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DEFINITION:
A MYTH OR A SCIENCE?
“People are inherently lazy”. This isn’t true. All people are
not inherently lazy; and ‘laziness’ is more a function of the
situation than an inherent individual character. If this statement
is meant to imply that all people are inherently lazy, the
evidence strongly indicates the contrary, many people today
suffer from the opposite affliction-they are overly busy,
overworked, and suffer from over exertion. Whether externally
motivated or internally driven, a good portion of the labour
force is anything but lazy.
Managers frequently draw the conclusion that people are
lazy from watching some of their employees, who may be lazy
at work.
But these same employees are often quite industrious in
one or more activities off the job. People’s need structures
differ. Unfortunately, for employers, works often ranks low in
its ability to satisfy individual needs. So the same employee
who shirks responsibility on the job may work obsessively on
the conditioning and antique car, maintaining an award-
winning garden, perfecting bowling skills.
EARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Self-
Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
ERG theory
1. Self-inside.
2. Self-outside.
3. Other-inside.
4. Other-outside.
Expectancy Theory:-
Meaning:-
"The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends
on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by
a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual". In more practical terms, expectancy theory says that
an employee will be motivated to accept a high level of pressure
when he or she believes that effort will lead to a good
performance appraisal; which will lead to good org rewards such
as bonus, a salary increase, or a promotion; and that the rewards
will satisfy the employee's personal goals. The theory, therefore
focuses on three relationship:-
Myth or Science?
Summary
The theories which we have discussed so far address
different outcomes variables. The theories also differ in
predictive strengths.
1) Need Theory : -
Four theories focused on needs. These were Maslow’s
hierarchy, two factor, ERG, and McClelland’s needs
theories. The strongest is the McClelland’s needs theory,
which is regarding the relationship between achievement
and productivity.
2) Goal-setting theory : -
The evidence leads to conclude that goal-setting
theory provides one of the more powerful explanations of
this dependent variable.
3) Reinforcement theory : -
This theory has an impressive record for predicting
factors like quality and quantity of work, persistence of
effort, absenteeism, tardiness, and accident rates. It does
not offer much insight into employee satisfaction or the
decision to quit.
5) Equity theory : -
This theory also deals with productivity, satisfaction,
absence, and turnover variables. However, it is the
strongest when predicting absence and turnover behaviors
and weak when predicting differences in employee
productivity.
6) Expectancy theory : -
This theory focused on performance variables. It has
proved to offer a relatively powerful explanation of
employee productivity, absenteeism and turnover. But
expectancy theory assumes that employees have few
constraints on their decision discretion. It makes many of
the same assumptions that the rational model makes about
individual decision-making.
Implications