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Intpsdo\.org/10,2220/f.259407326.2029.22..002 ieee
Energy consumption and atmospheric emissions from refined petroleum
in Mexico by 2030
Consumo de energfa y emisiones atmosiéricas por el petréleo refinado en México para
el afo 2030
Granados-Herndndez Elias Alarcén-Jiménez Ana Luisa
‘Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México Universidad Nacional utsnoma de México
iro Teenoligicos88 Aran {Geno de Ciencias de ia Atmosera
Evmatl elas?0.unam.mx Emmalt ana arconstmester unam mx
Fr ioreldon/0000-0001-6157-896X ftps ireid ong0000-0001-781407807
L6pez-Andrade Xicoténcatl Fuentes-Garcia Gilberto
Universidad para el Bienestr Bento Jur Garcia Universidad Nacional Auténoma de México
Escuela de nga Abel {Gena de Ciencias de a Atmosera
E-mail sicotPoagrat con Ema fvenbeto@icoud com
Fits on 800-0001-6303-9576 ‘picid ng0000-0002:5634.5249
Vega-Rangel Elizabeth Sanchez-Alvarez Pablo
Universidad Nacional Aut6ooma de México Universidad Nacional AutGnoma de Mésico
Centr de Ciena dea Aimestera entra de Cleanse dela Aomdslera
Eval: eveya@atmosfera unam ma mal pasx@unam me
Fitpsoreid org0000-0003-2954.950X. ‘apse or0000-0003-2165-8
Sosa-Echeverria Rodolfo
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
Cent de Ciencias dela Atmestera
Evmall:rodsosatdunam me
hitps/orel o7g0000-0003-2536-7266
Abstract
(One ofthe base nee fora country’s economic developments to cover the major fel demand and bath ene consumption and enionmentl imps
resting rm te production of such hes nee to be at and elabe- The purpose of this paper fo cone to an esate of nergy consumpsion and
"Emospheicemisios of some ofthe poluant species eprtd by Pemex Reinain unde deen projections The predive estimate model was apied
‘Cnedering four diferent gucie dead scent, a well a different ef tcinology option ost fel coraumpion needs, based on predction
tld: our dierent ype of ener, tre yes of crude ok and wg iferetprocens, Enon extmates were determined apphing emauon lao,
both or the typeof esl fuel energy source used inthe dre: heating processes for vapor generation, aswel by using elec energy. Results show hat the
‘quar energy consumption relive to the total processes crude gestern complex reine ul conversion), howeve glee conven eficeney
‘Sowa smal volun of crude consumption needed tats the uel demand with owe emasions rave to cher ype of technologies, Mens posse
refineries ned o adapt theme to dierent operation seers, sch anges inthe cue’ ye, te aly ofthe proc, varatns nthe pce
the crude and ofthe refined produc. Tereoremporant to develop and apply pespectves than maximize produc and minimize energy consum>=
tion, reducing a masons, constant change Scena. Fall the problem would then be evaluating which would be mote convenient to oan a eater
‘eclreconomi benef reduce emo tothe smsphere ota ower operation cose ofthe fine
Keywords ery consumption, cl reine, ney een, pation, gine.
Resumen
Cube Ia demands de combustibles de mayor consumo es una de as necsidaes bles pra el desnroloeconémicn de un pa. A ambén el cansumo
‘de eer y os pacts ambintales debdonal prodccn de exes combtbes debe ser iforaden con pron yeofilidad El bjao que se
ersigue en exe artcuo es conbu para obtener un etmade del consumo de energy de ls emisoessimostrcas de algunas de ls especies corsam=
ares reporadas por Pemex refinacin,anlzapdo derentesproeccones El modelo de esimacion ped se pics consderando cuavoescenatos de
‘demand de guns, al como las sipentes opciones tcnclgcas de efain pra sifiacer el canara del combusts, con base en unrendinlento de
roduccién: esr pes de refiner ire ipo de edo y cto proces, Leman dels erniones se delrin pando factored emi, tanto
rsp de ents de ene nl cnsumia en ks proceso de calrtamento diesoo parla generac evapo como pore us de ene wcrc.
as esutados muestan que consumo equtalente de ene tepeco al ol de crudoprocesado es mayor es felintas muy comple), 59 e
bao, su yan ececia de carwersén permite crsumt menor vlumen de cudo pra salstacer ls demands del combustble con eres baja a ae,
resto ar ipo detensoga ay poste einen en Méxe endrn qe aaptare a ieee sceaton opera, come carbo en el ene
to dl cdo, calfad del producto, x como vain e os precios dl cudo y de los products rfnados. Por lo ats, es importante desaol empl
‘mentarenfaques que maxinicen la productidedy minimicen el consumo de enega,reucendo ls emisiones amestrcasen ecenarceoperatvos de
{vstante camo, Po limo, el problema sera etonces evalua Qué sera ns convenient para ablener un mayor beneco socowuanénico: reduc is
tmsiones ai aiméer 0 dsminrlon costes de operaciin de a eines
Descriptors: Consumo energtc, rene de pevlen, wicenca energétc,cortaminacién dl ake, gassing. psd org/t0.22201/%.25940732e.2021.22.1,002
ENERGY CONFUMITON AND ATMOSIENE MSEONS OM REPNED EMRLELM 4 ME
Oil refineries are big energy-consuming industrial faci
lites (Rossi etal, 2020; Ulyev ef al, 2018). Several
authors, such as (Ocic, 2005), state thatthe equivalent
energy consumption relative to the processed crude,
ranges between 4 % and 8 % (Seklo & Schaefer, 2007;
Ochoa & Jobson, 2015) between 7% and 15% and (Wo-
rrelef al, 2015), between 27 % and 35% with data calcu-
lated by this agency. Therefore energy consumption in
anol refinery may vary in time, due to the type of pro-
cessed crude, the complexity of the refinery (US, Ener
fy information Administration, 2012), loading capacity,
Sand other operational factors (Hui e al, 2016).
‘Additionally, the processes with a greater energy in-
tensity in elation toamajorload capacity ae atmosphe-
tie distillation “AD*, vacuum distillation “VD, catalytic
reforming “CR” catalytic cracking “CC”, hydrocracking
“HC, hydrotretment “HT”, coking “CK”, and alia
tion “AK” (Worrel eta, 2015). The energy consumption
Of AD and VD is 35% and 45 % ofthe total ofthe df
rent processes (Szklo&e Schafer, 2007), and mone than
80% ofthe energy consumption results rom the refinery
products, including refinery gas (RC), petroleum coke
(P) liquid gas (LG), fuel ol (FO), and other refined pro
ducts Wang ea, 200), which ae used for direct hea
ting oF for vapor generation; additionally cletrcty (EL)
is used to power pumps, compressors and other anc
lary equipment (Worrell, 2015).
In recent years, the processed crude has become
heavier and the established refineries have focused in
procuring lighter fuels such as gasoline (Demitbas &
Bamulleh, 2017), Among the different oi-derived pro
ducts produced from an oil barrel in a United States
refinery, 45% to 48% is gasoline (US. Energy Informa
tion Administration, 2019) and, according to (Wang e
ai, 2008), 53,7 % ofthe energy used in a particular ref
nety is used inthe production of fuel
Tn contrast, although refineries. satisfy society's
energy demands, they can also affect ait quality (Ra
gothamnan & Anderson, 2017). The World Health Orga
ization (WHO) has identified polluted air as the
biggest heath hazard and, thus, efforts are needed to
maintain a good air quality (World Health Organiza
tion, 2020) This industry is responsible forthe emission
of several ar pollutants (Kalabokas etal, 2001; Hadid
tt al, 2016), emiting millions of tons (MM tons) to the
tir witha potential health risk (Wakefield, 2007. Some
of the pollutants emitted by this industry include car
bon monoxide (CO), particles (PM), nitrogen oxides
(NO), sulfur oxides (80,, and volatile organic com-
pounds (VOQ)(Worre eta, 2015)
2 IcENIeRla INVEsTIGACION ¥ TEeNOLOEI, Volumen XXI{nGimero 1), enero-ma
To this date, Mexico has six oil refineries (Cadere
yta, Madero, Minatitlin, Salamanca, Salina Cruz and.
Tula), which process three types of crude oils (Olmeca,
Istmo and Maya), which are considered as super light,
light, and heavy, respectively (Petréleos Mexicanos,
2018). According to the Energy Information System the
six refineries had a gasoline production yield of 30.2.%
in 2007 and 28.1 % in 2017 (Sistema de Informacién
Energética, 2019),
‘According to data obtained from the National Inst:
tute of Transparency, Access to Information and Perso:
nal Data Protection (INAD the Transformation Subsector
of Petrdleos Mexicanos (INAI, 2017), reported that the
‘energy self-consumption of the Oil Refining Sector (SNR)
was only fuel oil (FO) and electricity (EL), which repre
sented 8 % of the equivalent energy relative to the total
processed crude in 2007 and 9 % in 2016, Additionally.
‘Mexico's oil refineries emitted a total of 326,456 tonnes
(tons) in2016, with a proportion of 84% (80, 6% (NO),
4% (PM) and 5 % (VOC),
Finally Miranda (2018), published an informative
note in the newspaper La Jornada, where itis mentioned,
‘that gasoline importation increased 63 % and production
decreased 50 %, that is, Refining National System de
creased from a production of 437,000 barrels per day
(B/D) in 2013, to 217,000 B/D in the first half of 2018. On
the other hand, the current situation limits fuel offer for
the next years, implying that Mexico wil! continue im:
porting gasoline
In this sense, the set-up of the oil refining industry
in Mexico has the main objective of satisfying the de
‘mand of different fuels, particularly of gasolines, con:
suming the greater volume of the crudes in the country
and reporting clearly and timely the energy and envi
ronmental impact that this industry will have. Howe:
ver, this depends on a series of challenges which are the
bases of study of the present paper, and which will be
decisive in the fuel transformation processes,
The principal objective of this study is to estimate
the energy consumption and the emissions of CO, SO,
NO, PM and VOC of the Mexican oil refining industry
for the year 2030, with the idea of contributing and ex:
tending new information on the atmospheric emissions
of this industry, applying different refining technolo.
ies used to satisty the gasoline demand.
Consequently, this paper, after the Introduction, be-
‘gins with information on the possible gasoline demand,
Scenarios in Mexico, after which the energy consump:
tion and atmospheric emissions estimates are modeled.
Finally, the last two sections emphasize and discuss its
results and conclusions, respectively
120 2021: 1-13 ISSN 25940732 FLLUNAM psd org/10.22201/%.259407320.2021.221.002
Grusubos-Heananois E, Lonz-AvonaneX, Veca-Ranc
E, Sose-Fouunia R Atascon-lover AL, Fur Gascia G, Sancur-AuastrP
(GASOLINE DEMAND SCENARIOS IN Mexico
Ina paper published in Bauer et al, 2003) examined the
impact of the gasoline demand in Mexico, as a conse-
{quence of the increase in the number of vehicles which
circulate when a certain per capita level is reached.
Thus, the four scenarios in gasoline demand calcul
by these authors are labeled as A, B, C and D in this
paper. The first scenario (A) was based on the historical
yearly car increase (4.3 %) for the period 1980-2000, and
‘of 4 % for the period 2000-2030. Scenarios B, C and D_
were established considering a yearly increase in the
average gross national product (GNP) of 3.7, 5.3 and
6.2 %, respectively (2000-2030), based on the Gompertz
Curve to obtain the number of vehicles as a function of
the per capita income and, in consequence, as a function
of the year when such income is reached. In this way,
the gasoline demand scenarios for the year 2030 esta:
blished by the authors are: 1306000, 2142000, 2765000
and 2904000 B/D, respectively.
(On the other hand, the Mexican Department of
Energy (Secretaria de Energia, 2016) reported that the
gasoline demand will have an average yearly increase
Of 1.9 % for the period 2016-2030, that is 834000 B/D to
1063000 B/D in 2030. Finally, a particular scenario was
developed by performing a correlation Montecarlo si
mulation between the historical gasoline demand rela:
tive to the relevant macroeconomic indicators for this
study (using the Crystal Ball program). These indica
tors are the currency exchange, the national consumer
price index (NCPI), the GNP, the balance of trade and,
additionally, the country’s population. A correlation,
analysis was performed for each of these and forming,
groups of indicators with the historical demand of ga
soline. From this analysis one can conclude that it is
convenient to relate the gasoline demand with the
GNP, the NCPI and the population, since a better corre
lation (R= 0.8995) was obtained with a fuel demand
scenario of 1193000 B/D for the year 2030.
Table 1, Gasoline demand scenarios (@/D)
°
a8 ©» : =
1 306/00 2,142,000 2.765000 2.904000 1.053.500 1,195,800
Source: Bauer ta, 2003)
(Secretaria cde Energia 2016)
Mopruine OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Different projections were determined by modeling,
four types of refineries (RI “hydroskimming’, R2
“cracking”, R3 “hydrocracking” and Ré “full conver-
sion”), three types of erudes (Olmeca, Istmo and Maya),
and eight types of processes (AD “atmospheric distlla-
tion”, VD “vacuum distillation”, CR “catalytic reforma-
tion’, CC “catalytic cracking”, HC “hydrocracking”,
HT “hydrotreatment”, CK “coking”, AK “alkilation”),
The steps for the modeling and estimation for the
six energy sources (EL “electricity”, NG “natural gas"
RG “refinery gas’, PC “petroleum coke”, FO “fuel oil”
LG “liquid gas”) and five types of atmospheric pollu-
tants (SO, “sulfur oxides”, NO, “nitrogen oxides”, CO)
“carbon monoxide”, PM “particles”, VOC “volatile or-
ganic compounds”) are then described:
Step 1. REQUIRED CRUDE VOLLME
This was calculated from the following equation:
a
Where:
1 =crude oil volume (B/D)
asoline demand (B/D)
“urrent gasoline production (325000 B/D)
asoline production yield (% vol.)
pe of analyzed crude (Olmeca, Istmo, Maya)
ype of refinery (R1, R2, R3, R4)
sroduction efficiency (100 %)
Table 2, Gasoline yield by type of crude oil and refinery
analyzed (% Vol)
a
Ri 2 Rm Rt
106”
Isimo 185129973978
Mays 153023003343
Sour: (Bi 1956)
Incentens InvesTcacion ¥ TEewoLOcia, volumen XXII {ndmeto 1), enero-marzo 2021: 1-13 ISSN 2594-0732 FLUNAM. psd org/10.22201/%.259407320.2021.22.1,002
ENERGY CONFUMITON AND ATMOSIEN SMSEONE ROM REPNED REL 4 ME
The data base required that feeds Equation 1 is gi
Table 1 and 2.
‘STEP 2. CARRYING CAPACITY FOR EACH INPE OF
This was calculated from the following equation:
Pew
@
(7)
ios
Where:
b =carrying capacity (B/D)
ut ~crude oil volume (B/D)
, = operation rate (% Vol}
j_ ~process type (AD, VD, CR, CC, HC, HT, CK, AK)
The operation rates for the different types of analyzed
processes are given in Table 3.
‘STEP 3, ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF PRO
Energy consumption was calculated using the fo-
owing equation using the data base shown in Table 4:
£=(p)* (6) / 110% eo
Where:
£ = energy consumption in million British thermal
units per day (MMBtu/D)
arzying capacity (B/D)
specific energy (British thermal unit per barrel
“BUu/B")
minimum (2), maximum (y), average (2)
‘STEP 4, ENERGY SOURCE CONSUMED BY TYPE OF PROCESS
The following equation is used:
F=(©* (,/100) @
Where:
F ~energy consumption by energy source (MMBtu/D)
= energy consumption (MMBtu/D)
f ~energy source (%) (EL, NG, RG, PC, FO, GL)
J ~process type (AD, VD, CR, CC, HC, HT, CK, AK)
Table 3. Operating rate by type of crude and refinery analyzed 1% Vol.)
7 om Isto
HR? RG RE Gee
aD z
vo oe es 6 a —
CR von 2 6% 7 2m M4
cco 31 28 28
HOO w 6 Bos
HT BM 2% M 1 % m7
x 4 6
AK 6
Soar: ar 1H)
Table 4, Specific energy by type of process
a
vb 4738 113852
ce 208,729 381,556 5182
cc 47638 17078 108,108
He 161290 82581 241.935,
ut 56926 17078 113852
cK 113852 aaa 175522
ak 332,068, 341.556 36812
Tourer Own daboraon based on PUlegina tal, 207)
Source Own dbo
4 IcEntenla IwvEsTGncion ¥ Tec
—_ ¥
oLo«iA, valumen XX (ndimero
Maya
Ge
so 6
6B oo oR
4 23
son
B38
3
‘enerosmarzo 2021: 1-13 ISSN 25940732 FLLUNAM psd org/10.22201/%.259407320.2021.221.002
lananoia E, Lonz-ANotade X, Vecd-Ranc
Gusuoos
E, Sose-Fouunia R Atascon-lover AL, Fur Gascia G, Sancur-AuastrP
Table 5 gives the energy percentage by type of analyzed
source in percentage.
Step 5. Ewissions estiMarions
The following equation is used as indicated by the Uni-
tod States Environmental Protection Agency (US. Envi
ronmental Protection Agency, 2020)
E-F)G) 8
Where:
E_ = emission of each type of pollutant (tons per day
“tons/D")
‘nergy consumption by energy source (MMBtu/D)
ns)
F
c= emission factor of each type of pollutant (
MMBtu)
¢ = pollutant (SO, NO, CO, PM, VOC)
{f =energy source (EL, NG, RG, PC, FO, GL)
Table 6 gives the emission factor of each type of pollu-
tant in tons/MMBeu
Finally, equation 6 summarizes the matrix that was
used to estimate the total emission estimates by type of
analyzed crude and refinery
A, =H)" I 6
Where:
A. = total emissions of pollutants (tons/D)
pe of analyzed crude (Olmeca, Istino, Maya)
pe of refinery (R1, R2, R3, R4)
‘nergy consumption by energy source (MMBtu/D)
mission factor of each type of pollutant (tons/
MMBtu)
rocess type (AD, VD, CR, CC, HC, HT, CK, AK)
i
Figure 1 shows the block diagram for determining,
energy consumption and atmosph
dering the type of refining technology.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 2 shows the volume of processed crude for the
projections PA, PB, PC, PD, Ps and Pm, required to sa-
lisfy the gasoline demand for the year 2030.
Table 5. Energy consumed by type of energy source and process analyzed ()
) EL NG, RG Pe FO. is
aD 62 257 462 7 3a 1s
vw 39 263 472 4 32 2.00
cR 87 2 383 155 46 1s
ce Bs 35 10 ms o7 as
He 499 137 246 oa v7 1
wT 79 142 256 95 as 1
x 2 aud 379 u 25 ue
AK 376 wa 307 na 2
Source: Own daborao
ton Pagina a 3007)
Table 6, Emission factors by type of energy source
; ‘
NO, v7 cov
TL seo 256-08 TaEO? LaE-0e
NG 64605 37E05 TABS 278-06
RG 64605 37E05 AES 27E-06
PC 1103 A3E-O1 LIESS 33EO 236-05
Fo 0 2B L6FOS 208-05 256-05,
us 9aE05 37E05 s2b06 27-06
Source: Own daboraton based on (grin ea 207)
Incentens InvesTicacios ¥ TeewoLocia, volumen XX {ndimeto 1), enero-marzo 2021: 1
BISSN 259.0732 FLUNAM 5 psd org/10.22201/%.259407320.2021.22.1,002
Ensnay CONLMITON AND ATMOSIERE 4SSONE ROM RERNED FEMOLEIM WN Moco ay 2030
cowey Plt
retary rows crvteon Sota
@ anc
: o— i”
(@ sowocnccwak BS] |e
(> -ADVo.eRNet 6 ™
sovocazcncmneuae Figure 1, Simple block diazam used to
‘Sate atmosphere emistons
‘The figure clearly shows how the required crude volu-
mes for three of the six projections exceeds, by much,
the planned volumes that will be sent to the national
refinery system NRS (SENER, 2016) (dotted line). Only.
the scenario based on the vehicular growth tendency
(PA), the one suggested by the Mexican Department of
Energy (P3), and the one modeled by the Montecarlo|
program (Pm), almost completely agree for a very com-
plex refinery (R4) and for the three types of crude.
Table 7 shows the carrying capacity for the different
processes which are a function of the carrying capacity
that feeds the DA process for each refinery and type of
crude analyzed.
Based on Table 7, the carrying capacity minima and.
maxima for the different analyzed processes are obtai-
ned when using one type of refinery and crude as fo-
lows: VD (R3-olmeca, R2-maya), CR (Ré-olmeca,
Ri-maya), CC (Ré-maya, R2-maya), HC (Ré-olmeca,
Ri-olmeca), HT (Ré-olmeca, RI-olmeca), CK (Ré-olme-
cca, Ri-maya) and AK (Ré-maya, R2-olmeca).
With the idea of reducing the presentation of the re-
sults obtained in this study, only the highest projections
(PD) are presented below.
Figure 2, Volume of processed crude
Figure 3 show at first glance, it can be seen that the
process that uses the most energy is atmospheric dist-
ation (AD) regardless of the type of analyzed projec-
tion. It can also be seen that, regardless of the minima,
‘maxima or average values, the use of Maya crude im-
plies a higher energy consumption in very complex re-
fineries (RA) relative to the complex ones (R3)
In this same sense Figure 4 show type of energy con-
sumed considering an average consumption
From Figure 4, itcan be appreciated that both liquid.
gas (LG) and fuel oil (FO) are sources with the least
energy requirement to satisfy the gasoline demand.
“Most of the energy consumption occurs both for atmos-
pheric distillation (AD) and catalytic reforming (CR).
For CR, the difference in energy consumption between
the different types of refineries is not great, in contrast
with AD, where energy consumption practically tripli-
cates when a simple refinery is used (RI) when compa-
red toa very complex one (R4), The percentage increase
between these two types of refineries is progressive as
the crude becomes heavier. On the other hand, and in
the context of atmospheric distillation, the use of LG
and fuel oil in a complex refinery (R3) consumes bet-
6 Incentete INVEsTIGACION ¥ TeeNoLOcl,volumen XXI(ndmero 1), enero-marzo 2021: 1-13 ISSN 2594-0732 FLUNAM, tps.
Grusubos-Heananois E, Lonz-AvonaneX, Veca-Ranc
0.22200 250407320.2021.22.1,002
E, Sose-Fouunia R Atascon-lover AL, Fur Gascia G, Sancur-AuastrP
Table 7. Canrying capacity (B/D)
Proceso ‘OLMECA SIMO, MAYA
i Rw w KN Rk © - RF RB
PA
WD Lisare ein se7 ear Aa TATS.036 1,066,079 TASS DRG HOT SSIISS TORI IHD
CR 877677 508,601 636,527 416,660 868,007 480,091 664,579 497,782 877,706 622,295 $68,381 569,131
cc 952,810 555.277 926,009 492,045, 1082 183 417,136
uc - Mosse 112882 — ATS a8gI7 a a2
HHT 1,134,267 674,771 708,105 517,367 1,123,990 638,190 724,554 583,573 1,081,601 757,929 661,598 626,298
cK ee 265,366 TBAT
AK 157.061 138590 3251-371 95,673
PB
wD 2086 T1342) 12BTAD —__—~2 DOSS 174 ENS TAD DIS “F7R9,770 120,395 2018778
CR 1,525,625 942,026 1,178,969 771,734 1,607,716 889,221 1,230,928 921,989 1,625,581 1,152,610 1,052,751 1,054,140
ce L764787 — 1028479 — 1,715,146 911362 ~ 1,911,800 772.616
HC 630,363 209,080 —~ soles 275803 ~ 415908 355,842
HT 1,249,806 1,311,546 958,263 2,081,844 1,182,050 1,342,013 1,080,890 2,003,232 1,403,830 1,225,592 1,160,023,
cK 137,138 491,508, _ 1,066,398,
AK 290,907, 226s 228,285, 209,429 17.205
WD 2RBAIT TABI LIDAR — __ AS19560 2ASLATA L9OVASS — GARNET TAREDS ATIODED
CR 2,183,008 1,265,021 1,588,206 1,086,340 2,188,988 1,194,110 1,652,980 1,238,113 2,189,082 1,547,809 1,413,711 1.415576
co 868,885 138,116 2303223 L238 2567304 -—- 1,087,525
Ho 845498 280768 807,690 370296 — 558507 47,850
HT 1,678,330 1,761,239 1,286,826 2,795,652 1,587,343 1,802,153 1,451,497 2,690,220 1,885,165 1,645,814 157,764
x - 184152 - - 560033 ~ ——1482,030
AK 390,651 283,675 M4710 = 306557 ~ 281237 —~ 237.964
PD.
TD 25a 080 aoaBaT TROT SDO — 5 720,059 20RD BTR SD CPRAS TIO SRD DRS SOS
CR 2,307,368 1,397,086 1,673.97 1,095,378 2,281,948 1,262,195 1,747,146 1,308,605 2,907,446 1,635,983 1,494,246 1,496,217
cc 2504891 459,798 —- 244431 — 1.293563 — 2.713587 —~ 1,095,630
HC so4721 296,762 853,702 391,496 590,323 505,072
HHT 2,981,931 1,773,940 1,861,572 1,360,133 2,954,913 1,677,770 1,904,816 1,534,185 2,843,474 1,992,858 1,739,571 1,646,505
« —_ 194642 68,688 — — 1513,609
AK 4129065 239835 364347 — 324021 291258 251,520
Ps
wo T4790 ASIST SIRS THe. 965 MSNBI STRATE THB 68 TOT ATE 821056
CR 661,165 385136 479.508 313875 6581 361,659 500,636 375,986 661,188 468,783 428,169 428734
coo 764 418297 7575 — 370,664 TO7Ss7 314.234
He 25678 85,036 244624 112,181 169154 144726
HT 854458 533424 389,740 46716 480,757 35.816 439,613 14,784 570958 498465 471,798
x — - 557M 199,903 — 433,717
AK 11316 55,916 104,402 92.847 85,178 72072
Dm
w TOS 087 SIA 6Ow,1as—— 1255.95 914298 G0 TAT TIM TTRAGS OSAT
CR 77TAIT. 450,502 563,815 369,064 768,853 425,249 588,669 440,920 551,209 503,456 504,118,
ce 543969 — —d91.8t6 829229 — 45,838, ouaa7e 368,486
He 301457 99,988 287,636 131,906 198897 170,173
HT 1,004,697 597,691 627,216 458,267 995504 365,288 641,787 516910 origa9 S86111 584,754
ck re 235,052 509,978
AK 13919 — tons 759 109,172 100,155 84744
InceMtena invesTicacon ¥ TEewotocia, volumen XX {ndimero 1), enero-marzo 2021: 1-13 ISSN 2594-0732 FLUNAM 7 = - le
I
Ee 16 |
Can
Figure 4, Type of energy consumed psd org/10.22201/%.250407320.2021.221.002
lananoia E, Lonz-ANotade X, Veca-Ranc
Gusuoos
E, Sose-Fouunia R Atascon-lover AL, Fur Gascia G, Sancur-AuastrP
Figure 5 shows that fuel oil (FO) generates the least
emissions when used as a heat source in the refineries
In contrast, refinery gas (RG) is comparable only in to-
tal particles (PM). The use of electricity as an energy
source for refineries implies and emission of up to 3, 6,
7, 33, and 2.5 times more SOx, NOx, CO, PM and VOC,
respectively. On the other hand, the use of refinery gas
(RG) implies the emission of 7, 33 and 15 times more
NOx, CO and VOC, respectively. The proportion of
emitted pollutants varies according to the three used
sources of energy.
Figure 6 gives the total emissions of the analyzed
pollutants considering an average energy consumption
for each type of refinery and crude oil for the different
projections in the study.
In Figure 6 it can be seen that regardless of the
analyzed projection, refinery R3 processing Olmeca
crude has the lower emissions and that R2 processing,
Maya crude has the highest, with a difference, in ton/
day, of 350 for PA, 648 (PB), 870 (PC), 952 (PD), 273 (Ps)
and 310 (Pm),
Table 8 shows the energy consumption relative to
the total consumption by refinery type and crude pro-
cessed, for a minimum consumption, an average and a
‘maximum consumption,
Results from Table 8 show that the Interval of mini-
‘mum, maximum and average energy consumption in|
proportion to the energy used for processes AD + VD is
between 40.4% and 65.2 %, 42.5% and 66%, and 43.6 %
and 66.5 %, respectively, with the lowest value when R4.
is used with Maya crude, and the highest with an R2
refinery using this same crude
Figure 7 gives the equivalent energy consumption,
relative to the total processed crude, regardless of the
analyzed projection, using data from this study (calcu:
lated) and reference data cited in this document (Ocic,
2005; Worrel, 2015),
This figure shows that the calculated data for the
equivalent energy consumption relative to the total pro:
cessed crude is within the lower interval of the reference
data cited by Szklo, 2005 (4 %), and within the highest
reference as calculated with the data EPA, 2015 (35 %).
oR
Sox
Tap_av CR ECC ane nT
ates
Figure 5. Atmospheric emission
Incentena Invesricacion ¥ TEewoLOcia, volumen XX {ndmeto 1), enero-marzo 2021: 1-13 ISSN 2594-0732 FLUNAM. 9 psd org/t0.22201/%.25940732e.2021.22.1,002
Ensnay CONLMITON AND ATMOSINERE MSSONE HOM RERNED FROLEIM WN Moco ay 2030
ounces ono. wa Figure 6, Total emissions estimates
Table 8. Energy consumption relative tothe total consumption (percentage)
‘OLMECA SIMO MAYA
an
‘Minimum
DA Sak 462% 9% 390% CON M8 LTR MIk GIN WEN G29 902%
DV == 88% ETH AIK 7% 102% 82% NAGS 10H
RCT IK MSH «WIG HOW TSH BIW «DAK BIN TAH HOR DAK
coo TH 53% HH
HOO 2 55% 75% 61%
HT 101% 70% 9.3% 75% 75% 78% 79% 70%
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