Lesson 3.A.

THE ADJECTIVE (KATA SIFAT)

An adjective is a word that modifies or explains a noun or pronoun (Kata sifat
adalah satu kata yang menjelaskan suatu kata benda atau kata ganti). There
are different types of adjectives (Ada beberapa kelompok kata adjectives).
Some describe the quality (kualitas) of nouns or pronouns (e.g. green, long,
new, tropical). Others tell the quantity of nouns (e.g. many, five, several). Still
others adjectives are called the possessive adjectives because they show
possession (kepunyaan) such as his, her, my, our, their.
Generally, an adjective comes before the noun. (Umumnya kata sifat hadir
sebelum kata benda).
Examples:
1. Green tomatoes are sold at the market.
2. Tropical diseases are spreading in Indonesia.
3. The new rice plant is planted in our country.
However, sometimes an adjective explaining a noun or pronoun occurs in
sentence using the verb to be. (kadang-kadang adjective menjelaskan kata
benda alam kalimat yang ada verb to be = am, is, are).
Examples:
1. The rice plants are short.
2. He is good looking.
3. The mangoes, tomatoes, and grapes are ripe.
Adjectives USUALLY answer two questions:
HOW MANY? → some, few, many, several, lots, four, etc.
WHAT KIND? atau WHICH ONE? → green, crunchy, smooth, new, smart,
beautiful, etc.
One sad little girl was in our class.
One sad little girl was in our class.
To find an adjective you need to locate the nouns first.
Three happy children played at the park.
The donkey stepped on my large hat.
The colorful butterfly was Evan’s.
A, An, The are called articles, and they are always adjectives.
• ADA Band had a great concert.
• An ADA Band member plays a guitar.
• The band is the best one that I have ever heard.
• An, An, The answer the question, “Which,” about nouns and pronouns.
Formation of adjectives:
Most of the commonest adjectives have no particular form or ending (i.e. there is
nothing which makes them look like an adjective). = Sebagian besar adjectives
yang umum tidak memiliki formulasi khusus sebagai penciri pada ujung kata.
* Explain quality: right, wrong, big, small, nice, little, thin, black, etc.
* Explain quantity: many, two, lot of
* Possessive adjective: his, her, my, your, their
* Articles: a, an, the
 * The present and past participles (-ing and -ed form) of verbs used before
nouns they describe, such as: Irrigated land; blended chemicals; harvesting
machine.
There are, however, a number of suffixes (endings which are attached to words)
which can help you to understand the meaning of the adjectives (Akan tetapi ada
beberapa sufiks = imbuhan yang dapat membantu anda memahami kata sifat).
Several of the commonest are (beberapa yang paling umum adalah):
-y , having the look or quantity of (nampak atau secara kualitas):
Air --- airy cloud --- cloudy fog --- fogy
Hunger ---- hungry hair --- hairy silk --- silky
Noise --- noisy dirt --- dirty water --- watery
-ly, 1) having the qualities of (secara kualitas):
Brother --- brotherly father --- fatherly friend --- friendly
2) describe periods of time:
Hour --- hourly day --- daily week --- weekly
-ish, 1) looking or behaving as badly as (nampak berprilaku):
child --- childish fool --- foolish self --- selfish
2) describe the people or their language:
Britain --- British Spain --- Spanish Denmark --- Danish
Turkey --- Turkish Holland --- Dutch Ireland --- Irish
3) color, the quality more or less (warna, nampak):
Red --- reddish fat --- fattish young --- youngish
-ful, having the quality of or full of (nampak, kualitas):
Beauty --- beautiful care --- careful doubt --- doubtful
Shame --- shameful use --- useful wonder --- wonderful
-less, not having the quality of (tidak memiliki kualitas):
Care – careless hope --- hopeless meaning --- meaningless
Speech --- speechless use --- useless aim --- aimless
-able, which is able to do this or have this quality (dapat dilakukan, memiliki
kualitas):
Accept --- acceptable change --- changeable read --- readable
Debate --- debatable drink --- drinkable value -- valuable
Other examples of adjectives:
1. Modern technologies help farmers produce rice in abundance.
2. The traditional method of fishing is no longer used in many places in
Indonesia.
3. Guajava, banana, and papaya are delicious tropical fruits grown in South
Sumatra.
3. Twenty landless farmers transmigrated to central Kalimantan.
Exercise 10:
Observe the sentences bellow and underline the adjectives in each sentence:
1. Improved seeds will increase production.
2. Huge buffaloes were used to cultivated large areas of land in developing
countries.
3. Java is crowded and land is scarce.
4. Spraying machines are needed in rural areas to destroy brown planthoppers.

2
 5. New bioengineering techniques are beneficial to the nation’s livestock
industry.
Exercise 11:
The two following passages contain adjectives. Identify them (the
adjectives) and tell the nouns or pronouns they described. Kerjakan dengan
menggaris bawahi adjectives dan memberi tanda N pada noun atau
pronounnya.
1. Farming as an Industry in Highly Developed Countries
In highly developed countries, farming as an industry ranks (berada sejajar)
with manufacturing, construction, transportation, and the service industries as a
major component in the economy.
Substantial improvements in farming have been instrumented in industrial
growth. This was true in the initial stages of Industrial Revolution more than 200
years ago, and it is true today.
Efficiency in farming economizes on labor and permits a modern industrial
nation to obtain an adequate food supply with a small part of the total labor force
(tenaga kerja) employed in farming.
In the United States, for example, less than 7% of the total labor force is
engaged in farming. But farm product exports are a major source of strength to
the economy. The United States is by far the largest word exported of farm
products.
In the developing countries, however, farming is generally less efficient in
the use of labor, and farms generally are smaller and less organized. Generally,
the agricultural industries, both those supplying services to farmers and those
carrying out marketing activities, are also not well organized. Moreover, many
individual farmers are using methods that have long been obsolete (kadaluwarsa)
in advanced countries. Some of these methods are wasteful of human labor and
often make poor use of animal power and other resources. Of course, there are
instances that can be found of highly organized and efficient farms such as those
located in some of the transmigration areas in Indonesia. Quick advances in
farming are not easy to accomplish in the developing countries, nevertheless,
Indonesia is making great efforts towards that direction.
2. NITROGEN
Nitrogen, one of the elements of major importance in agriculture, is
considerably influenced by climatic conditions both as to the form in which it
occurs and the level at which it is present. Though nitrogen occurs in the soil
solution mainly as nitrate, and it is mainly in the form that it is taken into the plant,
ammonium ions can be absorbed with equal ease. The nitrogen is then combined
rapidly with carbohydrates to form amino-acids.
The nitrogen removed from the soil by cropping, leaching (luluh, lumer), or
burning is replaced in a variety of ways, apart from that which is left behind in plant
and animal remains, or added directly as fertilizer. Rainfall brings a small quantity
of nitrogen and different countries have different amount of rainfall. Some of this
nitrogen is in the dust carried by the storms from the sea, some from denitrification
in the soil. The formation of nitrate during thunderstorms is estimated to account
for only 10-20% of nitrate in rainfall. The quality of nitrogen supplied by rainfall is
of little agricultural significance.

3
Lesson 3.B.
THE ADVERBS (KATA KETERANGAN)
Adverbs are closely connected with the verb in a sentence (Adverbs berkorelasi
erat atau menjelaskan kata kerja = verbs). The verb describes the state of
thinks (ex. be, seem, etc.) or the activity (go, think), and the adverbials add
information about such things as manner, place, time and view of the state or
action.
Adverbs also have other functions: they explain adjective, they qualify other
adverbs or the entire grammatical constructions.
For example:
The little boy scraped his knee and cried loudly.
The dog jumped up excitedly.
The common form of adverbs is by adding –ly to an adjective (pembentukan
adverbs dilakukan dengan menambah –ly pada adjectives). But, not all words
ending in –ly are adverbs (tetapi tidak semua kata yang berakhiran –ly
merupakan adverbs), such as brotherly, neighborly dan lovely, yang
merupakan adjectives.
Examples:
Adjective Adverb
simultaneous simultaneously
particular particularly
active actively
quick quickly

Adverbials of place (movement and location)

Ada sekitar 25 adverbs yang menggambarkan movement towards ataupun
location at/in place. Ketika kata-kata tsb digunakan dengan a verb of movement
(e.g. go, climb, walk, come), berarti menggambarkan movement. Ketika kata-kata
tsb digunakan dengan a verb seperti be, stay, remain, berarti mengambarkan
location (position).
Examples:
1. He spent the whole night pacing up and down in his bedroom.
2. The car rolled downhill towards the village.
3. In big cities, most workers live in flats.
Adverbials of time
Adverbial yang mengekspresikan time, umumnya menjawab pertanyaan:
When? e.g.: now, tomorrow, next week
(For) how long? e.g.: long, all day, for/since a time
How often? e.g.: daily, several times, often, never
Examples:
1. Soon they decided to leave (maksudnya: It was not long before they decided
…) or ‘They decided to leave soon’. (maksudnya: They decided that they
did not want to stay much longer)
2. They met one afternoon during the rainy season.
3. I am afraid I got up late.
4. You should have mentioned it earlier.
5. I lived in Spain for several years.
6. He has been very ill recently.

4
Adverbials of manner
Adverbial yang menjawab pertanyan ‘how?’, i.e. in what way, in what manner, by
what means?
Examples:
1. He drives well. (dari adjective good: He is a good driver)
2. He works hard. (dari adjective hard. He is a hard worker. tidak berubah)
3. She drives fast. (dari adjective fast. She is a fast driver. tidak berubah)
Adverbs qualifying verbs
1. The fish in the two ponds are fed simultaneously.
2. Didi actively took part in the discussion.
Adverbs explaining adjectives
1. He is highly intelligent person.
2. Pancasila is an extremely valuable possession of the country.
Other adverbials and their use
Ada sejumlah adverbials yang nampaknya digunakan untuk mengekspresikan
gambaran tentang keseluruhan kalimat (the whole sentence), atau untuk
mengomentari kegiatan (action), atau juga untuk mengekspresikan ide tentang the
extent / degree / how much (seberapa / tingkatan) dari action tsb.
Examples:
1. They began to talk seriously of marriage.
2. We get on pretty well together.
3. Your work is rather poor.
4. I like you very much.
5. Frankly, I do not expect you to believe this story.
6. He not only composes music, but he also plays brilliantly.
7. Anyway, they promised to be careful, and to behave sensibly.
Order of different adverbials
Manner + Place + Time (MPT) or its variation order:
1. She was sitting quietly in her armchair.
M P
2. He has worked well this term.
M T
3. I have to go to the doctor this evening.
P T
Adverbials lain yang mengunakan very dan not very adalah:
↑ extremely
very especially
│ particularly …………enough (cukup)
│ pretty
│ rather
│ fairly
Not very not especially ………Not enough

Other examples:
1. The fish in the two ponds are feed simultaneously. >>qualifying the verb
“are fed”
2. He is highly intelligent person. >> describing the adjective “intelligent”

5
 3. I had a long talk with the professor. >> adjective explains the noun “talk”
Exercise 12:
Observe the sentences bellow and underline the adverbs in each sentence:
1. He not only composes music, but also plays brilliantly.
2. I seldom go to the theatre nowadays.
3. He was absent several times last semester.
4. He works harder than he needs to.
5. In northern countries it is dangerous to drive quickly in winter.

Exercise 13:
The following paragraph contains adverbs and adjectives. Indicate and underline
each of them, mark as Adj or Adv.

Rehabilitation of Critical Land

In agriculture development, serious attention should be paid to the
rehabilitation of critical land. The aim should be to carefully restore and
continuously maintain soil fertility, water resources, forest and other natural
recourses. The rehabilitation of critical land should be accompanied by an
increased social awareness of the people. This is to show the explicitly
significance of preserving national resources, thus may bring the people to actively
take part in the implementation of this national objective. Beside the re-forestation
and re-greening, efforts are also forcefully made to prevent the emergence of
critical land. For this purpose, forest management is improved; dry field farming is
almost always controlled; and the practical guidance and demonstrations on
agricultural land are given to the people through the various government programs
in promoting forest preservation.