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SMALL BUSINESS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Amar, Akbar and Anthony are three good friends who have completed a vocational
course in entrepreneurship, after their school education. Finding the job market
tough, they were contemplating the idea of setting up a small business, using the
skills they had learnt in their course. However, they knew very little about business.
They were wondering what business to start, where to locate it, how to procure
machinery and materials needed for the business, how to raise money and how
to market. They came across a notification given by the District Industries Centre
located near the Industrial Estate in Balanagar, Ranga Reddy district of Andhra
Pradesh regarding a seminar on government’s assistance for a small business,
aimed at young entrepreneurs. Excited with the news, the three friends decided
to attend the seminar. They were told about the financial and other assistance
offered by the Central and State Governments under the Rural Employment
Generation Programme to the educated youth. They found that toys were in
demand and decided to manufacture toys. They started a small scale industry in
their village by taking financial assistance with the help of Khadi and Village
Industries Commission. Today, they are successful makers of toys and in the
near future, they plan to get into export market as well.
The definition used by the the parent unit assists the ancillary
Government of India to describe small unit by giving technical guidance as
industries is based on the investment well as financial help.
in plant and machinery. This measure (iii) Export oriented units: The small
seeks to keep in view the socio-economic scale industry can enjoy the status of
environment in India where capital is an export oriented unit if it exports
scarce and labour is abundant. One more than 50 per cent of its production.
more important point to note is that a It can avail the incentives like export
definition exists only for small and tiny subsidies and other concessions offered
units but not for large and medium by the government for exporting units.
units. Medium and large sized (iv) Small scale industries owned
enterprises are not defined. Anything and managed by women entre-
that does not fall under the definition preneurs: An enterprise promoted by
of small can be large or medium. women entrepreneurs is a small scale
Taking capital invested as the basis the industrial unit in which she/they
small business units in India can fall individually or jointly have share
under any of the following categories: capital of not less than 51 per cent.
(i) Small scale industry: A small scale Such units can avail the special
industrial undertaking is defined as concessions offered by the government,
one in which the investment in fixed like low interest rates on loans, etc.
assets of plant and machinery does not (v) Tiny industrial units: A tiny unit is
exceed rupees one crore. However, to defined as an industrial or business
cater to the needs of small industries enterprise whose investment in plant and
whose thrust is on export promotion machinery is not more than Rs. 25 lakhs.
and modernisation, investment ceiling (vi) Small scale service and business
in plant and machinery is rupees (Industry related) enterprises: A
five crores. small scale service and business
(ii) Ancillary small industrial unit: enterprise is one whose investment in
The small scale industry can enjoy the fixed assets of plant and machinery
status of an ancillary small industry if excluding land and building does not
it supplies not less than 50 per cent of exceed Rs. 10 lakhs.
its production to another industry, (vii) Micro business enterprises:
referred to as the parent unit. The Within the tiny and small business
ancillary small industry can sector, micro enterprises are those whose
manufacture parts, components, sub- investment in plant and machinery
assemblies, tools or intermediate does not exceed rupees one lakh.
products for the parent unit. Apart from (viii) Village industries: Village
catering to the needs of the parent unit, Industry has been defined as any
it can do business on its own. Ancillary industry located in a rural area which
units have the advantage of assured produces any goods, renders any
demand from parent units. Normally, service with or without the use of power
210 BUSINESS STUDIES
and in which the fixed capital investment 9.3 ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP FOR THE
per head or artisan or worker does not SMALL SCALE, AGRO AND RURAL
exceed Rs. 50,000 or such other sum as INDUSTRIES
may be specified by the central
The Government of India created the
government, from time to time.
ministry of Small Scale Industries and
(ix) Cottage industries: These are also
Agro and Rural Industries as the nodal
known as Rural Industries or
ministry for formulation of policy and
Traditional industries. They are not
coordination of central assistance for the
defined by capital investment criteria
promotion and development of small
as in the case of other small scale
scale industries in India. The Ministry
industries. However, cottage industries
was bifurcated into two separate
are characterised by certain features
ministries, viz., Ministry of Small Scale
like the following:
Industries and Ministry of Agro and
• these are organised by
Rural Industries in September, 2001.
individuals, with private
The Ministry of Small Scale Indus-
resources;
tries designs policies, programmes, and
• normally use family labour and schemes for the promotion and growth
locally available talent; of SSIs. The Small Industries
• the equipment used is simple; Development Organisation (SIDO), also
• capital investment is small; known as the Office of the Development
• produce simple products, Commissioner (SSI) which is attached
normally in their own to this ministry is responsible for
premises; implementing and monitoring of
• production of goods using various policies and programmes
indigenous technology. formulated.
Ministry of Agro and Rural (ii) Small industries are the second
Industries is the nodal agency for largest employers of human
coordination and development of resources, after agriculture.
Village and Khadi industries, tiny and They generate more number of
micro enterprises in both urban and employment opportunities per
rural areas. It also implements Prime unit of capital invested compared
Minister’s Rojgar Yojana. The various to large industries. They are,
policies, programmes and schemes therefore, considered to be more
related to agro and rural industries are labour intensive and less capital
implemented by the ministry through intensive. This is a boon for a
the Khadi and Village Industries labour surplus country like India.
Commission (KVIC), Handicrafts Board, (iii) Small industries in our country
Coir Board, Silk Board etc. supply an enormous variety of
State Governments also execute products which include mass
different promotional and consumption goods, readymade
developmental projects and schemes to garments, hosiery goods,
provide number of supporting stationery items, soaps and
incentives for development and detergents, domestic utensils,
promotion of SSIs in their respective leather, plastic and rubber goods,
states. These are executed through the processed foods and vegetables,
State Directorate of Industries, who has wood and steel furniture, paints,
District Industries Centers (DICs) varnishes, safety matches, etc.
under it to implement central/state Among the sophisticated items
level schemes. manufactured are electric and
electronic goods like televisions,
9.4 ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN INDIA calculators, electro-medical
equipment, electronic teaching
Small Scale Industries in India enjoy a
aids like overhead projectors, air
distinct position in view of their
conditioning equipment, drugs
contribution to the socio-economic
and pharmaceuticals, agricultural
development of the country. The
tools and equipment and several
following points highlight their
other engineering products. A
contribution.
special mention should be made of
(i) Small industries in India account handlooms, handicrafts and other
for 95 per cent of the industrial products from traditional village
units in the country. They industries in view of their export
contribute almost 40 per cent of value. (see Box A which highlights
the gross industrial value added the major industry groups that
and 45 per cent of the total exports come under the purview of small
(direct and indirect exports) from industries as per the classification
India. laid down by the government.)
212 BUSINESS STUDIES
Box A
Major Industry Groups in the Small Scale Sector
• Food Products • Transport Equipment and
Parts
• Chemical and Chemical
Products • Leather and Leather Products
• Basic Metal Industries • Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Industries
• Metal Products
• Electrical Machinery and Parts • Beverages, Tobacco and
Tobacco Products
• Rubber and Plastic Products
• Repair Services
• Machinery and Parts except
Electrical Goods • Cotton Textiles
required materials are not available, time consuming process. Also, unlike
they have to compromise on the quality large organisations, division of labour
or have to pay a high price to get good cannot be practised, which results
quality materials. Their bargaining in lack of specialisation and
power is relatively low due to the small concentration.
quantity of purchases made by them. (v) Marketing: Marketing is one of the
Also, they cannot afford to take the risk most important activities as it generates
of buying in bulk as they have no revenue. Effective marketing of goods
facilities to store the materials. Because requires a thorough understanding
of general scarcity of metals, chemicals of the customer’s needs and
and extractive raw materials in the requirements. In most cases, marketing
economy, the small scale sector suffers is a weaker area of small organisations.
the most. This also means a waste of These organisations have, therefore, to
production capacity for the economy depend excessively on middlemen, who
and loss of further units. at times exploit them by paying low
(iii) Managerial skills: Small business price and delayed payments. Further,
is generally promoted and operated by direct marketing may not be feasible
a single person, who may not possess for small business firms as they lack
all the managerial skills required to run the necessary infrastructure.
the business. Many of the small (vi) Quality: Many small business
business entrepreneurs possess sound organisations do not adhere to desired
technical knowledge but are less standards of quality. Instead they
successful in marketing the output. concentrate on cutting the cost and
Moreover, they may not find enough keeping the prices low. They do not
time to take care of all functional have adequate resources to invest in
activities. At the same time they are not quality research and maintain the
in a position to afford professional standards of the industry, nor do they
managers. have the expertise to upgrade
(iv) Labour: Small business firms technology. In fact maintaining quality
cannot afford to pay higher salaries to is their weakest point, when competing
the employees, which affects employee in global markets.
willingness to work hard and produce (vii) Capacity utilisation: Due to lack
more. Thus, productivity per employee of marketing skills or lack of demand,
is relatively low and employee turn over many small business firms have to
is generally high. Because of lower operate below full capacity due to which
remuneration offered, attracting their operating costs tend to increase.
talented people is a major problem in Gradually this leads to sickness and
small business organisations. closure of the business.
Unskilled workers join for low (viii) Technology: Use of outdated
remuneration but training them is a technology is often stated as serious
216 BUSINESS STUDIES
lacunae in the case of small industries, (c) There is limited access to markets
resulting in low productivity and of developed countries due to the
uneconomical production. stringent requirements of quality
(ix) Sickness: Prevalence of sickness in certification like ISO 9000.
small industries has become a point of
worry to both the policy makers and the 9.7 G OVERNMENT A SSISTANCE T O
entrepreneurs. The causes of sickness S MALL I NDUSTRIES AND S MALL
are both internal and external. Internal BUSINESS UNITS
problems include lack of skilled and
trained labour and managerial and Keeping in view the contribution of
marketing skills. Some of the external small business to employment
problems include delayed payment, generation, balanced regional
shortage of working capital, inadequate development of the country, and
loans and lack of demand for their promotion of exports, the Government
products. of India’s policy thrust has been on
(x) Global competition: Apart from the establishing, promoting and developing
problems stated above small businesses the small business sector, particularly
are not without fears, especially in the the rural industries and the cottage and
present context of liberalisation, village industries in backward areas.
privatisation and globalisation (LPG) Governments both at the central and
policies being followed by several state level have been actively
countries across the world. Remember, participating in promoting self-
India too has taken the LPG path since employment opportunities in rural
1991. Let us look into the areas where areas by providing assistance in respect
small businesses feel threatened with of infrastructure, finance, technology,
the onslaught of global competition. training, raw-materials, and marketing.
(a) Competition is not only from The various policies and schemes of
medium and large industries, but Government assistance for the
also from multinational companies development of rural industries insist
which are giants in terms of their on the utilisation of local resources and
size and business volumes. raw materials and locally available
Opening up of trade results in cut manpower. These are translated into
throat competition for small scale action through various agencies,
units. departments, corporations, etc., all
(b) It is difficult to withstand the coming under the purview of the
quality standards, technological industries department. All these are
skills, financial creditworthiness, primarily concerned with the promotion
managerial and marketing capa- of small and rural industries.
bilities of the large industries and Some of the support measures and
multinationals. programmes meant for the promotion
SMALL BUSINESS 217
9. The District Industries Centers hilly areas has been the concern of the
(DICs) Government of India expressed in all
The District Industries Centers the Five Year Plans and industrial policy
Programme was launched on May 1, statements. Realising that backward
1978, with a view to providing an areas development is a long-term
integrated administrative framework at process, several committees were
the district level, which would look at appointed to identify the criteria for
the problems of industrialisation in the identifying backward areas and also to
district, in a composite manner. In suggest schemes to take up the
other words District Industries Centers Herculean task of balanced regional
is the institution at the district level development. The implementation of
which provides all the services and integrated rural development
support facilities to the entrepreneurs programme is one such attempt made
for setting up small and village by the government to develop
industries. Identification of suitable backward areas. The rural industries
schemes, preparation of feasibility project programme initiated by the
reports, arranging for credit, machinery Government of India was meant to
and equipment, provision of raw develop small business units in select
materials and other extension services rural areas. Though the backward area
are the main activities undertaken by development programmes varied from
these centers. Broadly DICs are trying state to state, they cumulatively
to bring change in the attitude of the represented a significant package of
rural entrepreneurs and all other incentives to attract industries in
connected with economic development backward areas.
in the rural areas. Even within the Some of the common incentives
narrow spectrum, an attempt is being offered are discussed as below:
made to look at some of the neglected Land: Every state offers developed plots
factors such as the rural artisan, the for setting up of industries. The terms
skilled craftsman and the handloom and conditions may vary. Some states
operator and to tune up these activities don’t charge rent in the initial years,
with the general process of rural while some allow payment in
development being taken up through instalments.
other national programmes. The DIC Power: Power is supplied at a
is thus emerging as the focal point for concessional rate of 50 per cent, while
economic and industrial growth at the some states exempt such units from
district level. payment in the initial years.
Water: Water is supplied on a no-profit,
B. INCENTIVES
no-loss basis or with 50 per cent
Special emphasis on the industrial concession or exemption from water
development of backward, tribal and charges for a period of 5 years.
SMALL BUSINESS 221
Key Terms
Small scale industries Cottage industries Micro business enterprises
Expert oriented units Rural industries Women enterprises
Ancillary Khadi industries Tiny industries
SUMMARY
On the basis of the capital invested, small business units can be categorised
into various categories, which include Small Scale Industry, Ancilliary Small
Industrial Units, Export Oriented Units, Small Scale Industries owned and
managed by Women Entrepreneurs, Tiny Industrial Units, Small Scale
Services and Business (Industry related) Enterprises, Micro Business
Enterprises, Village Industries and Cottage Industries.
Administrative setup: The administrative set up for small scale industry
consists of two ministries viz., the Ministry of Small Scale Industries and
Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Industry, Government of India, the
Ministry of SSIs is the nodal ministry for formulation of policy and
coordination of central assistance, for the promotion and development of
SSIs in India.
Similarly, the ministry of Agro and Rural Industries is the nodal agency for
coordination and development of village and Khadi Industries, Tiny and
Micro Enterprises in both urban and rural area. State Governments also
execute different promotional development projected schemes to provide a
number of supporting incentives for development and promotion of SSIs in
their respective states.
SMALL BUSINESS 223
EXERCISES
3. How would you differentiate between an ancillary unit and a tiny unit?
4. State the features of cottage industries.
Projects/Assignments
1. Prepare a questionnaire to find out the actual problems faced by an
owner of a small scale unit. Prepare a project report on it.
2. Survey about five small scale units in your vicinity and find out if they
have received any assistance by the institutions set up by the
Government.