Steady-State, 1D conduction

ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE CONDUCTION

1- The Plane Wall

dT
Fourier's law : q " ! kA
dx

If k is uniform, then :

dT #T (T2 ! T1 )
" , and q " ! kA
dx #x #x

dT
If k = ko(1+!T) then : q " ! k o (1 % $ T ) A
dx
#x T2

Integrating across wall : & q.dx " & ! k (1 % $T ).A.dT

0 T1
o

ko , $ 2 2 )
Yielding: q"! . A.*(T2 ! T1 ) % (T2 ! T1 )'
#x + 2 (

If 3 walls side by side(in series) :

T2 ! T1 T !T T !T
q " !k A . A. " !k B . A. 3 2 " !kC . A. 4 3
#x A #xB #xC

- (T4 ! T1 ) " (T4 ! T3 ) % (T3 ! T2 ) % (T2 ! T1 )

! q , #xC #x B #x A )
" * % % '
A + kC kB kA (

(T1 ! T4 )
-q "
#x #x B #xC
( A % % )
k A . A k B . A kC A

rate of
heat flow thermal resistance, Rth thermal potential difference.

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

It is analogous to following electric circuit with RA="xA/(kA.A),

RB="xB/(kB.A) and RC="xC/(kC.A):

Series and Parallel 1-D Heat Transfer through Composite Walls

Insulation and R values

“R” value is a common term in building industry to classify insulation
material.
#T
R.
q/ A
difference between R-value and Rth is “A” term

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Cylinders and Radial

Systems

Assume L >> r0 to justify

1-D analysis:

dT dT
q r " ! kAr " !2/rlk
dr dr

B.C.: T=Ti at r = ri

T=To at r = ro

Rearranging and integrating:

ro T
dr o
2/ lk 5r 2 2/ lk
&
ri
r
" !&
Ti
q r
.dT # ln 33 o
4 ri
00 "
1 q r
(Ti ! To )

2/lk
qr " (Ti ! To )
ro
ln( )
r1
# Rth = ln(ro/ri)/(2$%k)

Employing thermal resistances to a

multi-layer cylindrical wall:

2/l (T1 ! T4 )
qr "
ln( r2 / r1 ) ln( r3 / r2 ) ln( r4 / r3 )
% %
kA kB kC

For a spherical system with T a

function of radius only:

4/ k (Ti ! To )
qr "
1 / ri ! 1 / ro

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Multi-Layer Conduction
Ex1. An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 100 m.m. layer of
common brick (k=0.7 W/m K) followed by a 40 m.m. layer of gypsum
plaster(k=0.48 W/m K). What thickness of loosely packed rock-wool
insulation(k=0.065 W/m K) should be added to reduce the heat loss(or gain)
through the wall by 80% ?

Rb="xb/(kb A) = 0.1/(0.7 A), Rp= "xp/(kp A) = 0.04/(0.48A)

Thermal resistance/A without insulation = 0.143 +0.083=0.226 m2 K/W

q with insulation
" 0.2 "
#T
.
6 Rth,without " 0.226
q without insulation 6 Rth,insulation #T 6 Rth,insulation
hence Rth,insulation=1.13 m2 K/W
= 0.226 + Rth,R.W.
# Rth,R.W.= 0.904
= "xR.W. / kR.W. = "xR.W./0.065 # "xR.W. = 0.0588 m

Ex2. A thick walled tube made of stainless steel(k=19 W/moK) with 2 cm

inner diameter and 4 cms O.D. is covered with 3 cms asbestos insulation (k =
0.2 W/m K). If T1= 600oC and T2=100oC, calculate q /m length.

q 2/ (T1 ! T2 )
"
l ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
%
ks ka
2/ (600 ! 100)
"
ln 2 ln(5 / 2)
%
19 0 .2
" 680W / m

Convective Resistance
Tw ! T7
qconv " hA(Tw ! T7 ) "
1 /(hA)

convective resistance

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

q = h1 A (TA-T1)= kA(T1-T2)/"x=h2A(T2-TB)

Since (TA-TB)= (TA-T1)+(T1-T2)+(T2-TB), it

can be shown that :
(T A ! T B )
q"
1 #x 1 ! U . A. "Tover-all
( )%( )%( )
h1 A kA h2 A

1 1 #x 1
- " % %
U h1 k h2

1
hence : U "
1 #x 1
% %
h1 k h2
U is called the “Over-all Heat Transfer Coeff.”

For a hollow Cylinder:

Ao = $ do%, Ai=$ di%
TA ! TB
q"
1 ln(ro / ri ) 1
% %
hi Ai 2/kl ho Ao

i) based on Ai :
1
Ui "
1 Ai ln(ro / ri ) A
% % i
hi 2/kl Ao ho
ii) based on Ao :
1
Uo "
Ao A ln(ro / ri ) 1
% o %
Ai hi 2/kl ho

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Critical Thickness of Insulation

2/ L (Ti ! T7 )
q"
ln( ro / ri ) 1
%
k ro h
for maximum q :
1 1
! 2/ L (T i ! T 7 )( ! )
dq kr o hr o2
" "0
dr o ln( ro / ri ) 1 2
[ % ]
k ro h

# ro = k/h
This gives the critical radius of insulation.
If ro < (k/h) then the heat transfer rate will be increased by adding more
insulation; because if h is sufficiently small, q may increase with r since area
for convection increases.
If ro > (k/h), increase of ro will decrease q.

Ex.1 Calculate critical radius of insulation for asbestos (k=0.17 W/m K)

surrounding a pipe and exposed to room air at 20oC with h= 3 W/m2 K.
Calculate the heat loss from a 200oC, 5.0 cm diameter pipe when covered with
critical insulation and without insulation.
ro = k/h = 0.17/3 = 0.0567 m
without insulation: q/L= 2$ roh(Ti-To)= 2 $ x 0.025x 3 (200-20)= 84.8 W/m
q 2/ (Ti ! T7 ) 2/ (200 ! 20)
with insulation: " " = 105.7 W/m
L ln(ro / ri ) 1 ln(5.67 / 2.5) 1
% %
k ro h 0.17 0.0567 x3

> with insulation !!

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Heat Source Systems

Example electric conductors, nuclear reactors, chemically reacting systems.

Plane Wall with Heat Sources

d 2T q!
D.E. : % "0
dx 2 k
B.C. : T= Tw at x = L
dT/dx = 0 at x = 0 (from symmetry)
Soln.
dT q!
" ! x % c1 , c1=0 from symmetry
dx k
q! 2
T "! x % c2
2k
q! 2
at x = L, T = Tw, # c2 " Tw % L
2k
q! 2
hence: (T ! Tw ) " ! ( x ! L2 )
2k
2
(T ! Tw ) 5x2
from which : " 1! 3 0 ( eqn. of Parabola)
(To ! Tw ) 4 L1
dT 2x dT (To ! Tw )
d.w.r.t. x : " (To ! Tw )(! 2 ) , - " !2
dx L dx x" L L

dT 2k
hence : q x" L " !k " (To ! Tw )
dx x" L L

2 k q! 2
-q x"L
" L " q! L
L 2k
rate of heat loss through rate of heat generated in one half
one face/ unit area per unit area

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

CONDUCTION–CONVECTION SYSTEMS
FINS
Fins are used in heat exchangers to increase convective heat transfer. Also on
motorcycle and compressor cylinders to increase cooling; they feature a
conduction-convection sequence.
Heat entering left face (qx) =
heat leaving right face (qx+dx)
+ heat lost by convection (dqc)
dT dT d 2T
q x " !kA , q x%dx " !kA( % .dx)
dx dx x dx 2

dqc= h.P.dx(T ! T7 )
dT dT d 2T
- ! kA " !kA( % .dx) % h.P.dx(T ! T7 )
dx x dx x dx 2

Canceling equal terms on R.H.S. and L.H.S.:

d 2T hP
! (T ! T7 ) " 0
dx 2 kA
d 28 hP
let & ' (T-T() , - 2 ! 8 "0 (1)
dx kA
Define: m2 ' hP/(kA), the general solution of eqn(1) becomes:
8 " c1e ! mx % c 2 e mx
First B.C. : & = &o ' (To-T() at x = 0 # &o = c1+c2
Second B.C.: Case I: fin is very long(L >> t): &=0 at x=L ~ (
Case II: fin is finite length and losses heat at x=L
Case III: fin is insulated at x=L : d&/dx = 0 at x=L.
8 T ! T7
Case I : c2 = 0 # c1 = &o # " " e ! mx
8 o To ! T7

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Case III: &o= c1 + c2

0 = m(- c1e-mL + c2emL)
8 e ! mx e mx cosh[m( L ! x)]
solving 2 eqns. for c1, c2 yields: " % "
8 o 1 % e !2 mL 1 % e 2 ml cosh(ml )

Case II: solution is more involved algebraically and the result is:
h
cosh m ( L ! x ) % sinh m ( L ! x )
8 mk
"
8o cosh mL %
h
sinh mL
mk
q = heat loss by fin = heat entering base at x = 0
dT d8 d (8 / 8 o )
" ! kA " ! kA " ! kA8 o
dx x "0 dx x "0 dx x "0

Case I : q " !kA(!m8 o e ! m ( 0 ) ) " mkA8 o " hPkA8 o

1 1
Case III: q " !kA8 o m( ! 2 mL
! ) " hPkA8 o tanh mL
1% e 1 % e 2 mL

h
sinh mL % (
) cosh ml
q" hPkA (To ! T7 ) mk
Case II: h
cosh ml % ( ) sinh ml
mk

1.Although heat is assumed to be transferred in x-direction only, for most fins

the error involved (~ 1%) is much less than that in estimating h (~ 25%).
2. It has been shown that the solution
for case II may be derived from Case
III with Lc=L+t/2, where Lc is the
corrected length of fin. Lc is then used
in all equations which apply for the
case of a fin with insulated tip.

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

3. If a cylindrical spine(pin) extends

/d 2 / 4 d
from a wall: L c " L % "L%
/d 4
i.e. real fin surface area is extended by
an area equal to tip area

1. Fin Efficiency (#fin)

actual heat transfered

9 fin .
heat transfered if entire fin area were at base temperatur
e
hPkA.8 o . tanh mL tanh mL
e.g. for case III: 9 fin " "
hPL8 o mL

2. Fin Effectiveness
q with fin 9 fin A fin h 8 o
Effectiven ess . " , Afin is total surface area of fin
q without fin hA 8 o

It is an indicator of fin performance.

hPkA8 o tanh mL tanh ml
For case III: Effectiveness " "
hA8 o hA
kP
To justify 1-D assumption, z >> t. Hence P = 2z+ 2t )2z
hP 2 zh 2h
- mL " L" .L " L
kA kzt kt

2h 3 / 2
define the “profile area” Am = L t . Hence mL " .L
kAm

2h 3/ 2
tanh[ L ]
tanh mL kA m
Thus for case III: 9 fin " "
mL 2h 3/ 2
.L
kA m
For case II, substitute Lc instead of L.

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

FIN EFFICIENCY CURVES

Efficiencies of triangular and straight rectangular fins.

For triangular fins: Lc=L, Am= L.t/2

Efficiencies of circumferential fins of rectangular cross-sections.

Lc=L+t/2, r2c= r1 + Lc, Am = t Lc.

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

SOME COMMON FIN TYPES

EXAMPLES OF FINS USED IN ELECTRONIC COOLING

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Conditions Under-which Fins Don’t Help

If the value of “h” is high(e.g. high velocity fluids or boiling/condensing

liquids) the fin may slow down heat transfer rate, because the resistance
offered by conduction in the fin represents a larger impediment to the heat
flow than the convective resistance.

Ex1. An Aluminum fin (k=200 W/m K) 3.0 m.m. thick and 7.5 cm long
protrudes from a wall. The base is maintained at 300oC and the ambient
temperature is 50oC and h=10 W/m2 K. Calculate the heat loss from the fin
per unit depth of material.
Lc= L + t/2=7.5 + 0.15 = 7.65 cm
hP h( 2 z % 2t ) 2h
m" " :
kA kzt kt
2 x10
" " 5.774
200 x3 x10 !3
from eqns for Case III(insulated tip):

q " hPkA8 o . tanh mLc

for a 1m depth, A=1x3x10-3 = 3 x 10-3 m2, z = 1m, P ) 2z = 2m

hence, q " 10 ; 2 ; 200 ; 3 ; 10 !3 .(300 ! 50). tanh(5.774 ; 0.0765) " 359W / m

Ex.2 Aluminum fins 1.5 cms wide and 1 m.m. thick are placed on a 2.5 cm
diameter tube to dissipate the heat. The tube surface temperature is 170oC and
the ambient fluid temperature is 25oC. Calculate the heat loss per fin for
h=130 W/m2 K. Assume k=200 W/m K for Aluminum.
Lc= L + t/2 =1.5+0.05=1.55 cms
r1=2.5/2=1.25 cm.; r2c= r1+Lc=1.25+1.55=2.8 cms

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

r2c/r1=2.8/1.25=2.24
Am=t Lc=0.001(2.8-1.25)×10-2=1.55×10-5 m2
3/ 2 h 1/ 2 130
Lc ( ) " (0.0155) 3 / 2 [ !5
]1 / 2 " 0.396
kAm 200 ; (1.55 ; 10 )
from Figure, *fin= 82 %.
qmax(when entire fin at base temperature) = 2$ (r2c2-r12) h (To-T()
=2$ (2.82-1.252)×10-4×130×(170-25) = 74.35 W
qact = 0.82 × 74.35=60.97 W

THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

T1 ! T2 A T2 A ! T2 B T ! T3
q " kA A " " kB A 2B
#x A 1 /( hc A) #x B
here, 1/hc is the “thermal contact resistance”
and hc is the “contact coefficient”

Surface roughness plays a central role in

determining contact resistance. Heat transfer
is due to :
-solid-to-solid conduction at spots of contact
-conduction through entrapped gases in voids.
(major resistance to heat flow)

T2 A ! T2 B T ! T2 B
q" % k f Av 2 A
Lg / 2k A Ac % Lg / 2k B Ac Lg
T2 A ! T2 B
"
1 /(hc A)
solving for hc:

1 Ac 2k A k B A
hc " ( . % v kf )
Lg A k A % k B A
problem is Ac and Av are usually unknown.

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 Steady-State, 1D conduction

Table 2-2 gives contact resistance (1/hc) for typical surfaces, e.g. :

Surface type Roughness Temp. Pressing press. 1/hc

o
+m C (bar) (m2 K/W)
416 stainless,ground,air 2.54 90-200 3-25 2.64x10-4
304 stainless,ground,air 1.14 20 40-70 5.28x10-4
Aluminum, ground, air 2.54 150 12-25 0.88x10-4
0.25 150 12-25 0.18x10-4
Cu, ground, air 1.27 20 12-200 0.07x10-4
Cu, milled,air 3.81 20 10-50 0.18x10-4
Cu, milled, vacuum 0.25 30 7-70 0.88x10-4

thermal resistance can be reduced by using a “thermal grease”.

Ex1. Two 3 cm diameter 304 stainless-steel bars, 10 cm long have ground

surfaces and are exposed to air with a surface roughness 1 +m. If surfaces are
pressed together with a press of 50 bar and ,Toverall=100oC, calculate q and ,T
across contact surface. ks.s=16.3 W/m K.

#x 0.1
For each bar: Rth " " " 8.679 o C / W
kA /
16.3 ; (0.03) 2
4
1 5.28 ; 10 !4
From Table 2-2: Rc " " " 0.747 o C / W
hc A /
(0.03) 2
4
#T 100 100
q" " " " 5.52W
6 Rth 8.679 ; 2 % 0.747 18.105
#Tc " qRc " 5.52 ; 0.747 " 4.13o C

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