 stages MIG Welding. 1987. ‘Mild steel with low current’. Video recording.
recording … (MIG Welding, 1987). Cambridge: Welding Institute.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 13

Pamphlet or TAR College‟s philosophy is … TAR College Prospectus 2007/2008. Kuala Lumpur: Tunku Abdul Rahman
brochure (TAR College Prospectus, College.
2007).

Audio cassette The original broadcast (War of War of the worlds. 1999. Mercury Theatre on the air. Audio CD. Radio
the Worlds, 1999) in 1938 is Spirits. Asin.
said to have caused mass panic
amongst listeners.

Standard The standards set by SIRIM SIRIM. 2003. „Code of practices for access of disabled persons outside
(2003) states that … buildings’. MS13311:2003. Shah Alam: SIRIM Berhad.

Personal It has been confirmed by Seow Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
communication (2007, personal communication, email messages are not included in a reference list.
10 July 2007) that this practice
… is widespread.

Thesis Lee (1995) recommends that … Lee, C.W. 1995. Characteristics of rubber products for mining applications.
Unpublished Final Year Advanced Diploma Project. Advanced Diploma
in Material Engineering. School of Technology. Tunku Abdul Rahman
College. MF06983.

Document on Ball, Lee, Phan and Ra (2001) Ball, K., Lee, Y.H., Phan, O. and Ra, Y. S. 2001. Adult retraining and
microfiche suggest that … reskilling in Australia and South Korea. National Centre for Vocational
Education Research. Leabrook (Australia) and Korea Research Institute
for Vocational Education and Training (Seoul). ERIC microfiche
ED451368.

Acts of Parliament The Service Tax (Amendments, Service Tax (Amendments). 2002.
2000) states that …
Industrial Relations Act. 1967.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 14

7.4 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Here are some of the FAQs on referencing.

Question 1
If I read a book or a journal article by one author (Author 1) and he
mentions an idea by another author (Author 2), whose idea do I refer
to? How do I reference that?

You must mention both authors (Author 1 and Author 2) in your in-text
citations; and in your reference list, you only need to list the item you have
read, that is Author 1.

For example, if you read about an idea by Lim (Author 2) in a book by

Saunders (Author 1), you need to mention both the authors in your in-text
citations. Your in-text citations would appear as:

Lim (Saunders, 2003, p.71) states that … or

Lim’s study (cited in Saunders, 2003, p.71) indicates that … or
Saunders (2003, p.71), in reporting Lim’s study, emphasized the
aspect …

In the reference list, you list only Saunders‟ (the source you read) and not
Lim‟s (whose idea you only read about in Saunders‟).

Question 2
How do I cite the authors’ names if they have the same family name
in the reference list? How do I show in my in-text reference which
idea belongs to which author?

You distinguish between the two authors in your assignment by adding

their initials to the in-text reference (which usually only has the family
name and date).

For example:

The theory was first suggested in 1970 (Johnson, H. T., 1971) but
since then, many researchers, including Johnson, D. E. (2001), have
rejected the idea.

Question 3
How do I cite an author who has written more than one work in the
same year? How do I show which idea comes from which reference?

You put a lower case letter of the alphabet next to the year or date and
keep these letters in your reference list as well.
TAR College Harvard Referencing System 15
For example:

In a recent publication, Bart (2004b) argued that mission statements of

most organization are underutilised and most organization had jumped
on the bandwagon of creating mission statements without knowing the
true purpose of the statement (Bart, 2004a).

The order of sequence in which you attach the letters is based on the
alphabetical order of the title of the work by the author.

Question 4
How do I cite information from my lectures, tutorials or study
guides?

You do NOT cite your lectures, tutorials or study guides as sources unless
your lecturer has particularly said this is acceptable. This is because
lectures, tutorials and study guides are intended to give you an
introduction to a topic. In assignments where you undertake research,
you are expected to read widely and identify for yourself the main ideas
that are relevant from various sources. In addition, oral communication is
not generally referenced. Your lecturers and tutors do not reference their
comments. If you cite them as your source of an idea, it could be
inaccurate, possibly even plagiarism, because the lecturers might be
referring to someone else‟s idea, not one of their own.

Question 5
What if I cannot find the author or a date in a website?

 When there is no name on a webpage, look for a sponsoring body like

an organisation or a government department responsible for the
information.
 Where there is no sponsoring body, use the title of the article or
document on the screen as the „author‟.
 Where there is no date, use „n.d.‟ (no date).

If a resource has no author and no date, you need to consider whether it is

a suitable source for academic work, as your work will suffer from lack of
credibility.

Question 6
How do I reference a graph or a figure that I copy or adapt?

A basic principle of Harvard referencing is providing the author and date

as an in-text reference. This also applies when you use other people‟s

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 16

pictures, graphs or figures. You also need to make it clear if you have
adapted the picture or graph for your own purposes.

For example:

The Process

(AACSB, 2006, p.6)

Question 7
How do I cite Malaysian or Asian names?

You will need to be aware of the various ways to cite Asian names. For
Chinese and Japanese names, use the writers‟ family names when you
are citing them in your text. As for your reference list, put the writers‟
family names first followed by their initials.

For example:

Full name In-text citation Reference List

Chinese Name
Sheng Ye Lin Sheng (2003) Sheng, Y. L.. 2003. The Chinese
dilemma. New South Wales: East
West Ltd.
Japanese Name
Tatsyo Kimbara Kimbara (2007) Kimbara, T. 2007. The digital collapse.
London: Penguin.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 17

However, for Malay and Indian names, use the writers‟ full names in both
the in-text citation and reference list.

For example:

Full name In-text citation Reference List

Malay Name
Mahathir Mahathir Mahathir Mohammad. 1982. The Malay
Mohammad Mohammad dilemma. Petaling Jaya: Federal
(1982) Publications.
Indian Name
Bala Ramasamy Bala Bala Ramasamy. 2003. „FDI and
Ramasamy uncertainty: The Malaysian case
(2004) study‟. Journal of Asia Pacific
Economy. 20(2). pp.75-79.

For names of other Asian writers such as Thai names, Cambodian names,
etc., you need to find out how other writers within your academic world cite
these names. Always refer to current journals or publications to see how
these Asian names are cited. If you are still unsure about this, refer to
various refecencing guides which are available online.

Question 8

In the reference list, do I separate the various sources of references

that I have used in my in-text citations?

All references that you have referred to in your assignment or project

should be arranged in alphabetical order in one list with NO separation of
the sources into categories like books, journals, etc.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 18

 REFERENCES

Curtin University Library. 2007. Harvard referencing. Viewed on 4 July 2007.

Available from: <http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf>.

Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. Nottingham: Balckwell‟s

Bookshops.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2005. Research methods for business
students.
3rd edn. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

University of Bournemouth. 2005. Citing references. Viewed on 4 July 2007.

Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/
docs/Citing_Refs.pdf>.

University of South Australia. 2006. Referencing using the Harvard author-date

system. Viewed on 4 July 2007. Available from: <http://www.unisanet.unisa.
edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-
referencing.pdf>.

TAR College Harvard Referencing System 19