International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD)

ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001
Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 21–32
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

DRISHAN BS1, VISHNU G NAIR2 & MAHESHA G. T*3

1
Student, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology,
MAHE, Karnataka, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Karnataka, India
3
Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT

Vehicular communications systems have the possibility to improve the safety in a day to day life. The advantage of this
system is that they can reduce the collision to the greater extent. In this article, we present different ways by which the
collisions can be avoided through the various applications like traffic management, pedestrian detection, different
assistance systems and collision avoidance. We state the problems and solutions for these applications.

KEYWORDS: Driving Assistance Systems, Traffic Management, Pedestrian Detection & Collision Avoidance

Original Article
Received: Mar 09, 2020; Accepted: Mar 29, 2020; Published: Apr 21, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN20203

1. INTRODUCTION

Communication is a process where we understand the situation by gesturing the person. The vehicles communicate
with the other vehicles to increase the safety purpose with respect to the vehicles as well as the infrastructure and
pedestrians. The needs of the communication system is to reduce the collision as well as the safety of the pedestrian
depending upon the situations. They can also be used in order to receive information about the traffic congestions,
road works.

Collision is one of the main problems in the world as it cannot be stopped but can be reduced. Collision
avoidance system are introduced into the system in order to increase safety by sending warning to drivers by
steering or braking and also to others [I]. According to WHO-1.24 million road accidents occur in the world every
year. Nearly 2650 people get killed every week in India. Approximately up to more than 9000 people get injured
due to road accidents [II]. Lane deviation warnings, safety indication warnings, intersection warnings, overtaking
vehicle, wrong way driving, stationary vehicle warning are introduced. Road accidents in Tamilnadu are increasing
which has killed more than 1700 people’s life and 11000 more people have been injured [III]. Traffic congestion is
also a major problem as time is one of the factor. Road block due to the construction work also adds to the traffic
congestion [IV]. Pedestrian detection is one of the problem as we cannot determine the behaviour of how a person
acts depending upon the situation. So, different applications are brought in order to reduce the collision between the
vehicles and pedestrians [V]–[VIII]. Reduce collision by maintaining distance between two vehicles and by
maintaining a distance when stuck during traffic. The rise of the IEEE 802.11p standard for short to medium range
inter-vehicle communication and the allocation of a dedicated frequency band for ITS communication in Europe
have paved the way for future implementations of communication-based ITS safety applications [IX], [X]. The
driver assistance systems are needed to warn the driver of any potential danger like lane change, obstacles that are

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22 Drishan BS, Vishnu G Nair & Mahesha G. T

in the path [XI], [XII]. Driving assistance helps driver through either providing warning or by automating some of the
control in order to relieve driver of manual control of the vehicles [XIII], [XIV].

2. DRIVING ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS

Many technologies have been introduced for the safety purpose. Different assistance systems have been provided in order
to reduce the collision as well as make safe passage of vehicles during the traffic. The applications of the systems are
shown in table 1 below.

Table 1: Applications of the Driving Assistance Systems

Requirements Problems Solutions References
Through the help of
sensors, the vehicle
1. Lane change During sudden change of lanes
senses other vehicles [XV]-[XVII]
assistance collisions may occur
and reduce
collision
Helps in selecting
Traffic congestion is the main
2. Traffic condition alternative route with [XVIII]–[XX]
problem
less traffic
Due to heavy traffic, vehicles
Sensors have been
cannot move properly or
3. Emergency introduced in order to
emergency vehicle will not be [XXI]–[XXV]
vehicles detect such vehicles and
able to
for their easy passage.
reach hospital in time
Uneven driving cause increase to Sensors are introduced
[XV], [XVII],
4. Intersection collision. Drunken driving can in order to detect
[XXVI]–
warnings also be vehicles that are in
[XXVII]
taken into account uneven driving
Magnetic sensors and
Due to blocking of roads or for video image processors
5. Wrong way [XXVIII]–
faster movement to use to find
driving [XXX]
particular location the direction of
travel1qq.
The vehicle behind cannot see Assistance systems are
6. Overtaking [XXXI]–
vehicles ahead of the introduced for detecting
vehicle [XXXIV]
overtaking vehicles such drivings.
Vehicle that have been Vehicles send messages
[XXXV]-
7. Stationary vehicle stopped for some problem or indicating a broken
[XXXVII]
malfunctioning. vehicle

2.1 Lane Change Assistance

In order to have a proper lane change, the distance between the vehicle must be properly maintained so that there will be
reduction in collision. Some situations occur where the driver loses control of car. In this situation, the vehicle nearer to
that target vehicle must send signals or message to other vehicles. Driver uncertainty to make decision reduces reaction
time and builds the trust in the automation [XV]. By capturing the behaviour of the drivers during lane change, proper
recommendations are done depending on the driving characteristics [XVI]. Warning or intervention systems are used to
reduce threats during the lane change [XVII].

2.2 Traffic Condition

Traffic congestion is the major problem in today’s life. Heavy traffic increases waiting time, which is the increases time
factor. In order to reduce waiting time, the vehicles receive message indicating the traffic and hence the vehicles are able to

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
Vehicular Communication Systems 23

take alternative route with lesser amount of traffic. The driver’s behaviour affects the traffic. Drivers who experience high
level of automation are less inclined to overtake than when they are manually driving [XVIII]. The communications
systems are aimed for the longitudinal as well as lateral positions so as to track errors relative to other communication
vehicles within the boundaries for application to function [XIX].

The augmented reality traffic information can provide a new way of communication between the drivers and
vehicles and improve transport systems by imposing surrounding traffic information on the view of the users and keep
drivers views on the road [XX].

2.3 Emergency Vehicles

Due to the heavy traffic, the vehicles are not able to move properly or faster. And hence, the emergency vehicles cannot
reach their destination within a short amount of time. For this purpose, emergency vehicle detection systems is introduced
which indicates their presence and reduces their time of reaching their destinations [XXI] [XXII]. The travel time of
emergency vehicles due to obstacles on road and the signal control strategy to make the emergency vehicle pass quickly
was measured [XXIII]. The aim is to clear the path for emergency vehicle from the heavy traffic. The sensor will transfer
signal to traffic light and reduce congestion [XXIV]. The shortest path for the emergency vehicles to reach hospitals and
also it sends signals when nearing the traffic area [XXV].

2.4 Intersection Warnings

In this system, the vehicles send message indicating their presence near the intersections. Sometimes as we cannot predict
the driving style, some vehicles may jump traffic or some vehicles cannot be seen as they are hidden behind bulkier
vehicles. So for easy passage, these vehicles send message or signals onto other vehicles in that area [XV], [XVII]. The
effect of the sun glare can impair the driver’s visibility of the upcoming traffic. The driver smart advisory system can
provide warning in terms of brake stop distance and brake response time in the case of the red light signals [XXVI]. The
design and concept of the forwards which is a map free intersection collision warning systems for various road patterns.
Based on the vehicles, trajectory predictions the collision detections algorithms are designed [XXVII].

2.5 Wrong Way Driving

Sometimes due to the blocking of the road or in order to reach a place in short amount of time, some drivers take wrong
way driving. So by detecting such vehicles, the amount of accidents occurring by these can be reduced [XXVIII]. Magnetic
sensors and video image processors use to find the direction of travel and improved lighting at entry points will assist the
drivers in choosing the correct ramp [XXIX]. The drunk and driving and vision impairment due to the weather conditions
can effect movement of vehicle in wrong way [XXX].

2.6 Overtaking Vehicle

During overtaking, vehicles that is overtaking a preceding vehicle cannot see ahead and also during overtaking near turns.
In order to reduce collisions due to this type of the systems the vehicles ahead sends signals depending upon the road ahead
so that the vehicle can overtake without any accidents [XXXI]. Based on the communication between the two vehicles,
depending on speed and acceleration the overtaking of the vehicle takes place [XXXII]. Based on the driver behaviour
during overtaking time to collision increases with the speed of the vehicle [XXXIII], [XXXIV].

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24 Drishan BS, Vishnu G Nair & Mahesha G. T

2.7 Stationary Vehicle

In some situations there might be vehicles that are stopped because of malfunctioning or problems in the system. The
vehicles that is stopped cannot be seen by other vehicles at some distance behind the other vehicles. So, this vehicle sends
message indicating of the situations so that other vehicle can safely pass and reduce the amount of collisions occurring by
these systems [XXXV],[ XXXVI]. The sudden presence of the abandoned object can cause rear end collisions. The vehicle
gets the location of the target vehicle which is stationary. And the stationary vehicle sends message to other vehicle within
the region [XXXVII].

3. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Many of the technologies or the techniques are been introduced on this system. There are both human as well as wireless
technologies. Traffic management is used to reduce the congestion and to increase the safe passage of the traffic without
time delay. The applications are shown below in table 2.

Table 2: Applications of the Traffic Management

Applications Problems Solutions References
Inexperienced person cannot Proper training must be given in
1. Traffic management
handle situations order to handle [XXXVIII]
(human)
properly different situations.
Cannot identify Sensors must be
2. Automatic and [XXXVIII]-
emergency vehicles and installed to identify the
image, video processing [XLII]
accidents emergency vehicles.
Only required signals must be
3. Using wireless Unwanted signals may be sent by given more priority. Blocking of
[XLII]–[XLVII]
technologies the vehicles unwanted signal is
required.

3.1 Primitive Traffic Management (Human)

This type of systems are one of the primitive methods of traffic management. This systems depends upon the proficiency
or the experience of the traffic police and his ability to make safe passage for the vehicles. The advantage of this type is
that he can make safe passage for the emergency vehicles as well as can detect accident zone and control traffic depending
upon the situation at that time [XXXVIII].

3.2 Automatic and Video Processing Traffic Management

In the automatic system, the traffic control takes place without the presence of human. The advantage of this type is that
time factor is reduced as traffic is controlled by the help of traffic lights. As the traffic lights have specific amount of time
they are switched on that is the light switching on are automated. And in the video processing, they have camera
introduced in order to detect the breaching of rules [XXXVIII], [XXXIX]. Using the various sensors we can detect the
amount of the traffic density in a particular region [XL]. The systems aims to overcome traffic density by measuring the
traffic flow in a particular direction and is capable of detecting emergency vehicles and makes easy passages for such
vehicles [XLI]. The use of video camera processing captures images of law breakers [XLII].

3.3 Using Wireless Technologies Traffic Management

In this system, they can detect the presence of the emergency vehicles and make safe passages for this type of vehicles as
they have antennas connected to the traffic lights. As and when emergency vehicle enters those lane, green signals are

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
Vehicular Communication Systems 25

introduced for that particular lanes. Sometimes, unwanted signals may be sent but these can be reduced by taking proper
measures [XLII], [XLIII]. Using various sensors, we can avoid accidents due to the collision warning systems [XLIV]. The
vehicle to infrastructure as well as vehicle communication takes place in order to avoid collisions [XLV]. In vehicle,
sensors are of much greater importance to detect the pot holes and other obstacles on the roads [XLVI], [XLVII].

4. PEDESTRIAN DETECTION

Many different sensors are been used to determine the pedestrian as well as to reduce the collision. There are many
identification like the inter vehicle as well as the external communication depending upon the pedestrian movements. The
movements of the pedestrian cannot be determined. The applications of this system are shown in table 3.

Table 3: Applications of Pedestrian Detections

Applications Problems Solutions References
Vehicles with the help
of sensors can predict
1. Vehicles are silent They cannot detect the presence [XLVIII]-
the distance of
at low speeds of vehicles due to low sounds [XLIX]
pedestrian and apply
brakes.
Pedestrian movements
2. Pedestrian are predicted. Speed
Pedestrian movements are
interference on the reduction and braking [L]–[LIV]
unpredictable
road unexpectedly assistance are
introduced.
They have warning
3. Computer vision Pedestrian should be within range
systems (sensors) to [LV]-[LVI]
based technologies of distance
detect pedestrians

4.1 Vehicles are Silent at Low Speeds

This systems consist of systems where the pedestrian cannot detect the presence of the vehicles due to the low amount of
sound. So, in order to reduce clashes between pedestrians and vehicles, the vehicles transmit signals and detect the
pedestrians within the range and vehicles slows down. The distance between the vehicles and the person is measured by
vehicles [XLVIII]. The sound of vehicle acceleration and deceleration is helpful for the drivers as well as the pedestrians to
detect the functional position of that particular vehicle [XLIX].

4.2 Pedestrian Interference on The Road Unexpectedly

As the pedestrian behaviour cannot be determined that is the way the pedestrian acts on the road depending on the
situation. Pedestrian may suddenly cross the road which is confusing for the drivers. So, the vehicles makes it easy for
drivers as they have different sensors like brake sensor and by calculating the distance between vehicle and the pedestrian
brake is applied [L]. Vehicle to pedestrian has a tool that can predict the detection of collision with pedestrians in an urban
environment where the Lidar have limited visibility. The leading vehicle to avoid collisions by reducing speeds rather than
braking immediately [LI][ LII]. It depends on the behaviour of the pedestrian. The unpredictability with which the
pedestrian acts cannot be reduced. But by adding the sensors on to the vehicle, we can reduce the vehicle to pedestrian
collisions [LIII], [LIV].

4.3 Computer Vision Based Technologies

It is one of the technologies used in order to detect the objects or the pedestrians. The disadvantage of this type of the
systems is that they need pedestrian in the range of distance in order to detect them [LV]. The vehicle searches and tracks

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26 Drishan BS, Vishnu G Nair & Mahesha G. T

any movable obstacles and shape having the feature of this movable body is made and database is collected. The pedestrian
moving direction is also tracked and obstacles are tracked within the short period of time [LVI]. Vision based pedestrian
systems have high pedestrian detection accuracy [LVII].

5. COLLISION AVOIDANCE

Many technology have been used in order to reduce collision. Different sensors are introduced in order to
reduce or to prevent the collision. The applications of the system are shown below in table 4.

Table 4: Applications of the Collision Avoidance

Applications Problems Solutions references
Road users are detected and warning is
Rear end and forward end [LVIII]–
1. Pre-collision systems sent to driver based on the distance
crashes are increasing [LXIII]
between them.
During emergency brake
Immediate braking with slight
driver unable to apply [LXIV]–
2. Brake assist systems detection of obstruction. Anti-lock
brakes with suitable [LXVIII]
braking systems are introduced.
amount of force

5.1 Pre Collision Systems

Forward end and backward end crashes are increasing day by day as it is the main problem in the traffic. To reduce such
crashes, there have been different sensors attached on to the vehicles to detect collisions. The unexpected entry of
pedestrian can also be easily detected and avoid collisions [LVIII], [LIX]. Pre-crash systems help reduce accidents by
reducing the speed of vehicle at intersections which cause rear end collisions and frontal collisions. They have automatic
braking systems which reduces speed of the vehicle [LX], [LXI]. The rear end collision avoidance system gives a secure
system for vehicles. The time to collision is in proper bandwidth so as to avoid crash and driver is alerted and proper action
is taken [LXII]. The possibility of providing a driver assistance systems which are capable of making their own decisions
between emergency braking and the collision avoidance systems as long as collision gets predicted within a short a span of
time [LXIII].

5.2 Brake Assist Systems

As the driver not able to apply brakes at the required force during the emergency time that is before collision leads to
accidents. The brake assist systems on the other hand immediately reacts to the obstruction within a short span of time.
Even for the sudden interference of pedestrian [LXIV]. In the automotive industry, main preference is given for the safety.
Brake assist systems is one of the active safety system. Braking efficiency of cars increase when using brake assist system
and prevent accidents during emergency situations [LXV]. The brake assist systems helps in reducing the collisions in
larger amount. Major accidents occur when driver notices collisions but not able to stop within the short time. In that
situations the brake assist systems play a major role [LXVI], [LXVII]. With both the brake assist systems as well as the
anti-lock braking systems, the severity of the collisions can be reduced to greater amount [LXVIII].

6. CONCLUSIONS

The response of the warning messages sent by the vehicle should be fast so to avoid accidents. The fading of the signals
sent by vehicles must be reduced. The range of communication of signals should be increased. The sending of unwanted
signals should be reduced. In order for the safe movement of the traffic regarding the collisions or traffic congestions

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Vehicular Communication Systems 27

messages should be sent and reroute the location onto the easier roadways where there are less number of traffic. Using the
wireless technologies which are mainly used to support the emergency vehicles for their easy passages. To increase safety,
cameras are being installed which help in detecting the objects on the road as well as to detect the violation of the rules.
Vehicle to pedestrian detection is one of the main problem as we cannot determine how the pedestrian changes his
direction. For the safety of pedestrian there are sensors installed on vehicles like braking sensor and wireless sensors are
also used to detect pedestrian on the road so that the driver has lot of time to avoid the collision. Driving assistance systems
give better results in reducing the collisions.

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Drishan B S, presently a M.Tech student pursuing Automobile Engineering at Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746 SCOPUS Indexed Journal NAAS Rating: 3.11
Vehicular Communication Systems 31

Vishnu G Nair is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal
Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India. He holds a post-graduate
degree in Space engineering and a doctoral degree in Robotics.

Mahesha G T, presently working as Associate professor in Manipal Institute of Technology. He has about 20 years of
teaching and 6 years of research experience. His research in the area of bio based materials fetched the PH.D from Manipal
university. He has published over 10 journal articles and presented in international conferences.

www.tjprc.org SCOPUS Indexed Journal editor@tjprc.org