International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD)

ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001
Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 47–60
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

STUDY OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF AN INNOVATIVE CURTAIN-WALL-

INTEGRATED SOLAR HEATER WITH NANOFLUID

PANKAJ. P. KULKARNI1 & MAHESH. P. JOSHI2

1
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering,
MIT Alandi Pune, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical & Civil Engineering,
MIT Alandi Pune, India
ABSTRACT

This work consists of the applications of solar energy or solar heater on building construction practices, with the help
of natural circulation loop designs driven by heat transfer processes to develop an innovative curtain wall integrated
solar heater using nanofluid based on the theory of an energy-harvesting façade. This prototype was tested
experimentally with the various heat transfer processes. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional
solid-liquid mixtures and due to their excellent characteristics, nanofluid find wind applications in enhancing heat
transfer. Heat transfer mechanisms and application of the Nanofluids are still its primary stage. This study provides

Original Article
comprehensive research on the thermal performance of an innovative curtain wall integrated solar heater by improving
the heat transfer properties of the solar heater by using Nanofluid as a working fluid which has superior thermal
properties compared with water.

KEYWORDS: Solar Energy, Solar Heater, Heat Transfer Mechanism, Nanofluids, Curtain-Wall & Circulation Loop

Received: Feb 06, 2020; Accepted: Feb 26, 2020; Published: Apr 22, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN20205

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar thermal energy can beneficially trap and preserve by various devices and designs that are efficient of
harvesting solar energy in buildings through the use of for example a low power thermo-electric material or a hot
water system (Chi-ming Lai, Shuchi Hokoi 2014). In buildings for solar energy usage Thermal Energy Storage
(TES) is an essential unit, and it is one of the sustainable and optimistic systems for energy storage. There are three
important types of TES (Thermal energy storage) systems operated in buildings which are easily categorized as
follows: sensible. latent, and thermochemical energy storage. Water is generally utilizing because of its high
thermal capacity, the extensive scope of storage temperatures, nontoxicity, low cost, and easily accessible in solar
water heating for domestic use (C. Dharuman, J. H. Arakeri 2006; P. Li. J. Liu 2011). Although, in SWH Systems
further valuable integration of solar collection is always beneficial in building constructions (Chi-ming Lai, Rong-
Horng Chen 2012). Compared to standard liquid and standard 2 phase mixture, the nanofluid does not obstruct flow
channels, has higher thermal conductivity and impels a slight pressure drop. In comparison to larger particles
nanoparticles withstand settling due to Brownian motion and higher surface area which enriches the heat
conduction of nanofluids and interparticle forces. The various properties of nanofluids like increase single-phase
heat transfer, increased thermal conductivity, and increased critical heat flux makes them promising coolants. In
2012 Rodriguez-Hidalgo Studied the domestic hot water use for solar collectors’ performance by utilizing solar
facilities (M. C. Rodriguez-Hidalgo 2012). Heat losses calculated with the help of a single storage tank by

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48 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

performing coo-down tests (C. A. Cruickshank, S. J. Harrison 2010). Dominguez-Munoz investigated the reliability
analysis methods and its applications for solar thermal systems designs to study the correct pattern of the problem (F.
Dominguez-Munoz 2012).

(S. V. Joshi, R. S. Bokil 2005) studied test methods for the solar domestic system based on thermo-siphon,
for which the outdoor testing is done, three standards regarding solar system only have been evaluated and
substantial work carried out under various parameters to predict the system’s thermal performance in different
weather and operating conditions. Two distinct technologies for collectors have been used in TSDHWS
(Thermosyphon -type solar domestic hot water system). Based on the idea of Energy façade, we aim to integrate a
natural circulation loop design, the curtain wall formats, heat transfer techniques and practices of building structures,
etc., to create an innovative wall-integrated solar heater. The natural circulation loop concepts form the prototype for
vital heat transfer mechanisms. Various studies due to their extensive range of technological applications subjected to
operating conditions and different layouts for Natural circulation loops the fluid flow in the circulation loop transfers
the heat to the cooler section by removing it from the heated section at an excessive elevation which is operated by
thermally induced density gradients. Such a loop can operate as a highly authentic passive heat-transfer and low-cost
device (C. Ho. S. Chiou 1997; M. Misale 2007; J. F. Lin, A. S. Y. Chiu 2008; P. T. Garrity 2009). Studies have
shown that order of 5 Vol. percent or less, comparatively small amounts of nanoparticles can enrich the thermal
conductivity of the base fluid to a high extent. There are two main properties of nanofluids on which the heat transfer
systems depend :(i) ultra-high thermal conductivity and (ii) supreme stability. As per the various studies, various
approaches lead to prepared nanofluids. Although, there have been fast developments in the nanofluids composite
methods, still there is not yet a quality level preparation method for nanofluids.

We get nanofluids by two key methods: (a) two-step process and (b) chemical approach. In the two-step,
process nanoparticles are first produced as a dry powder by inert gas and then dispersed into a fluid. In a chemical
approach using wet technology, for extending nanostructures of various metals, non-metals, semiconductors, and
hybrid systems a single-step approach arises as a tool. Nanofluid has excellent thermal properties than the water; it
has been decided to use the Cuo+Graphene (5ml)/H2 O nanofluid (Choi, D. A. Siginer 1995; Phelan, P. E.;
Bhattacharya. P 2005) The thermal performance of the developed test model has to be studied and to regulate the
curtain wall integrated solar water heater performance with inclination angle and fl ow rate deviation constructed
the flat plate solar collector system with its accessories and required measuring instruments arranged properly.
The purpose of the ongoing study with not much information available to give perception into an innovative, wall-
integrated solar heater. The present prototype was experimentally tested for its thermal performance and physical
structure under consideration of solar heater using Cuo+Graphene (5ml)/H2 O nanofluids. (Kleinstreuer C., Feng Y,
2011) detailed the results obtained through both experimental investigation and theoretical simulation of a solar
collector with heat pipes. They have obtained the maximum instantaneous efficiency of up to 60% by using
ethanol as a working fluid. (Chougule S. S., Sahu S. K,2013) studied that by using water/2-ethyl-hexanol followed
by CNT/water nanofluid the thermal performance of solar heat pipe collector is higher, solar heat pipe collector
provides better performance at higher tilt angles when it uses nanofluid as working fluid compa red to water. (S.
Polvongsri, T. Kiatsiriroat, 2011) concluded that can improve the thermal enrichment of a flat plate solar collector
by sing silver nanofluid at high inlet temperature compared with water.

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 49
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

2. EXPERIMENTAL TEST SET-UP

The experimental test cell can be consisting of an exterior wall copper plate (1), a vertical flow duct with a square cross-
section (2), a circulation loop (3), and a cooling sleeve (4). The curtain wall height which is commonly used by the exterior
wall can be taken 40 cm as width and 80 cm as height. The wall surface gets heated by solar radiations on one side of the
wall, while on the other side i.e. at an exterior wall the imitating solar radiations received (inside the curtain wall), about
30mm wide by 20 mm high vertical flow duct measured and form a heat exchanger by welding it precisely. A structural
sort is provided for the curtain wall by the circulation tube (3); Therefore, in this work copper can be preferable to use as
tube material. The filet material assembled the joint between the square duct and the circulation tube and the constant
cross-sectional area sustains throughout the circulation loop to shape the tubes. The inner radius of the tube is 11 mm, the
outer radius is 12.7 mm, and the wall thickness is 1.7 mm. we have settled horizontal distance S to be approximately 200
mm in orientation with the loop of the exterior wall to coincide with the typical wall thickness. Therefore, the altogether
exterior size of the test cell was 80 mm high,60 cm wide, and 20 cm deep, which equivalent to the dimensions of particular
metal curtain walls in also besides, at top and bottom of the loop valves were fitted to enable the addition and removal of
fluid. The heated unit fitted opposite the cooling unit (4). This unit comprises aluminum made cylindrical cooling sleeve.
Also, besides, heat gets withdrawn from the loop as the cooling unit uses water from the thermally regulated bath. The
Cooling sleeve with internal dimensions of 48 mm * 210 mm measured 50 mm * 215 mm on the other side to reduce the
heat losses from the setup cotton is encased at the exterior of the circulation tube and the cooling unit.

Figure 1: Schematic of Mechanically Linked Heliostat.

Pyranometer provides the necessary intensity radiation measurements. A resistance temperature detector was
placed at different points throughout the loop to evaluate the water inlet and outlet temperature. Also apart from that, we
have placed the Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) at the cling water entrance and exit in the cooling sleeve.

2.1 Specifications of the Experiment Set

2.1.1 Exterior Wall Plate Specifications

The Thickness of late -2mm

Length -60cm

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50 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

Height – 80cm

Material -copper

Figure 2: Experimental Test Cell and Geometric Parameters.

Figure 3: Overall Experimental System Photograph.

2.1.2. Vertical Flow Duct

Vertical flow duct having a square cross-section is used for natural circulation of nanofluid

Dimensions -2*2 cm

Length -60 cm

Cross-section – square

Material -copper

2.1.3. Cooling Sleeve

The Cooling sleeve which acts as heat exchanger has a cylindrical cross-section, the copper pipe which contains nanofluid
asses through it and base fluid (water) is flowing through it.

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 51
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

3. TEST PROCEDURE

The rate of mass flow had been varied from 5 LPH to 20 LPH in the rate of 5 LPH for the thermal discharge of the curtain
wall integrated solar heater with CuO +Graphene (5ml)/H2O nanofluid. The rear side of the collector is occupied by the
heat exchanger. The heat exchanger gets supply from the cold water, as it absorbs heat from the hot fluid. The entire test
set up is organized vertically.

Firstly, the duct is filled with water manually and is used as an exchange of heat in the cooling sleeve. Then the
water is circulated through the flexible pipe which fills through the cooling sleeve using a motor/pump. The inlet
temperature of the water is measured as Ti whereas the outlet temperature is To. The solar is an incident on the collector
plate that absorbs the radiations and gets heated. The heat is transferred to the fluid in the duct and heat is eventually
convicted to the water. This transferred heat heats the water and its temperature increases. The various readings for Ti and
T0 are taken throughout the day. The readings are taken between 11:00 AM-04:00 PM.

The above procedure is repeated by changing the fluid in the duct. Nanoparticles are added by volume percentage
to water to form the nano-fluid. Various concentrations are taken for the experiment.1% 2% and 3% Nanofluid is taken and
the experiment is conducted. The flow rates are varied simultaneously for the various concentrations of the nanofluids. The
flow rates are 5 LPH, 10LPH,15LPH,20LPH.

4. MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS

The mathematical model of solar collector consists of an external energy balance of absorber and internal energy balance
of absorber. The Model solves the energy balance of solar collectors under steady-state conditions that were taken into
considerations.

Assumptions made before developing the mathematical model.

 First approximation assumed is temperature stratification of the water within the tank is neglected.

 Scattered radiations are neglected.

 Bottom surface and the adiabatic side of the SWH.

 Constant air temperature.

 The regular flow and in case stability in the pipeline.

 There is no energy stored in the glass-cover and absorber plate.

 The neglect of the temperature difference through the glass cover

 The properties of the fluid constant.

The energy gain by the absorber and the energy lost from the absorber of the useful energy can also be expressed
by following equations

Qu = m Cp (To – Ti) (1)

Qu = Ac FR [{GT (ζα)- UL (Ti – Ta)}] … (2)

The useful energy relates the instantaneous collector efficiency to the total radiation Incident on the collector

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52 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

surface by eq

ηi = Qu / (Ac GT) = [m Cp (To - Ti)]/ [Ac GT] (3)

ηi = FR (ζα)- FRUL [(Ti - Ta)/(GT)] (4)

The rate of thermal energy gain (Qg), the instantaneous efficiency (η) and the rate of thermal energy input (Qin) of
each collector were calculated as below:

Qin = It. Acoll (5)

Where Acoll is the area of the collector & It is the Intensity of solar radiation.

solar radiations fall on the collecting area, for calculating area we get

Qg = m Cw (To-Ti) (6)

Where m is the rate of mass flow and Cw is the specific heat of the water

ηinst = Qg / Qin (7)

Where ηinst is the instantaneous efficiency

Considering the parameter affecting the collector efficiency i.e. volume fraction of nanofluid, the mass flow rate
of the cooling water mathematical model can be developed. The developed model can help to analyze the effect of said
parameters on the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors.

4.1 Calculations

Table 1: Sample Observation Table for 3% Concentration of

CuO+Graphene/H2o nanofluid with 20LPH Rate Flow
The Intensity of the
Time Flow Rate (Q) Tin Tout ΔT
Sr. No Solar Radiation
2 o o o
am W/m LPH Kg/sec C C C
1 11.00 584.23 20 0.005555 28.1 30.8 2.7

The rate of thermal energy int (Qin), the rate of thermal gain (Qg) and the instantaneous efficiency (ƞ) of the wall
were calculated as below:

Qin =It Awall (8)

Where Awall is the area of the collector wall & It is the intensity of solar radiation.

solar radiations fall on the collector area and by calculation we get,

Acoll =0.21 m2

Qin =It Acoll

= 584.23* 0.21

=122.68 W

Q g = mw Cp (To – Ti) (9)

Where m is the rate of mass flow and Cp is the specific heat of the water

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 53
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

=0.005555*4183*(30.8-28.1)

= 62.75W

Instantaneous efficiency we can find out,

Ƞinst = Q g /Qin (10)

=62.75/122.68 = 51.14%

Where ƞinst is the instantaneous efficiency.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The testing methodology of the curtain wall integrated solar heater leads experimentation results which are presented in the
following section. To study the deviation in solar intensity radiation, instantaneous collector efficiency concerning time
and deviation in outlet temperature various graphs are plotted below.

5.1.1. Deviation of Instantaneous Collector Efficiency for Water and Volume %

of (CuO + Graphene)/h20 nanofluid with a
various Mass Flow Rate about Time

(a)
(b)

(c) (d)
Figure 4: The Deviation of the Collector Efficiency for Water (a), Various % of (CuO + Graphene)/H 20
(b) (c) (d) and Various Mass Flow Rates to Time.

Figure 4 exhibits the curves for the various mass flow rate in the time interval 11.00 am to 4.00 pm for the efficiency of
working fluid as water and various volume % (1%,2%,3% of CuO + Graphene)/H20, etc. between all the highest efficiency is for
mass flow rate 0.005556 kg/sec and from the graph, it is evident that as period time increases efficiency will going to change.

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54 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

5.2 Deviation of Instantaneous Collector Efficiency for Water and Various

Volume Percentage of (CuO + Graphene)/H20 Nanofluid with
Mass Flow Rates 0.001389 kg/sec,0.002778 kg/sec,
0.004167 kg/sec,0.005556 kg/sec to time

(e) (f)

(g) (h)
Figure 5: Deviation of Instantaneous Collector Efficiency for Water and Various % of Nanofluid with Mass Flow
Rates 0.001389 kg/sec (e),0.002778 kg/sec (f),0.004167 k/sec (g) & 0.005556 kg/sec (h) to Time.

Figure 5 indicates the curves for volume percentage of (CuO + Graphene)/H20 nanofluid and water efficiency in
time interval 11:00 am to 4:00 pm at mass flow rates 0.001389kg/sec, 0.002778 kg/sec,0.004167 kg/sec & 0.005556
kg/sec. Between all the highest efficiency is for 3 % (CuO + Graphene)/H20 and from the graph, it is seen that efficiency
will be going to change as time interval increases.

5.3 Deviation of Intensity of Solar Radiation with Time

The experiment test carried out and computed in day time for the deviation of solar intensity radiation & to study the
various airflow rates the solar intensity radiation graphs were plotted vs time.

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 55
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

5.3.1 Deviation of Solar Intensity with water and different Percentage of

(CuO + Graphene)/H20 Nanofluid when the Rate of Mass
Flow 0.001389 kg/sec, 0.002778 kg/sec,
0.004167 kg/sec & 0.005556 kg/sec.

Figure 6: Deviation in Solar Radiation Intensity vs. Time the Rate of Mass
Flow Evaluated as 0.001389 kg/sec.

Figure 7: Deviation in Solar Intensity Radiation vs. Time for the Rate of
Mass Flow 0.002778 kg/sec.

Figure 8: Deviation in Solar Intensity Radiation vs. Time for the Rate of
Mass Flow 0.004167 kg/sec.

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56 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

Figure 9: Deviation in Solar Intensity Radiation vs. time for the rate of mass flow
0.005556 kg/sec.

To evaluate the solar intensity radiation on the particular day of the test performance, the research was conducted
for some days. The Pyranometer was used to measure the solar radiation intensity and plotted against time for each
experiment. The above 4 graphs show the deviation of solar radiation intensity when the tests were conducted using
various rates of mass flow 0.001389 kg/s, 0.002778 kg/s, 0.004167 kg/s and 0.005556 kg/s. It is seen from the graph that
the intensity of the solar radiation remained approximately the same for every day of the test performance. The temperature
varies concerning solar radiation intensity.

5.4 Deviation of Outlet Temperature with Time for Water and different %
of (CuO + Graphene)/H20 Nanofluid at Different Mass Flow Rate

Figure 10: Deviation in Outlet Temperature vs. Time with Various Mass Flow Rates for Water &
Volume Concentrations of (1%,2%,3% (CuO + Graphene)/H20).

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 57
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

The above graphs are related to the deviation of outlet temperature vs time for various mass flow rate of water and
volume concentrations of 1% (CuO + Graphene)/H20 2% (CuO + Graphene)/H20 & 3% (CuO + Graphene)/H20. various
mass flow rates taking into consideration for the corresponding outlet temperatures are 0.001389 kg/sec,0.02778
kg/sec,0.004167 kg/sec & 0.005556 kg/sec.

5.5 Deviation of Outlet Temperature for Water and Various % of (CuO + Graphene)
/H20 Nanofluid with Time at 0.001389 kg/sec Mass Flow Rate

Figure 11: Deviation of outlet Temperature for Water & various % of

nanofluid with Time at 0.001389 kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow.

5.5.1. Deviation of outlet Temperature for Water and different Volume Percentage of
(Cuo+Graphene)/H20 Nanofluid with Time at 0.002778kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow

Figure 12: Deviation of Outlet Temperature for Water and different % of

Nanofluid with Time at 0.002778kg/sec rate of Mass Flow.

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58 Pankaj. P. Kulkarni & Mahesh. P. Joshi

5.5.2 Deviation of Outlet Temperature for Water and Different Volume % (CuO + Graphene)
/H2o Nanofluid with Time at 0.004167 kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow

Figure 13: Deviation of outlet Temperature for Water and different % of Nanofluid
with Time at 0.004167 kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow.

5.5.3. Deviation of Outlet Temperature for Water and different Volume Percentage of (CuO+Graphene)
/H20 Nanofluid with Time at 0.005556 kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow

Figure 14: Deviation of outlet Temperature for Water and different % of

Nanofluid with Time at 0.005556kg/sec Rate of Mass Flow.
Figures 11-14 indicates the outlet temperature curves for the water and various vol concentration of CuO +
Graphene/H2O nanofluid at 0.001389 kg/s rate of mass flow in time interval 11.00 am to 4.00 pm, between all volume
Concentration the highest outlet temperature is for 3% vol. concentration of (CuO + Graphene)/H20 nanofluid and it is seen
from the graph that outlet temperature increases as the corresponding time interval increases in a certain limits and after
that going to reduce because of solar intensity.

As mass flow rate and inclination angle increases outlet temperature goes on decreasing for all water and
nanofluid. Also, from the graph, it is clear that for 3% vol. the concentration of BN/H2O nanofluid will give more outlet
temperature at 0.001389 kg/sec rate of mass flow than the other as water,1% and 2% volume concentration of (CuO +
Graphene)/H20) nanofluid.

6. CONCLUSIONS

The thermal performance of an innovative curtain wall-integrated solar water heater with CuO + Graphene (5ml) /H2O
nanofluid investigated experimentally. The effect of variation in volume concentration of nanofluid [(CuO + Graphene

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Study of Thermal Performance of an Innovative Curtain-Wall-Integrated 59
Solar Heater with Nanofluid

(5ml) /H2O -1%, 2%, and 3% volume fraction] and mass flow rate of cooling water [5, 10, 15 and 20 LPH] on
instantaneous collector efficiency are evaluated. Graphene is used as a surfactant and added in the nanofluid to increase the
settling time of the nanoparticle in a nanofluid.

From the above-mentioned test study, the conclusions made are detailed below:

The Thermal performance of innovative curtain wall integrated solar water heater improved by using CuO +
Graphene (5ml) /H2O nanofluid -1%,2%,3% respectively. Instantaneous collector efficiency for solar flat plate collector
with CuO + Graphene (5ml) /H2O nanofluid enhances by 8-16% with Deviation in volume concentration of (CuO +
Graphene (5ml) /H2O) nanofluid between 1-3% in comparison with water. The instantaneous collector efficiency of the
developed model increases with an increase in the rate of mass flow of water & also with an increase in the volume
concentration of nanofluid. The outlet temperature of hot water increases with an increase in the solar intensity radiation
and the volume concentration of nanofluid

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