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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
What is Infection?
INFECTION - "the state or condition in which the body or part of the body is invaded by a pathogenic
agent ( bacteria, virus, parasites etc.) which under favorable conditions multiplies and produces effects
which are injurious…"
Infectious Agent
A. RESIDENT ORGANISMS
deeply seated in the epidermis, not easily removed by simple handwashing,
Ex: Staphylococci
B. TRANSIENT ORGANISM
represent recent contamination,
survive for a limited period of time, acquired during contact with the infected colonized patient or
environment,
easily removed by good handwashing
Ex: ( Klebsiella & Pseudomonas)
Infectious Agent
Bacteria – heama organism, systemic
Virus – nuero organism, systemic
Fungi – skin organism, local
Protozoa – GI organism, local
Infectious Agent
2. AIRBORNE
- droplet, dust, organisms in env.
3. VECTOR - insects or animals
4. VEHICLE
- food (salmonella), water (shigellosis), blood (Hepa B), medication ( contaminated infusion)
PREVENTION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Prevention is worth a pound than cure
PREVENTION OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Health Education – primary role of the nurse
Specific Protection- handwashing, use of protective devices
Environmental Sanitation – clean and conducive for health
Definition of Prevention
“Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability. The
concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary,
and tertiary prevention”
Note: We make use of the epidemiology in CHN in order to come up a community diagnosis and also to
determine the effectiveness of a particular treatment
Types of Epidemiologic Data
Demographic data
Demography is the study of population groups
Ex. Population size and distribution
Vital Statistics
Environmental data
Health services data
Ex. Ratio between nurse and the population being served
Ex. Degree of utilization of health facility/ service
Epidemiologic Investigation
TERMS
Disinfection – pathogens but not spores are destroyed
Concurrent disinfection – ongoing practices in the care of the patient to limit or control the spread of
microorganisms.
Terminal disinfection – practices to remove pathogens from the patient’s environment after his illness is
no longer communicable
EPI
BCG - TB
DPT – Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanu
OPV - Poliomyletis
Hepatitis B
Measles
Immunization
Contraindications
-conditions that require hospitalization
For DPT 2 and 3 – history of seizures/ convulsions within 3 days after the first immunization with DPT
Nursing responsibility: ask how the child reacts to the first dose
For infant BCG – clinical AIDS
The following conditions are NOT contraindications:
Fever up to 38.5 ºC
Simple or mild acute respiratory infection
Simple diarrhea without dehydration
Malnutrition (it is indication for immunization)
Schedule of immunization
Infant BCG
0 to 11 months or 0 to 1 year
at birth
0.05 ml (dose) – ID, right arm
School entrance BCG
When the child enters Grade 1 with or without scar on the right arm then still go on with the vaccination
except if he is repeating Grade 1
Schedule of immunization
DPT
3 doses, 4 weeks or 1 month interval
Target age: 1 ½ to 11 months but child is eligible up to 6 years
If 7 years old and above DT only not P
0.5 ml, IM, vastus lateralis
Schedule of immunization
OPV
3 doses, 4 weeks/1 month
Target population: same as above, eligibility until Grade 6
2-3 drops, oral route
*Feb 8-March 8: Oplan Polio Revival Drive
No side effect, but advise the mother to avoid feeding the child for 30 minutes after the vaccine, if
vomits within the 30 minute period, repeat the vaccination
Schedule of immunization
Hepa B
3 doses, 4 weeks
Can be given at birth
Target age 1 ½ to 11 months
0.5 ml, IM, vastus lateralis
Patient may experience local tenderness
Schedule of immunization
Measles
9 to 11 months
Most babies have protection because of maternal antibodies thus this vaccine is given at 9 months
because the time where the maternal antibodies wear off, other virus if it still active it will kill the
vaccine
0.5 ml, subcutaneous, any arm
Measles
Fever and measles rash lasting for 1 to 3 days within 2 weeks after immunization (modified measles)
Immunization
Fully Immunized Child
when he received all the antigens that should be given in the first year of life (1 dose BCG, MV; 3 doses
DPT, OPV, HB)
Completely Immunized Child
All vaccines given but went beyond 0ne year of age