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2 Arcillosidad GR SP
2 Arcillosidad GR SP
correlación
estáticos
CCA (Phi, K, GD, Sw) Sw
GR (NGT) SCAL (Kr, Swi, Shcr, mf, OB) Vsh
dinam.
DST (fluidos, K*h) K
RHOB - NPHI
porosidad
ECUACIONES
(parámetros)
INTERPRETE ! ! !
Comparison of rock type population to rock type production
Abundance of Production by
Rock Types Rock Type
60%
42%
37% 37%
21%
3%
Miscellaneous Carbonates
Carbonates Shale
Sandstone Sandstone
TEXTURE
ROCK
mm
COMPOSITION COMPONENTS Granules
2
TYPE OF DETRITAL ROCK Very coarse
TEXTURAL 1
CARBONATE SHALE SANDSTONE PARAMETERS Coarse
Quartz 1/2
Silt size of : Grain
Feldspars
Bioclasts Quartz Micas Size Medium
Oolits Feldspars Rocks
Pellets Micas fragments 1/4
Quartz Heavy Mudstone
minerales grains Fine
Bioclasts 1/8
Pellets Grain
(glauconite) Very fine
1/16
Abrasion
Matrix Silt
Micrite Product
Clay minerals 1/256
Clay minerals (silt size
quartz Roundness
Shape
Feldspars,
Micas...) Sphricity
Clay
minerals
Accessory
minerals Sorting
Packing
Silica Orientation
Sparry Calcite Calcite Cement Sand
Dolomite 1/16
calcite organics
Iron oxide Matrix Silt
Anhydrit Cement
1/256
Halite Clay
Clay
minerals
Asphalt
Water Fluid
Oil
gas
Interpretación de perfiles
• Para qué? Evaluación de yacimientos
Vsh, Phi, S, K, NS - NP...
• Arcillosidad (Vsh): Volumen de arcilla.
• Referencia básica visual litológica
team members
Propiedades
• Los rayos gamma son impulsos de ondas electromagnéticas de alta
energía emitidos espontáneamente por elementos radioactivos
10.0
7.0 GR
5.0 red
cente
l,
too
-in.
33 ⁄8
3.0 ered
cent
Correction factor
ool,
-in. t
111 ⁄16
2.0
33⁄8-in. tool, eccentered
0.7
0.5
0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2)
t (g/cm
© Schlumberger
Log interpretation Charts GR-1 and GR-2, replacing Chart Por-7, The correction for standoff is
are based on laboratory work and Monte Carlo calculations to 2
S − Sm
provide improved corrections for 3 3⁄8- and 111⁄16-in. SGT gamma CF ′ = CFm′ + (CFo − CFm′ ) .
ray tools. The corrections normalize the response of both tools to Sm
eccentered positions in an 8-in. borehole with 10-lbm mud. Chart CF m′ is the correction factor for centered tools, while CF′o is the
GR-2 provides a correction for barite mud in small boreholes. correction factor for eccentered tools. Both are corrected for
Although these charts are more difficult to use than the ones barite if it is present in the borehole. S is the actual standoff, and
they replaced, the results are more exact since they are normal- Sm is the standoff with the tool centered.
ized to current tools, no interpolation is required, and the ranges
are extended. Example: GR reads 36 API units, d h is 12 in., and mud weight
The input parameter, t, in g/cm2, is calculated as follows: is 12 lbm/gal. The tool is 3 3⁄8 in. and centered.
Therefore, t = 15.8 g/cm2, resulting in a correction factor of 1.6.
Wmud 2.54 (d hole ) 2.54 (d sonde ) The corrected GR = 58 API units.
t= − .
8.345 2 2
2-1
NGS
Registro espectral de rayos gamma. Permite
determinar las concentraciones de potasio (K 40),
torio (Th232) y uranio (U238) en las formaciones .
Desintegración:
Potasio 40 Argón 40 (1.46 MeV) Directa
1.46
POTASSIUM
PROBABILITY OF EMISSION PER DISINTEGRATION
THORIUM SERIES
2.62
0 5 1.5 2 2.5 3
40 K
dN
dE
Th+U+K
214 Bi
x 10
SCALE
208 Ti
K U Th
0 1 2 3
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
Gamma Ray Measurement
NGT Log
Computation of the
amount of shale:
1
1
CGRcln and CGRsh values from 5 and 95 Percentiles
... clean sands and fully developed shales must be present
100
90
80
70
60
%
50
40
Cumulative percentage
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CGR
CGRcln=28 CGRsh=90
Gamma Ray Measurement
NGT/GR parameters
Vertical resolution 18"
Limestone <20
Dolomite <30
Sandstone <30
Shale 80-300
Salt <10
Anhydrite <10
3
3
Advantages of Vshgr
• Indicador de arcillosidad
• Determinar Rw (resisitividad del agua de formación)
• Detecta capas permeables, define sus limites y permite correlacionarlas
• No se registra en pozos con lodos no conductivos (aire, OBM)
(-) (+)
v
Shale
Esn
SSP
Esb
Rmf
Rw
Emc
SP Sand
Ed
amplitude
Shale
Liquid Junction
- - +
- + Na+ Rmf > Rw
- - + Cl-
- - +
Cl-
Membrane Potential
+
+
NA+
+
- - - -+
Na Rmf > Rw
- Cl-
- ---
+
+
+ NA+
SP Schematic
EM
RSH
RBH
Rmf > Rw
RXO E RT
LJ
Boundary Effects
RSH = 1Ωm
RT = 2Ωm
RSH = 1Ωm
Boundary Effects (High RT)
RSH = 1Ωm
RT = 10Ωm
RSH = 1Ωm
SSP
Shale
Clean SS
SSP
Shale
The SP Deflection and its Rmf - Rw Dependency
Rmfe
SSP = -Klog
SP
Rwe
SHALE
- + - + - +
SAND
SHALE
Clean SS
Shale
Clean SS
Shale
Clean SS
Shale
Shaly SS
SP Curve Shapes
Shale
Shale
Shale
Salt Water Clean SS
Shale
Clean SS
Shale
Clean SS
Shale
Clean SS
Shale
Shaly SS
SP curve in beds of different thickness for Rt=Rm (left) and Rt=21 Rm (center)
100 mV 100 mV
16d
2d
8d
d
2
11d
Rt = Rm Rt = 21 Rm
1,392-86
Permeable Strata Impervious Strata
Shale A
-42 Sandstone B
Shale C
+44 Sandstone D
Shale E
Sandstone F
-23
Shale G
Sandstone H
1,393-86
R mf = 0.2 - at 165°F
Evaluación de la arcillosidad
• Xplot N - D Vsh = Øn - Ød
Ønsh - Ødsh
donde Ød = ρma - ρb
ρma - ρfl
• SP Vsh ídem GR
SP BS shifted
Simetría
Transgresión u
Agradación
d
Arena Arena Arena
Suave
Cilindro Arena
Arcilla
Sección
Indefinida
Aserrado Arena
Estabilidad Arena
Arcilla Arcilla
Suave
Arena Arena Arena Arena
Embudo
Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla
Sección Aserrado
Inversa Arena Arena Arena Arena
Regresión
Progradación
Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla
m m m
o o o
15 25 25
m m
o o
30 30
Depósitos de barras
m m m
o o o
60 60 60
Canales distributarios
m m m
o o o
90 4 30
Falta de coronas
Heterogeneidad de escalas