SIGNALS

AND
SYSTEMS LAB

Submitted by:

Aakanksha Bansal(09103410)

Ashima Agrawal(09103408)

Batch:B1

EXPERIMENT-1
Aim: Introduction to MATLAB and its various applications.

Theory:
Z = trapz(Y) computes an approximation of the integral of Y via
the trapezoidal method (with unit spacing). To compute the
integral for spacing other than one, multiply Z by the spacing
increment. Input Y can be complex.

The linspace function generates linearly spaced vectors. It is

similar to the colon operator ":", but gives direct control over
the number of points.

y = linspace(a,b) generates a row vector y of 100 points linearly

spaced between and including a and b.

y = linspace(a,b,n) generates a row vector y of n points linearly

spaced between and including a and b. For n < 2, linspace
returns b.

POST LAB - EXCERCISES

Q1).Scalar variables.
Make the following variables
a. a = 10
b. b = 2.5 ×10 23
c. c = 2 + 3i , where i is the imaginary number
d. d = ej 2π /3 , where j is the imaginary number and e is Euler’s number
(use exp, pi)
Ans:
a = 10;
b = 2.5*10^23;
c = 2+3i;
d=exp(j*2*pi/3);

Q2). Vector variables.

Make the following variables

Ans:
aVec = [3.14 15 9 26];
bVec = [2.71;8;28;182];
cVec = [5 :-0.2 :-5];
dVec = logspace(0,1,100);
eVec = ['hello'];

Q3).Matrix variables.Make the following variables

Ans)
3(a)

mat1=ones(9,9)
mat1 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

>>amat = amat=2.*mat1
amat =

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3(b)
v=[1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1]
bmat=zeros(9,9)
bmat=diag(v,0)

b=

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

3(c)
incr = 1:1:100;
cmat=reshape(incr,10,10)
cmat = reshape(x,10,10);
>>cmat = reshape(x,10,10)

cmat =
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91
2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92
3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 83 93
4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
6 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96
7 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97
8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98
9 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

3(d)
mat3=ones(3,4)
dmat=mat3.*NaN
dmat=
NaNNaNNaNNaN
NaNNaNNaNNaN
NaNNaNNaNNaN

3(e)
emat = [13 -1 -5; -22 10 -87];
emat =

13 -1 -5
-22 10 -87

3(f)
fmat = ceil(-3 + 6.*rand(5,3));
fmat =

0 0 -1
-1 2 2
-1 1 2
1 1 0
0 3 1
Q4).Common functions and indexing.

Ans)
4(a)
cSum =sum(cmat);

4(b)
cMean =mean(cmat);

4(c)
emat(1,:) = [1 1 1];

4(d)
cSub = cmat(2:9,2:9)

4(e)
lin = 1:1:20;
for j=1:20
if(mod(lin(j),2)==0)
lin(j)=-j;
end;
end;

4(f)
r=rand(1,5)

a=find(r<0.5)
r(a)=0

Q5)Plotting multiple lines and colors.

Open a script and name it twoLinePlot.m
To plot a sine wave and a cosine wave over one period
(a) Make a time vector t from 0 to 2ð with enough samples to get smooth
lines, Plot sin t.
(b) Use hold on.
(c) Plot cos t using a red dashed line.
(d) Add labels to the plot and create a legend to describe the two lines you
have plotted by
usinglegend.
(e) Use xlimto set the x axis to be from 0 to 2ð and use ylimto set the y
axis to be from -1.4 to 1.4.

Ans)
t = linspace (0, 2*pi ,1000);
plot (t,sin(t));
hold on;
plot (t,cos(t),'--r');
p =plot (t,sin(t));
q =plot (t,cos(t),'--r');
legend (p,'sinwave','location','North');
legend (q,'coswave','location','South');
xlim([0 2*pi]);
ylim([-1.4 1.4]);

Q6)Plot a circle. Write the function [x, y] = getCircle (center,r) to get

the x and y
coordinates of a circle. The circle should be centered at center (2-element
vector containing the x and y values of the center) and have radius r. Return
x and y such that plot(x, y) will plot the circle.

t = linspace(0,2*pi,1000);
a = input('enter the x coord of the centre');
b = input('enter the y coord of the centre');
c= input('enter the radius of the circle');
x = r*cos(t)+a;
y = r*sin(t)+b;
plot(x,y);
7. Loops and flow control. Make function called loopTest(N) that loops
through the
values 1 through N and for each number n it should display ‘n is divisible
by 2’, ‘n is
divisible by 3’, ‘n is divisible by 2 AND 3’ or ‘n is NOT divisible by 2 or
3’. Use a for
loop, the function mod or rem to figure out if a number is divisible by
2 or 3, and num2str
to convert each number to a string for displaying. You can use any
combination of if, else,
andelseif.

Ans)

p=input('enter max no');

for j=1:p
if (mod(j,3)==0 && mod(j,2)==0)

disp('num div by both');

disp(j);

elseif(mod(j,3)==0)

disp('div by 3');

disp(j);

else if(mod(j,2)==0)

disp('div by 2');

disp(j);

else

disp('div by none');

disp(j);

end;

end;

end;

Q8)
Linear system of equations.Solve the following system of
equations:
3a + 6b + 4c = 1. a + 5b = 2. 7b + 7c = 3
Ans)
A=[3,6,4;1,5,0;0,7,7]
b=[1;2;3]
x=A\b
x=
-0.5824
 0.5165
-0.0879
Q9)Numerical integration.Use trapzor quad. What is the value of :
Compute and display the difference between your numerical answer and the
analytical answer: −24 e−5/3+ 9

Ans)
x = 0:0.01:5;
y=x.*exp(-x*1/3)
z=trapz(x,y)
w=4.3736
difference=w-z
diff =
0.0934

Q10)Practice with cells.Usually, cells are most useful for storing strings, because
thelength of each string can be unique. a. Make a 3x3 cell where the first column contains
the names: ‘Joe’, ’Sarah’, and ’Pat’, the second column contains their last names:
‘Smith’,‘Brown’, ‘Jackson’, and the third column contains their salaries: $30,000,
$150,000, and $120,000. Display the cell using disp.

Ans)

z=cell(3)
z(1,:)={'joe','smith','$30000'}
z(2,:)={'sarah','brown','$150000'}
z(3,:)={'pat','jackson','$120000'}
disp(z)

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Creating a file and saving to the directory.
2. Working with matrix of size of mxn and using the dot operator.
3. Using various predefined mathematical operators