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INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In animals, tissue of closely packed cells that forms a surface or lines a cavity
or tube. Epithelial cells line the inside surfaces of fluid or air-filled tubes and spaces
within the body. Epithelium may be protective (as in the skin) or secretory (as in the
cells lining the wall of the gut). Epithelial cells join each other side to side to make
epithelial tissue. Epithelial cells are specialized cells. They protect cells below them
and may also carry out special functions. For example, in the human lung epithelial
cells line the alveoli (air spaces). These cells are very thin and form a large surface
area in order to facilitate the absorption of oxygen and the loss of carbon dioxide
during the process of gas exchange. They also make sure the alveoli remain moist at
nose are different. Here there are many are specialized ciliated cells. These cells have
tiny hairs or cilia which beat backwards and forwards. They sweep fluid up and away
from the lungs to the mouth. Any dirt or bacteria that have been inhaled are taken
away from the lungs where they may cause damage. Smoking harms these ciliated
cells.
Epithelial tissue is a layer which formed by cells with dense formation, its
extracell matrixes is just few and commonly bordering the cavities in our body or
covering body surface. That kind of epithelial tissue called covering epithelium in
general. Epithelial can also be found at some glands, that why some of them called
glandular epithelium.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this lab work was to observe various kinds of epithelial tissues
and glands.
C. Benefit
By this lab work, students would learn deeply about epithelial tissues and
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
In humans, epithelium is classified as a primary body tissue, the other ones
being connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is one of
four basis tissues that composing our body. For the time being, epithelial term used
for call pure colored membrane that lies on connective braided protrusion at
reddening lips (epithelia: above; thele: lips). This term now uses for the entire tissue
Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells
closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the
covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that
cells are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small
support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighbouring structures. (Anonym,
2009 )
Epithelial tissue is a layer from the cells which have tight formation, a few of
extra-cellular matrix, and in most cases trace the opening at inner of body or it
surface. That epithelial usually called covering epithelial. Epithelial tissue also can
2009 )
Epithelial tissue have function to deliver materials from and to tissue and
cavity which it traced. Columnar epithelial on the digestive track produce the
dissolve enzymes to the lumen of digestive track and adsorb it digest product.
Epithelial also covering water tube and lung. ( Tim Pengajar, 2008 )
According Clevers, 2004, epithelial tissue or cells are classified into three
factors.
In epithelial tissue usually discuss about cell junction, secretory epithelia, and
organism. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of
protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell
and the extracellular matrix, or they built up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and
control the paracellular transport. As stated above, secretion is one major function of
epithelial cells. Glands are formed from the invagination / infolding of epithelial cells
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Time and Place
Makassar (UNM)
1. Tools
a) 1 set of microscope
2. Materials
C. Work Procedure
In this lab work, we did nine observations which the procedures were:
1. Observation I
epithelial cell that was thin and long, contained with endothelium cells and
basal membrane.
nucleus from epithelial that had flat and long shape and then basal
membrane.
2. Observation II
of lumen, cube epithelium cells and basal membrane. This structure was
cuboidal epithelium.
lumen, flat epithelial cells and basal membrane. This structure has thinner
3. Observation III
basal cell position, ciliated cylinder epithelial, goblet cell and basal
membrane.
5. Observation V
membrane positions.
6. Observation VI
mucosa area.
7. Observation VII
a. Prepared a papilla sircumvalata and pancreas object glasses.
8. Observation VIII
9. Observation IX
b. Observed carefully sweat gland. Watched sekretory segment from its duct
segment.
CHAPTER IV
Notes;
1. Basal membrane
2. Nucleus
1. lumen
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
3. lumen
5. cytoplasm
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
cell
4. lumen
5. cytoplasm
Notes;
1. basal membrane
2. nucleus
3. lumen
cell
5. cytoplasms
1. basal membrane
2. intensine flake
3. lumen
Columnar epithelium.
Notes :
1. nucleus
2. Basal membrane
3. Lumen
epithelia
1. Cilia
3. Basal cell
4. Basal membrane
5. Goblet cell
Goblet cell.$
Notes ;
1. goblet cell
2. lamina propina
Papilla sircumvalata.
Notes :
1. Epithelia cell
2. Lamina propsin
3. Connective tissue
4. Mucusa gland
5. Serusa gland
Pancreas.
Notes :
1. Blood capillary
2. Cell
3. Cell
Adrenal cortex.
Notes :
1. Glomerulosa zone
2. Fesicullaila zone
3. Keticularis zone
Adrenal medulla.
Notes :
1. Nucleus
2. Basal membrane
Sweat gland.
Notes :
1. Epiderm
2. Dermis
3. Sweat gland
Sebaceus gland.
Notes :
1. Sebaceus gland
B. Discussion
1. Observation I
At the observation I, we observed simple squamous ephitelium mammal
kidney, that was endothelium blood vessel and parietal capsule Bowman’s.
Basal membrane or basal lamina was the connective tissues that was lay under
body, to prevent water and cell liquid loss from body, works as selective filter,
and preventing the form of upper epithelium tissue. This membrane contained
squamous epithelium cell, when we looked from inside, this looked like string
Simple squamous epithelium consists of flat and thin cell in the ferifer not
horizontal of cells cytoplasm like thin, widened in the nucleus place. Nucleus
from the each cells is sircular and concentric place. Parietal capsule Bowman
layer generally has structure of tissue at similar, but has oval shaped or formed
like capsule. The cytoplasm nearly saw but we could saw in the nucleus area,
2. Observation II
At the observation II, we observated simple cuboidal epithelium at the tubules
different structure tissue of contrax, that only the tubules contorts distal
simple cuboidal epithelium because the cut trans section with is surface, each
cells like box or cube. If the surface shaped polygonal. In the vertical notched,
the cell like cornered with circular nucleus in each cell central. Cornered
shaped change is trapezium if the cell be group in the lumen around small
layer. These cells cytoplasm is clear particle, and in the last limited cells
3. Observation III
lumen seem intestine lining and we found vili, this endothelium modification
enter in the cells area. After that enlargement 10 x 10 and the part of the vili
seem simple columnar epithelium with it par. At the surface like cuboids
epiyhelium, and inside like columns to close up vertical section with nucleus
oval shaped, proximal place toward basal membrane. Membrane basal lower
4. Observation IV
At the observation IV, we observated pseudostratified epithelium trachea of
section, like pseudostratified. This caused the pkace nucleus raised not
strength. This epithelium is build by three types of cells, that is basal cells,
cylincrical cells, and goblet cell basal shaped cuboidalwith found nucleus and
higher is lower Cilyndrical cilia at the help to prevent the lungs is cleaned it
way to snare the dust and other particle and sweat them back above trachea.
Goblet cells or mucus cells secretion the solution which called mucus, to
smooth or to smear the surface of duct and kept it damp like generally the
A. Conclusion
1. Simple squamous epithelium consists of one layer flat shaped cells. Disk
shaped nucleus, if we look from upper side, the shape is unregulated and cell’s
2. Epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of
1. Suggestion
Better if the object glasses prepared well before lab work starts so when the
lab work in process, the students wouldn’t find any defect object glass that
made the students couldn’t find any vision when they observed from
microscope.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan,Drs, M.S and Pagarra, Halifah,Ir, M.Si. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Struktur
Hewan. Makassar. Biology Department of Makassar State University.
Keeton. W. T. 2003. Biological Science, fifth edition. USA: Norton & Company Inc.